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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Titans</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Titans" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Titans" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Titans of Greek mythology. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Titan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Titan (disambiguation)">Titan</a>.</div> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the Titans (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Τιτᾶνες Titânes; <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>: Titán) were the pre-<a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian</a> gods.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, they were the twelve children of the primordial parents <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a> (Sky) and <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a> (Earth). The six male Titans were <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>; the six female Titans—called the Titanides (Τιτανίδες) or Titanesses—were <a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/435px-Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/580px-Cornelis_Cornelisz._van_Haarlem_-_The_Fall_of_the_Titans_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7329" data-file-height="5689"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Titans" title="The Fall of the Titans">The Fall of the Titans</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Haarlem" title="Cornelis van Haarlem">Cornelis van Haarlem</a> (1596–1598)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> After Cronus mated with his older sister Rhea, she bore the first generation of Olympians; the six siblings <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>. Certain other descendants of the Titans, such as <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a>, are sometimes also called Titans. The Titans were the former gods: the generation of gods preceding the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians#Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a>. They were overthrown as part of the Greek succession myth, which tells how Cronus seized power from his father Uranus and ruled the cosmos with his fellow Titans before being in turn defeated and replaced as the ruling pantheon of gods by Zeus and the Olympians in a ten-year war called the <a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a> ('battle of the Titans'). As a result of this war, the vanquished Titans were banished from the upper world and held imprisoned under guard in <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>. Some Titans were apparently allowed to remain free. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Genealogy">1 Genealogy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Hesiod's_genealogy">1.1 Hesiod's genealogy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Variations">1.2 Variations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Former_gods">2 Former gods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Overthrown">3 Overthrown</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Hesiod">3.1 Hesiod</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Homer">3.2 Homer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_early_sources">3.3 Other early sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Apollodorus">3.4 Apollodorus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Hyginus">3.5 Hyginus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#After_the_Titanomachy">4 After the Titanomachy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Possible_release">4.1 Possible release</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Near_East_origins">5 Near East origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Orphic_literature">6 Orphic literature</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_sparagmos">6.1 The sparagmos</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#The_anthropogony">6.2 The anthropogony</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Modern_interpretations">6.3 Modern interpretations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Etymology">7 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_astronomy">8 In astronomy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genealogy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturnus_fig274.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturnus_fig274.png/150px-Saturnus_fig274.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 191px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturnus_fig274.png/150px-Saturnus_fig274.png" data-width="150" data-height="191" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturnus_fig274.png/225px-Saturnus_fig274.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturnus_fig274.png/300px-Saturnus_fig274.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cronus armed with sickle; image derived from a <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">carved gem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aubin-Louis_Millin_de_Grandmaison" title="Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison">Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison</a>, Galerie mythologique, 1811).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hesiod's_genealogy">Hesiod's genealogy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hesiod's genealogy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, the Titan offspring of Uranus and Gaia were <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iapetus (mythology)">Iapetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Eight of the Titan brothers and sisters married each other: Oceanus and Tethys, Coeus and Phoebe, Hyperion and Theia, and Cronus and Rhea. The other two Titan brothers married outside their immediate family. Iapetus married his niece <a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene</a>, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, while Crius married his half-sister <a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a>, the daughter of Gaia and <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a>. The two remaining Titan sisters, Themis and Mnemosyne, became wives of their nephew <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. From Oceanus and Tethys came the three thousand <a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">river gods</a>, and three thousand <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">Oceanid</a> nymphs.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> From Coeus and Phoebe came <a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a>, another wife of Zeus, and <a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> From Crius and Eurybia came <a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> From Hyperion and Theia came the celestial personifications <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> (Sun), <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> (Moon), and <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a> (Dawn).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> From Iapetus and Clymene came <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (mythology)">Menoetius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimetheus (mythology)">Epimetheus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> From Cronus and Rhea came the Olympians: <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, and Zeus.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> By Zeus, Themis bore the three <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours), and the three <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> (Fates),<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and Mnemosyne bore the nine <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> While the descendants of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, Cronus and Rhea, Themis, and Mnemosyne (i.e. the river gods, the Oceanids, the Olympians, the Horae, the Moirai, and the Muses) are not normally considered to be Titans, descendants of the other Titans, notably: Leto, Helios, Atlas, and Prometheus, are themselves sometimes referred to as Titans.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">The twelve Titans' parents, spouses, and children, according to Hesiod's Theogony <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">The <a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">Rivers</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">The <a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iapetus (mythology)">Iapetus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene</a> <a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (Greek mythology)">Menoetius</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimetheus (mythology)">Epimetheus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">(Zeus)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">The <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">The <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muses</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhea_MKL1888.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rhea_MKL1888.png/150px-Rhea_MKL1888.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="522"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 224px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rhea_MKL1888.png/150px-Rhea_MKL1888.png" data-width="150" data-height="224" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rhea_MKL1888.png/225px-Rhea_MKL1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rhea_MKL1888.png/300px-Rhea_MKL1888.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>, both sister and wife to <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Passages in a section of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Deception_of_Zeus" title="Deception of Zeus">Deception of Zeus</a> suggest the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> knew of a tradition in which Oceanus and Tethys (rather than Uranus and Gaia, as in Hesiod) were the parents of the Titans.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Twice Homer has <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> describe the pair as "Oceanus, from whom the gods are sprung, and mother Tethys", while in the same passage <a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a> describes Oceanus as "from whom they all are sprung".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, provides a genealogy (probably Orphic) which perhaps reflected an attempt to reconcile this apparent divergence between Homer and Hesiod, with Uranus and Gaia as the parents of Oceanus and Tethys, and Oceanus and Tethys as the parents of Cronus and Rhea "and all that go with them", plus <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a>, Plato quotes Orpheus as saying that Oceanus and Tethys were "the first to marry", possibly also reflecting an Orphic theogony in which Oceanus and Tethys, rather than Uranus and Gaia, were the primeval parents.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> To Hesiod's twelve Titans, the mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, adds a thirteenth Titan, <a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> by Zeus.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Plato's inclusion of Phorkys, apparently, as a Titan, and the mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>'s inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a>, suggests an Orphic tradition in which the canonical twelve Titans consisted of Hesiod's twelve with Phorkys and Dione taking the place of Oceanus and Tethys.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Roman mythographer <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, in his somewhat confused genealogy,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> after listing as offspring of <a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a> (Upper Sky) and Earth (Gaia), Ocean [Oceanus], Themis, Tartarus, and Pontus, next lists "the Titans", followed by two of Hesiod's <a href="/wiki/Hundred-Handers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred-Handers">Hundred-Handers</a>: Briareus and Gyges, one of Hesiod's three <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>: Steropes, then continues his list with Atlas, Hyperion and Polus, <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a> [Cronus], <a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a> [Rhea], <a href="/wiki/Moneta" title="Moneta">Moneta</a>, Dione, and the three <a href="/wiki/Furies" class="mw-redirect" title="Furies">Furies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megaera" title="Megaera">Megaera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tisiphone" title="Tisiphone">Tisiphone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, mentions seeing the image of a man in armor, who was supposed to be the Titan <a href="/wiki/Anytos" title="Anytos">Anytos</a>, who was said to have raised the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Former_gods">Former gods</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Former gods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The Titans, as a group, represent a pre-Olympian order.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Hesiod uses the expression "the former gods" (theoi proteroi) in reference to the Titans.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> They were the banished gods, who were no longer part of the upper world.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Rather they were the gods who dwelt underground in <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and as such, they may have been thought of as "gods of the underworld", who were the antithesis of, and in opposition to, the Olympians, the gods of the heavens.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Hesiod called the Titans "earth-born" (<a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a>),<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> prays to the Titans "who dwell beneath the earth", calling on them to aid her against Zeus, just as if they were chthonic spirits.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In a similar fashion, in the Iliad, Hera, upon swearing an oath by the underworld river <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a>, "invoked by name all the gods below Tartarus, that are called Titans" as witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> They were the older gods, but not, apparently, as was once thought, the old gods of an indigenous group in Greece, historically displaced by the new gods of Greek invaders. Rather, they were a group of gods, whose mythology at least, seems to have been borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> (see "Near East origins," below).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> These imported gods gave context and provided a backstory for the Olympian gods, explaining where these Greek Olympian gods had come from, and how they had come to occupy their position of supremacy in the cosmos. The Titans were the previous generation, and family of gods, whom the Olympians had to overthrow, and banish from the upper world, in order to become the ruling pantheon of Greek gods. For Hesiod, possibly in order to match the twelve Olympian gods, there were twelve Titans: six males and six females, with some of Hesiod's names perhaps being mere poetic inventions, so as to arrive at the right number.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In Hesiod's Theogony, apart from Cronus, the Titans play no part at all in the overthrow of Uranus, and we only hear of their collective action in the Titanomachy, their war with the Olympians.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> As a group, they have no further role in conventional Greek myth, nor do they play any part in Greek cult.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As individuals, few of the Titans have any separate identity.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Aside from Cronus, the only other figure Homer mentions by name as being a Titan is Iapetus.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Some Titans seem only to serve a genealogical function, providing parents for more important offspring: Coeus and Phoebe as the parents of <a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a>, the mother, by Zeus, of the Olympians <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>; Hyperion and Theia as the parents of <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a>; Iapetus as the father of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>; and Crius as the father of three sons <a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a>, who themselves seem only to exist to provide fathers for more important figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> (Winds), <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> (Victory), and <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Overthrown">Overthrown</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overthrown" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The Titans play a key role in an important part of Greek mythology, the succession myth.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It told how the Titan <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, the youngest of the Titans, overthrew <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a>, and how in turn Zeus, by waging and winning a great ten-year war pitting the new gods against the old gods, called the <a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a> ("Titan war"), overthrew Cronus and his fellow Titans, and was eventually established as the final and permanent ruler of the cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hesiod">Hesiod</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hesiod" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/300px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="424"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/300px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="113" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/450px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/600px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn: fresco by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristofano_Gherardi" title="Cristofano Gherardi">Cristofano Gherardi</a>, c. 1560 (Sala di Cosimo I, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>)</figcaption></figure> According to the standard version of the succession myth, given in Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus initially produced eighteen children with Gaia: the twelve Titans, the three <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>, and the three <a href="/wiki/Hecatoncheires" title="Hecatoncheires">Hecatoncheires</a> (Hundred-Handers),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> but hating them,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> he hid them away somewhere inside Gaia.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Angry and in distress, Gaia fashioned a <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">adamant</a> and urged her children to punish their father. Only her son Cronus was willing.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> So Gaia hid Cronus in "ambush", gave him an adamantine sickle, and when Uranus came to lie with Gaia, Cronus reached out and castrated his father.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> This enabled the Titans to be born and Cronus to assume supreme command of the cosmos, with the Titans as his subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg/175px-Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 168px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg/175px-Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="168" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg/263px-Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg/350px-Rh%C3%A9a_pr%C3%A9sentant_une_pierre_emmaillot%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Cronos_dessin_du_bas-relief_d%27un_autel_romain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Rhea presenting Cronus the stone wrapped in cloth</figcaption></figure> Cronus, having now taken over control of the cosmos from Uranus, wanted to ensure that he maintained control. <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> had prophesied to Cronus that one of Cronus' own children would overthrow him, so when Cronus married Rhea, he made sure to swallow each of the children she birthed. This he did with the first five: <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> (in that order), to Rhea's great sorrow.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> However, when Rhea was pregnant with Zeus, Rhea begged her parents Gaia and Uranus to help her save Zeus. So they sent Rhea to <a href="/wiki/Lyctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyctus">Lyctus</a> on Crete to bear Zeus, and Gaia took the newborn Zeus to raise, hiding him deep in a cave beneath Mount Aigaion.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Meanwhile, Rhea gave Cronus a huge stone wrapped in baby's clothes which he swallowed thinking that it was another of Rhea's children.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes,_1636-1638.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg/220px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1915"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg/220px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg/330px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg/440px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_La_ca%C3%ADda_de_los_Gigantes%2C_1636-1638.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Fall of the Titans". Oil on canvas by Jacob Jordaens, 1638.</figcaption></figure> Zeus, now grown, forced Cronus (using some unspecified trickery of Gaia) to disgorge his other five children.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Zeus then released his uncles the Cyclopes (apparently still imprisoned beneath the earth, along with the Hundred-Handers, where Uranus had originally confined them) who then provide Zeus with his great weapon, the thunderbolt, which had been hidden by Gaia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A great war was begun, the <a href="/wiki/Titanomachy" title="Titanomachy">Titanomachy</a>, for control of the cosmos. The Titans fought from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Othrys" title="Mount Othrys">Mount Othrys</a>, while the Olympians fought from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In the tenth year of that great war, following Gaia's counsel, Zeus released the Hundred-Handers, who joined the war against the Titans, helping Zeus to gain the upper hand. Zeus cast the fury of his thunderbolt at the Titans, defeating them and throwing them into <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> with the Hundred-Handers as their guards.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homer">Homer</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Homer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Only brief references to the Titans and the succession myth are found in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> tells us that "the gods ... that are called Titans" reside in Tartarus.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Specifically, Homer says that "Iapetus and Cronos ... have joy neither in the rays of Helios Hyperion [the Sun] nor in any breeze, but deep Tartarus is round about them",<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and further, that Zeus "thrust Cronos down to dwell beneath earth and the unresting sea."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_early_sources">Other early sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other early sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brief mentions of the Titanomachy and the imprisonment of the Titans in Tartarus also occur in the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn to Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In the Hymn, Hera, angry at Zeus, calls upon the "Titan gods who dwell beneath the earth about great Tartarus, and from whom are sprung both gods and men".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In Prometheus Bound, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> (the son of the Titan <a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a>) refers to the Titanomachy, and his part in it: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">When first the heavenly powers were moved to wrath, and mutual dissension was stirred up among them—some bent on casting Cronus from his seat so Zeus, in truth, might reign; others, eager for the contrary end, that Zeus might never win mastery over the gods—it was then that I, although advising them for the best, was unable to persuade the Titans, children of Heaven and Earth; but they, disdaining counsels of craft, in the pride of their strength thought to gain the mastery without a struggle and by force. ... That it was not by brute strength nor through violence, but by guile that those who should gain the upper hand were destined to prevail. And though I argued all this to them, they did not pay any attention to my words. With all that before me, it seemed best that, joining with my mother, I should place myself, a welcome volunteer, on the side of Zeus; and it is by reason of my counsel that the cavernous gloom of Tartarus now hides ancient Cronus and his allies within it.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollodorus">Apollodorus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Apollodorus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, gives a similar account of the succession myth to Hesiod's, but with a few significant differences.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> According to Apollodorus, there were thirteen original Titans, adding the Titaness <a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a> to Hesiod's list.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Titans (instead of being Uranus' firstborn as in Hesiod) were born after the three <a href="/wiki/Hundred-Handers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred-Handers">Hundred-Handers</a> and the three <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and while Uranus imprisoned these first six of his offspring, he apparently left the Titans free. Not just Cronus, but all the Titans, except Oceanus, attacked Uranus. After Cronus castrated Uranus, the Titans freed the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes (unlike in Hesiod, where they apparently remained imprisoned), and made Cronus their sovereign,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> who then reimprisoned the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes in Tartarus.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Although Hesiod does not say how Zeus was eventually able to free his siblings, according to Apollodorus, Zeus was aided by Oceanus' daughter <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a>, who gave Cronus an <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">emetic</a> which forced him to disgorge his children that he had swallowed.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to Apollodorus, in the tenth year of the ensuing war, Zeus learned from Gaia, that he would be victorious if he had the Hundred-Handers and the Cyclopes as allies. So Zeus slew their warder <a href="/wiki/Campe" title="Campe">Campe</a> (a detail not found in Hesiod) and released them, and in addition to giving Zeus his thunderbolt (as in Hesiod), the Cyclopes also gave <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> his <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> his <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_invisibility" title="Cap of invisibility">helmet</a>, and "with these weapons the gods overcame the Titans, shut them up in Tartarus, and appointed the Hundred-handers their guards".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyginus">Hyginus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hyginus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Roman mythographer <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a>, gives an unusual (and perhaps confused) account of the Titanomachy.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> According to Hyginus the Titanomachy came about because of a dispute between <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> (the Roman equivalents of Zeus and Hera). Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, was angry at her husband, on account of Jupiter's son <a href="/wiki/Epaphus" title="Epaphus">Epaphus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a> (one of her husband's many lovers). Because of this Juno incited the Titans to rebel against Jupiter and restore <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a> (Cronus) to the kingship of the gods. Jupiter, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>), <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>), put down the rebellion, and hurled the Titans (as in other accounts) down to Tartarus. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="After_the_Titanomachy">After the Titanomachy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After the Titanomachy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanus_(Trevi_fountain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg/175px-Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6967" data-file-height="10199"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 256px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg/175px-Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="256" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg/263px-Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg/350px-Oceanus_%28Trevi_fountain%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> After being overthrown in the Titanomachy, Cronus and his fellow vanquished Titans were cast into Tartarus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">That is where the Titan gods are hidden under murky gloom by the plans of the cloud-gatherer Zeus, in a dank place, at the farthest part of huge earth. They cannot get out, for Poseidon has set bronze gates upon it, and a wall is extended on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></blockquote> However, besides Cronus, exactly which of the other Titans were supposed to have been imprisoned in Tartarus is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The only original Titan, mentioned by name, as being confined with Cronus in Tartarus, is <a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> But, not all the Titans were imprisoned there. Certainly <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, the great world encircling river, seems to have remained free, and in fact, seems not to have fought on the Titans' side at all.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In Hesiod, Oceanus sends his daughter <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a>, with her children <a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a> (Envy), <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> (Victory), <a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a> (Power), and <a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a> (Force), to fight on Zeus' side against the Titans,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> while in the Iliad, Hera says that, during the Titanomachy, she was cared for by Oceanus and his wife the Titaness <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a>, has Oceanus free to visit his nephew <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> sometime after the war.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Like Oceanus, Helios, the Titan son of Hyperion, certainly remained free to drive his sun-chariot daily across the sky, taking an active part in events subsequent to the Titanomachy.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The freedom of Oceanus, along with Helios (Sun), and perhaps Hyperion (to the extent that he also represented the Sun), would seem to be the result of cosmological necessity, for how could a world encircling river, or the Sun, be confined in Tartarus?<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tortura_de_Prometeo,_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg/175px-La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="2341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 221px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg/175px-La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="221" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg/263px-La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg/350px-La_tortura_de_Prometeo%2C_por_Salvator_Rosa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Torture of Prometheus, painting by <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Rosa" title="Salvator Rosa">Salvator Rosa</a> (1646–1648).</figcaption></figure> As for other male offspring of the Titans, some seem to have participated in the Titanomachy, and were punished as a result, and others did not, or at least (like Helios) remained free. Three of Iapetus' sons, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a>, and Prometheus are specifically connected by ancient sources with the war. In the Theogony both Atlas and Menoetius received punishments from Zeus, but Hesiod does not say for what crime exactly they were punished.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Atlas was famously punished by Zeus, by being forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders, but none of the early sources for this story (Hesiod, Homer, <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>) say that his punishment was as a result of the war.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> According to Hyginus however, Atlas led the Titans in a revolt against Zeus (Jupiter).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Theogony has Menoetius struck down by Zeus' thunderbolt and cast into <a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a> "because of his mad presumption and exceeding pride".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Whether Hesiod was using Erebus as another name for Tartarus (as was sometimes done), or meant that Menoetius's punishment was because of his participation in the Titanomachy is unclear, and no other early source mentions this event, however Apollodorus says that it was.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Hesiod does not mention Prometheus in connection with the Titanomachy, but Prometheus does remain free, in the Theogony, for his <a href="/wiki/Trick_at_Mecone" title="Trick at Mecone">deception of Zeus at Mecone</a> and his subsequent <a href="/wiki/Theft_of_fire" title="Theft of fire">theft of fire</a>, for which transgressions Prometheus was famously punished by Zeus by being chained to a rock where an eagle came to eat his "immortal liver" every day, which then grew back every night.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> (as mentioned above) does have Prometheus say that he was an ally of Zeus during the Titanomachy.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg/175px-Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1818"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg/175px-Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="161" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg/263px-Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg/350px-Apollo_Tityos_Leto_Louvre_G375.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Apollo piercing with his arrows Tityos, who has tried to rape his mother Leto (c. 450–440 BC)</figcaption></figure> The female Titans, to the extent that they are mentioned at all, appear also to have been allowed to remain free.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Three of these, according to the Theogony, become wives of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a>, the daughter of the Titans <a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a> gives birth to the three <a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours), and the three <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> (Fates), and <a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a> gives birth to the nine <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>. Leto, who gives birth to the Olympians <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, takes an active part on the side of the Trojans in the Iliad, and is also involved in the story of the giant <a href="/wiki/Tityos" title="Tityos">Tityos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Tethys, presumably along with her husband Oceanus, took no part in the war, and, as mentioned above, provided safe refuge for Hera during the war. Rhea remains free and active after the war:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> appearing at Leto's delivery of Apollo,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> as Zeus' messenger to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> announcing the settlement concerning <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> bringing <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> back to life.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_release">Possible release</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Possible release" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While in Hesiod's Theogony, and Homer's Iliad, Cronus and the other Titans are confined to Tartarus—apparently forever<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>—another tradition, as indicated by later sources, seems to have had Cronus, or other of the Titans, being eventually set free.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, in one of his poems (462 BC), says that, although Atlas still "strains against the weight of the sky ... Zeus freed the Titans",<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and in another poem (476 BC), Pindar has Cronus, in fact, ruling in the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessed" class="mw-redirect" title="Isles of the Blessed">Isles of the Blessed</a>, a land where the Greek heroes reside in the afterlife:<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Those who have persevered three times, on either side, to keep their souls free from all wrongdoing, follow Zeus' road to the end, to the tower of Cronus, where ocean breezes blow around the island of the blessed, and flowers of gold are blazing, some from splendid trees on land, while water nurtures others. With these wreaths and garlands of flowers they entwine their hands according to the righteous counsels of <a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthys" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhadamanthys">Rhadamanthys</a>, whom the great father, the husband of Rhea whose throne is above all others, keeps close beside him as his partner.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></blockquote> Prometheus Lyomenos, an undated lost play by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (c. 525 – c. 455 BC), had a chorus composed of freed Titans. Possibly even earlier than Pindar and Aeschylus, two papyrus versions of a passage of Hesiods' <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> also mention Cronus being released by Zeus, and ruling over the heroes who go to the Isle of the Blessed; but other versions of Hesiod's text do not, and most editors judge these lines of text to be later interpolations.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Near_East_origins">Near East origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Near East origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/260px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/260px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/390px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg/520px-Yazilikaya_B_12erGruppe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ancient Hittite relief carving from chamber B of <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a>, a sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> possibly depicting the twelve underworld gods, which the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> called the "former gods" (karuilies siunes), and identified with the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> It is generally accepted that the Greek succession myth was imported from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a>, and that along with this imported myth came stories of a group of former ruling gods, who had been defeated and displaced, and who became identified, by the Greeks, as the Titans.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Features of Hesiod's account of the Titans can be seen in the stories of the <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, and other Near Eastern cultures.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> <a href="/wiki/Hittite_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite texts">text</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Kumarbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Kumarbi">Song of Kumarbi</a> (also called Kingship in Heaven), written five hundred years before Hesiod,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> tells of a succession of kings in heaven: <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> (Sky), <a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a>, and the storm-god <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a>, with many striking parallels to Hesiod's account of the Greek succession myth. Like Cronus, Kumarbi castrates the sky-god Anu, and takes over his kingship. And like Cronus, Kumarbi swallows gods (and a stone?), one of whom is the storm-god Teshub, who like the storm-god Zeus, is apparently victorious against Kumarbi and others in a war of the gods.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Other Hittite texts contain allusions to "former gods" (karuilies siunes), precisely what Hesiod called the Titans, theoi proteroi. Like the Titans, these Hittite karuilies siunes, were twelve (usually) in number and end up confined in the underworld by the storm-god Teshub, imprisoned by gates they cannot open.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In Hurrian, the Hittite's karuilies siunes were known as the "gods of down under" (enna durenna) and the Hittites identified these gods with the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> gods of the underworld,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> whose defeat and imprisonment by the storm-god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, in the Babylonian poem <a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a> (late second millennium BC or earlier),<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> parallels the defeat and imprisonment of the Titans.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Other collectivities of gods, perhaps associated with the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, include the Dead Gods (Dingiruggû), the Banished Gods (ilāni darsūti), and the Defeated (or Bound) Gods (ilāni kamûti).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Orphic_literature">Orphic literature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Orphic literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_sparagmos">The sparagmos</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The sparagmos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/220px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/220px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/330px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg/440px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dionysus in a mosaic from the House of Poseidon, <a href="/wiki/Zeugma_Mosaic_Museum" title="Zeugma Mosaic Museum">Zeugma Mosaic Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In Orphic literature, the Titans play an important role in what is often considered to be the central myth of <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sparagmos" title="Sparagmos">sparagmos</a>, that is the dismemberment of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, who in this context is often given the title <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> As pieced together from various ancient sources, the reconstructed story, usually given by modern scholars, goes as follows.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Zeus had intercourse with Persephone in the form of a serpent, producing Dionysus. He is taken to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida" title="Mount Ida">Mount Ida</a> where (like the infant Zeus) he is guarded by the dancing <a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Curetes</a>. Zeus intended Dionysus to be his successor as ruler of the cosmos, but a jealous Hera incited the Titans—who apparently unlike in Hesiod and Homer, were not imprisoned in Tartarus—to kill the child. The Titans whiten their faces with gypsum, and distracting the infant Dionysus with various toys, including a mirror, they seized Dionysus and tore (or cut)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> him to pieces. The pieces were then boiled, roasted and partially eaten, by the Titans. But Athena managed to save Dionysus' heart, by which Zeus was able to contrive his rebirth from Semele. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_anthropogony">The anthropogony</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The anthropogony" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commonly presented as a part of the myth of the dismembered Dionysus Zagreus, is an Orphic anthropogony, that is an Orphic account of the origin of human beings. According to this widely held view, as punishment for their crime, Zeus struck the Titans with his <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolt</a>, and from the remains of the destroyed Titans humankind was born, which resulted in a human inheritance of ancestral guilt, for this original sin of the Titans, and by some accounts "formed the basis for an Orphic doctrine of the divinity of man."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> However, when and to what extent there existed any Orphic tradition which included these elements is the subject of open debate.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The 2nd century AD biographer and essayist <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> makes a connection between the sparagmos and the punishment of the Titans, but makes no mention of the anthropogony, or Orpheus, or Orphism. In his essay On the Eating of Flesh, Plutarch writes of "stories told about the sufferings and dismemberment of Dionysus and the outrageous assaults of the Titans upon him, and their punishment and blasting by thunderbolt after they had tasted his blood".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> While, according to the early 4th century AD <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologist">Christian apologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, and the 5th century AD Greek epic poet <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, it is as punishment for their murder of Dionysus that the Titans end up imprisoned by Zeus in Tartarus.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The only ancient source to explicitly connect the sparagmos and the anthropogony is the 6th century AD <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a>, who writes that, according to Orpheus, after the Titans had dismembered and eaten Dionysus, "Zeus, angered by the deed, blasts them with his thunderbolts, and from the sublimate of the vapors that rise from them comes the matter from which men are created." Olympiodorus goes on to conclude that, because the Titans had eaten his flesh, we their descendants, are a part of Dionysus.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_interpretations">Modern interpretations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some 19th- and 20th-century scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a>, have argued that an initiatory or <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a> ritual underlies the myth of the dismemberment and cannibalism of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> by the Titans.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin Litchfield West</a> also asserts this in relation to shamanistic initiatory rites of early Greek religious practices.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The etymology of Τiτᾶνες (Titanes) is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Hesiod in the Theogony gives a double etymology, deriving it from titaino [to strain] and tisis [vengeance], saying that Uranus gave them the name Titans: "in reproach, for he said that they strained and did presumptuously a fearful deed, and that vengeance for it would come afterwards".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> But modern scholars doubt Hesiod's etymology.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a> asserts that the word "Titan" comes from the Greek τίτανος, signifying white "earth, clay, or gypsum", and that the Titans were "white clay men", or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="In_astronomy">In astronomy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In astronomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The planet <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> is named for the Roman equivalent of the Titan Cronus. Saturn's largest moon, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, is named after the Titans generally, and the other <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">moons of Saturn</a> are named after individual Titans, specifically <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a>. Astronomer <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering" title="William Henry Pickering">William Henry Pickering</a> claimed to have discovered another moon of Saturn which he named <a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a>, but this discovery was never confirmed, and the name Themis was given to an asteroid, <a href="/wiki/24_Themis" title="24 Themis">24 Themis</a>. Asteroid <a href="/wiki/57_Mnemosyne" title="57 Mnemosyne">57 Mnemosyne</a> was also named for the Titan. A proto-planet <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a> is hypothesized to have been involved in a collision in the early solar system, forming the Earth's moon. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Annunaki">Annunaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giants (Greek mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Greek primordial deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans_in_popular_culture" title="Titans in popular culture">Titans in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Hansen, p. 302; Grimal, p. 457 s.v. Titans; Tripp, p. 579 s.v. Titans; Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan; Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D18%3Aentry%3Dtitan-bio-1">s.v. Titan 1.</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:104-138">133–138</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:337-370">337–370</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+404">404–409</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403">375–377</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403">371–374</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507">507–511</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453">453–458</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937">901–906</a>, although at <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+217">217</a> the Moirai are said to be the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a> (Night). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937">915–920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Parada, p. 179 s.v. TITANS; Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dtitan-bio-2">s.v. Titan 2.</a>; Rose, p. 143 s.v. Atlas, p. 597 s.v. Leto, p. 883 s.v. Prometheus; Tripp, p. 120 s.v. Atlas, p. 266 s.v. Helius, p. 499 s.v. Prometheus. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132">132–138</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337">337–411</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453">453–520</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901">901–906, 915–920</a>; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">Oceanid</a> daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351">351</a>. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3">1.2.3</a>, a different Oceanid, Asia was the mother, by Iapetus, of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Although usually, as here, the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, in the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn</a> to Hermes (4), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138">99–100</a>, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d">113d–114a</a>, Atlas was the son of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and the mortal <a href="/wiki/Cleito" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleito">Cleito</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml">444–445 n. 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml">446–447 n. 24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml">538–539 n. 113</a>) Prometheus is made to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Although, at <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+217">217</a>, the Moirai are said to be the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a> (Night). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Fowler 2013, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">11</a>; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA36">pp. 36–37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA40">p. 40</a>; West 1997, p. 147; Gantz, p. 11; Burkert 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC&pg=PA91">pp. 91–92</a>; West 1983, pp. 119–120. According to <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a> (see Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">pp. 7–8</a>), the first two beings, <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Night</a> and Aer, produced <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>, who in turn produced two Titans (possibly Oceanus and Tethys) from whom came the <a href="/wiki/World_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="World egg">world egg</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.193-14.241">14.201</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D14%3Acard%3D270">302</a> [= 201], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.242-14.269">245</a>. According to West 1997, p. 147, these lines suggests a myth in which Oceanus and Tethys are the "first parents of the whole race of gods." And, although Gantz, p. 11, points out that, "mother" may simply refer to the fact that Tethys was Hera's foster mother for a time, as Hera tells us in the lines immediately following, while the reference to Oceanus as "the genesis of gods" might be a "formulaic epithet" referring to the innumerable rivers and springs who were the sons of Oceanus (compare with Iliad <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D161">21.195–197</a>), Hypnos' description of Oceanus as "genesis for all" is hard to understand as meaning other than that, for Homer, Oceanus was the father of the Titans. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Gantz, pp. 11–12, 743; West 1983, pp. 117–118; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">p. 11</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4DAC0911EDDE8F410A4FED46380ED2C0?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180%3Atext%3DTim.%3Asection%3D40d">40d–e</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> West 1983, pp. 118–120; Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">p. 11</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg005.perseus-eng1:402b">402b</a> [= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/86/mode/2up">fr. 15 Kern</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.3">1.1.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3">1.3.1</a>. Dione is also the mother of Aphrodite by Zeus in the Iliad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.363-5.415">5.370</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.340-3.380">3.374</a>; but in the Theogony, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:173-206">191–200</a>, Aphrodite was born from the foam which formed around Uranus' severed genitals when Cronus threw them into the sea. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Gantz, p. 743. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Bremmer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTfxZH4QnqgC&pg=PA5">p. 5</a>, calls Hyginus' genealogy "a strange hodgepodge of Greek and Roman cosmogonies and early genealogies". </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> Theogony 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.37.5">8.37.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Hansen, p. 302: "As a group the Titans are the older gods, the former gods, in contrast to the Oympians, who are the younger and present gods". </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> West 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA162">p. 162</a>; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>; West 1997, pp. 111, 298; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.37.xml">424</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.41.xml">486</a>. As noted by Woodard, p. 154 n. 44, Theogony 486: Οὐρανίδῃ μέγ’ ἄνακτι, θεῶν προτέρων βασιλῆι, which some interpret as meaning Cronus "former king of the gods" (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491">Evelyn-White</a>), others interpret as meaning Cronus "king of the former gods" (e.g. Most, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.41.xml">pp. 40, 41</a>; Caldwell, p. 56; West 1988, p. 17), for an argument against "former king" see West 1966, p. 301 on line 486 θεῶν προτέρων. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>: "The essential point is that the Titans [are] the former ruling gods who were banished from the upper world when the present devine order was established."; West 1983, p. 164: "The Titans are by definition the banished gods, the gods who have gone out of the world"; West 1966, p. 200 on line 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Gantz, pp. 45–46; West 1966, p. 200 on line 133; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:729-766">729 ff.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:807-819">807–814</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.469-8.511">8.478–481</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311">14.274</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311">14.278–279</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.220-15.252">15.225</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:196-243">221</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Woodard, pp. 96–97; West 1966, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Woodard, p. 97; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:687-728">697</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Gantz, p. 46; Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:305-348">334–339</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 140; Burkert 1985, p. 200, which gives the Titans as an example of "chthonic gods"; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311">14.270–279</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQyRX6WmMUMC&pg=PA92">p. 92</a>; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA34">pp. 34–35</a>; Burkert 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC&pg=PA94">p. 94</a>; Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137; West 1966, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> West 1966 p. 36, which, concerning Hesiod's list of names, says: "Its very heterogeneity betrays its lack of traditional foundation. Rhea, Zeus' mother, must be married to Kronos, Zeus' father. Hyperion, as father of Helios, must be put back to that generation; so must ancient and venerable personages as Oceanus and Tethys, Themis and Mnemosyne. By the addition of four more colourless names (Koios, Kreios, Theia, and Phoibe), the list is made up to a complement of six males and six females";cf. West 1966, p. 200 on line 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA34">p. 34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>; West 1966 pp. 200–201 on line 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> West 1966 pp. 36, 157–158 on line 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA65">pp. 65–69</a>; West 1966, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> For a detailed account of Titanomachy and Zeus' rise to power see Gantz, pp. 44–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:104-138">132–153</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:139-172">154–155</a>. Exactly which of these eighteen children Hesiod meant that Uranus hated is not entirely clear, all eighteen, or perhaps just the Cyclopes and the Hundred-Handers. Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67">p. 67</a>; West 1988, p. 7, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160, make it all eighteen; while Gantz, p. 10, says "likely all eighteen"; and Most, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.15.xml">p. 15 n. 8</a>, says "apparently only the ... Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers are meant" and not the twelve Titans. See also West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–53, p. 213 line 154 γὰρ. Why Uranus hated his children is also not clear. Gantz, p. 10 says: "The reason for [Uranus'] hatred may be [his children's] horrible appearance, though Hesiod does not quite say this"; while Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67">p. 67</a> says: "Although Hesiod is vague about the cause of his hatred, it would seem that he took a dislike to them because they were terrible to behold". However, West 1966, p. 213 on line 155, says that Uranus hated his children because of their "fearsome nature". </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+156">156–158</a>. The hiding place inside Gaia is presumably her womb, see West 1966, p. 214 on line 158; Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160; Gantz, p. 10. This place seems also to be the same place as <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>, see West 1966, p. 338 on line 618, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+159">159–172</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+173">173–182</a>; according to Gantz, p. 10, Cronus waited in ambush, and reached out to castrate Uranus, from "inside [Gaia's] body, we will understand, if he too is a prisoner". </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Hard, p. 67; West 1966, p. 19. As Hard notes, in the Theogony, although the Titans were freed as a result of Uranus' castration, apparently the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers remain imprisoned (see below), see also West 1966, p. 214 on line 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453">453–467</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453">468–484</a>. Mount Aigaion is otherwise unknown, and Lyctus is nowhere else associated with Zeus' birth, later tradition located the cave on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida</a>, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Dikti" title="Dikti">Mount Dikte</a>, see Hard, pp. 74–75; West 1966, pp. 297–298 on line 477, p. 300 on line 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453">485–491</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Gantz, p. 44; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506">492–500</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506">501–506</a>; Hard, pp. 68–69; West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–153, pp. 303–305 on lines 501–506. According to <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.4">1.1.4-5</a>, after the overthrow of Uranus, the Cyclopes (as well as the Hundred-Handers) were rescued from <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a> by the Titans, but reimprisoned by Cronus. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 340 on line 632; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653">630–634</a>. As noted by West, locating the Titan's on Othrys was "presumably ... simply because it was the principal mountain on the opposite side of the [Thessalian] plain: There is no evidence that it was really a seat of gods as Olympus was. Elsewhere it is said that the Titans formerly occupied Olympus itself". For Titans on Olympus, see <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:109-139">110–111</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:144-151">148</a>; <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.45.xml">1.503–508</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.211.xml">2.1232–1233</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+624">624–721</a>. This is the sequence of events understood to be implied in the Theogony by, for example, Hard, p. 68; Caldwell, p. 65 on line 636; and West 1966, p. 19. However according to Gantz, p. 45, "Hesiod's account does not quite say whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the conflict or only in the tenth year. ... Eventually, if not at the beginning, the Hundred-Handers are fighting". </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> This is the usual interpretation of Theogony <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.63.xml">734–735</a> (e.g. Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68">p. 68</a>; Hansen, pp. 25, 159, adding the caveat "presumably"; Gantz, p. 45). However according to West 1966, p. 363 on lines 734–5: "It is usually assumed that the Hundred-Handers are acting as prison guards (so Tz. Th. 277 τοὺς Ἑκατόγχειρας αὺτοῖς φύλακας ἐπιστήσας). The poet does not say this—πιστοὶ φύλακες Διὸς probably refers to their help in battle, cf. 815 κλειτοὶ ἐπίκουροι". Compare with Theogony <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.69.xml">817–819</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Gantz, pp. 1, 11, 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA36">p. 36</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311">14.278–279</a>. Compare with Iliad <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311">14.274</a>: "the gods that are below with Cronus", and repeated at Iliad <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.220-15.252">15.225</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.469-8.511">8.478–481</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.193-14.241">14.203–204</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Gantz, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:305-348">334–339</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>(?), <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:196-243">201–223</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68">pp. 68–69</a>; Gantz, pp. 2, 45; West 1983, p. 123; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.1">1.1.1–1.2.1</a>. As for Apollodorus' sources, Hard, p. 68, says that Apollodorus' version "perhaps derived from the lost <a href="/wiki/Titanomachy_(epic_poem)" title="Titanomachy (epic poem)">Titanomachia</a> or from the <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> literature"; see also Gantz, p. 2; for a detailed discussion of Apollodorus' sources for his account of the early history of the gods, see West 1983, pp. 121–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.3">1.1.3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.1">1.1.1–1.1.2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.4">1.1.4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5">1.1.5</a>. The release and reimprisonment of the Hundred-Handers and Cyclopes, was perhaps a way to solve the problem in Hesiod's account of why the castration of Uranus, which released the Titans, did not also apparently release the six brothers, see Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">p. 26</a>; West 1966, p. 206 on lines on lines 139–53. In any case, as West 1983, pp. 130–131, points out, while the release is "logical, since it was indignation at their imprinsonment that led Ge to incite the Titans to overthrow Uranos," their reimprisonment is needed to allow for their eventual release by Zeus to help him overthrow the Titans. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5">1.1.5–1.2.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1">1.2.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 308 on line 509; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 150. According to Gantz: "Likely enough Hyginus has confused stories of Hera's summoning of the Gigantes to her aid (as in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo) with the overthrow of the Titans." </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.61.xml">729–734</a>, translation by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Glenn W. Most</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Gantz, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.469-8.511">8.478–481</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Fowler 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">p. 11</a>; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37">p. 37</a>; Gantz, pp. 28, 46; West 1983, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403">337–398</a>. The translations of the names used here follow Caldwell, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.193-14.241">14.200–204</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:279-299">286–289</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Gantz, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Gantz, p. 46; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37">p. 37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Gantz, pp. 46, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Gantz, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Gantz, p. 45; West 1966, p. 308 on line 509; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544">514–516</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Gantz, pp. 40, 154; West 1966, p. 308 on line 510; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.3">1.2.3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Gantz, pp. 40, 154–166; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544">521–534</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:196-243">201–223</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Gantz, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937">901–906, 915–920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Gantz, pp. 38–39; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.416-5.459">445–448</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.54-20.85">20.72</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.468-21.501">21.497–501</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.502-21.536">21.502–504</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.567-11.600">576–581</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Gantz, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130">93</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:398-448">441–444</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a>, fr. 42 Campbell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/bacchylides-fragments/1992/pb_LCL461.295.xml">pp. 294, 295</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Gantz, p. 46; Burkert 1985, p. 221; West 1966, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Gantz, pp. 46–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Pythian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4">4.289–291</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Gantz, p. 47; West 1978, p. 195 on line 173a. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Olympian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2">2.69–77</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Gantz, pp. 46–47; West 1988, p. 76, note to line 173; West 1978, pp. 194–196, on lines 173a–e. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Beckman, pp. 155–156, 162 fig. 7.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBqrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">pp. 51–52</a>; West 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA162">p. 162</a>; West 1997, p. 299; Archi, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQyRX6WmMUMC&pg=PA92">p. 92</a>; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA34">pp. 34–35</a>; Burkert 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC&pg=PA94">p. 94</a>; Caldwell, p. 36 on lines 133-137; West 1966, p. 200. Although the Titan's mythology seems certainly to have been imported, whether the Titans were originally a group of gods native to Mycenean Greece, upon whom this borrowed mythology was simply overlaid is unknown. According to West 1966, p. 200: "it is probable that the Titans were taken over from the Orient as part of the Succession Myth, or else that they were gods native to Mycenean Greece but similar enough to the ‘older gods’ of the Near East to be identified with them"; while according to Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>: "There may have been an early group of native gods of that name who were identified with the former gods of the imported myth; or else the name Titan was simply a title that was applied by the Greeks to gods of eastern origin. There is no way of telling which alternative is true, and it makes no practical difference in any case, since we know nothing whatever of the original nature of the Titans if they had once enjoyed a separate existence in Greece.". </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> For detailed discussions of the parallels of the Greek succession myth in Near East mythology, see Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQyRX6WmMUMC&pg=PA92">pp. 92–103</a>; West 1997, pp. 276–333; West 1966, pp. 19–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> West 1997, p. 278; West 1966, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQyRX6WmMUMC&pg=PA92">pp. 92–98</a>; West 1997, pp. 278–280; West 1966, pp. 20–21; Burkert 1985, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> West 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA162">p. 162</a>; West 1997, p. 298; Archi, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Rutherford, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBqrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">pp. 51–52</a>; West 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA162">p. 162</a>; West 1997, p. 299; Archi, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQyRX6WmMUMC&pg=PA99">p. 99</a>; West 1983, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> West 1997, p. 139; West 1966, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> West 1997, p. 299; Burkert 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIiUL7dWqNIC&pg=PA94">p. 94</a>, with p. 203 n. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Nilsson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508326?seq=1">p. 202</a> calls it "the cardinal myth of Orphism"; Guthrie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6wNyrxUO8C&pg=PA107">p. 107</a>, describes the myth as "the central point of Orphic story", Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=333">p. 307</a> says it is "commonly regarded as essentially and peculiarly Orphic and the very core of the Orphic religion", and Parker 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsOEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA495">p. 495</a>, writes that "it has been seen as the Orphic 'arch-myth'. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> West 1983, pp. 73–74, provides a detailed reconstruction with numerous cites to ancient sources, with a summary on p. 140. For other summaries see Morford, p. 311; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>; March, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/March.Jenny_Cassells.Dictionary.of.Classical.Mythology#page/n787/mode/2up">s.v. Zagreus, p. 788</a>; Grimal, s.v. Zagreus, p. 456; Burkert 1985, pp. 297–298; Guthrie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6wNyrxUO8C&pg=PA82">p. 82</a>; also see Ogden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA80">p. 80</a>. For a detailed examination of many of the ancient sources pertaining to this myth see Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=333">pp. 307–364</a>. The most extensive account in ancient sources is found in <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/206/mode/2up">5.562–70</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/224/mode/2up">6.155 ff.</a>, other principle sources include <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html">3.62.6–8</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/316/mode/2up">fr. 301 Kern</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3E*.html#64">3.64.1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#4">4.4.1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#75">5.75.4</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/316/mode/2up">fr. 303 Kern</a>); <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:6.87-6.145">6.110–114</a>; <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras of Athens</a>, Legatio 20 <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_II/A_Plea_for_the_Christians#cite_ref-66">Pratten</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/138/mode/2up">fr. 58 Kern</a>); <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Clement)" title="Protrepticus (Clement)">Protrepticus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/clementofalexand00clem#page/36/mode/2up">2.15 pp. 36–39 Butterworth</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/110/mode/2up">frs. 34, 35 Kern</a>); <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> 155, 167; <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=zeta,4&field=adlerhw_gr&num_per_page=1">Ζαγρεύς</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.18.4">7.18.4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.37.5">8.37.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> West 1983, p. 160 remarks that while "many sources speak of Dionysus' being 'rent apart' ... those who use more precise language say that he was cut up with a knife". </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=333">pp. 307–308</a>; Spineto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpIJ64a5alUC&pg=PA34">p. 34</a>. For presentations of the myth which include the anthropogony, see Dodds, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lz7LNak21AQC&pg=PA155">pp. 155–156</a>; West 1983, pp. 74–75, 140, 164–166; Guthrie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6wNyrxUO8C&pg=PA83">p. 83</a>; Burkert 1985, pp. 297–298; March, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/March.Jenny_Cassells.Dictionary.of.Classical.Mythology#page/n787/mode/2up">s.v. Zagreus, p. 788</a>; Parker 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsOEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA495">pp. 495–496</a>; Morford, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> See Spineto <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpIJ64a5alUC&pg=PA37">pp. 37–39</a>; Edmonds <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414032311/http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2008, 2013 chapter 9; Bernabé 2002, 2003; Parker <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014-07-13.html">2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, On the Eating of Flesh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-eating_flesh/1957/pb_LCL406.559.xml?result=108&rskey=XXmYuB">1.996 C</a>; Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=360">pp. 334 ff.</a> Edmonds 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">pp. 44–47</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414032311/http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, Adversus Gentes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thesevenbooksofa00arnouoft#page/n269/mode/2up">5.19 (p. 242)</a> (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/110/mode/2up">fr. 34 Kern</a>); <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/228/mode/2up">6.206–210</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Edmonds 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">p. 40</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414032311/http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Olympiodorus, In Plato Phaedon 1.3 (= Orphic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/238/mode/2up">fr. 220 Kern</a>); Spineto <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpIJ64a5alUC&pg=PA34">p. 34</a>; Burkert 1985, p. 463 n. 15; West 1983, pp. 164–165; Linforth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=352">pp. 326 ff.</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/490/mode/2up?view=theater">p. 490</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> West 1983. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Woodard, p. 97; Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>; West 1966, p. 200; Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Caldwell, p. 40 on lines 207-210; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239">207–210</a>. For a discussion see West 1966, p. 225–226 on line 209 τιταίνοντας. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Rose, p. 1079 s.v. Titan, calls Hesiod's derivation "fanciful", while Hard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>, describes it as "obviously factitious", adding that "there is some ancient evidence to suggest that it may have meant 'princes' or the like"; while West p. 225 on line 209 τιταίνοντας, says that "it is not clear how or why the Titans 'strained'". </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/490/mode/2up?view=theater">pp. 491 ff.</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Titans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2009. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99627-4">978-0-674-99627-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a>, edited and translated by William H. Race, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99630-4">978-0-674-99630-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL001/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Archi, Alsonso, "The Names of the Primeval Gods", Orientalia, Nova Series, Vol. 59, No. 2, Die Artikel in diesem Heft sind Einar von Schuler gewidmet (*28. 10. 1930 †15. 2. 1990) (1990), pp. 114–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43075881">43075881</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, The Seven Books of Arnobius Adversus Gentes, translated by Archibald Hamilton Bryce and Hugh Campbell, Edinburg: T. & T. Clark. 1871. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thesevenbooksofa00arnouoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Athanassakis" title="Apostolos Athanassakis">Athanassakis, Apostolos N.</a>, and Benjamin M. Wolkow, The Orphic Hymns, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0882-8">978-1-4214-0882-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Beckman, Gary, "Intrinsic and Constructed Sacred Space in Hittite Anatolia" in Heaven on Earth: Temples, Ritual and Cosmic Symbolism in the Ancient World, edited by Deena Ragavan, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Number 9, 2013, pp. 153–173.</li> <li>Bernabé, Alberto (2002), "La toile de Pénélope: a-t-il existé un mythe orphique sur Dionysos et les Titans?" Revue de l'histoire des religions 219(4): 401–433.</li> <li>Bernabé, Alberto (2003), "Autour du mythe orphique sur Dionysos et les Titans. Quelque notes critiques" in Des Géants à Dionysos. Mélanges offerts à F. Vian. D. A. P. Chuvin. Alessandria: 25–39.</li> <li>Bremmer, Jan N., Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible, and the Ancient Near East, Brill, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16473-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16473-4">978-90-04-16473-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985), Greek Religion, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0">0-674-36281-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1995), The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, translated by Walter Burkert, Margaret E. Pinder, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-64364-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-64364-X">0-674-64364-X</a>.</li> <li>Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941051-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941051-00-2">978-0-941051-00-2</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, David A., Greek Lyric, Volume IV: Bacchylides, Corinna, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 461. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99508-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99508-6">978-0-674-99508-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL461/1992/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, The Exhortation to the Greeks. The Rich Man's Salvation. To the Newly Baptized. Translated by G. W. Butterworth. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 92. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1919. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99103-3">978-0-674-99103-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL092/1919/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/clementofalexand00clem#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive 1960 edition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather" title="Charles Henry Oldfather">C. H. Oldfather</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 340. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1939. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99375-4">978-0-674-99375-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL340/1939/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html">Online version by Bill Thayer</a></li> <li>Edmonds, Radcliffe (1999), "Tearing Apart the Zagreus Myth: A Few Disparaging Remarks On Orphism and Original Sin", Classical Antiquity 18 (1999): 35–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414032311/http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/zagreus.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Edmonds, Radcliffe (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/1297">"Recycling Laertes' Shroud: More on Orphism and Original Sin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920063107/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/1297">Archived</a> 2020-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Center for Hellenic Studies</li> <li>Edmonds, Radcliffe (2013), Redefining Ancient Orphism: A Study in Greek Religion, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03821-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03821-9">978-1-107-03821-9</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, R. L. (2000), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147404">978-0198147404</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, R. L. (2013), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147411">978-0198147411</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gantz" title="Timothy Gantz">Gantz, Timothy</a>, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9">978-0-8018-5360-9</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3">978-0-8018-5362-3</a> (Vol. 2).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">Guthrie, W. K. C.</a>, Orpheus and Greek Religion: A Study of the Orphic Movement, Princeton University Press, 1935. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02499-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02499-8">978-0-691-02499-8</a>.</li> <li>Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>.</li> <li>Hansen, William, Handbook of Classical Mythology, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576072264" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576072264">978-1576072264</a>.</li> <li>Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415186360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415186360">978-0415186360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Harrison, Jane Ellen</a>, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, second edition, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_G._Evelyn-White" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh G. Evelyn-White">Hugh G. Evelyn-White</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>; <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a>, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.32">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn to Apollo (3)</a>, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2)</a>, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4)</a>, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg004.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus, Gaius Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabulae" title="Fabulae">Fabulae</a> in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-821-6">978-0-87220-821-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kern" title="Otto Kern">Kern, Otto</a>. Orphicorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mortimer_Linforth" title="Ivan Mortimer Linforth">Linforth, Ivan M.</a>, The Arts of Orpheus, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008294699;view=1up;seq=9">Online version at HathiTrust</a></li> <li>March, Jenny, Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Casell & Co, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35788-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35788-X">0-304-35788-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/March.Jenny_Cassells.Dictionary.of.Classical.Mythology#page/n0/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530805-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530805-1">978-0-19-530805-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a>, Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99720-2">978-0-674-99720-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Nilsson, Martin, P., "Early Orphism and Kindred Religions Movements", The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1935), pp. 181–230. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508326">1508326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a>; translated by <a href="/wiki/W._H._D._Rouse" title="W. H. D. Rouse">Rouse, W H D</a>, I Books I–XV. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Ogden, Daniel, Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5">978-0-19-955732-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-062-6">978-91-7081-062-6</a>.</li> <li>Parker, Robert (2002), "Early Orphism" in The Greek World, edited by Anton Powell, Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69864-6">978-1-134-69864-6</a>.</li> <li>Parker, Robert (2014), Review of Edmonds 2013. Bryn Mawr Classical Review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014-07-13.html">BMCR 2014.07.13</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a> in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 12 translated by Harold N. Fowler, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1925. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg005.perseus-eng1:383a">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a> in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 9 translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1925. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180%3Atext%3DCriti.%3Asection%3D106a">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 9 translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1925. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4DAC0911EDDE8F410A4FED46380ED2C0?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180%3Atext%3DTim.%3Asection%3D17a">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Moralia, Volume XII: Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon. On the Principle of Cold. Whether Fire or Water Is More Useful. Whether Land or Sea Animals Are Cleverer. Beasts Are Rational. On the Eating of Flesh. Translated by Harold Cherniss, W. C. Helmbold. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 406. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1957. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99447-8">978-0-674-99447-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL406/1957/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Rutherford, Ian, "Canonizing the Pantheon: the Dodekatheon in Greek Religion and its Origins" in The Gods of Ancient Greece: Identities and Transformations, editors Jan N. Bremmer, Andrew Erskine, Edinburgh University Press 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748637980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748637980">978-0748637980</a>.</li> <li>Spineto, Natale, "Models of the Relationship between God and Huma in 'Paganism', in The Quest for a Common Humanity: Human Dignity and Otherness in the Religious Traditions of the Mediterranean, Brill, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004201651" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004201651">978-9004201651</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jennings_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jennings Rose">Rose, H. J.</a>, s.v. Atlas, s.v. Leto, s.v. Prometheus, s.v. Titan, in <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N.G.L.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">Howard Hayes Scullard</a> (editors), second edition, Oxford University Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3">0-19-869117-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>, London (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069022608X" title="Special:BookSources/069022608X">069022608X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1966), Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814169-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814169-6">0-19-814169-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1978), Hesiod: Works and Days, Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814005-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814005-3">0-19-814005-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1983), The Orphic Poems, Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814854-8">978-0-19-814854-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1988), Hesiod: Theogony and Works and Days, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953831-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953831-7">978-0-19-953831-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198150423" title="Special:BookSources/0198150423">0198150423</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, OUP Oxford, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199280759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199280759">978-0199280759</a>.</li> <li>Woodard, Roger D., "Hesiod and Greek Myth" in The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology, edited by Roger Woodard, Cambridge University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521845205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521845205">978-0521845205</a>.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" 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id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan_(mitologie)" title="Titaan (mitologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Titaan (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Mythologie)" title="Titan (Mythologie) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Titan (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تيتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="টাইটান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টাইটান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Titán (mitoloxía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Titán (mitoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanlar" title="Titanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Titanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তিতান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিতান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Тытаны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тытаны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Тытаны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тытаны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Титани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Титани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaned" title="Titaned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Titaned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A0" title="Tità – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tità" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1ni" title="Titáni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Titáni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mytholeg)" title="Titan (mytholeg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Titan (mytholeg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mytologi)" title="Titan (mytologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Titan (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Mythologie)" title="Titan (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titan (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaanid" title="Titaanid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Titaanid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Τιτάνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιτάνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Titán (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titán (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoj" title="Titanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Titanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitologia)" title="Titan (mitologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Titan (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="تیتان (اسطوره یونان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیتان (اسطوره یونان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythologie)" title="Titan (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titan (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADot%C3%A1n_(miotaseola%C3%ADocht)" title="Tíotán (miotaseolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tíotán (miotaseolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Titán (mitoloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Titán (mitoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%ED%83%84_(%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94)" title="티탄 (신화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티탄 (신화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Տիտաններ (դիցաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիտաններ (դիցաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="टाइटन (यूनानी चरित्र) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टाइटन (यूनानी चरित्र)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitologi)" title="Titan (mitologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titan (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanes" title="Titanes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Titanes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADtanar" title="Títanar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Títanar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טיטאנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיטאנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitologi)" title="Titan (mitologi) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Titan (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტიტანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიტანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Титандар (мифология) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Титандар (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watitani" title="Watitani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Watitani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEtan_(m%C3%AEtoloj%C3%AE)" title="Tîtan (mîtolojî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîtan (mîtolojî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanes" title="Titanes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Titanes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C4%81ni" title="Titāni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Titāni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanen" title="Titanen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Titanen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanai_(mitologija)" title="Titanai (mitologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Titanai (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan_(mythologie)" title="Titaan (mythologie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Titaan (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1nok" title="Titánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Titánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Титани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Титани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB" title="ടൈറ്റൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൈറ്റൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="टायटन (मिथकशास्त्र) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टायटन (मिथकशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تايتن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تايتن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitos)" title="Titan (mitos) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Titan (mitos)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9F_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4)" title="ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯟ (ꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯟ (ꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တိုက်တန်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုက်တန်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan_(mythisch_wezen)" title="Titaan (mythisch wezen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titaan (mythisch wezen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ティーターン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティーターン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaner" title="Titaner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Titaner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanar" title="Titanar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Titanar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitologia)" title="Titan (mitologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Titan (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanlar" title="Titanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Titanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytani" title="Tytani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tytani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A3" title="Titã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Titã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitologia_greac%C4%83)" title="Titan (mitologia greacă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Titan (mitologia greacă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Титаны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титаны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(meethologie)" title="Titan (meethologie) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Titan (meethologie)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan%C3%ABt" title="Titanët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Titanët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" title="Titan (mythology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Titan (mythology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D9%86_(%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="ٽائٽن (يوناني خدا) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽائٽن (يوناني خدا)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mytol%C3%B3gia)" title="Titan (mytológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Titan (mytológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitologija)" title="Titan (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Titan (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Титани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Титани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaani_(mytologia)" title="Titaani (mytologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Titaani (mytologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaner" title="Titaner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mitolohiya)" title="Titan (mitolohiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Titan (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="டைட்டன் (தொன்மவியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டைட்டன் (தொன்மவியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1)" title="ไททัน (เทพปกรณัม) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไททัน (เทพปกรณัม)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏂᏔᎢᏖᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏔᎢᏖᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Титани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Титани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="تیتان (علم الاساطیر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیتان (علم الاساطیر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(th%E1%BA%A7n_tho%E1%BA%A1i)" title="Titan (thần thoại) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Titan (thần thoại)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6" title="泰坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="泰坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titano_(mitolohiya)" title="Titano (mitolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Titano (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%9D%A6" title="提坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="提坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6" title="泰坦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泰坦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%9D%A6" title="提坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="提坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" 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