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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_video_transmission_for_broadcast_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_video_transmission_for_broadcast_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_video_transmission_for_broadcast_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VoNR_(Vo5G)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VoNR_(Vo5G)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 VoNR (Vo5G) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VoNR_(Vo5G)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Performance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Latency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Error_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Error_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Error rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Error_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Standards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Standards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fronthaul_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fronthaul_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Fronthaul network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fronthaul_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5G_NR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5G_NR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 5G NR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5G_NR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5Gi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5Gi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 5Gi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5Gi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-standard_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-standard_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Pre-standard implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-standard_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_of_things" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_of_things"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Internet of things </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_of_things-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Terrestrial_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Terrestrial_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Non-Terrestrial Network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Terrestrial_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5G-Advanced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5G-Advanced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 5G-Advanced </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5G-Advanced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Deployment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deployment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Deployment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Spectrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5G_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5G_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 5G devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5G_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Technology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_radio_frequencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_radio_frequencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 New radio frequencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_radio_frequencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frequency_range_1_(<_6_GHz)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_range_1_(<_6_GHz)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_range_1_(<_6_GHz)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_range_2_(24–71_GHz)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_range_2_(24–71_GHz)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Frequency range 2 (24–71 GHz) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_range_2_(24–71_GHz)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FR2_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FR2_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 FR2 coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FR2_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massive_MIMO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massive_MIMO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Massive MIMO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massive_MIMO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edge_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edge_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Edge computing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edge_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_cell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_cell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Small cell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_cell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beamforming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beamforming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Beamforming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beamforming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convergence_of_Wi-Fi_and_cellular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convergence_of_Wi-Fi_and_cellular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convergence_of_Wi-Fi_and_cellular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NOMA_(non-orthogonal_multiple_access)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NOMA_(non-orthogonal_multiple_access)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NOMA_(non-orthogonal_multiple_access)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SDN/NFV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDN/NFV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 SDN/NFV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDN/NFV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service-Based_Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service-Based_Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Service-Based Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service-Based_Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channel_coding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_coding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Channel coding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_coding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_in_unlicensed_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_in_unlicensed_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Operation in unlicensed spectrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_in_unlicensed_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5G_wireless_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5G_wireless_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 5G wireless power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5G_wireless_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Security concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Electromagnetic interference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weather_forecasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_forecasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Weather forecasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_forecasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Satellite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wi-Fi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wi-Fi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Wi-Fi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wi-Fi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overhype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Overhype </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Misinformation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Misinformation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Misinformation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Misinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_conspiracy_theories_and_arson_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_conspiracy_theories_and_arson_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 COVID-19 conspiracy theories and arson attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_conspiracy_theories_and_arson_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing_of_non-5G_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_of_non-5G_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Marketing of non-5G services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing_of_non-5G_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">5G</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="جيل خامس (شبكات اتصال) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيل خامس (شبكات اتصال)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="৫জি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="৫জি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="5जी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="5जी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نسل پنجم شبکه مخابرات سیار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل پنجم شبکه مخابرات سیار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="5세대 이동 통신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="5세대 이동 통신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%AB%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="५जी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="५जी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="5ಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="5ಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="5ജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="5ജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%AB%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="५जी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="५जी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="第5世代移動通信システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第5世代移動通信システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="5ਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="5ਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%94%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4" title="᱔ᱡᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="᱔ᱡᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omre%C5%BEje_5G" title="Omrežje 5G – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Omrežje 5G" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF" title="5ஜி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="5ஜி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF" title="5జి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="5జి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5" title="5 จี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="5 จี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="5 جی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="5 جی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="5G" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broadband cellular network standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/5G_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="5G (disambiguation)">5G (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3GPP_5G_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/3GPP_5G_logo.png/250px-3GPP_5G_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/3GPP_5G_logo.png/330px-3GPP_5G_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/3GPP_5G_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a>'s 5G logo</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wireless_network_technologies" title="List of wireless network technologies">Wireless network technologies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/200px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/300px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/400px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="459" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Analog</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">1.5G</a>)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="General Packet Radio Service">2.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution"> 2.75G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000_1x" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA2000 1x">2.9G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">3.75G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">3.9G/3.95G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> (<a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">4G/4.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">4.5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.9G</a>)</li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">5G</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">5.25G</a>, <a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5.5G</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telecommunications</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Template:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Template talk:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_mobile_phone_generations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of mobile phone generations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_5G_signal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Android_5G_signal.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="46" /></a><figcaption>An Android phone, showing that it is connected to a 5G network</figcaption></figure>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, 5G is the fifth-generation of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a> technology, as the successor to the fourth-generation (<a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>), and have been deployed by <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">mobile operators</a> worldwide since 2019. Compared to 4G, 5G networks offer not only higher <a href="/wiki/Download_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Download speed">download speeds</a>, with a peak speed of 10 <a href="/wiki/Gigabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabits per second">gigabits per second</a> (Gbit/s),<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> but also significantly lower <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>, enabling near-instantaneous communication through cellular <a href="/wiki/Cellular_base_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular base station">base stations</a> and antennae.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-2">[1]</a> There is one global unified 5G standard: <a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G New Radio</a> (5G NR),<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> which has been developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (<a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a>) based on specifications defined by the International Telecommunication Union (<a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>) under the <a href="/wiki/IMT-2020" title="IMT-2020">IMT-2020</a> requirements.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The increased <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> of 5G over 4G allows them to connect more devices simultaneously and improving the quality of cellular <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile data">data</a> services in crowded areas.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> These features make 5G particularly suited for applications requiring real-time data exchange, such as <a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">extended reality</a> (XR), <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">autonomous vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_surgery" title="Remote surgery">remote surgery</a>, and industrial automation. Additionally, the increased bandwidth is expected to drive the adoption of 5G as a general <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> (ISP), particularly through <a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed wireless access">fixed wireless access</a> (FWA), competing with existing technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">cable Internet</a>, while also facilitating new applications in the <a href="/wiki/Machine_to_machine" title="Machine to machine">machine-to-machine</a> communication and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT), the latter of which may include diverse applications such as <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart cities</a>, connected infrastructure, industrial IoT, and automated manufacturing processes. Unlike 4G, which was primarily designed for mobile broadband, 5G can handle millions of IoT devices with stringent performance requirements, such as real-time sensor data processing and <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge computing</a>. 5G networks also extend beyond terrestrial infrastructure, incorporating non-terrestrial networks (NTN) such as satellites and high-altitude platforms, to provide global coverage, including remote and underserved areas. 5G deployment faces challenges such as significant infrastructure investment, spectrum allocation, security risks, and concerns about energy efficiency and environmental impact associated with the use of higher frequency bands. However, it is expected to drive advancements in sectors like healthcare, transportation, and entertainment. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Base_Station_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mobile_Base_Station_01.jpg/150px-Mobile_Base_Station_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mobile_Base_Station_01.jpg/225px-Mobile_Base_Station_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mobile_Base_Station_01.jpg/300px-Mobile_Base_Station_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Mobile base station at Hatta city, UAE</figcaption></figure> 5G networks are <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a>, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_base_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular base station">cellular base station</a> via fixed <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a>, over frequencies assigned by the base station. The base stations, termed <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">nodes</a>, are connected to switching centers in the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">telephone network</a> and routers for <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> by high-bandwidth <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> or wireless <a href="/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications)" title="Backhaul (telecommunications)">backhaul connections</a>. As in other <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a>, a mobile device moving from one cell to another is automatically <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">handed off</a> seamlessly. The industry consortium setting standards for 5G, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project">3rd Generation Partnership Project</a> (3GPP), defines "5G" as any system using <a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a> (5G New Radio) software—a definition that came into general use by late 2018. 5G continues to use <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">OFDM</a> encoding. Several network operators use <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter wave">millimeter waves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mm-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mm-wave">mmWave</a> called <a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands#Frequency_Range_2" title="5G NR frequency bands">FR2</a> in 5G terminology, for additional capacity and higher throughputs. Millimeter waves have a shorter range than the lower frequency <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>, therefore the cells are of a smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls and humans. Millimeter-wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. The increased data rate is achieved partly by using additional higher-frequency radio waves in addition to the low- and medium-band frequencies used in previous cellular networks. For providing a wide range of services, 5G networks can operate in three frequency bands—low, medium or high. 5G can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave. Low-band 5G uses a similar frequency range to 4G smartphones, 600–900 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a>, which can potentially offer higher download speeds than 4G: 5–250 <a href="/wiki/Megabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabits per second">megabits per second</a> (Mbit/s).<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeLooper-7">[6]</a> Low-band <a href="/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell towers</a> have a range and coverage area similar to 4G towers. Mid-band 5G uses <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">microwaves</a> of 1.7–4.7 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">GHz</a>, allowing speeds of 100–900 Mbit/s, with each cell tower providing service up to several kilometers in radius. This level of service is the most widely deployed, and was deployed in many metropolitan areas in 2020. Some regions are not implementing the low band, making Mid-band the minimum service level. High-band 5G uses frequencies of 24–47 GHz, near the bottom of the millimeter wave band, although higher frequencies may be used in the future. It often achieves download speeds in the <a href="/wiki/Gigabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabits per second">gigabit-per-second</a> (Gbit/s) range, comparable to co-axial cable Internet service. However, <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter wave">millimeter waves</a> (mmWave or mmW) have a more limited range, requiring many small cells.<a href="#cite_note-Nokia-8">[7]</a> They can be impeded or blocked by materials in walls or windows or pedestrians.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Due to their higher cost, plans are to deploy these cells only in dense urban environments and areas where crowds of people congregate such as sports stadiums and convention centers. The above speeds are those achieved in actual tests in 2020, and speeds are expected to increase during rollout.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-6">[5]</a> The spectrum ranging from 24.25 to 29.5 GHz has been the most licensed and deployed 5G mmWave spectrum range in the world.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Rollout of 5G technology has led to debate over its security and <a href="/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks" title="Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks">relationship with Chinese vendors</a>. It has also been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">health concerns</a> and misinformation, including <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#5G_mobile-phone_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic">discredited conspiracy theories</a> linking it to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_areas">Application areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Application areas">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> has defined three main application areas for the enhanced capabilities of 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Only eMBB is deployed in 2020; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">mobile broadband</a> services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity. This will benefit areas of higher traffic such as stadiums, cities, and concert venues.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> 'Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications' (URLLC) refers to using the network for mission-critical applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange. Short-packet data transmission is used to meet both reliability and latency requirements of the wireless communication networks. Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of <a href="/wiki/LPWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPWAN">devices</a>. 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices.<a href="#cite_note-newsroom.intel.com-15">[14]</a> Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones, transmitting via 4G or 5G, will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders.<a href="#cite_note-newsroom.intel.com-15">[14]</a> Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> However, most autonomous vehicles also feature tele-operations for mission accomplishment, and these greatly benefit from 5G technology.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Automobiles">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/5G_Automotive_Association" title="5G Automotive Association">5G Automotive Association</a> has been promoting the <a href="/wiki/C-V2X" class="mw-redirect" title="C-V2X">C-V2X</a> communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and infrastructures.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_twins">Digital twins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Digital twins">edit</a>]</div> A real time <a href="/wiki/Digital_twin" title="Digital twin">digital twin</a> of the real object such as a <a href="/wiki/Turbine_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbine engines">turbine engine</a>, aircraft, wind turbines, <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platform</a> and pipelines. 5G networks helps in building it due to the latency and throughput to capture near real-time IoT data and support <a href="/wiki/Digital_twin" title="Digital twin">digital twins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public safety">edit</a>]</div> Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fixed_wireless">Fixed wireless</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fixed wireless">edit</a>]</div> Fixed wireless connections will offer an alternative to fixed-line broadband (<a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/VDSL" title="VDSL">VDSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">fiber optic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a> connections) in some locations. Utilizing 5G technology, <a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed wireless access">fixed wireless access</a> (FWA) can deliver high-speed internet to homes and businesses without the need for extensive physical infrastructure. This approach is particularly beneficial in rural or underserved areas where traditional broadband deployment is too expensive or logistically challenging. 5G FWA can outperform older fixed-line technologies such as ADSL and VDSL in terms of speed and latency, making it suitable for bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming, gaming, and remote work.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wireless_video_transmission_for_broadcast_applications">Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications">edit</a>]</div> Sony has tested the possibility of using local 5G networks to replace the <a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">SDI</a> cables currently used in broadcast camcorders.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/5G_Broadcast" title="5G Broadcast">5G Broadcast</a> tests started around 2020 (Orkney, Bavaria, Austria, Central Bohemia) based on FeMBMS (Further evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The aim is to serve unlimited number of mobile or fixed devices with video (TV) and audio (radio) streams without these consuming any data flow or even being authenticated in a network. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VoNR_(Vo5G)">VoNR (Vo5G)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: VoNR (Vo5G)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_NR" title="Voice over NR">Voice over NR</a></div> 5G networks, like 4G networks, do not natively support voice calls traditionally carried over <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit-switched</a> technology. Instead, voice communication is transmitted over the <a href="/wiki/IP_network" class="mw-redirect" title="IP network">IP network</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">IPTV</a> services. To address this, <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_NR" title="Voice over NR">Voice over NR</a> (VoNR) is implemented, allowing voice calls to be carried over the 5G network using the same <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet-switched</a> infrastructure as other IP-based services, such as video streaming and messaging. Similarly to how <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">Voice over LTE</a> (VoLTE) enables voice calls on 4G networks, VoNR (Vo5G) serves as the 5G equivalent for voice communication, but it requires a <a href="/wiki/5G_NR#Standalone_mode" title="5G NR">5G standalone</a> (SA) network to function.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Performance">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Speculation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emoji_u1f52e.svg/40px-Emoji_u1f52e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emoji_u1f52e.svg/60px-Emoji_u1f52e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emoji_u1f52e.svg/120px-Emoji_u1f52e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains unsourced <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CRYSTAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CRYSTAL">predictions</a>, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur. Information must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifiable</a> and based on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable published sources</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing unsourced speculative content. (January 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speed">edit</a>]</div> 5G is capable of delivering significantly faster data rates than 4G (5G is approximately 10 times faster than 4G), with peak data rates of up to 20 gigabits per second (Gbps).<a href="#cite_note-Minimum_requirements_related_to_technical_performance_for_IMT-2020_radio_interface(s)-28">[27]</a> Furthermore, average 5G download speeds have been recorded at 186.3 Mbit/s in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> by <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_(brand)" title="T-Mobile (brand)">T-Mobile</a>, while <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, as of May 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit">[update]</a>, leads globally with average speeds of 432 megabits per second (Mbps).<a href="#cite_note-OpenSignalUS-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-OpenSignalGlobal-30">[29]</a> 5G networks are also designed to provide significantly more capacity than 4G networks, with a projected 100-fold increase in network capacity and efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The most widely used form of 5G, sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band), is capable of delivering data rates ranging from 10 to 1,000 megabits per second (Mbps), with a much greater reach than mm Wave bands. C-Band (n77/n78) was deployed by various U.S. operators in 2022 in the sub-6 bands, although its deployment by <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> was delayed until early January 2022 due to safety concerns raised by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. The record for 5G speed in a deployed network is 5.9 Gbit/s as of 2023, but this was tested before the network was launched.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Low-band frequencies (such as n5) offer a greater coverage area for a given cell, but their data rates are lower than those of mid and high bands in the range of 5–250 megabits per second (Mbps).<a href="#cite_note-DeLooper-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latency">Latency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latency">edit</a>]</div> In 5G, the ideal "air latency" is of the order of 8 to 12 milliseconds i.e., excluding delays due to <a href="/wiki/HARQ" class="mw-redirect" title="HARQ">HARQ</a> retransmissions, handovers, etc. Retransmission latency and backhaul latency to the server must be added to the "air latency" for correct comparisons. Verizon reported the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30 ms.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Edge Servers close to the towers have the possibility to reduce <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_delay" title="Round-trip delay">round-trip time</a> (RTT) latency to 14 milliseconds and the minimum <a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">jitter</a> to 1.84 milliseconds.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Latency is much higher during handovers; ranging from 50 to 500 milliseconds depending on the type of handover[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Reducing handover interruption time is an ongoing area of research and development; options include modifying the handover margin (offset) and the time-to-trigger (TTT). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Error_rate">Error rate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Error rate">edit</a>]</div> 5G uses an adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to keep the block error rate (BLER) extremely low. Whenever the error rate crosses a (very low) threshold the transmitter will switch to a lower MCS, which will be less error-prone. This way speed is sacrificed to ensure an almost zero error rate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Range">edit</a>]</div> The range of 5G depends on many factors: transmit power, frequency, and interference. For example, mmWave (e.g.: band n258) will have a lower range than mid-band (e.g.: band n78) which will have a lower range than low-band (e.g.: band n5) Given the marketing hype on what 5G can offer, <a href="/wiki/Network_simulation" title="Network simulation">simulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drive_testing" title="Drive testing">drive tests</a> are used by cellular service providers for the precise measurement of 5G performance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Standards">edit</a>]</div> Initially, the term was associated with the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IMT-2020" title="IMT-2020">IMT-2020</a> standard, which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second upload speed, along with other requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Minimum_requirements_related_to_technical_performance_for_IMT-2020_radio_interface(s)-28">[27]</a> Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the <a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a> (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020 standard.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> 5G NR can include lower frequencies (<a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">FR1</a>), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (<a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">FR2</a>), above 24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (<a href="/wiki/5G_NR#Non-standalone_mode" title="5G NR">non-standalone</a>), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50% better.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The standard documents are organized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> with its system architecture defined in TS 23.501.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The packet protocol for mobility management (establishing connection and moving between base stations) and session management (connecting to networks and network slices) is described in TS 24.501.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Specifications of key data structures are found in TS 23.003.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> DECT NR+ is a related, non-cellular standard of 5G based on <a href="/wiki/DECT-2020" title="DECT-2020">DECT-2020</a> specifications based on a mesh network.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fronthaul_network">Fronthaul network</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fronthaul network">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fronthaul" title="Fronthaul">Fronthaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Public_Radio_Interface" title="Common Public Radio Interface">Common Public Radio Interface</a></div> <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> covers several areas of 5G with a core focus on wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The IEEE 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of carrying <a href="/wiki/In-phase_and_quadrature_components#I/Q_data" title="In-phase and quadrature components">IQ data</a> in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> definition of functional splits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5G_NR">5G NR</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 5G NR">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></div> <a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a> (5G New Radio) is the de facto <a href="/wiki/Air_interface" title="Air interface">air interface</a> developed for 5G networks.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> It is the global standard for 3GPP 5G networks.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The study of 5G NR within 3GPP started in 2015, and the first specification was made available by the end of 2017. While the 3GPP standardization process was ongoing, the industry had already begun efforts to implement infrastructure compliant with the draft standard, with the first large-scale commercial launch of 5G NR having occurred at the end of 2018. Since 2019, many operators have deployed 5G NR networks and handset manufacturers have developed 5G NR enabled handsets.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5Gi">5Gi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 5Gi">edit</a>]</div> 5Gi is an alternative 5G variant developed in India. It was developed in a joint collaboration between IIT Madras, IIT Hyderabad, TSDSI, and the Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology (CEWiT) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. 5Gi is designed to improve 5G coverage in rural and remote areas over varying geographical terrains. 5Gi uses Low Mobility Large Cell (LMLC) to extend 5G connectivity and the range of a base station.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In April 2022, 5Gi was merged with the global 5G NR standard in the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> Release 17 specifications.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-standard_implementations">Pre-standard implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pre-standard implementations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>5G TF: American carrier <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a> used a pre-standard variation of 5G known as 5G TF (Verizon 5G Technical Forum) for <a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless" title="Fixed wireless">Fixed Wireless Access</a> in 2018. The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. Verizon has since migrated to 5G NR.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></li> <li>5G-SIG: <a href="/wiki/KT_Corporation" title="KT Corporation">KT Corporation</a> had a pre-standard variation of 5G developed called 5G-SIG. This was deployed at the Pyeongchang <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_of_things">Internet of things</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internet of things">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT), 3GPP is going to submit the evolution of <a href="/wiki/NB-IoT" class="mw-redirect" title="NB-IoT">NB-IoT</a> and <a href="/wiki/EMTC" class="mw-redirect" title="EMTC">eMTC</a> (LTE-M) as 5G technologies for the <a href="/wiki/LPWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPWAN">LPWA</a> (Low Power Wide Area) use case.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Terrestrial_Network">Non-Terrestrial Network</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Non-Terrestrial Network">edit</a>]</div> Standards are being developed by 3GPP to provide access to end devices via non-terrestrial networks (NTN), i.e. satellite or airborne telecommunication equipment to allow for better coverage outside of populated or otherwise hard to reach locations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The enhanced communication quality relies on the unique properties of <a href="/wiki/Air_to_Ground_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Air to Ground channel">Air to Ground channel</a>. Several manufacturers have announced and released hardware that integrates 5G with satellite networks: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> introduced a standardized 5G NTN modem technology in Korea in February 2023,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> simulated on their Exynos Modem 5300, facilitating smartphone-satellite communication.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MediaTek</a> launched the world's first commercially available 5G IoT-NTN chipset, MT6825, capable of automatic satellite message receipt and extensive power efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, in collaboration with Skylo, announced new satellite IoT solutions on June 22, 2023, including the Qualcomm 212S and 9205S modems, supporting the Qualcomm Aware platform for real-time asset tracking and device management.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>'s Defy Satellite Link hotspot, powered by MediaTek's MT6825, became available in June 2023, providing a portable satellite messaging solution with robust battery life and built-in GPS.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten" title="Rakuten">Rakuten</a> Symphony, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Supermicro" title="Supermicro">Supermicro</a>, announced high-performing Open RAN technologies and storage systems for operators of cloud-based mobile services.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5G-Advanced">5G-Advanced</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 5G-Advanced">edit</a>]</div> 5G-Advanced (also known as 5.5G or 5G-A) is an evolutionary upgrade to 5G technology, defined under the 3GPP Release 18 standard. It serves as a transitional phase between 5G and future <a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a> networks, focusing on performance optimization, enhanced spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and expanded functionality. This technology supports advanced applications such as <a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">extended reality</a> (XR), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-low latency for critical services, such as <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">autonomous vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> 5G-Advanced would offer a theoretical 10 Gbps downlink, 1 Gbps uplink, 100 billion device connections and lower latency.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Additionally, 5G-Advanced integrates <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> (ML) to optimize network operations, enabling smarter resource allocation and predictive maintenance. It also enhances network slicing, allowing highly customized virtual networks for specific use cases such as industrial automation, <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart cities</a>, and critical communication systems. 5G-Advanced aims to minimize service interruption times during <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">handovers</a> to nearly zero, ensuring robust connectivity for devices in motion, such as high-speed trains and autonomous vehicles. To further support emerging IoT applications, 5G-Advanced expands the capabilities of RedCap (Reduced Capability) devices, enabling their efficient use in scenarios that require low complexity and power consumption.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Furthermore, 5G-Advanced introduces advanced time synchronization methods independent of <a href="/wiki/GNSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS">GNSS</a>, providing more precise timing for critical applications. For the first time in the development of mobile network standards defined by 3GPP, it offers fully independent geolocation capabilities, allowing position determination without relying on satellite systems such as GPS. The standard includes extended support for non-terrestrial networks (NTN), enabling communication via satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles, which facilitates connectivity in remote or hard-to-reach areas.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In December 2023, Finnish operator <a href="/wiki/DNA_Oyj" title="DNA Oyj">DNA</a> demonstrated 10 Gbps speeds on its network using 5G-Advanced technology.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The Release 18 specifications were finalized by mid-2024.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> On February 27, 2025, <a href="/wiki/Elisa_(company)" title="Elisa (company)">Elisa</a> announced its deployment of the first 5G-Advanced network in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In March 2025, <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a> started deployment of commercial 5G-Advanced network in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment">Deployment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Deployment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_5G_NR_networks" title="List of 5G NR networks">List of 5G NR networks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5G_Standort_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/5G_Standort_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg/220px-5G_Standort_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/5G_Standort_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg/330px-5G_Standort_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/5G_Standort_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg/440px-5G_Standort_Deutsche_Telekom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>5G 3.5 GHz cell site of Deutsche Telekom in Darmstadt, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vodafone_5G_Karlsruhe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vodafone_5G_Karlsruhe.jpg/220px-Vodafone_5G_Karlsruhe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vodafone_5G_Karlsruhe.jpg/330px-Vodafone_5G_Karlsruhe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vodafone_5G_Karlsruhe.jpg/440px-Vodafone_5G_Karlsruhe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5423" data-file-height="3597" /></a><figcaption>5G 3.5 GHz cell site of Vodafone in Karlsruhe, Germany</figcaption></figure> Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications, in what being described as <a href="/w/index.php?title=NR-U&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NR-U (page does not exist)">NR-U</a> (5G NR in Unlicensed Spectrum)<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> and Non-Public Networks (NPNs) operating in licensed spectrum. By the mid-to-late 2020s, standalone private 5G networks are expected to become the predominant wireless communications medium to support the ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution for the digitization and automation of manufacturing and process industries.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> 5G was expected to increase phone sales.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Initial 5G NR launches depended on pairing with existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/5G_NR#Non-standalone_mode" title="5G NR">non-standalone (NSA) mode</a> (5G NR radio with 4G core), before maturation of the <a href="/wiki/5G_NR#Standalone_mode" title="5G NR">standalone (SA) mode</a> with the 5G core network.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> As of April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Mobile_Suppliers_Association" title="Global Mobile Suppliers Association">Global Mobile Suppliers Association</a> had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that have demonstrated, are testing or trialing, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-81">[80]</a> The first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that 5G Internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reals ($238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to fifth-generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base stations</a> and equipment, except for <a href="/wiki/LG_U_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="LG U Plus">LG U Plus</a>, who also used Huawei equipment.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000 base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, <a href="/wiki/SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a> claimed 38,000 base stations, <a href="/wiki/KT_Corporation" title="KT Corporation">KT Corporation</a> 30,000 and <a href="/wiki/LG_U_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="LG U Plus">LG U Plus</a> 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> They are using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum in <a href="/wiki/5G_NR#Non-standalone_mode" title="5G NR">non-standalone (NSA) mode</a> and tested speeds were from 193 to 430 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> down.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> 260,000 signed up in the first month and 4.7 million by the end of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile US</a> was the first company in the world to launch a commercially available 5G NR Standalone network.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: <a href="/wiki/Altiostar" title="Altiostar">Altiostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom_Group" title="Datang Telecom Group">Datang Telecom/Fiberhome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> As of 2023, Huawei is the leading 5G equipment manufacturer and has the greatest market share of 5G equipment and has built approximately 70% of worldwide 5G base stations.<a href="#cite_note-:03-98">[97]</a>: 182  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectrum">Spectrum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spectrum">edit</a>]</div> Large quantities of new <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR frequency bands</a>) have been allocated to 5G.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> For example, in July 2016, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In March 2018, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> As of March 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations for 5G, have reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_auction" title="Spectrum auction">auction frequencies</a> or have already allocated spectrum for 5G use.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="5G_devices">5G devices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 5G devices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galaxy_S10_5g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The photograph shows a part of the screen of a Samsung Galaxy S10 with 5G sign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Galaxy_S10_5g.jpg/250px-Galaxy_S10_5g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Galaxy_S10_5g.jpg/330px-Galaxy_S10_5g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Galaxy_S10_5g.jpg/500px-Galaxy_S10_5g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>5G connectivity on a Samsung Galaxy S10</figcaption></figure> In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Mobile_Suppliers_Association" title="Global Mobile Suppliers Association">Global Mobile Suppliers Association</a> released the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device launches.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33 different devices including regional variants. There were seven announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12 devices), hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor <a href="/wiki/Customer-premises_equipment" title="Customer-premises equipment">customer-premises equipment</a> (×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB terminals (×1)).<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> By October 2019, the number of announced 5G devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56 vendors.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four commercial 5G modem chipsets (Intel, MediaTek, Qualcomm, Samsung) and one commercial processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPhone_connected_to_5G.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/IPhone_connected_to_5G.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>An Apple iPhone showing that it is connected to a 5G Network</figcaption></figure> On March 4, 2019, the first-ever all-5G smartphone <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S10" title="Samsung Galaxy S10">Samsung Galaxy S10 5G</a> was released. According to <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive in comparison with the 4G <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S10e" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy S10e">Samsung Galaxy S10e</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> On March 19, 2020, <a href="/wiki/HMD_Global" title="HMD Global">HMD Global</a>, the current maker of Nokia-branded phones, announced the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_8.3_5G" title="Nokia 8.3 5G">Nokia 8.3 5G</a>, which it claimed as having a wider range of 5G compatibility than any other phone released to that time. The mid-range model is claimed to support all 5G bands from 600 MHz to 3.8 GHz.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Google Pixel</a> smartphones support 5G starting with the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">4a 5G</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">Pixel 5</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> smartphones support 5G starting with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_12" title="IPhone 12">iPhone 12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_radio_frequencies">New radio frequencies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New radio frequencies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR frequency bands</a></div> The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as 5G New Radio (5G NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (24–54 GHz). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frequency_range_1_(<_6_GHz)">Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)">edit</a>]</div> Otherwise known as sub-6, the maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is 3.3–4.2 GHz. The Korean carriers use the n78 band at 3.5 GHz. Some parties used the term "mid-band" frequency to refer to higher part of this frequency range that was not used in previous generations of mobile communication. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frequency_range_2_(24–71_GHz)">Frequency range 2 (24–71 GHz)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Frequency range 2 (24–71 GHz)">edit</a>]</div> The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. Signals in this frequency range with wavelengths between 4 and 12 mm are called millimeter waves. The higher the carrier frequency, the greater the ability to support high data-transfer speeds. This is because a given channel bandwidth takes up a lower fraction of the carrier frequency, so high-bandwidth channels are easier to realize at higher carrier frequencies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FR2_coverage">FR2 coverage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: FR2 coverage">edit</a>]</div> 5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in order to use higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily, such as cars, trees, walls, and even humans, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves. 5G cells can be deliberately designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, which finds applications in places like restaurants and shopping malls.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Cell types </th> <th>Deployment environment </th> <th>Max. number of users </th> <th>Output power (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>) </th> <th>Max. distance from base station </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" scope="row">5G NR FR2 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Femtocell" title="Femtocell">Femtocell</a> </th> <td>Homes, businesses</td> <td>Home: 4–8 Businesses: 16–32</td> <td>indoors: 0.01–0.1 outdoors: 0.2–1</td> <td>tens of meters </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Picocell" title="Picocell">Pico cell</a> </th> <td>Public areas like shopping malls, airports, train stations, skyscrapers</td> <td>64 to 128</td> <td>indoors: 0.1–0.25 outdoors: 1–5</td> <td>tens of meters </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Microcell" title="Microcell">Micro cell</a> </th> <td>Urban areas to fill coverage gaps</td> <td>128 to 256</td> <td>outdoors: 5−10</td> <td>few hundreds of meters </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Macrocell" title="Macrocell">Macro cell</a> </th> <td>Urban areas to provide additional capacity</td> <td>more than 250</td> <td>outdoors: 10−20</td> <td>hundreds of meters </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> (for comparison) </th> <td>Homes, businesses</td> <td>fewer than 50</td> <td>indoors: 0.02–0.1 outdoors: 0.2–1</td> <td>few tens of meters </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massive_MIMO">Massive MIMO</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Massive MIMO">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO" title="Multi-user MIMO">Multi-user MIMO</a></div> MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) systems use multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver ends of a wireless communication system. Multiple antennas use the spatial dimension for multiplexing in addition to the time and frequency ones, without changing the bandwidth requirements of the system. Spatial multiplexing gains allow for an increase in the number of transmission layers, thereby boosting system capacity. Massive MIMO <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a> increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennas. This includes Single User MIMO and <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO" title="Multi-user MIMO">Multi-user MIMO</a> (MU-MIMO). The <a href="/wiki/Antenna_array" title="Antenna array">antenna array</a> can schedule users separately to satisfy their needs and <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamform</a> towards the intended users, minimizing interference.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edge_computing">Edge computing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Edge computing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multi-access_edge_computing" title="Multi-access edge computing">Multi-access edge computing</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a> is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency, data traffic congestion<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> and can improve service availability.<a href="#cite_note-edge1-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_cell">Small cell</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Small cell">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">Small cell</a></div> Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks, as 5G's radio waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beamforming">Beamforming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Beamforming">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">Beamforming</a></div> There are two kinds of beamforming (BF): digital and analog. Digital beamforming involves sending the data across multiple streams (layers), while analog beamforming shaping the radio waves to point in a specific direction. The analog BF technique combines the power from elements of the antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference, while other signals pointing to other angles experience destructive interference. This improves signal quality in the specific direction, as well as data transfer speeds. 5G uses both digital and analog beamforming to improve the system capacity.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convergence_of_Wi-Fi_and_cellular">Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular">edit</a>]</div> One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> band/technology via various efforts, such as <a href="/wiki/License_Assisted_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="License Assisted Access">License Assisted Access</a> (LAA; 5G signal in unlicensed frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and <a href="/wiki/LTE-WLAN_Aggregation" title="LTE-WLAN Aggregation">LTE-WLAN Aggregation</a> (LWA; convergence with Wi-Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed <a href="/wiki/Radio_access_network" title="Radio access network">Radio Access Network</a> (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (<a href="/wiki/C-RAN" title="C-RAN">C-RAN</a>) and rollout of cellular <a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">small cells</a> can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NOMA_(non-orthogonal_multiple_access)">NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)">edit</a>]</div> NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular systems via allocation of power.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDN/NFV">SDN/NFV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: SDN/NFV">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Software-defined_networking" title="Software-defined networking">Software-defined networking</a>, <a href="/wiki/SD-WAN" title="SD-WAN">SD-WAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_function_virtualization" title="Network function virtualization">Network function virtualization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/5G_network_slicing" title="5G network slicing">5G network slicing</a></div> Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications.<a href="#cite_note-Software_Defined_Network_for_5G-125">[124]</a> In this context, <a href="/wiki/5G_network_slicing" title="5G network slicing">network slicing</a> has emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market model.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service-Based_Architecture">Service-Based Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Service-Based Architecture">edit</a>]</div> The 5G Service-Based architecture replaces the referenced-based architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Evolved_Packet_Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Packet Core">Evolved Packet Core</a> that is used in 4G. The SBA breaks up the core functionality of the network into interconnected network functions (NFs), which are typically implemented as <a href="/wiki/Cloud-Native_Network_Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud-Native Network Function">Cloud-Native Network Functions</a>. These NFs register with the Network Repository Function (NRF) which maintains their state, and communicate with each other using the Service Communication Proxy (SCP). The interfaces between the elements all utilize <a href="/wiki/REST" title="REST">RESTful</a> APIs.<a href="#cite_note-SBA-RCR-127">[126]</a> By breaking functionality down this way, mobile operators are able to utilize different infrastructure vendors for different functions, and the flexibility to scale each function independently as needed.<a href="#cite_note-SBA-RCR-127">[126]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>5G Network Functions <a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>NF Name</th> <th>NF Acronym</th> <th>Analogous <a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution#Evolved_Packet_Core_(EPC)" title="System Architecture Evolution">EPC</a> element </th></tr> <tr> <td>Authentication Server Function</td> <td>AUSF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution#MME_(Mobility_Management_Entity)" title="System Architecture Evolution">MME</a> / <a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem#Core_network" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">HSS</a> (Authentication) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Access and Mobility Management Function</td> <td>AMF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution#MME_(Mobility_Management_Entity)" title="System Architecture Evolution">MME</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unstructured Data Storage Function</td> <td>UDSF</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Network Exposure Function</td> <td>NEF</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5G_network_slicing" title="5G network slicing">Network Slice</a> Specific Authentication and Authorization Function</td> <td>NSSAAF</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5G_network_slicing" title="5G network slicing">Network Slice</a> Selection Function</td> <td>NSSF</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Policy Control Function</td> <td>PCF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PCRF" class="mw-redirect" title="PCRF">PCRF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Session Management Function</td> <td>SMF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution#MME_(Mobility_Management_Entity)" title="System Architecture Evolution">MME</a> / <a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution#PGW_(Packet_Data_Network_Gateway)" title="System Architecture Evolution">PGW</a>-<a href="/wiki/Control_plane" title="Control plane">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unified Data Management</td> <td>UDM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem#Core_network" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">HSS</a> (DB Front End) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unified Data Repository</td> <td>UDR</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem#Core_network" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">HSS</a> (User Database) </td></tr> <tr> <td>User Plane Function</td> <td>UPF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution#SGW_(Serving_Gateway)" title="System Architecture Evolution">SGW</a>-<a href="/wiki/User_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="User plane">U</a> / <a href="/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution#PGW_(Packet_Data_Network_Gateway)" title="System Architecture Evolution">PGW</a>-<a href="/wiki/User_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="User plane">U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UE radio Capability Management Function</td> <td>UCMF</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Application Function</td> <td>AF</td> <td>AF (<a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Network Data Analytics Function</td> <td>NWDAF</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>CHarging Function</td> <td>CHF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem#Call_Session_Control_Function_(CSCF)" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">CSCF</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> In addition, the standard describes network entities for roaming and inter-network connectivity, including the Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), the Non-3GPP InterWorking Function (N3IWF), the Trusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function (TNGF), the Wireline Access Gateway Function (W-AGF), and the Trusted WLAN Interworking Function (TWIF). These can be deployed by operators as needed depending on their deployment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_coding">Channel coding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Channel coding">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">channel coding</a> techniques for 5G NR have changed from <a href="/wiki/Turbo_code" title="Turbo code">Turbo codes</a> in 4G to <a href="/wiki/Polar_code_(coding_theory)" title="Polar code (coding theory)">polar codes</a> for the control channels and <a href="/wiki/Low-density_parity-check_code" title="Low-density parity-check code">LDPC</a> (low-density parity check codes) for the data channels.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_in_unlicensed_spectrum">Operation in unlicensed spectrum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Operation in unlicensed spectrum">edit</a>]</div> In December 2018, <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> began working on <a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlicensed spectrum">unlicensed spectrum</a> specifications known as 5G NR-U, targeting 3GPP Release 16.<a href="#cite_note-QualcommNRU-131">[130]</a> Qualcomm has made a similar proposal for <a href="/wiki/LTE_in_unlicensed_spectrum" title="LTE in unlicensed spectrum">LTE in unlicensed spectrum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5G_wireless_power">5G wireless power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 5G wireless power">edit</a>]</div> 5G wireless power is a technology based on 5G standards that <a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer" title="Wireless power transfer">transfers wireless power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> It adheres to <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a> set by the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project">3rd Generation Partnership Project</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>. It utilizes <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">extremely high frequency</a> radio waves with <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> from one to ten millimeters, also known as <a href="/wiki/MmWaves" class="mw-redirect" title="MmWaves">mmWaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Up to 6μW of power has been demonstrated being captured from 5G signals at a distance of 180m by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> devices could benefit from 5G wireless power technology, given their low power requirements that are within the range of what has been achieved using 5G power capture.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Concerns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_concerns">Security concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Security concerns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks" title="Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks">Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Huawei#Espionage_and_security_concerns" title="Criticism of Huawei">Criticism of Huawei § Espionage and security concerns</a></div> A report published by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Cybersecurity" title="European Union Agency for Cybersecurity">European Agency for Cybersecurity</a> details the security issues surrounding 5G. The report warns against using a single supplier for a carrier's 5G infrastructure, especially those based outside the European Union; <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> are the only European manufacturers of 5G equipment.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> On October 18, 2018, a team of researchers from <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lorraine" title="University of Lorraine">University of Lorraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a> released a paper entitled, "A Formal Analysis of 5G Authentication".<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-securityintelligence.com-139">[138]</a> It alerted that 5G technology could open ground for a new era of security threats. The paper described the technology as "immature and insufficiently tested," and one that "enables the movement and access of vastly higher quantities of data, and thus broadens attack surfaces". Simultaneously, network security companies such as <a href="/wiki/Fortinet" title="Fortinet">Fortinet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbor_Networks" title="Arbor Networks">Arbor Networks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/A10_Networks" title="A10 Networks">A10 Networks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> and Voxility<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> advised on personalized and mixed security deployments against massive <a href="/wiki/DDoS_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="DDoS attack">DDoS attacks</a> foreseen after 5G deployment. IoT Analytics estimated an increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> devices, enabled by 5G technology, from 7 billion in 2018 to 21.5 billion by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> This can raise the attack surface for these devices to a substantial scale, and the capacity for DDoS attacks, <a href="/wiki/Cryptojacking" title="Cryptojacking">cryptojacking</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattacks</a> could boost proportionally.<a href="#cite_note-securityintelligence.com-139">[138]</a> In addition, the EPS solution for 5G networks has identified a design vulnerability. The vulnerability affects the operation of the device during cellular network switching.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Due to fears of potential espionage of users of Chinese equipment vendors, several countries (including the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom as of early 2019)<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> have taken actions to restrict or eliminate the use of Chinese equipment in their respective 5G networks. A 2012 U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence report concluded that using equipment made by Huawei and ZTE, another Chinese telecommunications company, could "undermine core U.S. national security interests".<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In 2018, six U.S. intelligence chiefs, including the directors of the CIA and FBI, cautioned Americans against using Huawei products, warning that the company could conduct "undetected espionage".<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Further, a 2017 investigation by the FBI determined that Chinese-made Huawei equipment could disrupt U.S. nuclear arsenal communications.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Chinese vendors and the Chinese government have denied claims of espionage, but experts have pointed out that Huawei would have no choice but to hand over network data to the Chinese government if Beijing asked for it because of Chinese National Security Law.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In August 2020, the U.S. State Department launched "<a href="/wiki/The_Clean_Network" title="The Clean Network">The Clean Network</a>" as a U.S. government-led, bi-partisan effort to address what it described as "the long-term threat to data privacy, security, human rights and principled collaboration posed to the free world from authoritarian malign actors". Promoters of the initiative have stated that it has resulted in an "alliance of democracies and companies", "based on democratic values". On October 7, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Select_Committee" title="Defence Select Committee">UK Parliament's Defence Committee</a> released a report claiming that there was clear evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. The UK Parliament's Defence Committee said that the government should consider removal of all Huawei equipment from its 5G networks earlier than planned.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In December 2020, the United States announced that more than 60 nations, representing more than two thirds of the world's gross domestic product, and 200 telecom companies, had publicly committed to the principles of The Clean Network. This alliance of democracies included 27 of the 30 <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members; 26 of the 27 <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> members, 31 of the 37 <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> nations, 11 of the 12 <a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas</a> nations as well as Japan, Israel, Australia, Singapore, Taiwan, Canada, Vietnam, and India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_interference">Electromagnetic interference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic interference">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weather_forecasting">Weather forecasting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Weather forecasting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to 5G, short for the fifth generation of wireless technology, employs a range of higher-frequency radio waves than its predecessors.) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a> used by various 5G proposals, especially the n258 band centered at 26 GHz, will be near that of passive <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> such as by <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellites</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> monitoring at 23.8 GHz.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">Interference</a> is expected to occur due to such proximity and its effect could be significant without effective controls. An increase in interference already occurred with some other prior proximate <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">band</a> usages.<a href="#cite_note-Misra-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lubar-154">[153]</a> Interference to satellite operations impairs <a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">numerical weather prediction</a> performance with substantially deleterious economic and public safety impacts in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brackett-156">[155]</a> The concerns prompted <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">U.S. Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Wilbur Ross</a> and NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a> in February 2019 to urge the FCC to delay some spectrum auction proposals, which was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Samenow-157">[156]</a> The chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Appropriations Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Science Committee</a> wrote separate letters to FCC chairman <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Pai" title="Ajit Pai">Ajit Pai</a> asking for further review and consultation with <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a>, and warning of harmful impacts to national security.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Acting NOAA director Neil Jacobs testified before the House Committee in May 2019 that 5G out-of-band emissions could produce a 30% reduction in <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecast</a> accuracy and that the resulting degradation in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Forecast_System" title="Integrated Forecast System">ECMWF model</a> performance would have resulted in failure to predict the track and thus the impact of <a href="/wiki/Superstorm_Sandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstorm Sandy">Superstorm Sandy</a> in 2012. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in March 2019 wrote a memorandum warning of deterioration and made technical suggestions to control band bleed-over limits, for testing and fielding, and for coordination of the wireless industry and regulators with weather forecasting organizations.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> At the 2019 quadrennial <a href="/wiki/World_Radiocommunication_Conference" title="World Radiocommunication Conference">World Radiocommunication Conference</a> (WRC), atmospheric scientists advocated for a strong buffer of −55 <a href="/wiki/Decibel_watt" title="Decibel watt">dBW</a>, European regulators agreed on a recommendation of −42 dBW, and US regulators (the FCC) recommended a restriction of −20 dBW, which would permit signals 150 times stronger than the European proposal. The ITU decided on an intermediate −33 dBW until September 1, 2027, and after that a standard of −39 dBW.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_WRC-160">[159]</a> This is closer to the European recommendation but even the delayed higher standard is much weaker than that requested by atmospheric scientists, triggering warnings from the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) that the ITU standard, at 10 times less stringent than its recommendation, brings the "potential to significantly degrade the accuracy of data collected".<a href="#cite_note-WMO_WRC-161">[160]</a> A representative of the <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a> (AMS) also warned of interference,<a href="#cite_note-AMS_WRC-162">[161]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a> (ECMWF), sternly warned, saying that society risks "history repeat[ing] itself" by ignoring atmospheric scientists' warnings (referencing <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, monitoring of which could be imperiled).<a href="#cite_note-ECMWF_WRC-163">[162]</a> In December 2019, a bipartisan request was sent from the US House Science Committee to the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) to investigate why there is such a discrepancy between recommendations of US civilian and military science agencies and the regulator, the FCC.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aviation">Aviation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Aviation">edit</a>]</div> The United States <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a> has warned that <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeters</a> on aircraft, which operate between 4.2 and 4.4 GHz, might be affected by 5G operations between 3.7 and 3.98 GHz. This is particularly an issue with older altimeters using <a href="/wiki/RC_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="RC filter">RF filters</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> which lack protection from neighboring bands.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> This is not as much of an issue in Europe, where 5G uses lower frequencies between 3.4 and 3.8 GHz.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General for Civil Aviation">DGAC</a> in France has also expressed similar worries and recommended 5G phones be turned off or be put in <a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a> during flights.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> On December 31, 2021, U.S. Transportation Secretary <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> and Steve Dickinson, administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> asked the chief executives of AT&T and Verizon to delay 5G implementation over aviation concerns. The government officials asked for a two-week delay starting on January 5, 2022, while investigations are conducted on the effects on radar altimeters. The government transportation officials also asked the cellular providers to hold off their new 5G service near 50 priority airports, to minimize disruption to air traffic that would be caused by some planes being disallowed from landing in poor visibility.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> After coming to an agreement with government officials the day before,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Verizon and AT&T activated their 5G networks on January 19, 2022, except for certain towers near 50 airports.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> AT&T scaled back its deployment even further than its agreement with the FAA required.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The FAA rushed to test and certify radar altimeters for interference so that planes could be allowed to perform instrument landings (e.g. at night and in low visibility) at affected airports. By January 16, it had certified equipment on 45% of the U.S. fleet, and 78% by January 20.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Airlines complained about the avoidable impact on their operations, and commentators said the affair called into question the competence of the FAA.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Several international airlines substituted different planes so they could avoid problems landing at scheduled airports, and about 2% of flights (320) were cancelled by the evening of January 19.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satellite">Satellite</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Satellite">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band (IEEE)</a></div> A number of 5G networks deployed on the radio frequency band of 3.3–3.6 GHz are expected to cause interference with <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-Band</a> satellite stations, which operate by receiving satellite signals at 3.4–4.2 GHz frequency.<a href="#cite_note-satmag-176">[175]</a> This interference can be mitigated with <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">low-noise block downconverters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waveguide_filter" title="Waveguide filter">waveguide filters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-satmag-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Wi-Fi">edit</a>]</div> In regions like the US and EU, the 6 GHz band is to be opened up for unlicensed applications, which would permit the deployment of 5G-NR Unlicensed, 5G version of <a href="/wiki/LTE_in_unlicensed_spectrum" title="LTE in unlicensed spectrum">LTE in unlicensed spectrum</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6e" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 6e">Wi-Fi 6e</a>. However, interference could occur with the co-existence of different standards in the frequency band.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overhype">Overhype</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Overhype">edit</a>]</div> There have been concerns surrounding the promotion of 5G, questioning whether the technology is overhyped. There are questions on whether 5G will truly change the customer experience,<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> ability for 5G's mmWave signal to provide significant coverage,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> overstating what 5G can achieve or misattributing continuous technological improvement to "5G",<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> lack of new use case for carriers to profit from,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> wrong focus on emphasizing direct benefits on individual consumers instead of for Internet of Things devices or solving the <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile problem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> and overshadowing the possibility that in some aspects there might be other more appropriate technologies.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Such sort of concerns have also led to consumers not trusting information provided by cellular providers on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misinformation">Misinformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Misinformation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></div> There is a long history of fear and anxiety surrounding wireless signals that predates 5G technology. The fears about 5G are similar to those that have persisted throughout the 1990s and 2000s. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) "exposure to intense, direct amounts of non-ionizing radiation may result in damage to tissue due to <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>. This is not common and mainly of concern in the workplace for those who work on large sources of non-ionizing radiation devices and instruments."<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Some advocates of fringe health claim the regulatory standards are too low and influenced by lobbying groups.<a href="#cite_note-Meese_et_al_2020-187">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_5g_conspiracy_sticker_luxembourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti_5g_conspiracy_sticker_luxembourg.jpg/220px-Anti_5g_conspiracy_sticker_luxembourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti_5g_conspiracy_sticker_luxembourg.jpg/330px-Anti_5g_conspiracy_sticker_luxembourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anti_5g_conspiracy_sticker_luxembourg.jpg/440px-Anti_5g_conspiracy_sticker_luxembourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>An anti-5G sticker in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></figcaption></figure> There have been rumors that 5G mobile phone use can cause cancer, but this is a myth.<a href="#cite_note-cruk-188">[187]</a> Many popular books of dubious merit have been published on the subject[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] including one by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a> alleging that wireless technologies caused numerous conditions from <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a> to heart diseases and brain cancer. Mercola has drawn sharp criticism for his <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccinationism">anti-vaccinationism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and was warned by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> to stop selling fake COVID-19 cures through his online <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> business.<a href="#cite_note-Meese_et_al_2020-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, one origin of the 5G health controversy was an erroneous unpublished study that physicist Bill P. Curry did for the Broward County School Board in 2000 which indicated that the absorption of external microwaves by brain tissue increased with frequency.<a href="#cite_note-Broad1-190">[189]</a> According to experts[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] this was wrong, the millimeter waves used in 5G are safer than lower frequency microwaves because they cannot penetrate the skin and reach internal organs. Curry had confused <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> research. However Curry's study was widely distributed on the Internet. Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in 2019, <a href="/wiki/William_Broad" title="William Broad">William Broad</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a> began airing programming linking 5G to harmful health effects which "lack scientific support", such as "brain cancer, infertility, autism, heart tumors, and Alzheimer's disease". Broad asserted that the claims had increased. RT America had run seven programs on this theme by mid-April 2019 but only one in the whole of 2018. The network's coverage had spread to hundreds of blogs and websites.<a href="#cite_note-Broad-nyt-12-5-2019-191">[190]</a> In April 2019, the city of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> blocked a 5G trial because of radiation rules.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, a planned upgrade to 5G was stopped for the same reason.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The Swiss Telecommunications Association (ASUT) has said that studies have been unable to show that 5G frequencies have any health impact.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cnet-195">[194]</a> "Members of Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> are also calling on the government to take a closer look at 5G. Several leaders in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> have written to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> expressing concern about potential health risks. In <a href="/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California" title="Mill Valley, California">Mill Valley, California</a>, the city council blocked the deployment of new 5G wireless cells."<a href="#cite_note-cnet-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Similar concerns were raised in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-195">[194]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> is quoted saying that it "continues to believe that the current safety limits for cellphone radiofrequency energy exposure remain acceptable for protecting the public health".<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> After campaigning by activist groups, a series of small localities in the UK, including Totnes, Brighton and Hove, Glastonbury, and Frome, passed resolutions against the implementation of further 5G infrastructure, though these resolutions have no impact on rollout plans.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Low-level EMF does have some effects on other organisms.<a href="#cite_note-In-The-Environment-205">[204]</a> Vian et al., 2006 finds an effect of <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radiation">microwave</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-In-The-Environment-205">[204]</a> A meta-analysis of 95 in vitro and in vivo studies showed that an average of 80% of the in vivo research showed effects of such radiation, as did 58% of the in vitro research, but that the results were inconclusive as to whether any of these effects pose a health risk.<a href="#cite_note-MDPI_AG_2019_p=3406-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_conspiracy_theories_and_arson_attacks">COVID-19 conspiracy theories and arson attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: COVID-19 conspiracy theories and arson attacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#5G_mobile-phone_networks" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation § 5G mobile-phone networks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FACT-_5G_mobile_networks_DO_NOT_spread_COVID-19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/FACT-_5G_mobile_networks_DO_NOT_spread_COVID-19.svg/500px-FACT-_5G_mobile_networks_DO_NOT_spread_COVID-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/FACT-_5G_mobile_networks_DO_NOT_spread_COVID-19.svg/525px-FACT-_5G_mobile_networks_DO_NOT_spread_COVID-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/FACT-_5G_mobile_networks_DO_NOT_spread_COVID-19.svg/700px-FACT-_5G_mobile_networks_DO_NOT_spread_COVID-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> published a mythbuster infographic to combat the conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and 5G</figcaption></figure> As the introduction of 5G technology coincided with the time of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, several conspiracy theories circulating online posited a link between <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> and 5G.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> This has led to dozens of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> attacks being made on telecom masts in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, etc.), Ireland (<a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> etc.), Cyprus, the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Dagenham" title="Dagenham">Dagenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>),<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Belgium (Pelt), Italy (<a href="/wiki/Maddaloni" title="Maddaloni">Maddaloni</a>), Croatia (<a href="/wiki/Bibinje" title="Bibinje">Bibinje</a>)<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> It led to at least 61 suspected arson attacks against telephone masts in the United Kingdom alone<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> and over twenty in The Netherlands. In the early months of the pandemic, anti-lockdown protesters at <a href="/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</a> in Australia were seen with anti-5G signs, an early sign of what became a wider campaign by conspiracy theorists to link the pandemic with 5G technology. There are two versions of the 5G-COVID-19 conspiracy theory:<a href="#cite_note-Meese_et_al_2020-187">[186]</a> <ol><li>The first version claims that radiation weakens the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> (the virus that causes COVID-19).</li> <li>The second version claims that 5G causes COVID-19. There are different variations on this. Some claim that the pandemic is coverup of illness caused by 5G radiation or that COVID-19 originated in Wuhan because that city was "the guinea-pig city for 5G".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing_of_non-5G_services">Marketing of non-5G services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Marketing of non-5G services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/5G_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5G Evolution">5G Evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (October 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies, such as "<a href="/wiki/5G_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5G Evolution">5G Evolution</a>", which advertise improving existing networks with the use of "5G technology".<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> However, these pre-5G networks are an improvement on specifications of existing LTE networks that are not exclusive to 5G. While the technology promises to deliver higher speeds, and is described by AT&T as a "foundation for our evolution to 5G while the 5G standards are being finalized", it cannot be considered to be true 5G. When AT&T announced 5G Evolution, 4x4 MIMO, the technology that AT&T is using to deliver the higher speeds, had already been put in place by <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile</a> without being branded with the 5G moniker. It is claimed that such branding is a marketing move that will cause confusion with consumers, as it is not made clear that such improvements are not true 5G.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> With the rollout of 5G, 4G has become more available and affordable, with the world's most developed countries having >90% LTE coverage.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Because of this, 4G is still not obsolete even today.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> 4G plans are sold alongside 5G plans on US carriers,<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> with 4G being cheaper than 5G.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/310px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/465px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/620px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Cellular network standards and generation timeline.</figcaption></figure> In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geoff Brown and <a href="/wiki/M2Mi_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="M2Mi Corporation">Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp</a> to develop a fifth generation communications technology approach, though largely concerned with working with nanosats.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Ames_Partners_with_M2Mi_for_small_satellite_development-220">[219]</a> That same year, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation" was formed.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> In August 2012, New York University founded NYU Wireless, a multi-disciplinary academic research centre that has conducted pioneering work in 5G wireless communications.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> On October 8, 2012, the UK's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a> secured £35M for a new 5G research centre, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers, including <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a> Europe, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> Laboratories Europe, <a href="/wiki/Rohde_%26_Schwarz" title="Rohde & Schwarz">Rohde & Schwarz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aircom_International" title="Aircom International">Aircom International</a>. It will offer testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while delivering speeds higher than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready within a decade.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_video_UOS_research_centre-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-UOS_new_5G_centre-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_text_UOS_research_centre-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_5G_centre-226">[225]</a> On November 1, 2012, the EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) started its activity toward the definition of 5G. METIS achieved an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS played an important role in building consensus among other external major stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This was done by initiating and addressing work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and regional regulatory bodies.<a href="#cite_note-METIS_presentation-227">[226]</a> That same month, the iJOIN EU project was launched, focusing on "<a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">small cell</a>" technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic resources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Oettinger" title="Günther Oettinger">Günther Oettinger</a>, the European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–2019), "an innovative utilization of spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further described it as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which 5G will be the main driver".<a href="#cite_note-Speech_at_Mobile_World_Congress:_The_Road_to_5G-228">[227]</a> iJOIN was selected by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G research projects to showcase early results on this technology at the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" title="Mobile World Congress">Mobile World Congress</a> 2015 (Barcelona, Spain). In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) started two study items: (1) Study on IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for terrestrial IMT systems. Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of mobile communications toward the definition of the next generation mobile.<a href="#cite_note-5G_Mobile_Network_Technology_-5G_Wireless_Specs-229">[228]</a> On May 12, 2013, Samsung Electronics stated that they had developed a "5G" system. The core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sent data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometers with the use of an 8*8 MIMO.<a href="#cite_note-Samsung_new_tech_dev-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-5G_Is_Already_Ridiculously_Fast-231">[230]</a> In July 2013, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G) telecom technologies.<a href="#cite_note-India+Israel_dev_5G-232">[231]</a> On October 1, 2013, NTT (<a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a>), the same company to launch world's first 5G network in Japan, wins Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award at <a href="/wiki/CEATEC" title="CEATEC">CEATEC</a> for 5G R&D efforts.<a href="#cite_note-DoCoMo_win_5G_Award-233">[232]</a> On November 6, 2013, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> announced plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times higher than modern LTE networks.<a href="#cite_note-Huawei_plans_$600m_investment_in_5G-234">[233]</a> On April 3, 2019, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> became the first country to adopt 5G.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Just hours later, Verizon launched its 5G services in the United States, and disputed South Korea's claim of becoming the world's first country with a 5G network, because allegedly, South Korea's 5G service was launched initially for just six South Korean celebrities so that South Korea could claim the title of having the world's first 5G network.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> In fact, the three main South Korean telecommunication companies (<a href="/wiki/SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/KT_Corporation" title="KT Corporation">KT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LG_Uplus" title="LG Uplus">LG Uplus</a>) added more than 40,000 users to their 5G network on the launch day.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> In June 2019, the Philippines became the first country in Southeast Asia to roll out a 5G <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> network after Globe Telecom commercially launched its 5G data plans to customers.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> AT&T brings 5G service to consumers and businesses in December 2019 ahead of plans to offer 5G throughout the United States in the first half of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Info_Service" title="Advanced Info Service">AIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/TrueMove_H" title="TrueMove H">TrueMove H</a> launched 5G services in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, making it the first country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> to have commercial 5G.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> A functional mockup of a Russian 5G base station, developed by domestic specialists as part of Rostec's digital division Rostec.digital, was presented in Nizhny Novgorod at the annual conference "Digital Industry of Industrial Russia".<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> 5G speeds have declined in many countries since 2022, which has driven the development of 5.5G to increase connection speeds.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> When there is only one user in the network </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved February 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iPhone+12+and+5G%3A+All+the+answers+to+your+questions+about+the+super-fast+connectivity&rft.pub=CNET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fmobile%2Fapple-iphone-12-and-5g-faq-answers-to-questions-about-super-fast-connectivity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/5G-Speed-Vs-5G-Range.html">"5G speed vs 5G range-What is the value of 5G speed,5G range"</a>. rfwireless-world.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421224510/http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/5G-Speed-Vs-5G-Range.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rfwireless-world.com&rft.atitle=5G+speed+vs+5G+range-What+is+the+value+of+5G+speed%2C5G+range&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfwireless-world.com%2FTerminology%2F5G-Speed-Vs-5G-Range.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManivasagamGarimaShukla2023" class="citation book cs1">Manivasagam; Garima; Shukla, Meenu (December 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10450543">"Massive MIMO in 5G Networks: Trends and Challenges"</a>. 2023 International Conference on Power Energy, Environment & Intelligent Control (PEEIC). IEEE. pp. 1456–1460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPEEIC59336.2023.10450543">10.1109/PEEIC59336.2023.10450543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-3503-5776-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-3503-5776-9"><bdi>979-8-3503-5776-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Massive+MIMO+in+5G+Networks%3A+Trends+and+Challenges&rft.btitle=2023+International+Conference+on+Power+Energy%2C+Environment+%26+Intelligent+Control+%28PEEIC%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1456-%3C%2Fspan%3E1460&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPEEIC59336.2023.10450543&rft.isbn=979-8-3503-5776-9&rft.au=Manivasagam&rft.au=Garima&rft.au=Shukla%2C+Meenu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F10450543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.pcmag.com/feature/51666/it-needs-to-start-thinking-about-5g-and-edge-cloud-computing">"IT Needs to Start Thinking About 5G and Edge Cloud Computing"</a>. 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Retrieved December 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+FAA+Issues+Safety+Alert+on+5G+Interference+to+Aircraft&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-11-02%2Fu-s-faa-issues-safety-alert-on-5g-interference-to-aircraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/business/5g-aviation-safety-europe/index.html">"Europe rolled out 5G without hurting aviation. Here's how"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. January 19, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119234858/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/business/5g-aviation-safety-europe/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Europe+rolled+out+5G+without+hurting+aviation.+Here%27s+how&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F01%2F19%2Fbusiness%2F5g-aviation-safety-europe%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210216-5g-phones-may-interfere-with-aircraft-french-regulator">"5G phones may interfere with aircraft: French regulator"</a>. France 24. 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Retrieved December 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=5G+phones+may+interfere+with+aircraft%3A+French+regulator&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210216-5g-phones-may-interfere-with-aircraft-french-regulator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShieldsLevin2021" class="citation news cs1">Shields, Todd; Levin, Allan (December 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-01/buttigieg-asks-at-t-verizon-to-delay-5g-over-aviation-concerns">"Buttigieg Asks AT&T, Verizon to Delay 5G Over Aviation Concerns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102003751/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-01/buttigieg-asks-at-t-verizon-to-delay-5g-over-aviation-concerns">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Buttigieg+Asks+AT%26T%2C+Verizon+to+Delay+5G+Over+Aviation+Concerns&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft.au=Levin%2C+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-01-01%2Fbuttigieg-asks-at-t-verizon-to-delay-5g-over-aviation-concerns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2022/01/18/airlines-disruptions-5g-verizon-att/">"Wireless carriers to limit 5G near airports after airlines warn of major disruptions"</a>. Washington Post. January 18, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119141831/https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2022/01/18/airlines-disruptions-5g-verizon-att/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Wireless+carriers+to+limit+5G+near+airports+after+airlines+warn+of+major+disruptions&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftransportation%2F2022%2F01%2F18%2Fairlines-disruptions-5g-verizon-att%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtimes.com/articles/270795/20220119/verizon-5g-at-t-5g.htm">"Verizon 5G Gets Activated Despite Warnings About Airport Problems; AT&T 5G Follows Suit"</a>. TechTimes. January 19, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030717/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/270795/20220119/verizon-5g-at-t-5g.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechTimes&rft.atitle=Verizon+5G+Gets+Activated+Despite+Warnings+About+Airport+Problems%3B+AT%26T+5G+Follows+Suit&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtimes.com%2Farticles%2F270795%2F20220119%2Fverizon-5g-at-t-5g.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/18/22889664/att-5g-limits-c-band-expansion-airports-further-carrier-airline">"AT&T and Verizon are limiting C-band 5G expansion around airports even more"</a>. The Verge. 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Retrieved January 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=AT%26T+and+Verizon+are+limiting+C-band+5G+expansion+around+airports+even+more&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2022%2F1%2F18%2F22889664%2Fatt-5g-limits-c-band-expansion-airports-further-carrier-airline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Aviation_Administration2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (January 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/5g">"5G and Aviation Safety"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030720/https://www.faa.gov/5g">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2022. 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Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119055815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/01/18/faa-5g-wireless-freakout-raises-red-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2022. 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Retrieved January 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Airlines+cancel+some+flights+after+reduced+5G+rollout+in+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-gb%2Fmoney%2Fcompanies%2Fmajor-airlines-cancel-change-flights-to-us-over-5g-dispute%2Far-AASV5rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-satmag-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-satmag_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-satmag_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satmagazine.com/story.php?number=2132459167">"SatMagazine"</a>. www.satmagazine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204075803/http://www.satmagazine.com/story.php?number=2132459167">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2021. 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IEEE Access. 8: 153027–56. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16534">2006.16534</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IEEEA...8o3027N">2020IEEEA...8o3027N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.3016036">10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3016036</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220265664">220265664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215220455/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9165719/">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021 – via IEEE Xplore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.atitle=Next+Generation+Wi-Fi+and+5G+NR-U+in+the+6+GHz+Bands%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153027-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2006.16534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220265664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.3016036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020IEEEA...8o3027N&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=Gaurang&rft.au=Park%2C+Jung-Min&rft.au=Ashdown%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Lehr%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9165719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Allison (April 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/29/22409675/verizon-att-tmobile-5g-mmwave-c-band">"Dear wireless carriers: the 5G hype needs to stop"</a>. 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Retrieved June 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theperson.pro&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%3A+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheperson.pro%2Faleksandr-nazarov-biografiya-zamglavy-rosteha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kremlinrus.ru/article/1077/131953/">"Назаров Александр Юрьевич и Игорь Анатольевич Шумаков подписали соглашение"</a>. www.kremlinrus.ru. Retrieved June 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kremlinrus.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%B8+%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kremlinrus.ru%2Farticle%2F1077%2F131953%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrumpf" class="citation news cs1">Strumpf, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/5g-future-mobile-internet-309dac2b?mod=e2tw">"5G Not Enough? Telecom Companies Look to 5.5G"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=5G+Not+Enough%3F+Telecom+Companies+Look+to+5.5G&rft.aulast=Strumpf&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2F5g-future-mobile-internet-309dac2b%3Fmod%3De2tw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaripidisMateUrbanTinker2023" class="citation journal cs1">Karipidis, Ken; Mate, Rohan; Urban, David; Tinker, Rick; Wood, Andrew (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8263336">"5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz"</a>. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 31 (4): 585–605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41370-021-00297-6">10.1038/s41370-021-00297-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-064X">1559-064X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8263336">8263336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33727687">33727687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Exposure+Science+%26+Environmental+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=5G+mobile+networks+and+health%E2%80%94a+state-of-the-science+review+of+the+research+into+low-level+RF+fields+above+6+GHz&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E605&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8263336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1559-064X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33727687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41370-021-00297-6&rft.aulast=Karipidis&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Mate%2C+Rohan&rft.au=Urban%2C+David&rft.au=Tinker%2C+Rick&rft.au=Wood%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8263336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A5G" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=5G&action=edit&section=57" 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href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radio telephones</a> (1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Mobile Telephone Service">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Improved Mobile Telephone Service">IMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_(mobile_telephone_system)" title="Altai (mobile telephone system)">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLT_(mobile_network)" title="OLT (mobile network)">OLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)" title="MTD (mobile network)">MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Telephone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Telephone System">AMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotel" title="Autotel">Autotel (PALM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiopuhelin" title="Autoradiopuhelin">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-Netz" title="B-Netz">B-Netz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_radiotelephone_network_(Czechoslovakia)" title="AMR radiotelephone network (Czechoslovakia)">AMR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS - N-AMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Access_Communication_System" title="Total Access Communication System">TACS - ETACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Netz" title="C-Netz">C-450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicap" title="Hicap">Hicap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobitex" title="Mobitex">Mobitex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataTAC" title="DataTAC">DataTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT1" title="CT1">CT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTMI" title="RTMI">RTMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">CSD - HSCSD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project_2" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project 2">3GPP2</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne (IS-95)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_digital_packet_data" title="Cellular digital packet data">CDPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEN" title="IDEN">iDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular" title="Personal Digital Cellular">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">PHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT2" title="CT2">CT2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G#Evolution" title="2G">2G transitional (2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X_Advanced" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X Advanced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="WiDEN">WiDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (1998) <a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a> (2001)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">FOMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0</a> (TIA/IS-856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G#Evolution" title="3G">3G transitional (3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access">HSDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Uplink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Uplink Packet Access">HSUPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">HSPA+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSDPA">DC-HSDPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CDMA2000 <a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">1xEV-DO Revision A</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision B</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing#FLASH-OFDM" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Flash-OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">iBurst (IEEE 802.20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HiperMAN" title="HiperMAN">HiperMAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> (2009) <a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a> (2013)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a> (4.5G/4.9G)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">IEEE family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16m</a>) <ul><li>WiMax 2.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">5G</a> (2018) <a href="/wiki/IMT-2020" title="IMT-2020">IMT-2020</a> (2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5G-Advanced</a> (5.5G)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NR-IIoT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NR-IIoT (page does not exist)">NR-IIoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE-M" title="LTE-M">LTE-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowband_IoT" title="Narrowband IoT">NB-IoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECT-5G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DECT-5G (page does not exist)">DECT-5G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">FDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_time-division_multiple_access" title="Self-organized time-division multiple access">STDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">SSMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency#Comparison_table" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency comparison table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequency bands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA_frequency_bands" title="CDMA frequency bands">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Mobile_Networks" title="Next Generation Mobile Networks">NGMN Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">Push-to-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">VoLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_over_LTE" title="Video over LTE">ViLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_NR" title="Voice over NR">VoNR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_over_NR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video over NR (page does not exist)">ViNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Access Network">Wi-Fi Calling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmocom" title="Osmocom">Osmocom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/38px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a>   <img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/20px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/40px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones689" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones689" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile networks</a>, protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Analogue:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li>Digital:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile specific <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/38px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="telephone icon" 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