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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Train transporting or using hydrogen</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InnoTrans_2016_%E2%80%93_Alstom_iLint_with_Fuel_Cell_Batteries_(29782914176).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/InnoTrans_2016_%E2%80%93_Alstom_iLint_with_Fuel_Cell_Batteries_%2829782914176%29.jpg/220px-InnoTrans_2016_%E2%80%93_Alstom_iLint_with_Fuel_Cell_Batteries_%2829782914176%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/InnoTrans_2016_%E2%80%93_Alstom_iLint_with_Fuel_Cell_Batteries_%2829782914176%29.jpg/330px-InnoTrans_2016_%E2%80%93_Alstom_iLint_with_Fuel_Cell_Batteries_%2829782914176%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/InnoTrans_2016_%E2%80%93_Alstom_iLint_with_Fuel_Cell_Batteries_%2829782914176%29.jpg/440px-InnoTrans_2016_%E2%80%93_Alstom_iLint_with_Fuel_Cell_Batteries_%2829782914176%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Debut of the <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Coradia_LINT#iLint" title="Alstom Coradia LINT">Alstom Coradia iLint</a>, a hydrogen-powered passenger train, at <a href="/wiki/InnoTrans" title="InnoTrans">InnoTrans 2016</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC09375_iLint_auf_Br%C3%BCcke_zwischen_Main-Lahn-Bahn_und_Werksbahn_Industriepark_H%C3%B6chst_%C3%BCber_Hoechster_Farbenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DSC09375_iLint_auf_Br%C3%BCcke_zwischen_Main-Lahn-Bahn_und_Werksbahn_Industriepark_H%C3%B6chst_%C3%BCber_Hoechster_Farbenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/220px-DSC09375_iLint_auf_Br%C3%BCcke_zwischen_Main-Lahn-Bahn_und_Werksbahn_Industriepark_H%C3%B6chst_%C3%BCber_Hoechster_Farbenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DSC09375_iLint_auf_Br%C3%BCcke_zwischen_Main-Lahn-Bahn_und_Werksbahn_Industriepark_H%C3%B6chst_%C3%BCber_Hoechster_Farbenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/330px-DSC09375_iLint_auf_Br%C3%BCcke_zwischen_Main-Lahn-Bahn_und_Werksbahn_Industriepark_H%C3%B6chst_%C3%BCber_Hoechster_Farbenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DSC09375_iLint_auf_Br%C3%BCcke_zwischen_Main-Lahn-Bahn_und_Werksbahn_Industriepark_H%C3%B6chst_%C3%BCber_Hoechster_Farbenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/440px-DSC09375_iLint_auf_Br%C3%BCcke_zwischen_Main-Lahn-Bahn_und_Werksbahn_Industriepark_H%C3%B6chst_%C3%BCber_Hoechster_Farbenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>iLint of <a href="/wiki/Regionalverkehre_Start_Deutschland" title="Regionalverkehre Start Deutschland">Regionalverkehre Start Deutschland</a> on the way to its filling station at industrial park <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6chst_(Frankfurt_am_Main)" title="Höchst (Frankfurt am Main)">Höchst</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In transportation, the original (2003) generic term <b>"hydrail"</b> includes <b>hydrogen trains</b>, <b>zero-emission multiple units</b>, or <b>ZEMUs</b> — generic terms describing <a href="/wiki/Rail_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail vehicles">rail vehicles</a>, large or small, which use on-board <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">hydrogen fuel</a> as a source of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> to power the <a href="/wiki/Traction_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction motors">traction motors</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">auxiliaries</a>, or both. Hydrail <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a> use the chemical energy of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> for propulsion, either by burning hydrogen in a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">hydrogen internal combustion engine</a>, or by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> to run <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a>, as the <b>hydrogen fuel cell train</b>. Widespread use of hydrogen for fueling <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transportation">rail transportation</a> is a basic element of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">hydrogen economy</a>. The term has been used by research scholars and technicians around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrail vehicles are usually <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vehicles">hybrid vehicles</a> with renewable <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Super_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Super capacitor">super capacitors</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>, improving efficiency and lowering the amount of hydrogen storage required. Potential hydrail applications include all types of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>: <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a>; <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger rail">passenger rail</a>; <a href="/wiki/Freight_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail">freight rail</a>; <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>; rail <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mine_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine railways">mine railways</a>; <a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">industrial railway</a> systems; <a href="/wiki/Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams">trams</a>; and special rail rides at parks and museums. </p><p>The term hydrail is believed to date back to 22 August 2003, from an invited presentation at the US Department of Transportation's Volpe Transportations Systems Center in Cambridge, MA.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Stan Thompson, a former futurist and strategic planner at US telecoms company <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> gave a presentation entitled the Mooresville Hydrail Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_tech_16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to authors Stan Thompson and Jim Bowman, the term first appeared in print on 17 February 2004 in the <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Hydrogen_Energy" title="International Journal of Hydrogen Energy">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</a> as a search engine target word to enable scholars and technicians around the world working in the hydrogen rail area to more easily publish and locate all work produced within the discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2005, annual International Hydrail Conferences have been held. Organised by <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_State_University" title="Appalachian State University">Appalachian State University</a> and the Mooresville South Iredell Chamber of Commerce in conjunction with universities and other entities, the Conferences have the aim of bringing together scientists, engineers, business leaders, industrial experts, and operators working or using the technology around the world in order to expedite deployment of the technology for environmental, climate, energy security and economic development reasons. Presenters at these conferences have included national and state/provincial agencies from the US, Austria, Canada, China, Denmark, the EU, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United Nations (UNIDO-ICHET).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In its early years, these conferences were largely dominated by academic fields; however, by 2013, an increasing number of businesses and industrial figures have reportedly been in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2010s, both fuel cells and hydrogen generation equipment have been taken up by several transport operators across various countries, such as China, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Many of the same technologies that can be applied to hydrail vehicles can be applied to other forms of transport as well, such as road vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_tech_16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Direct_methanol_fuel_cell" title="Direct methanol fuel cell">Direct methanol fuel cell</a></div> <p>Hydrogen is a common and easy to find <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a>, given that each molecule of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> has two <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> of hydrogen for every <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atom present.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen can be separated from water via several means, including <a href="/wiki/Steam_methane_reforming" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam methane reforming">steam reforming</a> (normally involving the use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>) and electrolysis (which requires large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and is less commonly used). Once isolated, hydrogen can serve as a form of fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that hydrogen for fueling hydrail vehicles can be produced in individual maintenance depots, requiring only a steady supply of electricity and water; it can then be pumped into pressurised tanks upon the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of lighter and more capable fuel cells has increased the viability of hydrogen-powered vehicles. According to Canadian company Hydrogenics, in 2001, its 25 kW fuel cell weighed 290 kg and had an efficiency ranging between 38 and 45 per cent; however, by 2017, they were producing more powerful and compact fuel cells weighing 72 kg and with an efficiency between 48 and 55 per cent, a roughly five-fold increase in power density.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rail Engineer, the use of hydrogen propulsion on certain types of trains, such as freight locomotives or high-speed trains, is less attractive and more challenging than on lower-powered applications, such as shunting locomotives and multiple units.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication also observes that pressure to cut emissions within the railway industry is likely to play a role in stimulating demand for the uptake of hydrail.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key technology of a typical hydrogen propulsion system is the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a>. This device converts the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> contained within the hydrogen in order to generate electricity, as well as water and heat.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, a fuel cell would operate in a manner that is essentially inverse to the electrolysis process used to create the fuel; consuming pure hydrogen to produce electricity rather than consuming electrical energy to produce hydrogen, albeit incurring some level of energy losses in the exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, the efficiency of converting electricity to hydrogen and back again is just beneath 30 per cent, roughly similar to contemporary diesel engines but less than conventional electric traction using <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead catenary wires</a>. The electricity produced by the onboard fuel cell would be fed into a <a href="/wiki/Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor">motor</a> to propel the train.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overhead wire electrification costs are around EUR 2m/km, so electrification is not a cost-efficient solution for routes with low traffic, and battery and hydrail solutions may be alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-ec2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Railway industrial publication Railway Engineer has theorised that the expanding prevalence of wind power has led to some countries having surpluses of electrical energy during nighttime hours, and that this trend could offer a means of low-cost and highly available energy with which hydrogen could be conveniently produced via electrolysis.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is believed that the production of hydrogen using <a href="/wiki/Peak_demand#Off-peak" title="Peak demand">off-peak</a> electricity available from countries' <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a> will be one of the most economic practices available. As of January 2017, hydrogen produced via electrolysis commonly costs roughly the same as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and costs almost double the price of diesel fuel; however, unlike either of these fossil-based fuels, hydrogen propulsion produces zero vehicle emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> report states that if hydrogen is produced by <a href="/wiki/Steam_methane_reforming" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam methane reforming">steam methane reforming</a>, hydrail emissions are 45% lower than diesel trains.<sup id="cite_ref-ec2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Rail Engineer and Alstom, a 10MW wind farm is capable of comfortably producing 2.5 tonnes of hydrogen per day; enough to power a fleet of 14 iLint trains over a distance of 600 km per day.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, as of January 2017, production of hydrogen worldwide has been expanding in quantity and availability, increasing its attractiveness as a fuel. The need to build up a capable distribution network for hydrogen, which in turn requires substantial investments to be made, is likely to play a role in restraining the growth of hydrail at least in the short term.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was observed by Railway Technology that the rail industry has been historically slow to adopt new technologies and relatively conservative in outlook; however, a successful large-scale deployment of this technology by an early adopter may be decisive in overcoming attitudes of reluctance and traditionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_tech_16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there could be significant benefits to transitioning from diesel to hydrail propulsion. According to the results of a study performed by a consortium of <a href="/wiki/Hitachi#Hitachi_Rail" title="Hitachi">Hitachi Rail Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, and Fuel Cell Systems Ltd, hydrail vehicles in the form of re-powered diesel multiple units could be capable of generating significant energy consumption reductions; reportedly, their model indicated a saving of up to 52 per cent on the <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sheringham" title="Sheringham">Sheringham</a> line over conventional traction.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An intermediate step using railroad-familiar technology is burning a mixture of diesel and hydrogen in conventional engines although this is not zero emission, the ultimate goal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrolley">Hydrolley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hydrolley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>hydrolley</i> is a term for a <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> or tram (trolley) powered by hydrail technology. The term (for <i>hydro</i>gen tro<i>lley</i>) was coined at the Fourth International Hydrail Conference, Valencia, Spain, in 2008, as a research-simplifying search engine target word. Onboard hydrogen-derived power eliminates the need for overhead trolley arms and track electrification, greatly reducing construction cost, reducing <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">visual pollution</a> and eliminating the maintenance expense of track electrification. The term 'hydrolley' is preferred to 'hydrail light rail' or other combinations which might connote external electrification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_safety" title="Hydrogen safety">Hydrogen safety</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen#Combustion" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> is combustible in a wide range (4%—74%) of mixtures with air, and explosive in 18—59%.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects_and_prototypes">Projects and prototypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Projects and prototypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In 2002, the first 3.6 tonne, 17 kW, hydrogen-powered mining <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> powered by Nuvera Fuel Cells for <a href="/wiki/Placer_Dome" title="Placer Dome">Placer Dome</a> was demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Or" title="Val-d'Or">Val-d'Or</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2006, the world's first hydrail railcar, which was developed by <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">East Japan Railway Company</a>, was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Technical_Research_Institute" title="Railway Technical Research Institute">Railway Technical Research Institute</a> in Japan conducted tests on a fuel cell hydrail, a 70-ton intercity train powered by Nuvera Fuel Cells.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2007, the mini-hydrail from the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="National Science and Technology Museum">Taiwan National Science and Technology Museum</a> and Taiwan Fuel Cell Partnership combination made its first educational ride.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Technical_Research_Institute" title="Railway Technical Research Institute">Railway Technical Research Institute</a> in Japan built two 62 ton passenger cars, each with a 450 kW <a href="/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton exchange membrane fuel cell">PEM</a> fuel cell and a 150 kW battery.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">East Japan Railway Company</a> in Japan tested its experimental "<a href="/wiki/NE_Train" title="NE Train">NE Train</a>" hybrid train fitted with two 65 kW <a href="/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton exchange membrane fuel cell">PEM</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> and 19 kWh lithium-ion batteries for a short period in the Nagano area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a> unveiled its <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Projects_HH20B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle Projects HH20B">Vehicle Projects HH20B</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Switcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Switcher">switcher</a>-locomotive powered by hydrogen fuel cells and developed in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Corps of Engineers">US Army Corps of Engineers</a> and Vehicle Projects Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reportedly performed its first run during 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2010, a 357-kilometre (222 mi) high-speed hydrail line was proposed in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rail link, now under feasibility study, would connect several cities in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> with a hydrogen-powered maglev system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/FEVE" class="mw-redirect" title="FEVE">FEVE</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a> (CIDAUT) launched the FC <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> Project in <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> using a converted FABIOLOS series 3400 from <a href="/wiki/SNCV" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCV">SNCV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can carry up to 30 passengers with a maximum speed of 20 km/h.</li> <li>During 2012, the Hydrogen Train Project in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> commenced its efforts to develop and build Europe's first hydrogen powered train using <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">hydrogen in an internal combustion engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2012, the mini-hydrail <i>Hydrogen Pioneer Train</i> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, a scaled <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">powertrain</a> for configuration testing.<sup id="cite_ref-HoffrichterFisher2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoffrichterFisher2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Between 2012 and 2014, testing was conducted on the hydrail concept in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PengChen2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PengChen2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2010, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University" title="Southwest Jiaotong University">Southwest Jiaotong University</a> demonstrated their first hydrail prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During 2012, <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_Platinum" title="Anglo American Platinum">Anglo American Platinum</a> (Amplats) in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and Vehicle Projects Inc. launched 5 <a href="/wiki/PEMFC" class="mw-redirect" title="PEMFC">PEMFC</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trident_new_era_locomotive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trident new era locomotive (page does not exist)">Trident new era locomotives</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dishaba_mine" title="Dishaba mine">Dishaba mine</a> with reversible <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_storage#Metal_hydrides" title="Hydrogen storage">metal-hydride storage</a> for testing.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2014, the German states of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and the Public Transportation Authorities of Hesse signed a letter of intent with <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom Transport</a> for trials with 2 fuel cell <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Coradia" title="Alstom Coradia">Alstom Coradia</a> trains by 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During 2015, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> started work on a hydrogen powered locomotive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That same year, the Downtown Oranjestad streetcar in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> went into service; the Downtown Dubai Trolley Project is intended to go into service around <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Mall" title="Dubai Mall">Dubai Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-streetcar1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-streetcar1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/CSR_Sifang_Co_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="CSR Sifang Co Ltd.">CSR Sifang Co Ltd.</a> showed its first 380-passenger tram in <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, China.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During September 2016, Alstom revealed their newly developed iLint train, produced at their factory in <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>. In November 2017, the state of Lower Saxony's local transportation authority ordered an initial fleet of 14 iLints. Testing and approval by the German Federal Railway Authority <a href="/wiki/Eisenbahn-Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenbahn-Bundesamt">Eisenbahn-Bundesamt</a> commenced in late 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 – CRRC TRC(Tangshan) developed the world's first commercial fuel cell hybrid tram and completed its first test run on Nanhu industrial tourism demonstration operation in 2017.</li> <li>2018 – A pair of prototype Ilint trains are to enter regular revenue service on the Buxtehude–Bremervörde–Bremerhaven–Cuxhaven region. Schleswig-Holstein intends to electrify the entirety of its 1,100 km network using a fleet of 60 iLint hydrail vehicles by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_tech_16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2018, all vehicles are planned to be maintained at a depot in Bremervorde, which will be the world's first hydrogen train refuelling depot; hydrogen is to be generated on-site using local wind turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2017, Alstom proposed a trial of Hydrogen Fuel Cell powered train on the new <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> line in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, which is scheduled for opening in December 2018. Alstom have a new facility in <a href="/wiki/Halebank" title="Halebank">Halebank</a> on the edge of Liverpool adjacent to the line, with hydrogen available from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Stanlow_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanlow Refinery">Stanlow Refinery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In March 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> state government in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Kuching,_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuching, Sarawak">Kuching</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuching_LRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuching LRT">Light Rail Transit system</a> will be powered using hydrogen fuel cells and is expected to be completed by 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in September 2018, the Sarawak Chief Minister announced that the project has been placed on hold, citing that the funds were needed elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In June 2019, <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">East Japan Railway Company</a> announced that it is investing into developing a two-car trainset using hydrogen fuel-cell technology from <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, hoping to start trials by 2021 and have commercially viable technology ready by 2024. Toyota has been using fuel cell technology in the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Mirai" title="Toyota Mirai">Mirai</a> cars.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 2019, the first hydrogen fuel cell train in the United States was ordered from Swiss manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Stadler_Rail" title="Stadler Rail">Stadler Rail</a> for service on the soon to open <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(rail_service)" title="Arrow (rail service)">Arrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service between <a href="/wiki/Redlands,_California" title="Redlands, California">Redlands, California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 17 March 2021, <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">French Railway Company</a> announced that 15 Hydrail will be operated on the <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> line (northwest <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) in the 5 years to come. The line is operated with exclusively Diesel Train <a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_X_72500" title="SNCF Class X 72500">(X 72500</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autorail_%C3%A0_grande_capacit%C3%A9" title="Autorail à grande capacité">XGC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In April 2021, 14 Hydrail (2 of which optional) were ordered by <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">French Railway Company</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> for an amount of 200 million euros. The trains will be operated by 2025 in 4 <a href="/wiki/French_region" class="mw-redirect" title="French region">regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> et <a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitanie</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These trains have 600 km of autonomy without direct <a href="/wiki/CO2_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 emission">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2022, Caltrans and CalSTA placed an order for 29 (4 on official order and 25 will be optional) Hydrogen Fuel Cell transits from Stadler. These trains will be used on Amtrak California services.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Hydrogen locomotives</b> - <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progress_Rail" title="Progress Rail">Progress Rail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> partnered up in 2021 to develop a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel cell">hydrogen fuel cell</a> locomotive prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific</a> teamed up in 2023 to develop hydrogen conversion kits to <a href="/wiki/Retrofitting" title="Retrofitting">retrofit</a> diesel locomotives to hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The proposed <a href="/wiki/Valley_Link" title="Valley Link">Valley Link</a> commuter rail service in Northern California is planning to use zero emission hydrogen trainsets for its operations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Project <b>Hympulso</b> is a Spanish initiative announced in 2024 and lead by <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> focused on the development of the world’s first hydrogen-powered high-speed train. Furthermore, the project seeks to analyze the feasibility to power Spain’s entire rail network, which represents the second largest high-speed network in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_trains_by_country">Operating trains by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operating trains by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2018, the world's first commercial hydrogen-powered passenger train entered service in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>-developed train uses a hydrogen fuel cell which emits no <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2022, the first rail line entirely run by hydrogen-powered trains debuted in Bremervörde, Lower Saxony, where the route's 15 diesel trains are getting gradually replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drawbacks">Drawbacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drawbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2022, the German state of Baden-Württemberg announced that it would not be considering further use of hydrogen trains, as a study it commissioned found them up to 80% more expensive than electric trains powered by batteries or overhead wires.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_powered_railway_locomotive" title="Combined cycle powered railway locomotive">Combined cycle powered railway locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell_power_plant" title="Hydrogen fuel cell power plant">Hydrogen fuel cell power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fuel_cell_vehicles" title="List of fuel cell vehicles">List of fuel cell vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies" title="Timeline of hydrogen technologies">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_train&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Rowe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Graham-Rowe, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro+Rail+News&rft.atitle=Hydrogen-Powered+Trains&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Narendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrorailnews.in%2Fhydrogen-powered-trains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rai_tech_16-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_tech_16_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey, Eva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featuregerman-state-thrusts-hydrogen-powered-hydrail-into-the-spotlight-4928956/">"German state thrusts hydrogen-powered hydrail into the spotlight."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207212737/https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featuregerman-state-thrusts-hydrogen-powered-hydrail-into-the-spotlight-4928956/">Archived</a> 7 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>railway-technology.com</i>, 21 June 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stan Thompson and Jim Bowman (2004) "The Mooresville Hydrail Initiative", <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Hydrogen_Energy" title="International Journal of Hydrogen Energy">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</a></i> <b>29</b>(4): 438, in "News and Views" (a non-peer-reviewed section)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rai_eng_18-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rai_eng_18_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railengineer.uk/2018/01/05/hydrail-comes-of-age/">"Hydrail comes of age."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174254/https://www.railengineer.uk/2018/01/05/hydrail-comes-of-age/">Archived</a> 10 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>railengineer.uk</i>, 5 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ec2018_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ec2018_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission._Directorate_General_for_Research_Innovation2018" class="citation book cs1">European Commission. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Hydrogen fuel cell trains are also more expensive than diesel ones (+30 %) because their energy costs are currently higher and they are less efficient than electric trains. However, their GHG emissions are 45 % lower than diesel, even if hydrogen is produced via steam methane reforming. 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Accessed 6 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Japanese fuel cell rail vehicle in running tests". <i>Fuel Cells Bulletin</i>. <b>2006</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006FCBu.2006RY..2.">2006FCBu.2006RY..2.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1464-2859%2806%2971254-8">10.1016/S1464-2859(06)71254-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-2859">1464-2859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fuel+Cells+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Japanese+fuel+cell+rail+vehicle+in+running+tests&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1464-2859&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1464-2859%2806%2971254-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006FCBu.2006RY..2.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200704/13/eng20070413_366270.html">"World's first hydrogen fuel train tested in Taiwan."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125143521/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200704/13/eng20070413_366270.html">Archived</a> 25 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>People's Daily</i>, 13 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adamson, Kerry-Ann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/pdf/surveys/2007-Niche-Transport%201.pdf">"2007 Niche Transport Survey."</a> July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711053757/http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/pdf/surveys/2007-Niche-Transport%201.pdf">Archived</a> 11 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF). Fuel Cell Today.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjonline.com/news/2009-06-29/new_locomotive_unveiled">"BNSF Railway and Vehicle Projects Demonstrate Experimental Hydrogen-Fuel-Cell Switch Locomotive."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019180625/http://cjonline.com/news/2009-06-29/new_locomotive_unveiled">Archived</a> 19 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>BNSF Railway</i>, 29 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interstatetraveler.us/Associates/Marjorie.Hoeh/CAEDZ-Webfiles/cpii_07-hydrotrain03.php.htm">"Hydrail: Preliminary Proposal".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029071443/http://www.interstatetraveler.us/Associates/Marjorie.Hoeh/CAEDZ-Webfiles/cpii_07-hydrotrain03.php.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>interstatetraveler.us</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehydrogenjournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=367">"Indonesia high speed hydrogen train feasibility study"</a>. The Hydrogen Journal. 13 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321191354/http://www.thehydrogenjournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=367">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+high+speed+hydrogen+train+feasibility+study&rft.pub=The+Hydrogen+Journal&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehydrogenjournal.com%2Fdisplaynews.php%3FNewsID%3D367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamrah,_Mustaqim2010" class="citation news cs1">Adamrah, Mustaqim (8 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/08/ri-could-have-a-super-high-speed-train-early-2012.html-0">"RI could have a super high speed train as early as 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Post">Jakarta Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629053002/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/08/ri-could-have-a-super-high-speed-train-early-2012.html-0">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=RI+could+have+a+super+high+speed+train+as+early+as+2012&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.au=Adamrah%2C+Mustaqim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F01%2F08%2Fri-could-have-a-super-high-speed-train-early-2012.html-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vialibre-ffe.com/pdf/Tranvia_hidrogeno_Feve.pdf">"FEVE hydrogen tram."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204928/http://www.vialibre-ffe.com/pdf/Tranvia_hidrogeno_Feve.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>vialibre-ffe.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenhydrogen.dk/Default.aspx?ID=328">"Europe's first hydrogen powered train."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029010909/http://www.greenhydrogen.dk/Default.aspx?ID=328">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Hydrogen Train Project</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trb.org/Railroads/Blurbs/155621.aspx">"Denmark wants Europe's first hydrogen train."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029034708/http://www.trb.org/Railroads/Blurbs/155621.aspx">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>trb.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoffrichterFisher2014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoffrichterFisher2014_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffrichterFisherTutcherHillmansen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffrichter, Andreas; Fisher, Peter; Tutcher, Jonathan; Hillmansen, Stuart; Roberts, Clive (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2013.10.134">"Performance evaluation of the hydrogen-powered prototype locomotive 'Hydrogen Pioneer'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Power Sources</i>. <b>250</b>: <span class="nowrap">120–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPS...250..120H">2014JPS...250..120H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2013.10.134">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-7753">0378-7753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Performance+evaluation+of+the+hydrogen-powered+prototype+locomotive+%27Hydrogen+Pioneer%27&rft.volume=250&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0378-7753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2013.10.134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JPS...250..120H&rft.aulast=Hoffrichter&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tutcher%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Hillmansen%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jpowsour.2013.10.134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/nstv/2012/08/first-uk-hydrogen-train.html">"First UK hydrogen train takes passengers for a ride."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227231048/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/nstv/2012/08/first-uk-hydrogen-train.html">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>New Scientist</i>, July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PengChen2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PengChen2014_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengChenLiuLi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Peng, Fei; 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hydrogen+Energy&rft.atitle=System+integration+of+China%27s+first+proton+exchange+membrane+fuel+cell+locomotive&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13886-%3C%2Fspan%3E13893&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0360-3199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijhydene.2014.01.166&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014IJHE...3913886P&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft.au=Chen%2C+WeiRong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhixiang&rft.au=Li%2C+Qi&rft.au=Dai%2C+Chaohua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/7215009.html">"China introduces first light-rail train with new-energy fuel cells."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104024431/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/7215009.html">Archived</a> 4 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>People's Daily</i>, 29 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/amplats-testing-fuel-cell-powered-loco-at-rustenburg-mine-2012-05-09">"Amplats testing fuel cell-powered loco at Rustenburg mine."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108073935/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/amplats-testing-fuel-cell-powered-loco-at-rustenburg-mine-2012-05-09">Archived</a> 8 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>engineeringnews.co.za</i>, 9 May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-archive/2012/february/partnership-to-produce-five-fuel-cell-mine-locomotives">"Partnership to produce five fuel cell mine locomotives."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029040751/http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-archive/2012/february/partnership-to-produce-five-fuel-cell-mine-locomotives">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>fuelcelltoday.com</i>, February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2014/9/innotrans2014-alstom-to-develop-a-new-emission-free-train-for-passengers-in-germany/">"Alstom to develop a new emission-free train for passengers in Germany."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124092403/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2014/9/innotrans2014-alstom-to-develop-a-new-emission-free-train-for-passengers-in-germany/">Archived</a> 24 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Alstom</i>, September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-streetcar1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-streetcar1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.applrguk.co.uk/media/files/027-029_TAUT1501_TIG-M3pdf">"Dubai-streetcar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154320/http://www.applrguk.co.uk/media/files/027-029_TAUT1501_TIG-M3pdf">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>applrguk.co.uk</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-25/china-s-hydrogen-powered-future-starts-in-trams-not-cars">"Powered future starts in trams, not cars."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125010057/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-25/china-s-hydrogen-powered-future-starts-in-trams-not-cars">Archived</a> 25 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Bloomberg</i>, 25 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doll, Von Nikolaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article158262466/Erster-Wasserstoff-Zug-der-Welt-faehrt-in-Deutschland.html">"Erster Wasserstoff-Zug der Welt fährt in Deutschland."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920102649/https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article158262466/Erster-Wasserstoff-Zug-der-Welt-faehrt-in-Deutschland.html">Archived</a> 20 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>welt.de</i>, 20 September 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theengineer.co.uk/alstom-liverpool-hydrogen-train-trials/">"Alstom eyes Liverpool trials for hydrogen fuel-cell powered train"</a>. 25 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022645/https://www.theengineer.co.uk/alstom-liverpool-hydrogen-train-trials/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+LRT+for+Sarawak+for+time+being%2C+CM+confirms&rft.pub=Malay+Mail&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft.au=Sulok+Tawie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fs%2F1668375%2Fno-lrt-for-sarawak-for-time-being-cm-confirms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/asia/single-view/view/jr-east-to-trial-toyota-powered-fuel-cell-multiple-unit.html">"JR East to trial Toyota-powered fuel cell multiple-unit"</a>. 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Des trains à hydrogène rouleront d'ici à cinq ans sur la ligne TER Caen-Alençon-Le Mans-Tours"</a> (in French). 17 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428075134/https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/le-mans-72000/sncf-des-trains-a-hydrogene-rouleront-d-ici-a-cinq-ans-sur-la-ligne-ter-caen-alencon-le-mans-tours-5cfcd1c2-8711-11eb-966b-39d51c00688c#:~:text=SNCF.-,Des%20trains%20%C3%A0%20hydrog%C3%A8ne%20rouleront%20d'ici%20%C3%A0%20cinq%20ans,du%20mercredi%2017%20mars%202021.">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NHK World – Japan. 16 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180917_04/">the original</a> on 18 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrogen+fuel+cell+train+to+enter+service&rft.pub=NHK+World+%E2%80%93+Japan&rft.date=2018-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnhkworld%2Fen%2Fnews%2F20180917_04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Julia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/coradia-ilint-hydrogen-trains/index.html">"The world's first hydrogen-powered passenger trains are here"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+first+hydrogen-powered+passenger+trains+are+here&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fcoradia-ilint-hydrogen-trains%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+train" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2022" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Leigh (20 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/transport/will-no-longer-be-considered-hydrogen-trains-up-to-80-more-expensive-than-electric-options-german-state-finds/2-1-1338438">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Will no longer be considered' - Hydrogen trains up to 80% more expensive than electric options, German state finds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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