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</button> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Skull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleobiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleobiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cranial_crest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cranial_crest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cranial crest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cranial_crest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_in_crests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_in_crests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Differences in crests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_in_crests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejected_function_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejected_function_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Rejected function hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejected_function_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_regulation_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_regulation_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Temperature regulation hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_regulation_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Behavioral hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_tissue_frill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_tissue_frill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Soft tissue frill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_tissue_frill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Paleopathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paleoecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleoecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleoecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleoecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alberta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alberta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alberta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alberta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>New Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Utah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Parasaurolophus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باراصورولوفوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باراصورولوفوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazauroloflar" title="Parazauroloflar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parazauroloflar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Паразавролофуси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паразавролофуси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasa%C5%ADrolofo" title="Parasaŭrolofo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parasaŭrolofo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پیراتاجی‌خزنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیراتاجی‌خزنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%A1%A4%EB%A1%9C%ED%91%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="파라사우롤로푸스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파라사우롤로푸스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פרזאורולופוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרזאורולופוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Паразаулороф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Паразаулороф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazaurolofs" title="Parazaurolofs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parazaurolofs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazaurolofas" title="Parazaurolofas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parazaurolofas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81" title="Парасауролофус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парасауролофус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9" title="パラサウロロフス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パラサウロロフス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazaurolof" title="Parazaurolof – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parazaurolof" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Паразавролоф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паразавролоф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazavrolof" title="Parazavrolof – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parazavrolof" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81" title="Парасауролофус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парасауролофус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="พาราซอโรโลฟัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พาราซอโรโลฟัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Паразауролоф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паразауролоф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E6%AB%9B%E9%BE%8D" title="副櫛龍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="副櫛龍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Parasaurolophus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur genus from Late Cretaceous Period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Parasaurus" title="Parasaurus">Parasaurus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Parasaurolophus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a>), <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">76.9–73.5 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:193.97230769231px; width:3.6892307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:193.97230769231px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span> <small> Possible record during the <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> </small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FMNH_Parasaurolophus_fossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="P. cyrtocristatus skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FMNH_Parasaurolophus_fossil.jpg/250px-FMNH_Parasaurolophus_fossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FMNH_Parasaurolophus_fossil.jpg/375px-FMNH_Parasaurolophus_fossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FMNH_Parasaurolophus_fossil.jpg/500px-FMNH_Parasaurolophus_fossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4509" data-file-height="3692" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> skeletal mount at the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Parasaurolophus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">Hadrosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurinae" title="Lambeosaurinae">Lambeosaurinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Parasaurolophini" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasaurolophini">Parasaurolophini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Parasaurolophus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/William_Parks_(paleontologist)" title="William Parks (paleontologist)">Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/1922_in_paleontology" title="1922 in paleontology">1922</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>Parasaurolophus walkeri</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Parks, 1922</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Other species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>P. tubicen</b></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wiman" title="Carl Wiman">Wiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/1931_in_paleontology" title="1931 in paleontology">1931</a></small></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>P. cyrtocristatus</b></i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Ostrom" title="John Ostrom">Ostrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/1961_in_paleontology" title="1961 in paleontology">1961</a></small></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">P. jiayinensis</a></i>? <small>(Godefroit, Zan & Jin, 2000) Paul, 2010</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i>?<br /><small>Godefroit, Zan & Jin, 2000</small></li> <li><i>Paralophosaurus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Martin" title="Anthony J. Martin">Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_in_paleontology" title="2014 in paleontology">2014</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lapsus_calami" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapsus calami">lapsus calami</a></i>)</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Parasaurolophus</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; meaning "beside crested lizard" in reference to <i><a href="/wiki/Saurolophus" title="Saurolophus">Saurolophus</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">hadrosaurid</a> "duck-billed" <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> that lived in what is now <a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">western North America</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a>, about 76.9–73.5 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a large <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivore</a> that could reach over 9 metres (30 ft) long and weigh over 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons), and were able to move as a <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">biped</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadruped</a>. Three <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are universally recognized: <i><b>P. walkeri</b></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>), <i><b>P. tubicen</b></i>, and the short-crested <i><b>P. cyrtocristatus</b></i>. Additionally, a fourth species, <i>P. jiayinensis</i>, has been proposed, although it is more commonly placed in the separate genus <i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i>. Remains are known from <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, as well as possibly <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> if <i>Charonosaurus</i> is in fact part of the genus. The genus was first described in 1922 by <a href="/wiki/William_Parks_(paleontologist)" title="William Parks (paleontologist)">William Parks</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> and partial skeleton found in Alberta. </p><p><i>Parasaurolophus</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurid">hadrosaurid</a>, part of a diverse <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of large Late Cretaceous ornithopods that are known for their range of bizarre head adornments, which were likely used for communication and increased hearing. This genus is known for its large, elaborate cranial crest, which forms a long curved tube projecting upwards and back from the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> in its largest form. <i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i> from China, which may have been its closest relative, had a similar skull and a potentially similar crest. Visual recognition of both species and sex, acoustic resonance, and <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> have been proposed as functional explanations for the crest. It is one of the rarer hadrosaurids, known from only a handful of good specimens. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_walkeri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Parasaurolophus_walkeri.jpg/220px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Parasaurolophus_walkeri.jpg/330px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Parasaurolophus_walkeri.jpg/440px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption>Holotype specimen of <i>P. walkeri</i>, showing the pathologic v-shaped notch</figcaption></figure> <p>Meaning "near crested lizard", the name <i>Parasaurolophus</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words <i>para</i>/παρα ("beside" or "near"), <i>saurus</i>/<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σαυρος</span></span> ("lizard"), and <i>lophos</i>/λοφος ("crest").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1980_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">based on</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">ROM</a> 768, a skull and partial skeleton missing most of the tail and the back legs below the knees, which was found by a field party from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in 1920 near Sand Creek along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_River" title="Red Deer River">Red Deer River</a> in Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rocks are now known as the <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">age</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park_Formation" title="Dinosaur Park Formation">Dinosaur Park Formation</a>. William Parks named the specimen <i>P. walkeri</i> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Byron_Edmund_Walker" title="Byron Edmund Walker">Sir Byron Edmund Walker</a>, the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Parasaurolophus</i> remains are rare in Alberta,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only one other partial skull that is possibly from the Dinosaur Park Formation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three Dinosaur Park specimens lacking their skulls that possibly belong to the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some faunal lists, there is a mention of possible <i>P. walkeri</i> material in the <a href="/wiki/Hell_Creek_Formation" title="Hell Creek Formation">Hell Creek Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, a rock unit of the late <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurrence is not noted by Sullivan and Williamson in their 1999 review of the genus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has not been further elaborated upon elsewhere. </p><p>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hazelius_Sternberg" title="Charles Hazelius Sternberg">Charles H. Sternberg</a> recovered a partial skull (<a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">PMU</a>.R1250) from what is now known as the slightly younger <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Formation" title="Kirtland Formation">Kirtland Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_County,_New_Mexico" title="San Juan County, New Mexico">San Juan County</a>, New Mexico. This specimen was sent to <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wiman" title="Carl Wiman">Carl Wiman</a> described it as a second species, <i>P. tubicen</i>, in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiman1931_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiman1931-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific epithet is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>tǔbǐcěn</i>, meaning "trumpeter".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1979_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second, nearly complete <i>P. tubicen</i> skull (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Science" title="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science">NMMNH</a> P-25100) was found in New Mexico in 1995. Using <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> of this skull, Robert Sullivan and Thomas Williamson gave the genus a <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographic</a> treatment in 1999 that covered aspects of its anatomy and taxonomy, as well as the functions of its crest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williamson later published an independent review of the remains that disagreed with the taxonomic conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Ostrom" title="John Ostrom">John Ostrom</a> described another good specimen (<a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">FMNH</a> P27393) from New Mexico as <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> in 1961. It includes a partial skull with a short, rounded crest and much of the <a href="/wiki/Postcrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcrania">postcranial</a> skeleton except for the feet, neck, and parts of the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its specific name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <i>curtus</i>, meaning "shortened" and <i>cristatus</i>, meaning "crested".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1979_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimen was found in either the top of the <a href="/wiki/Fruitland_Formation" title="Fruitland Formation">Fruitland Formation</a> or, more likely, the base of the overlying Kirtland Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of this species was described in 1979, when <a href="/wiki/David_B._Weishampel" title="David B. Weishampel">David B. Weishampel</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Jensen" title="James A. Jensen">James A. Jensen</a> described a partial skull with a similar crest (<a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a> 2467) from the Campanian age <a href="/wiki/Kaiparowits_Formation" title="Kaiparowits Formation">Kaiparowits Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Garfield_County,_Utah" title="Garfield County, Utah">Garfield County, Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampelJensen1979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampelJensen1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, another skull has been found in Utah with the short, rounded <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> crest morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_holotype_skulls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Parasaurolophus_holotype_skulls.png/170px-Parasaurolophus_holotype_skulls.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Parasaurolophus_holotype_skulls.png/255px-Parasaurolophus_holotype_skulls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Parasaurolophus_holotype_skulls.png/340px-Parasaurolophus_holotype_skulls.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Holotype skulls of the three species arranged by age</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Parasaurolophus</i> is known from three certain species: <i>P. walkeri</i>, <i>P. tubicen</i>, and <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of them can be clearly distinguished from each other and have many differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first named species, therefore the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type</a>, is <i>P. walkeri</i>. One certain specimen from the Dinosaur Park Formation is referred to it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many more are almost certainly referable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like stated above, it is different from the other two species, with it having a simpler internal structure than <i>P. tubicen</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a straighter crest and different internal structuring than <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next named species is <i>P. tubicen</i>, which is the largest of the <i>Parasaurolophus</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lived in New Mexico, where three specimens are known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be differentiated from its other species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It possesses a long and straight crest, with a very complex interior compared to the other species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All known specimens of <i>P. tubicen</i> come from the De-Na-Zin Member of the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Formation" title="Kirtland Formation">Kirtland Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan_et_al.2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan_et_al.2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_juvenile_DMNH_EPV_132300_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parasaurolophus_juvenile_DMNH_EPV_132300_skull.jpg/220px-Parasaurolophus_juvenile_DMNH_EPV_132300_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parasaurolophus_juvenile_DMNH_EPV_132300_skull.jpg/330px-Parasaurolophus_juvenile_DMNH_EPV_132300_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Parasaurolophus_juvenile_DMNH_EPV_132300_skull.jpg/440px-Parasaurolophus_juvenile_DMNH_EPV_132300_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Skull diagram of juvenile <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, the third species, <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> was named by <a href="/wiki/John_Ostrom" title="John Ostrom">John Ostrom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its three known specimens have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Fruitland_Formation" title="Fruitland Formation">Fruitland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaiparowits_Formation" title="Kaiparowits Formation">Kaiparowits</a> formations of Utah and New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second specimen, the first known from the Kaiparowits Formation, was originally unassigned to a specific taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampelJensen1979_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampelJensen1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the <i>Parasaurolophus</i> species, <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> is the smallest and has the most curved crest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its possession of the two above features, it has often been speculated that it was a female of <i>P. walkeri</i> or <i>P. tubicen</i>, which were all thought to be males,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <i>P. tubicen</i> lived approximately a million years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by Thomas Williamson, the type material of <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> is about 72% the size of <i>P. tubicen</i>, close to the size at which other lambeosaurines are interpreted to begin showing definitive <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> in their crests (~70% of adult size).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though many scientists have supported the possible fact of <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> being a female,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopson1975-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many other studies have found that it is not<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the differences in age, distribution, and the large differences in the crest and its internal structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in <i><a href="/wiki/PLoS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS ONE">PLoS ONE</a></i> in 2014 found that one more species could be referred to <i>Parasaurolophus</i>. This study, led by Xing, found <i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a> jiayensis</i> was actually nested deeply inside <i>Parasaurolophus</i>, which created the new species <i>P. jiayensis</i>. If this species is indeed inside <i>Parasaurolophus</i>, then the genus therefore lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">K-Pg extinction</a> and is known from two continents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXing_et_al.2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXing_et_al.2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_Scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Parasaurolophus_Scale.svg/220px-Parasaurolophus_Scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Parasaurolophus_Scale.svg/330px-Parasaurolophus_Scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Parasaurolophus_Scale.svg/440px-Parasaurolophus_Scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6027" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> (left, violet) and <i>P. walkeri</i> (right, blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>Like most dinosaurs, the skeleton of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> is incompletely known. The length of the <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> of <i>P. walkeri</i> is estimated at 9.45 metres (31.0 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allometry-based body mass estimates indicate that a 9 metres (30 ft) long individual would have weighed more than 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory S. Paul estimated that an average adult individual of the type species would measure 7.5 metres (25 ft) long and weigh 2.6 metric tons (2.9 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its skull is about 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) long, including the crest, whereas the type skull of <i>P. tubicen</i> is over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, indicating it was a larger animal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELullWright1942-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its single known arm was relatively short for a hadrosaurid, with a short but wide <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">shoulder blade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">thighbone</a> measures 103 cm (41 in) long in <i>P. walkeri</i> and is robust for its length when compared to other hadrosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELullWright1942-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">upper arm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvic</a> bones were also heavily built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett-SurmanWagner2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett-SurmanWagner2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other hadrosaurids, it was able to walk on either two legs or four. It probably preferred to forage for food on four legs, but ran on two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">neural spines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> were tall, as was common in lambeosaurines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELullWright1942-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At their tallest over the hips, they increased the height of the back. <a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Skin</a> impressions are known for <i>P. walkeri</i>, showing uniform tubercle-like scales, but no larger structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParasaurCMNBeak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ParasaurCMNBeak.jpg/220px-ParasaurCMNBeak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ParasaurCMNBeak.jpg/330px-ParasaurCMNBeak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ParasaurCMNBeak.jpg/440px-ParasaurCMNBeak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of <i>P. walkeri</i> beak and teeth</figcaption></figure> <p>The most noticeable feature was the cranial crest that protruded from the rear of the head and was made up of the <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasal bones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELullWright1942-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crest was hollow, with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull. The tubes were simplest in <i>P. walkeri</i>, and more complex in <i>P. tubicen</i>, where some tubes were blind and others met and separated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>P. walkeri</i> and <i>P. tubicen</i> had long crests with slight curvature, <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> had a short crest with a more circular profile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As its name implies, <i>Parasaurolophus</i> was initially thought to be closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Saurolophus" title="Saurolophus">Saurolophus</a></i> because of its superficially similar crest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was soon reassessed as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambeosaurine">lambeosaurine</a> subfamily of hadrosaurids—<i>Saurolophus</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurine">hadrosaurine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore1924_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore1924-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually interpreted as a separate offshoot of the lambeosaurines, distinct from the helmet-crested <i><a href="/wiki/Corythosaurus" title="Corythosaurus">Corythosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypacrosaurus" title="Hypacrosaurus">Hypacrosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurus" title="Lambeosaurus">Lambeosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its closest known relative appears to be <i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i>, a lambeosaurine with a similar skull (but no complete crest yet) from the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur</a> region of northeastern China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroit_et_al.2000_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroit_et_al.2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two may form the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Parasaurolophini" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasaurolophini">Parasaurolophini</a>. <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i>, with its short, rounded crest, may be the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> of the three known <i>Parasaurolophus</i> species<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or it may represent <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)" title="Juvenile (organism)">subadult</a> or female specimens of <i>P. tubicen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_walkeri.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Parasaurolophus_walkeri.png/220px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Parasaurolophus_walkeri.png/330px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Parasaurolophus_walkeri.png/440px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>P. walkeri</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The following cladogram is after the 2007 redescription of <i><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurus_magnicristatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambeosaurus magnicristatus">Lambeosaurus magnicristatus</a></i> (Evans and Reisz, 2007):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">Hadrosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurinae">Hadrosaurinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurinae" title="Lambeosaurinae">Lambeosaurinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aralosaurus" title="Aralosaurus">Aralosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsintaosaurus" title="Tsintaosaurus">Tsintaosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jaxartosaurus" title="Jaxartosaurus">Jaxartosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Amurosaurus" title="Amurosaurus">Amurosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i><b>Parasaurolophus</b></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>P. cyrtocristatus</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>P. tubicen</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>P. walkeri</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nipponosaurus" title="Nipponosaurus">Nipponosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurus" title="Lambeosaurus">Lambeosaurus lambei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurus" title="Lambeosaurus">L. magnicristatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Corythosaurus" title="Corythosaurus">Corythosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Olorotitan" title="Olorotitan">Olorotitan</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color:white;">unnamed</span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hypacrosaurus" title="Hypacrosaurus">Hypacrosaurus altispinus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hypacrosaurus" title="Hypacrosaurus">H. stebingeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophuspic_steveoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Parasaurolophuspic_steveoc.jpg/220px-Parasaurolophuspic_steveoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Parasaurolophuspic_steveoc.jpg/330px-Parasaurolophuspic_steveoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Parasaurolophuspic_steveoc.jpg/440px-Parasaurolophuspic_steveoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>P. walkeri</i> head with scalation detail</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a hadrosaurid, <i>Parasaurolophus</i> was a large <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">quadrupedal</a> herbivore, eating <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to <a href="/wiki/Chewing" title="Chewing">chewing</a>. Its teeth were continually being replaced and were packed into dental batteries containing hundreds of teeth, but only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its beak to crop plant material, which was held in the jaws by a <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheek</a>-like organ. Vegetation could have been taken from the ground up to a height of around 4 m (13 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Bakker" title="Robert T. Bakker">Robert Bakker</a>, lambeosaurines have narrower beaks than hadrosaurines, implying that <i>Parasaurolophus</i> and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad-beaked, crestless counterparts. <i>Parasaurolophus</i> had a diet consisting of leaves, twigs, and pine needles which would imply that it was a browser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker1986_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker1986-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_juvenile_skeleton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parasaurolophus_juvenile_skeleton.png/170px-Parasaurolophus_juvenile_skeleton.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parasaurolophus_juvenile_skeleton.png/255px-Parasaurolophus_juvenile_skeleton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parasaurolophus_juvenile_skeleton.png/340px-Parasaurolophus_juvenile_skeleton.png 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="3166" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile skeleton RAM 14000 (nicknamed Joe)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Parasaurolophus</i> is known from many adult specimens, and a juvenile described in 2013, numbered RAM 140000 and nicknamed Joe,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a volunteer at the <a href="/wiki/Raymond_M._Alf_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology">Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology</a> (RAM). The juvenile was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Kaiparowits_Formation" title="Kaiparowits Formation">Kaiparowits Formation</a> in 2009. Excavated by the joint expedition by museum and <a href="/wiki/The_Webb_Schools" title="The Webb Schools">The Webb Schools</a>, the juvenile has been identified as around only one year old when it died. Referred to <i>Parasaurolophus</i> sp., the juvenile is the most complete, as well as youngest <i>Parasaurolophus</i> ever found, and measures 2.5 m (8.2 ft). This individual fits neatly into the currently known <i>Parasaurolophus</i> growth stages, and lived approximately 75 million years ago. Even though no complete skull of the intermediate age between RAM 14000 and adult <i>Parasaurolophus</i> has been found yet, a partial braincase of about the right size is known. At 25% of the total adult size, the juvenile show that crest growth of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> began sooner than in related genera, such as <i>Corythosaurus</i>. It has been suggested that <i>Parasaurolophus</i> adults bore such large crests, especially when compared to the related <i>Corythosaurus</i>, because of this difference in age between when their crests started developing. The crest of the juvenile is not long and tubular like the adults, but low and hemispherical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_reconstructed_skeleton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Juvenile skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Parasaurolophus_reconstructed_skeleton.png/220px-Parasaurolophus_reconstructed_skeleton.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Parasaurolophus_reconstructed_skeleton.png/330px-Parasaurolophus_reconstructed_skeleton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Parasaurolophus_reconstructed_skeleton.png/440px-Parasaurolophus_reconstructed_skeleton.png 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a juvenile skeleton, based on RAM 14000</figcaption></figure> <p>The skull of RAM 14000 is almost complete, with the left side only lacking a piece of the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>. However, the skull was split down the middle by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, possibly when it was resting on the bottom of a <a href="/wiki/River_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="River bed">river bed</a>. The two sides are displaced slightly, with some bones of the right being moved off the main block, also by erosion. After reconstruction, the skull viewed from the side resembles other juvenile lambeosaurines found, being roughly a <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoid</a> in shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial cranial endocast for RAM 14000 was reconstructed from CT scan data, the first ever for a <i>Parasaurolophus</i> of any ontogenetic stage. The endocast was reconstructed in two sections, one on the portion of the braincase articulated with the left half of the skull and the remainder on the disarticulated portion of the braincase. Their relative position was then approximated based on cranial landmarks and comparison with other hadrosaurids. Because of weathering, many of the smaller neural canals and foramina could not be identified for certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cranial_crest">Cranial crest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cranial crest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_Cranial_Crest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Parasaurolophus_Cranial_Crest.svg/220px-Parasaurolophus_Cranial_Crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Parasaurolophus_Cranial_Crest.svg/330px-Parasaurolophus_Cranial_Crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Parasaurolophus_Cranial_Crest.svg/440px-Parasaurolophus_Cranial_Crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing internal features of the crest</figcaption></figure> <p>Many hypotheses have been advanced as to what functions the cranial crest of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> performed, but most have been discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlut1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlut1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1985_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now believed that it may have had several functions: visual display for identifying species and sex, sound amplification for communication, and thermoregulation. It is not clear which was most significant at what times in the evolution of the crest and its internal nasal passages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differences_in_crests">Differences in crests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differences in crests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As for other lambeosaurines, it is believed that the cranial crest of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> changed with age and was a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> characteristic in adults. <a href="/wiki/James_Hopson" title="James Hopson">James Hopson</a>, one of the first researchers to describe lambeosaurine crests in terms of such distinctions, suggested that <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i>, with its small crest, was the female form of <i>P. tubicen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopson1975-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Williamson suggested it was the <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)" title="Juvenile (organism)">juvenile</a> form. Neither hypothesis became widely accepted. As only six good skulls, one juvenile braincase,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one recently discovered juvenile skull are known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additional material will help clear up these potential relationships. Williamson noted that in any case, juvenile <i>Parasaurolophus</i> probably had small, rounded crests like <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i>, that probably grew faster as individuals approached <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent restudy of a juvenile braincase previously assigned to <i>Lambeosaurus</i>, now assigned to <i>Parasaurolophus</i>, provides evidence that a small tubular crest was present in juveniles. This specimen preserves a small upward flaring of the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bones</a> that was similar to but smaller than what is seen in adult specimens; in adults, the frontals formed a platform that supported the base of the crest. This specimen also indicates that the growth of the crest in <i>Parasaurolophus</i> and the facial profile of juvenile individuals differed from the <i>Corythosaurus</i>-<i>Hypacrosaurus</i>-<i>Lambeosaurus</i> model, in part because the crest of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> lacks the thin bony 'coxcomb' that makes up the upper portion of the crest of the other three lambeosaurines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rejected_function_hypotheses">Rejected function hypotheses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rejected function hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_skulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parasaurolophus_skulls.jpg/220px-Parasaurolophus_skulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parasaurolophus_skulls.jpg/330px-Parasaurolophus_skulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parasaurolophus_skulls.jpg/440px-Parasaurolophus_skulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Comparison drawing between the crests of <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> (above) and <i>P. walkeri</i> (below)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many early suggestions focused on adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle, following the hypothesis that hadrosaurids were amphibious, a common line of thought until the 1960s. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sherwood_Romer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Sherwood Romer">Alfred Sherwood Romer</a> proposed it served as a <a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">snorkel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1933_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer1933-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Wilfarth that it was an attachment for a mobile <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> used as a breathing tube or for food gathering,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilfarth1947_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilfarth1947-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mortram_Sternberg" title="Charles Mortram Sternberg">Charles M. Sternberg</a> that it served as an airtrap to keep water out of the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternberg1935_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternberg1935-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harris_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Harris Colbert">Ned Colbert</a> that it served as an air reservoir for prolonged stays underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColbert1945_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColbert1945-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other proposals were more mechanical in nature. William Parks, in 1922, suggested that the crest was joined to the vertebrae above the shoulders by <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> or muscles, and helped with moving and supporting the head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is unlikely, because in all modern archosaurs, the nuchal ligament attaches to the neck or base of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-pathology2020_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathology2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Othenio_Abel" title="Othenio Abel">Othenio Abel</a> proposed it was used as a weapon in combat among members of the same species,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbel1924_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbel1924-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Andrew Milner suggested that it could be used as a foliage deflector, like the helmet crest (called a 'casque') of the <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1985_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, other proposals made housing specialized organs the major function. <a href="/wiki/Halszka_Osm%C3%B3lska" title="Halszka Osmólska">Halszka Osmólska</a> suggested that it housed <a href="/wiki/Salt_gland" title="Salt gland">salt glands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryanskaOsmolska1979_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryanskaOsmolska1979-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John Ostrom suggested that it housed expanded areas for <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium" title="Olfactory epithelium">olfactory tissue</a> and much improved <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">sense of smell</a> of the lambeosaurines, which had no obvious defensive capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1962_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom1962-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these hypotheses have been discredited or rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlut1997_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlut1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, there is no hole at the end of the crest for a snorkeling function. There are no muscle scars for a proboscis and it is dubious that an animal with a beak would need one. As a proposed airlock, it would not have kept out water. The proposed air reservoir would have been insufficient for an animal the size of <i>Parasaurolophus</i>. Other hadrosaurids had large heads without needing large hollow crests to serve as attachment points for supporting ligaments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1962_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom1962-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, none of the proposals explain why the crest has such a shape, why other lambeosaurines should have crests that look much different but perform a similar function, how crestless or solid-crested hadrosaurids got along without such capabilities, or why some hadrosaurids had solid crests. These considerations particularly impact hypotheses based on increasing the capabilities of systems already present in the animal, such as the salt gland and olfaction hypotheses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1985_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and indicate that these were not primary functions of the crest. Additionally, work on the nasal cavity of lambeosaurines shows that <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">olfactory nerves</a> and corresponding sensory tissue were largely outside the portion of the nasal passages in the crest, so the expansion of the crest had little to do with the sense of smell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature_regulation_hypothesis">Temperature regulation hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Temperature regulation hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large surface area and <a href="/wiki/Vascularization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascularization">vascularization</a> of the crest also suggests a thermoregulatory function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1996_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1996-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first to propose the cranial crests of lambeosaurines related to temperature regulation was Wheeler (1978). He proposed that there was a nerve connection between the crest and the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, so that the latter could be cooled by the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler1978_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1978-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next people to publish a related idea were <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Marya%C5%84ska" title="Teresa Maryańska">Teresa Maryańska</a> and Osmólska, who realized that like modern lizards, dinosaurs could have possessed salt glands, and cooled off by osmo-regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryanskaOsmolska1979_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryanskaOsmolska1979-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 Evans published an argument about the functions of lambeosaurine crests, and supported why this could be a causing factor for the evolution of the crest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Behavioral_hypotheses">Behavioral hypotheses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Behavioral hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Parasaurolophini.jpg/220px-Parasaurolophini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Parasaurolophini.jpg/330px-Parasaurolophini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Parasaurolophini.jpg/440px-Parasaurolophini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3282" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i>, <i>P. tubicen</i>, <i>P. walkeri</i>, and <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Parasaurolophus</i> is often hypothesized to have used its crest as a <a href="/wiki/Resonating_chamber_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonating chamber (anatomy)">resonating chamber</a> to produce low frequency sounds to alert other members of a group or its species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This function was originally suggested by Wiman in 1931 when he described <i>P. tubicen</i>. He noted that the crest's internal structures are similar to those of a swan and theorized that an animal could use its elongated nasal passages to create noise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiman1931_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiman1931-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the nasal tubes of <i>Hypacrosaurus</i>, <i>Corythosaurus</i>, and <i>Lambeosaurus</i> are much more variable and complicated than the airway of <i>Parasaurolophus</i>. A large amount of material and data supports the hypothesis that the large, tubular crest of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> was a resonating chamber. Weishampel in 1981 suggested that <i>Parasaurolophus</i> made noises ranging between the <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a> 55 and 720 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>, although there was some difference in the range of individual species because of the crest size, shape, and nasal passage length, most obvious in <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> (interpreted as a possible female).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopson found that there is anatomical evidence that hadrosaurids had a strong hearing. There is at least one example, in the related <i>Corythosaurus</i>, of a slender stapes (reptilian ear bone) in place, which combined with a large space for an eardrum implies a sensitive middle ear. Furthermore, the hadrosaurid lagena is elongate like a crocodilian's, indicating that the auditory portion of the inner ear was well-developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopson1975-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the similarity of hadrosaurid <a href="/wiki/Inner_ears" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner ears">inner ears</a> to those of <a href="/wiki/Crocodiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodiles">crocodiles</a>, he also proposed that adult hadrosaurids were sensitive to high frequencies, such as their offspring might produce. According to Weishampel, this is consistent with parents and offspring communicating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer modeling of a well-preserved specimen of <i>P. tubicen</i>, with more complex air passages than those of <i>P. walkeri</i>, has allowed the reconstruction of the possible sound its crest produced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandia1997_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandia1997-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main path resonates at around 30 Hz, but the complicated sinus anatomy causes peaks and valleys in the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiegertWilliamson1998_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiegertWilliamson1998-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other main behavioral theory is that the crest was used for intra-species recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the crest could have been used for species recognition, as a warning signal, and for other, non-sexual uses. These could have been some of the reasons crests evolved in <i>Parasaurolophus</i> and other hadrosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, social and <a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_dinosaurs" title="Physiology of dinosaurs">physiological</a> functions have become more supported as function(s) of the crest, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">auditory</a> identification and communication. As a large object, the crest has clear value as a visual signal and sets this animal apart from its contemporaries. The large size of hadrosaurid <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">eye sockets</a> and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">sclerotic rings</a> in the eyes imply acute vision and <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> habits, evidence that sight was important to these animals. If, as is commonly illustrated, a skin frill extended from the crest to the neck or back, the proposed visual display would have been even showier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopson1975-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As is suggested by other lambeosaurine skulls, the crest of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> likely permitted both species identification (such as separating it from <i>Corythosaurus</i> or <i>Lambeosaurus</i>) and sexual identification by shape and size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft_tissue_frill">Soft tissue frill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soft tissue frill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_with_frill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parasaurolophus_with_frill.jpg/220px-Parasaurolophus_with_frill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parasaurolophus_with_frill.jpg/330px-Parasaurolophus_with_frill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parasaurolophus_with_frill.jpg/440px-Parasaurolophus_with_frill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>P. walkeri</i> with hypothetical skin frill</figcaption></figure> <p>Barnum Brown (1912) noted the presence of fine striations near the back of the crest that he hypothesized could be associated with the presence of a frill of skin, comparable to the one found in the modern <a href="/wiki/Basilisk_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilisk lizard">basilisk lizard</a>. His hypothesis was seemingly supported by skin preserved above the neck and back of <i>Corythosaurus</i> and <i>Edmontosaurus</i>. Subsequently, reconstructions of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> with a substantial frill of skin between the crest and neck appeared in influential paleoart including murals by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Knight" title="Charles R. Knight">Charles R. Knight</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> animated film, <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i>. This led to the frill being depicted in many other sources, though the advent of the now-debunked "snorkel" hypothesis, and conflation of the frill hypothesis with the idea that the crest serves as an anchor point for neck ligaments, along with lack of strong evidence for its presence, has seen it fall out of favor in most modern depictions.<sup id="cite_ref-pathology2020_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathology2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paleopathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold-blooded_vertebrates-_part_I._Fishes_(1930)_(20662582435).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cold-blooded_vertebrates-_part_I._Fishes_%281930%29_%2820662582435%29.jpg/220px-Cold-blooded_vertebrates-_part_I._Fishes_%281930%29_%2820662582435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cold-blooded_vertebrates-_part_I._Fishes_%281930%29_%2820662582435%29.jpg/330px-Cold-blooded_vertebrates-_part_I._Fishes_%281930%29_%2820662582435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cold-blooded_vertebrates-_part_I._Fishes_%281930%29_%2820662582435%29.jpg/440px-Cold-blooded_vertebrates-_part_I._Fishes_%281930%29_%2820662582435%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><i>P. walkeri</i> with notch in the vertebrae</figcaption></figure> <p><i>P. walkeri</i> is known from one specimen which might contain a <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>. The skeleton shows a v-shaped gap or notch in the vertebrae at the base of the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally thought to be pathologic, Parks published a second interpretation of this, as a ligament attachment to support the head. The crest would attach to the gap via muscles or ligaments, and be used to support the head while bearing a frill, like predicted to exist in some hadrosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One other possibility, is that during preparation, the specimen was damaged, creating the possible pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notch, however, is still considered more likely to be a pathology,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlut1997_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlut1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though some illustrations of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> restore the skin flap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible pathology was noticed by Parks, and from around the notch. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth vertebrae, directly anterior to the notch, the neural spines were damaged. The fourth had an obvious fracture, with the other two possessing a swelling at the base of the break.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of the pathology undertaken by Bertozzo <i>et al.,</i> published in December 2020, suggests the pathology to the shoulder and thoracic ribs in the holotype of <i>P. walkeri</i> was plausibly the result of the dinosaur being hit by a falling tree, perhaps during a severe storm. Based on the regrowth of bone, it is suggested that the hadrosaur survived for at least one to four months to perhaps years after being injured. None of the pathologies on the holotype individual are believed to have caused or contributed to its death.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paleoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alberta">Alberta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alberta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_walkeri_Dinosaur_Park.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parasaurolophus_walkeri_Dinosaur_Park.png/220px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri_Dinosaur_Park.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parasaurolophus_walkeri_Dinosaur_Park.png/330px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri_Dinosaur_Park.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parasaurolophus_walkeri_Dinosaur_Park.png/440px-Parasaurolophus_walkeri_Dinosaur_Park.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><i>P. walkeri</i> in <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park_Formation" title="Dinosaur Park Formation">Dinosaur Park Formation</a> environment</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Parasaurolophus walkeri</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park_Formation" title="Dinosaur Park Formation">Dinosaur Park Formation</a>, was a member of a diverse and well-documented <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> of prehistoric animals, including well-known dinosaurs such as the <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsidae" title="Ceratopsidae">horned</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Centrosaurus" title="Centrosaurus">Centrosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chasmosaurus" title="Chasmosaurus">Chasmosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Styracosaurus" title="Styracosaurus">Styracosaurus</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Ornithomimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithomimid">ornithomimids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Struthiomimus" title="Struthiomimus">Struthiomimus</a></i>; fellow duckbills <i><a href="/wiki/Gryposaurus" title="Gryposaurus">Gryposaurus</a></i> and <i>Corythosaurus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurid">tyrannosaurids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gorgosaurus" title="Gorgosaurus">Gorgosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurus" title="Daspletosaurus">Daspletosaurus</a>;</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">armored</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Edmontonia" title="Edmontonia">Edmontonia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euoplocephalus" title="Euoplocephalus">Euoplocephalus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dyoplosaurus" title="Dyoplosaurus">Dyoplosaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a rare constituent of this fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dinosaur Park Formation is interpreted as a low-relief setting of <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> that became more <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampy</a> and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> conditions over time as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway" title="Western Interior Seaway">Western Interior Seaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Transgression_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgression (geology)">transgressed</a> westward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> was warmer than present-day Alberta, without <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>, but with wetter and drier seasons. <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifers</a> were apparently the dominant <a href="/wiki/Forest_canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest canopy">canopy</a> plants, with an <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree ferns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the less common hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, such as <i>Parasaurolophus</i>, may represent the remains of individuals who died while migrating through the region. They might also have had a more upland habitat where they may have nested or fed. The presence of <i>Parasaurolophus</i> and <i>Kritosaurus</i> in northern latitude fossil sites may represent faunal exchange between otherwise distinct northern and southern biomes in Late Cretaceous North America. Both taxa are uncommon outside of the southern biome, where, along with <i><a href="/wiki/Pentaceratops" title="Pentaceratops">Pentaceratops</a></i>, they are predominate members of the fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETankeCarpenter2001_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETankeCarpenter2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Mexico">New Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GorgosaurusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/GorgosaurusDB.jpg/220px-GorgosaurusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/GorgosaurusDB.jpg/330px-GorgosaurusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/GorgosaurusDB.jpg/440px-GorgosaurusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneus" title="Teratophoneus">Teratophoneus</a></i> attacking a <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Fruitland_Formation" title="Fruitland Formation">Fruitland Formation</a> of New Mexico, <i>P. cyrtocristatus</i> shared its habitat with other ornithischians and theropods. Specifically, its contemporaries were the <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsia" title="Ceratopsia">ceratopsian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pentaceratops_sternbergii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaceratops sternbergii">Pentaceratops sternbergii</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pachycephalosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachycephalosaur">pachycephalosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Stegoceras_novomexicanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegoceras novomexicanum">Stegoceras novomexicanum</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasinskiSullivan2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasinskiSullivan2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some unidentified fossils belonging to <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">Tyrannosauridae</a>, ?<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus</a></i>, ?<a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">Troodontidae</a>, ?<i><a href="/wiki/Saurornitholestes_langstoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurornitholestes langstoni">Saurornitholestes langstoni</a></i>, ?<i><a href="/wiki/Struthiomimus" title="Struthiomimus">Struthiomimus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a>, ?<i><a href="/wiki/Chasmosaurus" title="Chasmosaurus">Chasmosaurus</a></i>, ?<i><a href="/wiki/Corythosaurus" title="Corythosaurus">Corythosaurus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurinae">Hadrosaurinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">Hadrosauridae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsidae" title="Ceratopsidae">Ceratopsidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>Parasaurolophus</i> existed, the Fruitland Formation was swampy, positioned in the lowlands, and close to the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_Interior_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous Interior Seaway">Cretaceous Interior Seaway</a>. The lowermost part of the Fruitland Formation is just younger than 75.56 ± 0.41 mya, with the uppermost boundary dating to 74.55 ± 0.22 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Existing slightly later than the species from the Fruitland Formation, <i>P. tubicen</i> is also found in New Mexico, in the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Formation" title="Kirtland Formation">Kirtland Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous vertebrate groups are from this formation, including <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crurotarsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Crurotarsan">crurotarsans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">saurischians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanFowler2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanFowler2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. The fishes are represented by the two species <i><a href="/wiki/Melvius_chauliodous" class="mw-redirect" title="Melvius chauliodous">Melvius chauliodous</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myledalphus_bipartitus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myledalphus bipartitus (page does not exist)">Myledalphus bipartitus</a></i>. The crurotarsans include <i><a href="/wiki/Brachychampsa_montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachychampsa montana">Brachychampsa montana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Denazinosuchus_kirtlandicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Denazinosuchus kirtlandicus">Denazinosuchus kirtlandicus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ornithischians from the formation are represented by the <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurid">hadrosaurids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anasazisaurus_horneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Anasazisaurus horneri">Anasazisaurus horneri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Naashoibitosaurus_ostromi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naashoibitosaurus ostromi">Naashoibitosaurus ostromi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kritosaurus_navajovius" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritosaurus navajovius">Kritosaurus navajovius</a></i>, and <i>P. tubicen</i>; the <a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankylosaurid">ankylosaurids</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ahshislepelta_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahshislepelta minor">Ahshislepelta minor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus_kirtlandensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis">Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis</a></i>; the ceratopsians <i><a href="/wiki/Pentaceratops_sternbergii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaceratops sternbergii">Pentaceratops sternbergii</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Titanoceratops_ouranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanoceratops ouranos">Titanoceratops ouranos</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongrich2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongrich2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pachycephalosaurs <i>Stegoceras novomexicanum</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasinskiSullivan2011_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasinskiSullivan2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerotholus_goodwini" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphaerotholus goodwini">Sphaerotholus goodwini</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saurischians include the <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurid">tyrannosaurid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor_sealeyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bistahieversor sealeyi">Bistahieversor sealeyi</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrWilliamson2010_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrWilliamson2010-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ornithomimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithomimid">ornithomimid</a> <i>Ornithomimus</i> sp.;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Troodontid" class="mw-redirect" title="Troodontid">troodontid</a> "<a href="/wiki/Saurornitholestes" title="Saurornitholestes">Saurornitholestes</a>" <i>robustus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One pterosaur is known, named <i><a href="/wiki/Navajodactylus_boerei" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajodactylus boerei">Navajodactylus boerei</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanFowler2011_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanFowler2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtles are fairly plentiful, and are known from <i><a href="/wiki/Denazinemys_nodosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Denazinemys nodosa">Denazinemys nodosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilemys_nobilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilemys nobilis (page does not exist)">Basilemys nobilis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurankylus_baueri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurankylus baueri (page does not exist)">Neurankylus baueri</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastomenus_robustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastomenus robustus (page does not exist)">Plastomenus robustus</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thescelus_hemispherica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thescelus hemispherica (page does not exist)">Thescelus hemispherica</a></i>. Unidentified taxa are known, including the crurotarsan ?<i><a href="/wiki/Leidyosuchus" title="Leidyosuchus">Leidyosuchus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Theropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropods">theropods</a> ?<i>Struthiomimus</i>, Troodontidae and Tyrannosauridae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of the Kirtland Formation dates to 74.55 ± 0.22 mya, with the formation ending at around 73.05 ± 0.25 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utah">Utah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Utah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiparowits_Formation_Parasaurolophus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kaiparowits_Formation_Parasaurolophus.png/104px-Kaiparowits_Formation_Parasaurolophus.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kaiparowits_Formation_Parasaurolophus.png/156px-Kaiparowits_Formation_Parasaurolophus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kaiparowits_Formation_Parasaurolophus.png/208px-Kaiparowits_Formation_Parasaurolophus.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="4373" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parasaurolophus_cf._cyrtocristatus_UCMP_143270.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Parasaurolophus_cf._cyrtocristatus_UCMP_143270.png/130px-Parasaurolophus_cf._cyrtocristatus_UCMP_143270.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Parasaurolophus_cf._cyrtocristatus_UCMP_143270.png/195px-Parasaurolophus_cf._cyrtocristatus_UCMP_143270.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Parasaurolophus_cf._cyrtocristatus_UCMP_143270.png/260px-Parasaurolophus_cf._cyrtocristatus_UCMP_143270.png 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="4518" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Skull from the <a href="/wiki/Kaiparowits_Formation" title="Kaiparowits Formation">Kaiparowits Formation</a> tentatively assigned to <i>P.<span class="nowrap"> </span>cyrtocristatus</i></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Argon-argon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon-argon dating">Argon-argon radiometric dating</a> indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.6 and 74.5 million years ago, during the Campanian age of the Late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts_et_al.2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts_et_al.2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2002_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2002-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway" title="Western Interior Seaway">Western Interior Seaway</a>, a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, <a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Appalachia_(landmass)" title="Appalachia (landmass)">Appalachia</a> to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitusLoewen2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitusLoewen2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClinton1996_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClinton1996-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Parasaurolophus</i> shared its <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">paleoenvironment</a> with other dinosaurs, such as <a href="/wiki/Dromaeosauridae" title="Dromaeosauridae">dromaeosaurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropods</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Troodontidae" title="Troodontidae">troodontid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Talos_sampsoni" title="Talos sampsoni">Talos sampsoni</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithomimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithomimids">ornithomimids</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus_velox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithomimus velox">Ornithomimus velox</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurids">tyrannosaurids</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneus" title="Teratophoneus">Teratophoneus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauria" title="Ankylosauria">armored ankylosaurids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurid">duckbilled hadrosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gryposaurus_monumentensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gryposaurus monumentensis">Gryposaurus monumentensis</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratopsians">ceratopsians</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Utahceratops_gettyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Utahceratops gettyi">Utahceratops gettyi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nasutoceratops_titusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasutoceratops titusi">Nasutoceratops titusi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kosmoceratops_richardsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmoceratops richardsoni">Kosmoceratops richardsoni</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">oviraptorosaurian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hagryphus_giganteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagryphus giganteus">Hagryphus giganteus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZannoSampson2005_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZannoSampson2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">chondrichthyans</a> (sharks and rays), <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Deinosuchus" title="Deinosuchus">Deinosuchus</a></i>. A variety of early <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> were present including <a href="/wiki/Multituberculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Multituberculate">multituberculates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">insectivorans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton_et_al.1999_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton_et_al.1999-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hadrosaur_research" title="Timeline of hadrosaur research">Timeline of hadrosaur research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2014">Martin 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFColbertKnight1951" class="citation book cs1">Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/152/mode/2up"><i>The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dinosaur+book%3A+the+ruling+reptiles+and+their+relatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=Edwin+H.+%28Edwin+Harris%29&rft.au=Knight%2C+Charles+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookruli00colb%2Fpage%2F152%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2009_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans_et_al.2009">Evans et al. 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1980-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddellScott1980_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1980">Liddell & Scott 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParks1922-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParks1922_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParks1922">Parks 1922</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrieKoppelhus2005_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurrieKoppelhus2005">Currie & Koppelhus 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansReisz2007_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvansReisz2007">Evans & Reisz 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel_et_al.2004_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeishampel_et_al.2004">Weishampel et al. 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1999_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivanWilliamson1999">Sullivan & Williamson 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiman1931-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiman1931_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiman1931_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiman1931">Wiman 1931</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1979-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1979_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1979_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson1979">Simpson 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2000_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson2000">Williamson 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1961_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrom1961">Ostrom 1961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampelJensen1979-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampelJensen1979_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampelJensen1979_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeishampelJensen1979">Weishampel & Jensen 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone_et_al.2011_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHone_et_al.2011">Hone et al. 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson_et_al.2012_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenson_et_al.2012">Benson et al. 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner_et_al.2004_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorner_et_al.2004">Horner et al. 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan_et_al.2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan_et_al.2011_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan_et_al.2011">Sullivan et al. 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1981_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeishampel1981">Weishampel 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopson1975-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopson1975_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopson1975">Hopson 1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXing_et_al.2014-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXing_et_al.2014_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXing_et_al.2014">Xing et al. 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarke_et_al.2013_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarke_et_al.2013">Farke et al. 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeebacher2001" class="citation journal cs1">Seebacher, F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dinoweb.ucoz.ru/_fr/4/A_new_method_to.pdf">"A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282001%29021%5B0051%3AANMTCA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524171">4524171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53446536">53446536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+new+method+to+calculate+allometric+length-mass+relationships+of+dinosaurs&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53446536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4524171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F0272-4634%282001%29021%5B0051%3AANMTCA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Seebacher&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdinoweb.ucoz.ru%2F_fr%2F4%2FA_new_method_to.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2016" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Gregory S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/985402380"><i>The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78684-190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78684-190-2"><bdi>978-1-78684-190-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/985402380">985402380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Field+Guide+to+Dinosaurs&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F985402380&rft.isbn=978-1-78684-190-2&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F985402380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELullWright1942-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELullWright1942_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLullWright1942">Lull & Wright 1942</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett-SurmanWagner2006-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett-SurmanWagner2006_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett-SurmanWagner2006">Brett-Surman & Wagner 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore1924-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore1924_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmore1924">Gilmore 1924</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroit_et_al.2000-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroit_et_al.2000_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodefroit_et_al.2000">Godefroit et al. 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker1986-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker1986_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker1986">Bakker 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dinosaurjoe.org/">"Joe the Dinosaur"</a>. Raymond Alf Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+the+Dinosaur&rft.pub=Raymond+Alf+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinosaurjoe.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlut1997-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlut1997_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlut1997_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlut1997_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlut1997">Glut 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1985-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1985_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1985_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1985_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1985">Norman 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer1933-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1933_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomer1933">Romer 1933</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilfarth1947-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilfarth1947_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilfarth1947">Wilfarth 1947</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESternberg1935-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternberg1935_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSternberg1935">Sternberg 1935</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColbert1945-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColbert1945_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColbert1945">Colbert 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pathology2020-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pathology2020_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pathology2020_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manucci, F, Dempsey, M, Tanke, D H., et al. Description and etiology of paleopathological lesions in the type specimen of Parasaurolophus walkeri (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), with proposed reconstructions of the nuchal ligament J. Anat. 2020; 00: 1– 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13363">https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13363</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbel1924-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbel1924_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbel1924">Abel 1924</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryanskaOsmolska1979-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryanskaOsmolska1979_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryanskaOsmolska1979_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaryanskaOsmolska1979">Maryanska & Osmolska 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom1962-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1962_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom1962_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrom1962">Ostrom 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1996-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanWilliamson1996_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivanWilliamson1996">Sullivan & Williamson 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1978-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler1978_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler1978">Wheeler 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeishampel1997_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeishampel1997">Weishampel 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandia1997-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandia1997_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandia1997">Sandia 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiegertWilliamson1998-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiegertWilliamson1998_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiegertWilliamson1998">Diegert & Williamson 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertozzoManucciDempseyTanke2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bertozzo, Filippo; Manucci, Fabio; Dempsey, Matthew; Tanke, Darren H.; Evans, David C.; Ruffell, Alastair; Murphy, Eileen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8053592">"Description and etiology of paleopathological lesions in the type specimen of Parasaurolophus walkeri (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), with proposed reconstructions of the nuchal ligament"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>238</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1055–</span>1069. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.13363">10.1111/joa.13363</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8053592">8053592</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33289113">33289113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Description+and+etiology+of+paleopathological+lesions+in+the+type+specimen+of+Parasaurolophus+walkeri+%28Dinosauria%3A+Hadrosauridae%29%2C+with+proposed+reconstructions+of+the+nuchal+ligament&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1055-%3C%2Fspan%3E1069&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8053592%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33289113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjoa.13363&rft.aulast=Bertozzo&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft.au=Manucci%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Dempsey%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Tanke%2C+Darren+H.&rft.au=Evans%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Ruffell%2C+Alastair&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8053592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETankeCarpenter2001-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETankeCarpenter2001_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTankeCarpenter2001">Tanke & Carpenter 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasinskiSullivan2011-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasinskiSullivan2011_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasinskiSullivan2011_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJasinskiSullivan2011">Jasinski & Sullivan 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanLucas2006_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivanLucas2006">Sullivan & Lucas 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivanFowler2011-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanFowler2011_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivanFowler2011_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivanFowler2011">Sullivan & Fowler 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongrich2011-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongrich2011_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongrich2011">Longrich 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrWilliamson2010-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrWilliamson2010_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrWilliamson2010">Carr & Williamson 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2014-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_et_al.2014_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans_et_al.2014">Evans et al. 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts_et_al.2005-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts_et_al.2005_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts_et_al.2005">Roberts et al. 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2002-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2002_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2002">Eaton 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETitusLoewen2013-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitusLoewen2013_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitusLoewen2013">Titus & Loewen 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClinton1996-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClinton1996_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClinton1996">Clinton 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZannoSampson2005-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZannoSampson2005_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZannoSampson2005">Zanno & Sampson 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton_et_al.1999-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton_et_al.1999_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton_et_al.1999">Eaton et al. 1999</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel1924" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Othenio_Abel" title="Othenio Abel">Abel, Othenio</a> (1924). 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"A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">897–</span>904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282005%29025%5B0897%3AANOTMF%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131302174">131302174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+new+oviraptorosaur+%28Theropoda%3B+Maniraptora%29+from+the+Late+Cretaceous+%28Campanian%29+of+Utah&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E897-%3C%2Fspan%3E904&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F0272-4634%282005%29025%5B0897%3AANOTMF%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131302174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zanno&rft.aufirst=L.E.&rft.au=Sampson%2C+S.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parasaurolophus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parasaurolophus">Parasaurolophus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Parasaurolophus">Parasaurolophus</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2014" class="citation web cs1">Strauss, Bob (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407011453/http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/typesofdinosaurs/a/Parasaurolophus-Facts.htm">"Ten Facts About <i>Parasaurolophus</i>"</a>. About.Com Dinosaurs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/typesofdinosaurs/a/Parasaurolophus-Facts.htm">the original</a> on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Facts+About+Parasaurolophus&rft.pub=About.Com+Dinosaurs&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdinosaurs.about.com%2Fod%2Ftypesofdinosaurs%2Fa%2FParasaurolophus-Facts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125039/http://www.sandia.gov/media/audiohq2.htm">"Parasaurolophus sound"</a>. Sandia National Laboratories. December 5, 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandia.gov/media/audiohq2.htm">the original</a> on October 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parasaurolophus+sound&rft.pub=Sandia+National+Laboratories&rft.date=1997-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandia.gov%2Fmedia%2Faudiohq2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman2004" class="citation web cs1">Hartman, Scott (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/ornithiscians/parasaurolophus-cyrtocristatus">"Ornithischians: <i>Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus</i>"</a>. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ornithischians%3A+Parasaurolophus+cyrtocristatus&rft.pub=Scott+Hartman%27s+Skeletal+Drawing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeletaldrawing.com%2Fornithiscians%2Fparasaurolophus-cyrtocristatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman2013" class="citation web cs1">Hartman, Scott (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/ornithiscians/parasaurolophus-walkeri">"Ornithischians: <i>Parasaurolophus walkeri</i>"</a>. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ornithischians%3A+Parasaurolophus+walkeri&rft.pub=Scott+Hartman%27s+Skeletal+Drawing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeletaldrawing.com%2Fornithiscians%2Fparasaurolophus-walkeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasaurolophus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithopoda" title="Template:Ornithopoda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ornithopoda" title="Template talk:Ornithopoda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ornithopoda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ornithopoda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ornithopoda332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Dinosauria_*_Clade:_Ornithischia_*_Clade:_Neornithischia_*_Clade:_Cerapoda332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Neornithischia" title="Neornithischia">Neornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Cerapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerapoda">Cerapoda</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithischia" title="Template:Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Ornithopoda332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ornithopoda102" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burianosaurus" title="Burianosaurus">Burianosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callovosaurus" title="Callovosaurus">Callovosaurus</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thescelosauridae" title="Thescelosauridae">Thescelosauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypsilophodontidae" title="Hypsilophodontidae">Hypsilophodontidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gideonmantellia" title="Gideonmantellia">Gideonmantellia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypsilophodon" title="Hypsilophodon">Hypsilophodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectidromeus" title="Vectidromeus">Vectidromeus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elasmaria" title="Elasmaria">Elasmaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anabisetia" title="Anabisetia">Anabisetia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlascopcosaurus" title="Atlascopcosaurus">Atlascopcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chakisaurus" title="Chakisaurus">Chakisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diluvicursor" title="Diluvicursor">Diluvicursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fostoria_dhimbangunmal" title="Fostoria dhimbangunmal">Fostoria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galleonosaurus" title="Galleonosaurus">Galleonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasparinisaura" title="Gasparinisaura">Gasparinisaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isasicursor" title="Isasicursor">Isasicursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangnasaurus" title="Kangnasaurus">Kangnasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaellynasaura" title="Leaellynasaura">Leaellynasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrogryphosaurus" title="Macrogryphosaurus">Macrogryphosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahuidacursor" title="Mahuidacursor">Mahuidacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrosaurus" title="Morrosaurus">Morrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus" title="Muttaburrasaurus">Muttaburrasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notohypsilophodon" title="Notohypsilophodon">Notohypsilophodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qantassaurus" title="Qantassaurus">Qantassaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sektensaurus" title="Sektensaurus">Sektensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talenkauen" title="Talenkauen">Talenkauen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tietasaura" title="Tietasaura">Tietasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinisaura" title="Trinisaura">Trinisaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weewarrasaurus" title="Weewarrasaurus">Weewarrasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodontomorpha" title="Rhabdodontomorpha">Rhabdodontomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampelognathus" title="Ampelognathus">Ampelognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emiliasaura" title="Emiliasaura">Emiliasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fostoria_dhimbangunmal" title="Fostoria dhimbangunmal">Fostoria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus" title="Muttaburrasaurus">Muttaburrasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenontosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenontosauridae">Tenontosauridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Convolosaurus" title="Convolosaurus">Convolosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iani" title="Iani">Iani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenontosaurus" title="Tenontosaurus">Tenontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodontidae" title="Rhabdodontidae">Rhabdodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Matheronodon" title="Matheronodon">Matheronodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochlodon" title="Mochlodon">Mochlodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pareisactus" title="Pareisactus">Pareisactus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodon" title="Rhabdodon">Rhabdodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transylvanosaurus" title="Transylvanosaurus">Transylvanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxes" title="Zalmoxes">Zalmoxes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Dryomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryomorpha">Dryomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Draconyx" title="Draconyx">Draconyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperonyx" title="Hesperonyx">Hesperonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Owenodon" title="Owenodon">Owenodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dryosauridae" title="Dryosauridae">Dryosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryosaurus" title="Dryosaurus">Dryosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysalotosaurus" title="Dysalotosaurus">Dysalotosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elrhazosaurus" title="Elrhazosaurus">Elrhazosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eousdryosaurus" title="Eousdryosaurus">Eousdryosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iyuku" title="Iyuku">Iyuku</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangnasaurus" title="Kangnasaurus">Kangnasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valdosaurus" title="Valdosaurus">Valdosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ankylopollexia" title="Ankylopollexia">Ankylopollexia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barilium" title="Barilium">Barilium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayannurosaurus" title="Bayannurosaurus">Bayannurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calvarius" title="Calvarius">Calvarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrorestes" title="Cedrorestes">Cedrorestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumnoria" title="Cumnoria">Cumnoria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dakotadon" title="Dakotadon">Dakotadon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuisaurus" title="Fukuisaurus">Fukuisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippodraco" title="Hippodraco">Hippodraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanacolossus" title="Iguanacolossus">Iguanacolossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanzhousaurus" title="Lanzhousaurus">Lanzhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lurdusaurus" title="Lurdusaurus">Lurdusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnamanus" title="Magnamanus">Magnamanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napaisaurus" title="Napaisaurus">Napaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oblitosaurus" title="Oblitosaurus">Oblitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osmakasaurus" title="Osmakasaurus">Osmakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planicoxa" title="Planicoxa">Planicoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proa_valdearinnoensis" title="Proa valdearinnoensis">Proa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratchasimasaurus" title="Ratchasimasaurus">Ratchasimasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riabininohadros" title="Riabininohadros">Riabininohadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theiophytalia" title="Theiophytalia">Theiophytalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uteodon" title="Uteodon">Uteodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosauriformes">Hadrosauriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolong" title="Bolong">Bolong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brighstoneus" title="Brighstoneus">Brighstoneus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselospinus" title="Hypselospinus">Hypselospinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinzhousaurus" title="Jinzhousaurus">Jinzhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus" title="Mantellisaurus">Mantellisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morelladon" title="Morelladon">Morelladon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ouranosaurus" title="Ouranosaurus">Ouranosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iguanodontidae" title="Iguanodontidae">Iguanodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barilium" title="Barilium">Barilium</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comptonatus" title="Comptonatus">Comptonatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus" title="Mantellisaurus">Mantellisaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Notohypsilodon comodorensis"><img alt="Notohypsilodon comodorensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png/100px-Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png/150px-Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png/200px-Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="880" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhabdodon priscus"><img alt="Rhabdodon priscus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png/100px-Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png/150px-Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png/200px-Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ouranosaurus nigeriensis"><img alt="Ouranosaurus nigeriensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png/100px-Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png/150px-Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png/200px-Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="1958" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hadrosauroidea332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrosauroidea105" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altirhinus" title="Altirhinus">Altirhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrosaurus" title="Bactrosaurus">Bactrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batyrosaurus" title="Batyrosaurus">Batyrosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choyrodon" title="Choyrodon">Choyrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claosaurus" title="Claosaurus">Claosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datonglong" title="Datonglong">Datonglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eolambia" title="Eolambia">Eolambia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equijubus" title="Equijubus">Equijubus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fylax" title="Fylax">Fylax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilmoreosaurus" title="Gilmoreosaurus">Gilmoreosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobihadros" title="Gobihadros">Gobihadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongpoquansaurus" title="Gongpoquansaurus">Gongpoquansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonkoken" title="Gonkoken">Gonkoken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huehuecanauhtlus" title="Huehuecanauhtlus">Huehuecanauhtlus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeyawati" title="Jeyawati">Jeyawati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jintasaurus" title="Jintasaurus">Jintasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koshisaurus" title="Koshisaurus">Koshisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levnesovia" title="Levnesovia">Levnesovia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophorhothon" title="Lophorhothon">Lophorhothon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanningosaurus" title="Nanningosaurus">Nanningosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanyangosaurus" title="Nanyangosaurus">Nanyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penelopognathus" title="Penelopognathus">Penelopognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plesiohadros" title="Plesiohadros">Plesiohadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portellsaurus" title="Portellsaurus">Portellsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Probactrosaurus" title="Probactrosaurus">Probactrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protohadros" title="Protohadros">Protohadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianjiangsaurus" title="Qianjiangsaurus">Qianjiangsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuangmiaosaurus" title="Shuangmiaosaurus">Shuangmiaosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamodon" title="Siamodon">Siamodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sirindhorna" title="Sirindhorna">Sirindhorna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanius" title="Tanius">Tanius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telmatosaurus" title="Telmatosaurus">Telmatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tethyshadros" title="Tethyshadros">Tethyshadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuwulong" title="Xuwulong">Xuwulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunganglong" title="Yunganglong">Yunganglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhanghenglong" title="Zhanghenglong">Zhanghenglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuoyunlong" title="Zuoyunlong">Zuoyunlong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">Hadrosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilarhinus" title="Aquilarhinus">Aquilarhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotrachodon" title="Eotrachodon">Eotrachodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurus" title="Hadrosaurus">Hadrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lapampasaurus" title="Lapampasaurus">Lapampasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malefica" title="Malefica">Malefica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamatosaurus" title="Yamatosaurus">Yamatosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurinae" title="Lambeosaurinae">Lambeosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adynomosaurus" title="Adynomosaurus">Adynomosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajnabia" title="Ajnabia">Ajnabia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angulomastacator" title="Angulomastacator">Angulomastacator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aralosaurus" title="Aralosaurus">Aralosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arenysaurus" title="Arenysaurus">Arenysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blasisaurus" title="Blasisaurus">Blasisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canardia" title="Canardia">Canardia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaxartosaurus" title="Jaxartosaurus">Jaxartosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazaklambia" title="Kazaklambia">Kazaklambia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latirhinus" title="Latirhinus">Latirhinus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minqaria" title="Minqaria">Minqaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nipponosaurus" title="Nipponosaurus">Nipponosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pararhabdodon" title="Pararhabdodon">Pararhabdodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsintaosaurus" title="Tsintaosaurus">Tsintaosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasaurolophini" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasaurolophini">Parasaurolophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adelolophus" title="Adelolophus">Adelolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parasaurolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlatolophus" title="Tlatolophus">Tlatolophus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambeosaurini">Lambeosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amurosaurus" title="Amurosaurus">Amurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corythosaurus" title="Corythosaurus">Corythosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypacrosaurus" title="Hypacrosaurus">Hypacrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurus" title="Lambeosaurus">Lambeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnapaulia" title="Magnapaulia">Magnapaulia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olorotitan" title="Olorotitan">Olorotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahaliyania" title="Sahaliyania">Sahaliyania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velafrons" title="Velafrons">Velafrons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saurolophinae" title="Saurolophinae">Saurolophinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barsboldia" title="Barsboldia">Barsboldia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachylophosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachylophosaurini">Brachylophosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acristavus" title="Acristavus">Acristavus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachylophosaurus" title="Brachylophosaurus">Brachylophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiasaura" title="Maiasaura">Maiasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornatops" title="Ornatops">Ornatops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Probrachylophosaurus" title="Probrachylophosaurus">Probrachylophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulagasaurus" title="Wulagasaurus">Wulagasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austrokritosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrokritosauria">Austrokritosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonapartesaurus" title="Bonapartesaurus">Bonapartesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huallasaurus" title="Huallasaurus">Huallasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelumapusaura" title="Kelumapusaura">Kelumapusaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secernosaurus" title="Secernosaurus">Secernosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kritosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritosaurini">Kritosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anasazisaurus" title="Anasazisaurus">Anasazisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilasaurus" title="Coahuilasaurus">Coahuilasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gryposaurus" title="Gryposaurus">Gryposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kritosaurus" title="Kritosaurus">Kritosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naashoibitosaurus" title="Naashoibitosaurus">Naashoibitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinorex" title="Rhinorex">Rhinorex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saurolophini" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurolophini">Saurolophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Augustynolophus" title="Augustynolophus">Augustynolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosaurolophus" title="Prosaurolophus">Prosaurolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurolophus" title="Saurolophus">Saurolophus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmontosaurini">Edmontosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurus" title="Edmontosaurus">Edmontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamuysaurus" title="Kamuysaurus">Kamuysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerberosaurus" title="Kerberosaurus">Kerberosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kundurosaurus" title="Kundurosaurus">Kundurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiyangosaurus" title="Laiyangosaurus">Laiyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shantungosaurus" title="Shantungosaurus">Shantungosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qianjiangsaurus changshengi"><img alt="Qianjiangsaurus changshengi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png/100px-Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png/150px-Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png/200px-Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="827" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlatolophus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tlatolophus galorum"><img alt="Tlatolophus galorum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tlatolophus.png/100px-Tlatolophus.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tlatolophus.png/150px-Tlatolophus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tlatolophus.png/200px-Tlatolophus.png 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambeosaurus lambei"><img alt="Lambeosaurus lambei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png/100px-Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png/150px-Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png/200px-Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gryposaurus? alsatei"><img alt="Gryposaurus? alsatei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg/100px-Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg/150px-Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg/200px-Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3961" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shantungosaurus_life.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shantungosaurus giganteus"><img alt="Shantungosaurus giganteus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shantungosaurus_life.png/100px-Shantungosaurus_life.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shantungosaurus_life.png/150px-Shantungosaurus_life.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shantungosaurus_life.png/200px-Shantungosaurus_life.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_articles332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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R4036</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willinakaqe" title="Willinakaqe">Willinakaqe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/34px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Parasaurolophus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203583" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q203583">Q203583</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parasaurolophus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Parasaurolophus">Parasaurolophus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/47459915">47459915</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4823227">4823227</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1019174">1019174</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38766">38766</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=50960">50960</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&oldid=1277177829">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parasaurolophus&oldid=1277177829</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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[\"CITEREFHartman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHone_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorner_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasinskiSullivan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongrich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLullWright1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaryanskaOsmolska1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrom1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrom1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParks1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomer1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandia1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeebacher2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternberg1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanFowler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanLucas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanWilliamson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanWilliamson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTankeCarpenter2001\"] = 1,\n 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