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Asperger syndrom – Wikipedia
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id="toc-Klassifisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kjennetegn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kjennetegn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kjennetegn</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kjennetegn-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Kjennetegn</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kjennetegn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sosial_interaksjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sosial_interaksjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sosial interaksjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sosial_interaksjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snevre_interesser_og_stereotyp_atferd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snevre_interesser_og_stereotyp_atferd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Snevre interesser og stereotyp atferd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snevre_interesser_og_stereotyp_atferd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tale_og_språk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tale_og_språk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tale og språk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tale_og_språk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Annet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Årsaker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Årsaker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Årsaker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Årsaker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanismer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanismer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mekanismer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanismer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Screening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diagnostikk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behandling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behandling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Behandling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behandling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Behandling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behandling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psykoterapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psykoterapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Psykoterapi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psykoterapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medikamenter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medikamenter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Medikamenter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medikamenter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prognose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Epidemiologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturelle_aspekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturelle_aspekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kulturelle aspekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturelle_aspekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kjente_personer_med_Aspergers_syndrom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kjente_personer_med_Aspergers_syndrom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Kjente personer med Aspergers syndrom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kjente_personer_med_Aspergers_syndrom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asperger syndrom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 77 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergers_syndrom" title="Aspergers syndrom – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aspergers syndrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergers_syndrom" title="Aspergers syndrom – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aspergers syndrom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergers_syndrom" title="Aspergers syndrom – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aspergers syndrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerheilkenni" title="Aspergerheilkenni – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aspergerheilkenni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergersindroom" title="Aspergersindroom – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aspergersindroom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="متلازمة أسبرجر – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متلازمة أسبرجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_d%27Asperger" title="Síndrome d'Asperger – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Síndrome d'Asperger" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_sindromu" title="Asperger sindromu – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asperger sindromu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ابراهیم/آسپرگر سندرومی – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابراهیم/آسپرگر سندرومی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="অ্যাসপারগারের সংলক্ষণ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাসপারগারের সংলক্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindromang_Asperger" title="Sindromang Asperger – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sindromang Asperger" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Синдром на Аспергер – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синдром на Аспергер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerov_sindrom" title="Aspergerov sindrom – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aspergerov sindrom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_d%27Asperger" title="Síndrome d'Asperger – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Síndrome d'Asperger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger%C5%AFv_syndrom" title="Aspergerův syndrom – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aspergerův syndrom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrom_Asperger" title="Syndrom Asperger – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Syndrom Asperger" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger-Syndrom" title="Asperger-Syndrom – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asperger-Syndrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergeri_s%C3%BCndroom" title="Aspergeri sündroom – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aspergeri sündroom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%86%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Σύνδρομο Άσπεργκερ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνδρομο Άσπεργκερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Asperger syndrome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_de_Asperger" title="Síndrome de Asperger – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Síndrome de Asperger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindromo_de_Asperger" title="Sindromo de Asperger – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sindromo de Asperger" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_sindrome" title="Asperger sindrome – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asperger sindrome" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="نشانگان آسپرگر – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشانگان آسپرگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_d%27Asperger" title="Syndrome d'Asperger – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syndrome d'Asperger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndroom_fan_Asperger" title="Syndroom fan Asperger – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Syndroom fan Asperger" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siondr%C3%B3m_Asperger" title="Siondróm Asperger – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siondróm Asperger" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_de_Asperger" title="Síndrome de Asperger – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Síndrome de Asperger" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8D%BC%EA%B1%B0_%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0" title="아스퍼거 증후군 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스퍼거 증후군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon_Asperger" title="Ciwon Asperger – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ciwon Asperger" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Ասպերգերի համախտանիշ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասպերգերի համախտանիշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="अस्पेर्गेर संलक्षण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अस्पेर्गेर संलक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerov_sindrom" title="Aspergerov sindrom – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aspergerov sindrom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_Asperger" title="Sindrom Asperger – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sindrom Asperger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrome_di_Asperger" title="Sindrome di Asperger – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sindrome di Asperger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8" title="תסמונת אספרגר – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תסמונת אספרגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ასპერგერის სინდრომი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასპერგერის სინდრომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="ایسپرجر سنڈروم – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ایسپرجر سنڈروم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Аспергер синдромы – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аспергер синдромы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspaja" title="Aspaja – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aspaja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendroma_Asperger" title="Sendroma Asperger – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sendroma Asperger" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergera_sindroms" title="Aspergera sindroms – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aspergera sindroms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerio_sindromas" title="Aspergerio sindromas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aspergerio sindromas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrome_del_Asperger" title="Sindrome del Asperger – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sindrome del Asperger" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger-szindr%C3%B3ma" title="Asperger-szindróma – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asperger-szindróma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Аспергеров синдром – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аспергеров синдром" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="ആസ്പെർജെർ സിൻഡ്രോം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്പെർജെർ സിൻഡ്രോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_Asperger" title="Sindrom Asperger – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sindrom Asperger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndroom_van_Asperger" title="Syndroom van Asperger – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syndroom van Asperger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="アスペルガー症候群 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスペルガー症候群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D" title="ଆସ୍ପର୍ଗର୍ ସିଣ୍ଡ୍ରୋମ୍ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆସ୍ପର୍ଗର୍ ସିଣ୍ଡ୍ରୋମ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_sindromi" title="Asperger sindromi – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asperger sindromi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACndrom_d%27Asperger" title="Sìndrom d'Asperger – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sìndrom d'Asperger" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Aspergera" title="Zespół Aspergera – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zespół Aspergera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_de_Asperger" title="Síndrome de Asperger – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Síndrome de Asperger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindromul_Asperger" title="Sindromul Asperger – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sindromul Asperger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синдром Аспергера – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синдром Аспергера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrome_de_Asperger" title="Sindrome de Asperger – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sindrome de Asperger" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Asperger syndrome" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindroma_Asperger" title="Sindroma Asperger – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sindroma Asperger" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇස්පර්ජර් සහලක්ෂණය – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇස්පර්ජර් සහලක්ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asperger syndrome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerov_syndr%C3%B3m" title="Aspergerov syndróm – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aspergerov syndróm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerjev_sindrom" title="Aspergerjev sindrom – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aspergerjev sindrom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Аспергеров синдром – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аспергеров синдром" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerov_sindrom" title="Aspergerov sindrom – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aspergerov sindrom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergerin_oireyhtym%C3%A4" title="Aspergerin oireyhtymä – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aspergerin oireyhtymä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindromang_Asperger" title="Sindromang Asperger – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sindromang Asperger" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="அசுபெர்கர் கூட்டறிகுறி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசுபெர்கர் கூட்டறிகுறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กลุ่มอาการแอสเปอร์เจอร์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มอาการแอสเปอร์เจอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_sendromu" title="Asperger sendromu – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asperger sendromu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синдром Аспергера – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синдром Аспергера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_Asperger" title="Hội chứng Asperger – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội chứng Asperger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_nga_Asperger" title="Sindrom nga Asperger – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sindrom nga Asperger" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="阿斯伯格综合征 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿斯伯格综合征" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%8F%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E7%97%87" 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.wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;color:black;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;color:black;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Asperger syndrom</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Riboflavin_penicillinamide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Riboflavin_penicillinamide.jpg/250px-Riboflavin_penicillinamide.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Riboflavin_penicillinamide.jpg/375px-Riboflavin_penicillinamide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Riboflavin_penicillinamide.jpg/500px-Riboflavin_penicillinamide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="thumbcaption">Mennesker med Asperger syndrom har ofte en intens interesse for ett bestemt tema, slik som denne guttens fascinasjon for molekylære strukturer.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"></div></div></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Område(r)</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Psykiatri" title="Psykiatri">Psykiatri</a> </td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4">Ekstern informasjon</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_ICD-10-koder" title="Liste over ICD-10-koder">ICD-10-kode</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-10_kapittel_F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICD-10 kapittel F (ikke skrevet ennå)">F</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2019/en#/F84.5">84.5</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-9">ICD-9-kode</a></th><td colspan="2">299.80</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ICPC-2" title="ICPC-2">ICPC-2</a></th><td colspan="2">P90</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/OMIM" title="OMIM">OMIM</a></th><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omim.org/entry/608638">608638</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></th><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31268.htm">31268</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001549.htm">001549</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic147.htm">ped/147</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020817">D020817</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2006/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Asperger+syndrome&field=entry#TreeF03.550.325.100">F03.550.325.100</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Asperger syndrom</b>, eller <b>Aspergers syndrom</b>, er en <a href="/wiki/Gjennomgripende_utviklingsforstyrrelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelse">gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autismespekterforstyrrelser" title="Autismespekterforstyrrelser">autismespekterforstyrrelse</a>) i diagnosesystemet <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syndrom" title="Syndrom">Syndromet</a> karakteriseres i likhet med <a href="/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme">autisme</a> av problemer med sosialt samspill, kombinert med et begrenset, <a href="/wiki/Stereotyp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotyp">stereotypt</a> og repetitivt mønster av <a href="/wiki/Atferd" title="Atferd">atferd</a>, interesser og aktiviteter, men skiller seg fra autisme først og fremst ved normal <a href="/wiki/Intelligens" title="Intelligens">intelligens</a> og <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk">språklig</a> utvikling.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om det ikke er nødvendig for å stille diagnosen, er fysisk klossethet og atypisk språkbruk også vanlig hos personer med diagnosen.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diagnosen er omstridt. I hvor stor grad Asperger syndrom er forskjellig fra <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ytfungerende_autisme" title="Høytfungerende autisme">høytfungerende autisme</a> (HFA, autisme uten <a href="/wiki/Psykisk_utviklingshemming" title="Psykisk utviklingshemming">psykisk utviklingshemming</a>) er omdiskutert;<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delvis av den grunn er ikke <a href="/wiki/Prevalens" title="Prevalens">prevalensen</a> sikkert fastslått.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det har blitt foreslått å fjerne diagnosen og i stedet benytte den generelle diagnosen autismespekterforstyrrelse, der en heller skiller mellom ulike grader av lidelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I den femte utgaven av det amerikanske diagnosesystemet <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=DSM-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSM-5 (ikke skrevet ennå)">DSM-5</a>) fra mai 2013, ble diagnosen fjernet til fordel for <a href="/wiki/Autismespekterforstyrrelser" title="Autismespekterforstyrrelser">autismespekterforstyrrelser</a> på en alvorlighetsskala.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endringen var kontroversiell<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og det har vært argumentert for at det i stedet er de diagnostiske kriteriene for syndromet som bør endres.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asperger syndrom er foreløpig<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unng%C3%A5_unnvikende_uttrykk" title="Wikipedia:Unngå unnvikende uttrykk"><span title="Foregående påstand må presiseres tidsmessig">når?</span></a></i>]</sup> fortsatt med i <a href="/wiki/Verdens_helseorganisasjon" title="Verdens helseorganisasjon">Verdens helseorganisasjons</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems</a> (ICD-10) fra 1994. </p><p>Asperger syndrom er oppkalt etter den østerrikske barnelegen <a href="/wiki/Hans_Asperger" title="Hans Asperger">Hans Asperger</a>, som i 1944 beskrev barn i sin praksis som manglet <a href="/wiki/Kroppsspr%C3%A5k" title="Kroppsspråk">nonverbale</a> kommunikasjonsevner, hadde svekket <a href="/wiki/Empati" title="Empati">empati</a> overfor sine jevnaldrende og var fysisk klossete.<sup id="cite_ref-ha_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ha-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50 år senere ble tilstanden formulert i en diagnose. En rekke spørsmål knyttet til ulike aspekter av lidelsen er fremdeles ubesvarte.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodbury-Smith_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury-Smith-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De eksakte <a href="/wiki/Etiologi" title="Etiologi">årsakene</a> til tilstanden er ukjente, men forskning tyder på et <a href="/wiki/Genetisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetisk">genetisk</a> utgangspunkt. Billeddiagnostiske fremstillinger av hjernen har ikke vist en tydelig, felles <a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">patologi</a> hos mennesker med Asperger syndrom.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingen bestemt behandling er anbefalt fremfor andre. Effekten av de tiltakene som er i bruk er bare i begrenset grad støttet av forskningsresultater.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiltakene har ikke som hensikt å helbrede, men skal dempe symptomene og øke funksjonsnivået. En bærebjelke i behandlingen er <a href="/wiki/Atferdsterapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Atferdsterapi">atferdsterapi</a> med fokus på spesifikke vansker som dårlige kommunikasjonsferdigheter, tvangspregede rutiner, og fysisk klossethet.<sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De fleste opplever at tilstanden blir bedre med årene, men kommunikasjonsvansker, redusert sosial tilpasningsevne og utfordringer knyttet til å leve et selvstendig liv vedvarer ofte i voksen alder.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodbury-Smith_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury-Smith-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det har blitt hevdet at tilstanden er en form for annerledeshet, mer enn en funksjonshemming som må behandles eller kureres.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassifisering">Klassifisering</h2></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Verdens_helseorganisasjon" title="Verdens helseorganisasjon">Verdens helseorganisasjons</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems</a> er Aspergers syndrom diagnostisk klassifisert sammen med <a href="/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme">autisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atypisk_autisme" title="Atypisk autisme">atypisk autisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retts_syndrom" title="Retts syndrom">Retts syndrom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disintegrativ_forstyrrelse_i_barndommen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disintegrativ forstyrrelse i barndommen (ikke skrevet ennå)">annen disintegrativ forstyrrelse i barndommen</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forstyrrelse_med_overaktivitet_forbundet_med_psykisk_utviklingshemming_og_bevegelsesstereotypier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forstyrrelse med overaktivitet forbundet med psykisk utviklingshemming og bevegelsesstereotypier (ikke skrevet ennå)">forstyrrelse med overaktivitet forbundet med psykisk utviklingshemming og bevegelsesstereotypier</a> klassifisert som <a href="/wiki/Gjennomgripende_utviklingsforstyrrelser" title="Gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelser">gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begrepet «gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelser» er i fagmiljøene etterhvert blitt erstattet med «autismespekterforstyrrelser» (ASF)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syndromet kjennetegnes av forstyrret <a href="/wiki/Samhandling" title="Samhandling">sosial samhandling</a> og kommunikasjon, som preger og begrenser den enkeltes funksjonsnivå, og der interesser og atferd følger et repetitivt, snevert mønster. Som andre psykiske utviklingsforstyrrelser begynner autismespekterforstyrrelser i spedbarnsalderen eller barndommen og følger en jevn utvikling. Perioder med tilfriskning eller tilbakefall forekommer ikke. Svekkelser i ulike funksjoner kommer til syne etter hvert som ulike systemer i hjernen modnes.<sup id="cite_ref-ICD-10-F84.0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICD-10-F84.0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Av de fire andre autismespektrum-lidelsene er det <a href="/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme">autisme</a> som overlapper mest med Aspergers syndrom hva gjelder sannsynlige årsaker. Autismediagnosen krever imidlertid at kommunikasjonen er svekket og den kognitive utviklingen forsinket. <a href="/wiki/Retts_syndrom" title="Retts syndrom">Retts syndrom</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annen_disintegrativ_forstyrrelse_i_barndommen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annen disintegrativ forstyrrelse i barndommen (ikke skrevet ennå)">annen disintegrativ forstyrrelse i barndommen</a> deler flere kjennetegn med autisme, men kan ha andre årsaker. Diagnosen <a href="/wiki/Uspesifisert_gjennomgripende_utviklingsforstyrrelse" title="Uspesifisert gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelse">uspesifisert gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelse</a> kan stilles når kriteriene for en mer spesifikk lidelse ikke er oppfylt.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I hvilken grad symptomene ved Aspergers syndrom og <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ytfungerende_autisme" title="Høytfungerende autisme">høytfungerende autisme</a> (autisme uten psykisk utviklingshemning) overlapper, er uklart.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasari_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasari-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klassifiseringen bunner delvis i hvordan autisme ble oppdaget,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og reflekterer muligens ikke spekterets sanne natur.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metodologiske problemer har gjort Asperger-diagnosen omstridt fra starten av.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I den femte utgaven av det amerikanske diagnosesystemet <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM</a> (DSM-5), som ble publisert i mai 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>ble Aspergers syndrom fjernet som en egen diagnose, og lagt under autismespekterforstyrrelser, der alvorligheten av tilstanden graderes på en skala.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samtidig ble terskelen for å få diagnosen økt, noe som førte til at 75 % av personer som ble diagnosisert med Asperger syndrom ikke ville oppfylle kriteriene for autismespekterforstyrrelse.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endringen var kontroversiell<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og det har vært argumentert for at det i stedet er de diagnostiske kriteriene for syndromet som bør endres.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kjennetegn">Kjennetegn</h2></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Gjennomgripende_utviklingsforstyrrelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelse">gjennomgripende utviklingsforstyrrelse</a> som Aspergers syndrom er preget av et mønster av symptomer og ikke ett, enkelt symptom. Tilstanden kjennetegnes av begrensede sosiale evner og av stereotype og snevre atferdsmønstre, aktiviteter og interesser. Verken den kognitive utviklingen eller språkutviklingen er betydelig forsinket.<sup id="cite_ref-BehaveNet_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BehaveNet-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intens interesse for ett bestemt tema, detaljfokus, og fysisk klossethet er typisk for tilstanden, men ikke nødvendig for å fylle kriteriene for diagnosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sosial_interaksjon">Sosial interaksjon</h3></div> <p>Manglende evne til å vise <a href="/wiki/Empati" title="Empati">empati</a> overfor andre er muligvis det mest dysfunksjonelle aspektet ved Aspergers syndrom.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personer med Aspergers syndrom har problemer med grunnleggende elementer i sosial interaksjon. Den sosiale svekkelsen kan vise seg i en manglende evne til å utvikle vennskap og i liten interesse for å delta i aktiviteter sammen med andre. De mangelfulle sosiale evnene kan også vise seg i en manglende evne til å kunne "gi og ta" sosialt eller emosjonelt, og i svekket nonverbal atferd inkludert redusert blikk-kontakt, ansiktsmimikk, kroppsholdning og bevegelser.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Til forskjell fra autisme, vil mennesker med Aspergers syndrom vanligvis ikke isolere seg fra andre. De søker gjerne kontakt med andre mennesker, men på en klossete måte. Eksempelvis vil en person med Aspergers syndrom kunne delta i en fokusert, omstendelig samtale om et favorittema, der hen misforstår eller ikke registrerer lytterens følelser eller reaksjoner, som for eksempel at den andre ønsker å være i fred eller har et behov for raskt å forlate situasjonen.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne begrensede evnen til å respondere hensiktsmessig sosialt kan bli oppfattet som manglende respekt for andre menneskers følelser.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikke alle personer med Aspergers syndrom søker kontakt med andre, og noen velger å snakke bare til mennesker de liker.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De normale eller tilnærmet normale kognitive evnene hos barn med Asperger gjør at mange er i stand til å sette ord på <a href="/wiki/Sosiale_normer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosiale normer">sosiale normer</a>, i for eksempel et intervju,<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der de kan beskrive en teoretisk forståelse for andre menneskers følelser. Samtidig har de vansker med å bruke denne kunnskapen i reelle situasjoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personer med Aspergers syndrom kan observere og analysere sosial interaksjon mellom mennesker, og ut fra sine observasjoner formulere regler for atferd, som de benytter på måter som blir oppfattet som klossete, som eksempelvis konstant blikkontakt. Slike egendefinerte regler for atferd kan gi seg utslag i en atferd som for andre virker rigid eller sosialt naiv. Et opprinnelig ønske om å være sammen med andre kan bli svakere etter hvert som vedkommende gjentatte ganger opplever å mislykkes sosialt.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Hypotese" title="Hypotese">hypotese</a> om at personer med Aspergers syndrom er disponert for voldelig eller kriminell atferd har blitt lansert, men har ikke støtte i forskning.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snevre_interesser_og_stereotyp_atferd">Snevre interesser og stereotyp atferd</h3></div> <p>Personer med Aspergers syndrom har ofte en stereotyp atferd, smale interesser og en preferanse for aktiviteter preget av gjentakelser. De kan være unormalt intense eller fokuserte, ha lite fleksible rutiner, bevege seg på <a href="/wiki/Stereotyp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotyp">stereotype</a> og repetitive måter, eller være svært opptatt av bestemte deler av objekter.<sup id="cite_ref-BehaveNet_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BehaveNet-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sterk interesse for spesifikke og smale områder er et av de mest slående kjennetegnene ved Aspergers syndrom.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personer med Aspergers syndrom kan samle inn store mengder detaljert informasjon om et relativt smalt emne, som for eksempel værdata eller navn på kjendiser, uten nødvendigvis å ha en bred, reell forståelse av emnet.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For eksempel kan et barn memorere produksjonsnumrene for ulike kameramodeller, uten å være spesielt interessert i fotografering.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fordi det er vanlig at smale interesseområder fanger barns oppmerksomhet, kan symptomer på Aspergers syndrom lenge gå upåaktet hen.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stereotyp og repeterende atferd kan være en sentral del av bildet både ved Aspergers syndrom og ved andre autismespekterlidelser.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atferden kan være håndbevegelser, eller komplekse bevegelser med hele kroppen.<sup id="cite_ref-BehaveNet_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BehaveNet-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bevegelsene gjentas vanligvis i lengre serier og ser mer frivillige eller rituelle ut enn <a href="/wiki/Tics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tics">tics</a>, som vanligvis er raskere, mindre rytmiske og ofte mindre symmetriske.<sup id="cite_ref-RapinTS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RapinTS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tale_og_språk"><span id="Tale_og_spr.C3.A5k"></span>Tale og språk</h3></div> <p>Mennesker med Aspergers syndrom tilegner seg ikke språkkunnskaper vesentlig langsommere enn andre, og språket har ikke store mangler. Likevel vil både <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spr%C3%A5ktilegnelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Språktilegnelse (ikke skrevet ennå)">språktilegnelse</a> og bruken av språk ofte være atypisk.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det atypiske kan vise seg i detaljnivået, brå overganger, bokstavelige tolkninger og misforståelser av nyanser, bruk av <a href="/wiki/Metafor" title="Metafor">metaforer</a> som kun er meningsfulle for personen selv, usedvanlig <a href="/wiki/Pedant" title="Pedant">pedantisk</a> innhold, formell eller særegen tale, eller særegenheter knyttet til hvor mye vedkommende snakker, hvor hurtig, og med hvilken intonasjon, uttale, og <a href="/wiki/Rytme" title="Rytme">rytme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barn med Aspergers syndrom kan ha et usedvanlig avansert ordforråd i ung alder og kan bli oppfattet som «små professorer», men har vansker med å forstå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Figurativt_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Figurativt språk (ikke skrevet ennå)">figurativt språk</a> og har en tendens til å forstå språk bokstavelig.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barna synes spesielt å ha vansker innen områder som humor, ironi og erting. Selv om de som er rammet vanligvis forstår det kognitive grunnlaget for <a href="/wiki/Humor" title="Humor">humor</a>, synes de å mangle en forståelse av hensikten med humor og av å dele gleder med andre.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasari_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasari-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Til tross for sterk dokumentasjon for en svekket evne til å verdsette humor, fins det eksempler på humoristisk sans hos personer med Aspergers syndrom som utfordrer de psykologiske teoriene om tilstanden.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annet">Annet</h3></div> <p>Personer med Aspergers syndrom kan ha symptomer som ikke kreves for å stille diagnosen, men som kan påvirke den enkelte eller familien.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptomene kan handle om endret bearbeiding av sanseinntrykk, og problemer med motoriske ferdigheter, søvn og følelser. </p><p>Personer med Aspergers syndrom har ofte svært god <a href="/wiki/Persepsjon" title="Persepsjon">persepsjon</a> gjennom <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8rsel" title="Hørsel">hørsel</a> og <a href="/wiki/Syn" title="Syn">syn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Både Hans Asperger opprinnelige beskrivelser og senere diagnostiske skjemaer omfatter fysisk klossethet.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og andre diagnostiske skjemaer<sup id="cite_ref-EhlGill_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EhlGill-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barn med tilstanden kan ha forsinket motorisk utvikling, som for eksempel at de senere enn andre lærer seg å sykle eller å åpne skrulokk, og de kan bevege seg klønete eller ukoordinert. De kan ha et noe merkelig, sprettent ganglag eller en påfallende holdning, dårlig håndskrift, eller problemer med å integrere synsinntrykk med egne bevegelser.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det fins ingen dokumentasjon for at disse motoriske problemene skiller Aspergers syndrom fra høytfungerende autisme.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barn med Aspergers syndrom har økt sannsynlighet for søvnproblemer, som vansker med å falle i søvn, hyppige nattlige oppvåkninger og tidlig oppvåkning om morgenen.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tani_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tani-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspergers syndrom er også forbundet med uttalt <a href="/wiki/Aleksitymi" title="Aleksitymi">aleksitymi</a>, som er vansker med å identifisere og beskrive egne følelser.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om Aspergers syndrom, lavere søvnkvalitet, og aleksitymi er assosiert med hverandre, er årsakssammenhengen uklar.<sup id="cite_ref-Tani_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tani-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Årsaker"><span id=".C3.85rsaker"></span>Årsaker</h2></div> <p>Hans Asperger fant at bestemte symptomer var vanlige blant pasientenes familiemedlemmer, spesielt hos far. Forskning støtter observasjonen og tyder på et genetisk bidrag til Aspergers syndrom. Det er en tendens til at Aspergers syndrom går igjen i familier, og det er observert høyere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forekomst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forekomst (ikke skrevet ennå)">forekomst</a> av symptomer beslektet med de en finner ved Aspergers syndrom hos familiemedlemmer (som milde problemer med sosial interaksjon, språk, eller lesing).<sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De fleste undersøkelser tyder på at forstyrrelsene i det autistiske spekter har felles genetiske mekanismer, selv om Aspergers syndrom kan ha en sterkere genetisk komponent enn autisme.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulike hypoteser om forskjellige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milj%C3%B8faktorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miljøfaktorer (ikke skrevet ennå)">miljøfaktorer</a> som kan bidra til utviklingen av Aspergers syndrom har vært lansert, men ingen har blitt bekreftet i vitenskapelige undersøkelser.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mekanismer">Mekanismer</h2></div> <p>Aspergers syndrom synes å henge sammen med utviklingsmessige faktorer som påvirker mange eller alle funksjonelle hjernesystemer, og som ikke handler om effekter på avgrensede deler av hjernen.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om det biologiske grunnlaget for Aspergers syndrom er ukjent, og ingen klare, sykdomsspesifikke tegn kun felles for personer med Aspergers syndrom er påvist,<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er det fortsatt mulig at mekanismen bak Asperger syndrom er en annen enn ved de andre lidelsene i det autistiske spektrum.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nevroanatomi" title="Nevroanatomi">Nevroanatomiske</a> studier og sammenhengen med <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" title="Teratogen">teratogener</a> tyder på at mekanismen omfatter endring av hjernens utvikling kort tid etter unnfangelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-Arndt_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arndt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er reist flere teorier om de bakenforliggende mekanismene, men trolig vil ingen av de nåværende teoriene kunne gi en fullstendig forklaring.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screening">Screening</h2></div> <p>Foreldrene til barn med Aspergers syndrom kan vanligvis se forstyrrelser i barnets utvikling allerede ved to og et halvt års alder.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En screeningundersøkelse av utviklingen hos barnet under et rutinemessig besøk hos en <a href="/wiki/Allmennmedisin" title="Allmennmedisin">allmennlege</a> eller barnelege kan gi funn som gir grunn til å undersøke barnet nærmere.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostikk">Diagnostikk</h2></div> <p>De vanlige diagnostiske kriteriene for Aspergers syndrom er svekket sosialt samspill, repeterende og stereotype atferdsmønstre, aktiviteter og interesser, uten vesentlig forsinkelse i språk eller kognitiv utvikling. Andre diagnostiske kriterier har vært foreslått av Szatmari <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og av Gillberg og Gillberg.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diagnosen settes som oftest når barnet er mellom fire og elleve år.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En omfattende vurdering vil inkludere et tverrfaglig team<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som observerer barnet i ulike situasjoner,.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En vurdering av nervesystemet bør inngå, så vel som testing av kognisjon, psykomotorisk funksjon, verbale og nonverbale styrker og svakheter, læringsstil og selvstendighet.<sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forsinket eller feil diagnose kan gi vanskeligheter både for enkeltpersoner og familier, som for eksempel feilmedisinering som forverrer problemene.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leskovec_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leskovec-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barn med Aspergers syndrom kan ofte først bli feildiagnostisert med <a href="/wiki/ADHD" title="ADHD">hyperkinetisk forstyrrelse</a> (ADHD).<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hos voksne er det vanskeligere å stille diagnosen ettersom de diagnostiske kriteriene er laget for barn, og symptomene på Aspergers syndrom endres med alderen.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnostikk av voksne krever nøyaktig klinisk undersøkelse og grundig <a href="/wiki/Anamnese" title="Anamnese">anamnese</a> og informasjon om atferd i barndommen bør innhentes både fra personen det gjelder og de som bodde sammen med ham eller henne.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilstander som må vurderes <a href="/wiki/Differensialdiagnose" title="Differensialdiagnose">differensialdiagnostisk</a> er andre lidelser i autismespekteret, <a href="/wiki/Schizofreni" title="Schizofreni">schizofreni</a>, ADHD, tvangslidelse, depresjon, nonverbale lærevansker,<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tourettes_syndrom" title="Tourettes syndrom">Tourettes syndrom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RapinTS_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RapinTS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_lidelse" title="Bipolar lidelse">bipolar lidelse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Både under- og overdiagnostisering er problemer i grensetilfellene. Kostnadene og vanskelighetene med screening og vurdering kan forsinke diagnostikken. Trolig er diagnosen hyppigere benyttet de siste årene, delvis som en restdiagnose for barn med normal intelligens som har sosiale vansker, men ikke har autisme.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin-Volkmar_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-Volkmar-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Komorbiditet" title="Komorbiditet">Komorbiditet</a> er også vanlig hos personer med lidelsen, og 66 % av personer med diagnosen har minst én annen diagnose. De vanligste tilleggsproblemene er <a href="/wiki/ADHD" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depresjon" title="Depresjon">depresjon</a> og <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angstlidelser</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behandling">Behandling</h2></div> <p>Behandlingen ved Aspergers syndrom sikter mot å håndtere symptomer og å lære sosiale og yrkesfaglige ferdigheter der vedkommende ligger etter i forhold til alderen.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiltakene skal være tilpasset behovene til den enkelte, og være basert på tverrfaglige vurderinger.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Til tross for fremgang i behandlingen, fins fortsatt bare begrenset dokumentasjon for effekten av bestemte tiltak.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psykoterapi">Psykoterapi</h3></div> <p>De fleste fagfolk er enige om at jo tidligere intervensjon, desto bedre resultat, uten at noen bestemt tilnærming skiller seg klart ut som bedre enn andre.<sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et typisk behandlingsprogram omfatter vanligvis: <sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>trening av <a href="/wiki/Sosiale_ferdigheter" title="Sosiale ferdigheter">sosiale ferdigheter</a> der bedre samhandling med andre er målet<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kognitiv_atferdsterapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kognitiv atferdsterapi">kognitiv atferdsterapi</a> for å bedre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stressmestring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stressmestring (ikke skrevet ennå)">stressmestring</a> relatert til angst eller intense følelser,<sup id="cite_ref-Myles_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myles-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og for å redusere tvangspregede interesser og rigide rutiner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medisiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Medisiner">medisiner</a>, for samsykdommer som depresjon og <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a><sup id="cite_ref-Towbin_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towbin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yrkesrettet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yrkesrettet (ikke skrevet ennå)">yrkesrettet</a> terapi eller <a href="/wiki/Fysioterapi" title="Fysioterapi">fysioterapi</a> for å bedre dårlig <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensorisk_integrasjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensorisk integrasjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">sensorisk integrasjon</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorisk_koordinasjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorisk koordinasjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">motorisk koordinasjon</a></li> <li>spesialisert <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taleterapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taleterapi (ikke skrevet ennå)">taleterapi</a> der målet er bedre å være i stand til å "gi og ta" i en normal samtale<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>opplæring og støtte av foreldre, særlig atferdsmessige teknikker som kan brukes hjemme</li></ul> <p>Til tross for at sosial ferdighetstrening er vanlig, er fremdeles ikke effekten av slike tiltak godt dokumentert.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medikamenter">Medikamenter</h3></div> <p>Ingen medikamenter virker direkte inn på de sentrale symptomene på Aspergers syndrom.<sup id="cite_ref-Towbin_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towbin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om forskningen om effekten av medisiner ved Aspergers syndrom er sparsom,<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er det viktig å diagnostisere og behandle <a href="/wiki/Komorbiditet" title="Komorbiditet">komorbide</a> tilstander.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redusert evne til å observere egne følelser eller til å se hvordan egen atferd virker på andre kan gjøre det vanskelig for personer med Aspergers syndrom å forstå hvorfor medisinering kan være hensiktsmessig.<sup id="cite_ref-Towbin_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towbin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medisinering kan være effektivt i kombinasjon med atferdsterapi og miljømessige tilpasninger i behandlingen av samsykdommer som angst, depresjon, uoppmerksomhet og aggresjon.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atypiske nevroleptika som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Risperidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risperidon (ikke skrevet ennå)">risperidon</a> og <a href="/wiki/Olanzapin" title="Olanzapin">olanzapin</a> har vist seg å redusere følgesymptomer ved Aspergers syndrom.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risperidon kan redusere stereotyp og selvskadende atferd, aggressive utbrudd og impulsivitet. <a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">Selektive serotoninreopptakshemmere</a> (SSRI) som fluoksetin, fluvoksamin og <a href="/wiki/Sertralin" title="Sertralin">sertralin</a> har vært effektive i behandlingen av stereotype interesser og repetitiv atferd.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foster_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ved medisinering må det tas ekstra hensyn ettersom bivirkninger kan være vanligere, og samtidig vanskeligere å vurdere, hos personer med Aspergers syndrom. Personer med lidelser i autismespekteret blir ofte rutinemessig ekskludert fra i studier av medikamenters virkning ved komorbide tilstander.<sup id="cite_ref-Towbin_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towbin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uregelmessigheter i <a href="/wiki/Stoffskifte" title="Stoffskifte">stoffskiftet</a> og økt risiko for type 2 <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> har vært kilder til bekymring ved bruk av medikamentene.<sup id="cite_ref-Newcomer_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newcomer-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chavez_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bekymringen har også vært knyttet til alvorlige, nevrologiske langtids-bivirkninger.<sup id="cite_ref-interrev_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interrev-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SSRI kan føre til manifestasjoner av atferdsmessig aktivisering som økt impulsivitet, aggresjon og <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8vnforstyrrelser" class="mw-redirect" title="Søvnforstyrrelser">søvnforstyrrelser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antipsykotika kan gi økt risiko for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstrapyramidale_symptomer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstrapyramidale symptomer (ikke skrevet ennå)">ekstrapyramidale symptomer</a> som uro og <a href="/wiki/Dystoni" title="Dystoni">dystoni</a><sup id="cite_ref-Foster_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og økt <a href="/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin">prolaktinnivå</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedasjon og vektøkning er vanlig ved bruk av <a href="/wiki/Olanzapin" title="Olanzapin">olanzapin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som også har vært knyttet til diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-Newcomer_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newcomer-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedative (dempende) bivirkninger hos barn i skolealder<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kan gjøre det vanskeligere for barn å lære. Personer med Aspergers syndrom kan være ute av stand til å erkjenne og beskrive følelser, eller de tolererer ikke bivirkninger som for de fleste ikke ville vært problematiske.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognose">Prognose</h2></div> <p>Det finnes dokumentasjon for at så mange som 20 % av alle barn med Aspergers syndrom «vokser ut» av tilstanden og ikke fyller de diagnostiske kriteriene som voksne.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodbury-Smith_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury-Smith-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 2006 fantes det ingen tilgjengelige studier om langtidsprognosen hos personer med Aspergers syndrom, og det finnes ingen systematiske, langtids oppfølgingsstudier av barn med Aspergers syndrom.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personer med Aspergers syndrom synes å ha normal forventet levealder, men har en økt <a href="/wiki/Prevalens" title="Prevalens">forekomst</a> av komorbide psykiske lidelser som depresjon og angst, noe som kan påvirke <a href="/wiki/Prognose" title="Prognose">prognosen</a>. Selv om de reduserte sosiale evnene er der livet ut, er utviklingen generelt mer positiv enn for personer med mer uttalte autismespekterforstyrrelser.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om de fleste elever med Aspergers syndrom har matematiske evner på linje med gjennomsnittet, har noen en begavelse for <a href="/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk">matematikk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En Asperger-diagnose har ikke hindret personer fra store prestasjoner som å vinne <a href="/wiki/Nobel-pris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel-pris">nobelpriser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selv om mange kan gå i vanlige skoleklasser, vil barn med Aspergers syndrom ofte ha behov for <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A6rskilt_oppl%C3%A6ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Særskilt opplæring (ikke skrevet ennå)">særskilt opplæring</a> på grunn av sosiale vansker.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenåringer med Aspergers syndrom kan ha problemer med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egenomsorg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egenomsorg (ikke skrevet ennå)">egenomsorg</a>, generell organisering og forholdet til jevnaldrende. Til tross for høyt kognitivt potensial fortsetter de fleste unge voksne med Aspergers syndrom å bo hos familien, selv om noen gifter seg og finner selvstendig arbeid.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angst og bekymring kan oppstå ved fare for brudd i rutiner og ritualer, og å mislykkes i sosiale sammenhenger.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slike former for stress kan vise seg i uoppmerksomhet, tilbaketrekning, tvangstanker, hyperaktivitet, aggressiv eller opposisjonell atferd.<sup id="cite_ref-Myles_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myles-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depresjon er ofte et resultat av kronisk frustrasjon etter gjentatte ganger å ha mislyktes i sosialt samspill med andre.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kliniske erfaringer antyder at frekvensen av selvmord kan være høyere blant dem med Aspergers syndrom, men dette har ikke blitt bekreftet av systematiske empiriske studier.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undervisning er viktig for at familien skal kunne utvikle strategier for å forstå styrker og svakheter hos familiemedlemmet som er rammet. Dersom diagnostisen stilles i ung alder, er prognosen bedre, noe som gjør det gjør det mulig å komme tidlig inn med tiltak. Intervensjoner i voksen alder kan også være verdifulle, men er noe mindre effektive.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</h2></div> <p>Forsøk på å tallfeste forekomsten av tiltanden gir svært varierende resultater. En gjennomgang av <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">epidemiologiske</a> studier av barn fra 2003 fant en <a href="/wiki/Prevalens" title="Prevalens">prevalens</a> mellom 0,03 til 4,84 av 1000, hvor forholdstallet mellom autisme og Aspergers syndrom varierte fra 1,5:1 til 16:1.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En del av variansen i estimatene kan forklares med forskjeller i de diagnostiske kriteriene. For eksempel fant en relativt liten studie fra 2007 at av 5484 åtte år gamle barn i Finland fylte 2,9 barn per 1000 ICD-10 kriteriene for en diagnose på Aspergers syndrom. 2,7 av 1000 fylte Gillberg og Gillbergs kriterier, 2,5 av 1000 fylte DSM-IV kriterer, 1.6 av 1000 fylte Szatmari <i>et al.s kriterier</i> og 4,3 av 1000 fylte kriteriene hvis man benyttet kriteriene fra alle de fire diagnosesystemene. Gutter synes å ha høyere sannsynlighet for å utvikle Aspergers syndrom enn jenter. Estimater av kjønnsforholdet varierer fra 1.6:1 til 4:1 ved Gillberg og Gillbergs kriterier.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattila_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattila-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Angstlidelser og depresjon er de vanligste komorbide tilstandene hos personer med Aspergers syndrom og har tilsammen en forekomst beregnet til 65 %.<sup id="cite_ref-McPartland_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPartland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depresjon er vanlig hos ungdom og voksne, mens barn har økt sannsynlighet for symptomer knyttet til <a href="/wiki/ADHD" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghaziuddin_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghaziuddin-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En studie av menn med Aspergers syndrom fant økt forekomst av <a href="/wiki/Epilepsi" title="Epilepsi">epilepsi</a>, og høy grad (51 %) av nonverbale lærevansker.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspergers syndrom er assosiert med <a href="/wiki/Tics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tics">tics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourettes_syndrom" title="Tourettes syndrom">Tourettes syndrom</a> og <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_lidelse" title="Bipolar lidelse">bipolar lidelse</a>. Det stereotype atferdsmønsteret ved Aspergers syndrom har mange likhetstrekk med symptomer på <a href="/wiki/Tvangslidelse" title="Tvangslidelse">tvangslidelser</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tvangspreget_personlighetsforstyrrelse" title="Tvangspreget personlighetsforstyrrelse">tvangspreget personlighetsforstyrrelse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om mange av studiene er basert på pasienter fra en psykiatrisk klinikk og ikke benytter standardiserte mål, virker det rimelig å konkludere med at komorbide tilstander er relativt vanlig.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodbury-Smith_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury-Smith-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2></div> <p>Tilstanden er oppkalt etter den østerrikske barnelegen <a href="/wiki/Hans_Asperger" title="Hans Asperger">Hans Asperger</a> (1906-1980) og er en relativt ny diagnose innen autismespekteret.<sup id="cite_ref-What'sSpecial_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What'sSpecial-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asperger synes som barn ut til selv å ha ha hatt noen av symptomene innen tilstanden som er oppkalt etter ham.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1944 beskrev Asperger fire barn fra sin praksis<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som hadde vansker med sosialt samspill. Barna manglet nonverbale kommunikasjonsevner, de var ikke i stand til å vise empati overfor jevnaldrende, og de var fysisk klønete. Asperger kalte tilstanden «autistisk psykopati» og beskrev forstyrrelsen som først og fremst preget av <a href="/wiki/Sosial_isolasjon" title="Sosial isolasjon">sosial isolasjon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I motsetning til dagens Aspergers syndrom kunne autistisk psykopati være til stede hos mennesker med alle nivåer av intelligens inkludert de med psykisk utviklingshemning.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazistisk_eugenikk" title="Nazistisk eugenikk">Nazistisk eugenikk</a> argumenterte for <a href="/wiki/Tvangssterilisering" title="Tvangssterilisering">tvangssterilisering</a> og drap av sosiale avvikere og psykisk utviklingshemmede. I en årrekke etter andre verdenskrig var det dominerende bildet av Hans Asperger en barnelege som kalte sine unge pasienter for «små professorer»,<sup id="cite_ref-ha_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ha-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og mente at noen av dem ville være i stand til eksepsjonelle prestasjoner og kunne bli originale tenkere senere i livet.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det ble ansett at han var en fagmann som derfor forsvarte noen av barnas rett til å leve siden, de kunne være nyttige for det nazistiske samfunnet, og selv forsøkte han i etterkrigstiden å fremstille det som om han hadde kjempet for menneskeverdet til alle med forstyrrelsen. I ettertid er det blitt avslørt at han også sendte de barna som hadde de alvorligste problemene til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Am_Spiegelgrund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Am Spiegelgrund (ikke skrevet ennå)">Am Spiegelgrund</a>, der de senere ble avlivet.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans artikkel om tilstanden ble utgitt på tysk under andre verdenskrig og ble i liten grad lest andre steder enn i Tyskland. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorna_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorna Wing (ikke skrevet ennå)">Lorna Wing</a> populariserte begrepet <i>Aspergers syndrom</i> i engelskspråklige medisinske miljøer i en publikasjon fra 1981<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> om en rekke case-studier av barn med de samme symptomene.<sup id="cite_ref-What'sSpecial_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What'sSpecial-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a> oversatte Aspergers originalartikkel til engelsk i 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-ha_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ha-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnostiske kriterier ble skissert av Gillberg og Gillberg i 1989 og ved Szatmari et al. samme år.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattila_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattila-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspergers syndrom ble en standardisert diagnose i 1992, da den ble inkludert i den tiende utgaven av <a href="/wiki/Verdens_helseorganisasjon" title="Verdens helseorganisasjon">Verdens helseorganisasjons</a> diagnostiske manual, <i>ICD-10</i> . I 1994 ble diagnosen lagt til i den fjerde utgaven av den amerikanske psykiatriforeningens diagnosesystem <a href="/wiki/DSM-IV" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV">DSM-IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NINDS_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NINDS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deretter har det blitt publisert hundrevis av bøker, artikler og nettsteder med beskrivelser av Aspergers syndrom. Prevalensestimatene har økt dramatisk for autismespekterlidelser, hvor Aspergers syndrom nå<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unng%C3%A5_unnvikende_uttrykk" title="Wikipedia:Unngå unnvikende uttrykk"><span title="Foregående påstand må presiseres tidsmessig">når?</span></a></i>]</sup> er anerkjent som en viktig undergruppe.<sup id="cite_ref-What'sSpecial_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What'sSpecial-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Om tilstanden skal sees som forskjellig fra høytfungerende autisme, var per 2006 ansett som et grunnleggende problem som krevde videre studier.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det ble (per 2006) også stilt spørsmål ved den empiriske gyldigheten både av DSM-IV- og ICD-10-kriteriene for diagnosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Klin_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kulturelle_aspekter">Kulturelle aspekter</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Internett" title="Internett">Internett</a> har gjort det mulig for personer med Aspergers syndrom å kommunisere med hverandre på en måte som tidligere ikke var mulig fordi de som hadde fått denne diagnosen, bodde spredt og var få. Internettsider som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrong_Planet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wrong Planet (ikke skrevet ennå)">Wrong Planet</a> har gjort det lettere for enkeltpersoner å få kontakt med andre.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mennesker med autisme har tatt til orde for et nytt syn på autismespekterforstyrrelser som komplekse <a href="/wiki/Syndrom" title="Syndrom">syndromer</a> heller enn sykdommer som må kureres. Tilhengere av dette synet avviser forestillingen om at det finnes en «ideell» hjernekonfigurasjon og at eventuelle avvik fra normalen er <a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">patologiske</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synspunktene er grunnlaget for interesseorganisasjoner som oppfordrer mennesker med autisme til å være stolte av seg selv på lik linje med andre og kreve de samme rettigheter.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontrasten mellom holdningene til voksne med Aspergers syndrom, og pårørende til barn med tilstanden, kan være stor. Mens voksne med selvidentifisert Aspergers syndrom vanligvis ikke ønsker å bli helbredet, søker foreldre med barn som har Aspergers syndrom vanligvis hjelp og ønsker behandling for sine barn.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enkelte forskere har hevdet at Aspergers syndrom kan ses på som en alternativ kognitiv «stil» og ikke som en lidelse eller en funksjonshemming,<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og mener at tilstanden bør fjernes fra diagnosesystemet på samme måte som <a href="/wiki/Homofili" title="Homofili">homofili</a> ble fjernet.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I en artikkel fra 2002 skrev den engelske psykologen og forskeren <a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a> om mennesker med Aspergers syndrom: «I den sosiale verden er det ingen stor fordel å ha et presist øye for detaljer, men i de verdener som handler om matematikk, data, <a href="/wiki/Katalogisering" title="Katalogisering">katalogisering</a>, musikk, <a href="/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk">lingvistikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8rfag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingeniørfag">ingeniørfag</a> og vitenskap kan et øye for detaljer føre til suksess fremfor fiasko.» Baron-Cohen oppga to grunner til at det fortsatt kan være nyttig å se på Aspergers syndrom som en funksjonshemming: å sikre særskilte støttetiltak, og å gjenkjenne emosjonelle vansker knyttet til redusert empati.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I en artikkel fra 2018 tok Baron-Cohen til orde for å endre navnet på diagnosen, ettersom han anså at Hans Aspergers tilknytning til nazistenes rasehygieneprogram gjør det upassende å knytte Aspergers navn til menneskers diagnose.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kjente_personer_med_Aspergers_syndrom">Kjente personer med Aspergers syndrom</h2></div> <p>Kjente personer med diagnosen inkluderer: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a>, canadisk skuespiller<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Boyle" title="Susan Boyle">Susan Boyle</a>, skotsk sangerinne<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Cohen" title="Bram Cohen">Bram Cohen</a>, grunnlegger av <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Dahle" title="Gro Dahle">Gro Dahle</a>, norsk forfatter<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Durbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Durbin (ikke skrevet ennå)">James Durbin</a>, amerikansk musiker<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heather_Kuzmich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heather Kuzmich (ikke skrevet ennå)">Heather Kuzmich</a>, amerikansk modell<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Arve_Liab%C3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Arve Liabø">Kurt Arve Liabø</a>, norsk musiker<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a>, engelsk musiker<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a>, amerikansk økonom<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a>, svensk klimaaktivist<sup id="cite_ref-expressen-det-har-varit-ett-helvetiskt-ar_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expressen-det-har-varit-ett-helvetiskt-ar-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrk-de-unges-klimaoppgjor_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrk-de-unges-klimaoppgjor-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Young (ikke skrevet ennå)">Adam Young</a>, amerikansk musiker<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Videre har det også vært spekulert på om flere viktige historiske personer, deriblant professor Asperger selv,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hadde Aspergers syndrom.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse spekulative diagnosene, spesielt de posthume sådane, er kontroversielle da de bare er basert på biografisk informasjon og i blant ikke tar opp dokumenterte trekk som skulle tale mot en sådan tilstand. Aspergeraktivister bruker ofte slike spekulasjoner som argument for positive sider ved syndromet, og mot ønsker om å «kurere» tilstanden.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723092820/http://www.kith.no/sokeverktoy/icd10/html/kv_9.htm">«Utviklingsforstyrrelser (F80.F89)»</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kith.no/sokeverktoy/icd10/html/kv_9.htm">originalen</a> 23. juli 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 2. august 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.btitle=Utviklingsforstyrrelser+%28F80.F89%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kith.no%2Fsokeverktoy%2Ficd10%2Fhtml%2Fkv_9.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2014/en#/F84.5">F84.5 Asperger syndrom - ICD-10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPartland-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-9"><sup>j</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-10"><sup>k</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-11"><sup>l</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-12"><sup>m</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-13"><sup>n</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-14"><sup>o</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-15"><sup>p</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-16"><sup>q</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-17"><sup>r</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-18"><sup>s</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-19"><sup>t</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-20"><sup>u</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-21"><sup>v</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-22"><sup>w</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-23"><sup>x</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-24"><sup>y</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-25"><sup>z</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-26"><sup>æ</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-27"><sup>ø</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-28"><sup>å</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-29"><sup>aa</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-30"><sup>ab</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-31"><sup>ac</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPartland_3-32"><sup>ad</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McPartland J, Klin A (2006). «Asperger's syndrome». <i>Adolesc Med Clin</i>. 17 (3): 771–88. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030291">17030291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Asperger%27s+syndrome&rft.au=McPartland+J%2C+Klin+A&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Adolesc+Med+Clin&rft.pages=771-88&rft.volume=17&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17030291&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baskin-4"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskin_4-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH (2006). «Asperger syndrome revisited». <i>Rev Neurol Dis</i>. 3 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596080">16596080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Asperger+syndrome+revisited&rft.au=Baskin+JH%2C+Sperber+M%2C+Price+BH&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Rev+Neurol+Dis&rft.pages=1-7&rft.volume=3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16596080&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_forfatterliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klin-5"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-9"><sup>j</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-10"><sup>k</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-11"><sup>l</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klin_5-12"><sup>m</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Klin A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000500002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en">«Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview»</a>. <i>Rev Bras Psiquiatr</i>. 28 (suppl 1): S3–S11. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed 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<a href="#cite_ref-Wallis_6-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallis_6-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wallis C (3. november 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/health/03asperger.html">«A powerful identity, a vanishing diagnosis»</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=A+powerful+identity%2C+a+vanishing+diagnosis&rft.au=Wallis+C&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F03%2Fhealth%2F03asperger.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ghaziuddin M (2010). «Should the DSM V drop Asperger syndrome?». <i>J Autism Dev Disord</i>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151184">20151184</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-010-0969-z">10.1007/s10803-010-0969-z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Should+the+DSM+V+drop+Asperger+syndrome%3F&rft.au=Ghaziuddin+M&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Autism+Dev+Disord&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10803-010-0969-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20151184&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ha-10"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-ha_10-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ha_10-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ha_10-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Asperger H; tr. and annot. 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Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helsedirektoratet.no/Documents/Medisinske%20koder%20og%20kodeverk/ICD-10/Komplettt-Bl%C3%A5-bok_230905.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 26. august 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Promoting+social+communication+in+high+functioning+individuals+with+autistic+spectrum+disorders&rft.au=Paul+R&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Child+Adolesc+Psychiatr+Clin+N+Am&rft.pages=87-106&rft.volume=12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childpsych.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1056499302000470%2Ffulltext&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1056-4993%2802%2900047-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12512400&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-autism-and-developmental-disorders_2008-02_38_2/page/353">«Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Social+skills+interventions+for+children+with+Asperger%27s+syndrome+or+high-functioning+autism%3A+a+review+and+recommendations&rft.au=Rao+PA%2C+Beidel+DC%2C+Murray+MJ&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=J+Autism+Dev+Disord&rft.pages=353-61&rft.volume=38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-autism-and-developmental-disorders_2008-02_38_2%2Fpage%2F353&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10803-007-0402-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17641962&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_forfatterliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li 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Informa Healthcare. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspergersdisorde0000unse/page/63">63</a>–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8493-8360-9" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8493-8360-9">0-8493-8360-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Asperger+syndrome%E2%80%94mortality+and+morbidity&rft.au=Gillberg+C&rft.btitle=Asperger%27s+Disorder&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-8493-8360-9&rft.pages=63-80&rft.pub=Informa+Healthcare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspergersdisorde0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_redakt%C3%B8rliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: redaktørliste">link</a>)CS1-vedlikehold: Ekstra tekst: redaktørliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Ekstra_tekst:_redakt%C3%B8rliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Ekstra tekst: redaktørliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Fombonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Fombonne (ikke skrevet ennå)">Fombonne E</a>, Tidmarsh L (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childpsych.theclinics.com/article/PIIS1056499302000500/fulltext">«Epidemiologic data on Asperger disorder»</a>. <i>Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am</i>. 12 (1): 15–21. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12512396">12512396</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1056-4993%2802%2900050-0">10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00050-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Epidemiologic+data+on+Asperger+disorder&rft.au=Fombonne+E%2C+Tidmarsh+L&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Child+Adolesc+Psychiatr+Clin+N+Am&rft.pages=15-21&rft.volume=12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childpsych.theclinics.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1056499302000500%2Ffulltext&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1056-4993%2802%2900050-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12512396&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattila-71"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattila_71-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattila_71-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Jussila K; m.fl. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Comorbidity+of+Asperger+syndrome%3A+a+preliminary+report&rft.au=Ghaziuddin+M%2C+Weidmer-Mikhail+E%2C+Ghaziuddin+N&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J+Intellect+Disabil+Res&rft.pages=279-83&rft.volume=42&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9786442&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_forfatterliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cederlund M, Gillberg C (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_2004-10_46_10/page/652">«One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors»</a>. <i>Dev Med Child Neurol</i>. 46 (10): 652–60. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15473168">15473168</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0012162204001100">10.1017/S0012162204001100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=One+hundred+males+with+Asperger+syndrome%3A+a+clinical+study+of+background+and+associated+factors&rft.au=Cederlund+M%2C+Gillberg+C&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Dev+Med+Child+Neurol&rft.pages=652-60&rft.volume=46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_2004-10_46_10%2Fpage%2F652&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0012162204001100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15473168&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gillberg C, Billstedt E (2000). «Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders». <i>Acta Psychiatr Scand</i>. 102 (5): 321–30. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11098802">11098802</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0447.2000.102005321.x">10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102005321.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Autism+and+Asperger+syndrome%3A+coexistence+with+other+clinical+disorders&rft.au=Gillberg+C%2C+Billstedt+E&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Acta+Psychiatr+Scand&rft.pages=321-30&rft.volume=102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-0447.2000.102005321.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11098802&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What'sSpecial-75"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-What'sSpecial_75-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a 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Besøkt 21. juni 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Asperger%E2%80%99s+Syndrome%2C+the+Nazi+Regime+and+the+Dangerous+Power+of+Labeling+People&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft.aulast=Sheffer&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5255779%2Fasperger-syndrome-nazi-germany-history%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baron-Cohen, Simon (8. mai 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05112-1">«The truth about Hans Asperger’s Nazi collusion»</a>. <i>Nature</i>. 7705 (på engelsk). 557: 305–306. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05112-1">10.1038/d41586-018-05112-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 21. juni 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+Hans+Asperger%E2%80%99s+Nazi+collusion&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.aulast=Baron-Cohen&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=305-306&rft.volume=557&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-018-05112-1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05112-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Slagstad, Ketil (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskriftet.no/2019/04/essay/asperger-nazistene-og-barna-historien-om-en-diagnoses-tilblivelse">«Asperger, nazistene og barna – historien om en diagnoses tilblivelse»</a>. <i>Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening</i>. 9. <a href="/wiki/Internasjonalt_standard_periodikanummer" title="Internasjonalt standard periodikanummer">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2001">0029-2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4045%2Ftidsskr.18.0932">10.4045/tidsskr.18.0932</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 20. mai 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Asperger%2C+nazistene+og+barna+%E2%80%93+historien+om+en+diagnoses+tilblivelse&rft.aufirst=Ketil&rft.aulast=Slagstad&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0029-2001&rft.jtitle=Tidsskrift+for+Den+norske+legeforening&rft.volume=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskriftet.no%2F2019%2F04%2Fessay%2Fasperger-nazistene-og-barna-historien-om-en-diagnoses-tilblivelse&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4045%2Ftidsskr.18.0932&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wing L (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mugsy.org/wing2.htm">«Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account»</a>. <i>Psychol Med</i>. 11 (1): 115–29. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7208735">7208735</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291700053332">10.1017/S0033291700053332</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 15. august 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Asperger%27s+syndrome%3A+a+clinical+account&rft.au=Wing+L&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Psychol+Med&rft.pages=115-29&rft.volume=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mugsy.org%2Fwing2.htm&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033291700053332&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7208735&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Williams CC (2005). «In search of an Asperger». I Stoddart KP. <i>Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Integrating Multiple Perspectives</i>. Jessica Kingsley. s. 242–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1-84310-319-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/1-84310-319-2">1-84310-319-2</a>. «The life prospects of people with AS would change if we shifted from viewing AS as a set of dysfunctions, to viewing it as a set of differences that have merit.»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=In+search+of+an+Asperger&rft.au=Williams+CC&rft.btitle=Children%2C+Youth+and+Adults+with+Asperger+Syndrome%3A+Integrating+Multiple+Perspectives&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=1-84310-319-2&rft.pages=242-52&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dakin CJ (2005). «Life on the outside: A personal perspective of Asperger syndrome». I Stoddart KP. <i>Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Integrating Multiple Perspectives</i>. Jessica Kingsley. s. 352–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1-84310-319-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/1-84310-319-2">1-84310-319-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Life+on+the+outside%3A+A+personal+perspective+of+Asperger+syndrome&rft.au=Dakin+CJ&rft.btitle=Children%2C+Youth+and+Adults+with+Asperger+Syndrome%3A+Integrating+Multiple+Perspectives&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=1-84310-319-2&rft.pages=352-61&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clarke J, van Amerom G (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_social-work-in-health-care_2008_46_3/page/85">«Asperger's syndrome: differences between parents' understanding and those diagnosed»</a>. <i>Soc Work Health Care</i>. 46 (3): 85–106. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18551831">18551831</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ010v46n03_05">10.1300/J010v46n03_05</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Asperger%27s+syndrome%3A+differences+between+parents%27+understanding+and+those+diagnosed&rft.au=Clarke+J%2C+van+Amerom+G&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Soc+Work+Health+Care&rft.pages=85-106&rft.volume=46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_social-work-in-health-care_2008_46_3%2Fpage%2F85&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ010v46n03_05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18551831&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Allred S (2009). «Reframing Asperger syndrome: lessons from other challenges to the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</i> and ICIDH approaches». <i>Disabil Soc</i>. 24 (3): 343–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09687590902789511">10.1080/09687590902789511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Reframing+Asperger+syndrome%3A+lessons+from+other+challenges+to+the+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+and+ICIDH+approaches&rft.au=Allred+S&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Disabil+Soc&rft.pages=343-55&rft.volume=24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09687590902789511&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">[334] ^ <cite class="citation journal">Baron-Cohen S (2002). «Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?». <i>Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl</i>. 17 (3): 186–91. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10883576020170030801">10.1177/10883576020170030801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Is+Asperger+syndrome+necessarily+viewed+as+a+disability%3F&rft.au=Baron-Cohen+S&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Focus+Autism+Other+Dev+Disabl&rft.pages=186-91&rft.volume=17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10883576020170030801&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Et foreløpig, fritt tilgjengelig utkast, med en litt annen ordlyd enn i den siterte teksten, er i: <cite class="citation web">Baron-Cohen S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501163351/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf">«Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability?»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge: Autism Research Centre. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 1. mai 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 2. desember 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.au=Baron-Cohen+S&rft.btitle=Is+Asperger%27s+syndrome+necessarily+a+disability%3F&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Autism+Research+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautismresearchcentre.com%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2F2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217140628/http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf">«Arkivert kopi»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 17. desember 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 10. august 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautismresearchcentre.com%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2F2002_BC_ASDisability.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2521032/Dan-Aykroyd-I-Aspergers--symptoms-included-obsessed-ghosts.html">Dan Aykroyd: 'I have Asperger's - one of my symptoms included being obsessed with ghosts</a> - <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kjendis.no/2013/12/08/kjendis/boyle/utenriks/30727779/">Susan Boyle har Aspergers syndrom</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317072327/http://www.kjendis.no/2013/12/08/kjendis/boyle/utenriks/30727779/">Arkivert</a> 17. mars 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kjendis.no&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjendis.no (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kjendis.no</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-10-15/bittorrents-bram-cohen-isnt-limited-by-aspergers">BitTorrent's Bram Cohen Isn't Limited by Asperger's</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg" class="mw-disambig" title="Bloomberg">Bloomberg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autismeforeningen.no/hedmark/2010/04/07/kjendiser-og-rollemodeller-med-asd/">Kjendiser og rollemodeller</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814211154/http://autismeforeningen.no/hedmark/2010/04/07/kjendiser-og-rollemodeller-med-asd/">Arkivert</a> 14. august 2016 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - <a href="/wiki/Autismeforeningen" title="Autismeforeningen">Autismeforeningen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/20/american-idol-favorite-james-durbin-overcomes-tourettes-aspergers-and-bullying/">'American Idol' favorite James Durbin overcomes Tourettes, Aspergers and bullying</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803183945/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/20/american-idol-favorite-james-durbin-overcomes-tourettes-aspergers-and-bullying/">Arkivert</a> 3. august 2016 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/12/autism-celebrities-aspergers_n_4427196.html">These 8 Inspiring People Will Change the Way You Think About Autism and Asperger's</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv2.no/a/2730588">En verden av misforståelser</a> - <a href="/wiki/TV2" class="mw-redirect" title="TV2">TV2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/gary-numan-aspergers-made-aloof-3508288">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7030731/">Vernon L. Smith</a> - NBC News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-expressen-det-har-varit-ett-helvetiskt-ar-97"><b><a href="#cite_ref-expressen-det-har-varit-ett-helvetiskt-ar_97-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressen.se/halsoliv/halsa/det-har-varit-ett-helvetiskt-ar/">«Malena Ernman: "Det har varit ett helvetiskt år<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>»</a>. <i>Hälsoliv</i> (på svensk). 20. mai 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 22. mars 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Malena+Ernman%3A+%22Det+har+varit+ett+helvetiskt+%C3%A5r%22&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%A4lsoliv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressen.se%2Fhalsoliv%2Fhalsa%2Fdet-har-varit-ett-helvetiskt-ar%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrk-de-unges-klimaoppgjor-98"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrk-de-unges-klimaoppgjor_98-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Eriksen, Hege Moe (12. februar 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/urix/de-unges-klimaoppgjor-1.14419489">«Norge kan bli eneste land med rent drikkevann i 2050»</a>. <i>NRK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 22. mars 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AAsperger+syndrom&rft.atitle=Norge+kan+bli+eneste+land+med+rent+drikkevann+i+2050&rft.aufirst=Hege+Moe&rft.aulast=Eriksen&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Furix%2Fde-unges-klimaoppgjor-1.14419489&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypages.com/music/owl-citys-reclusive-adam-young-opens-up-6761494">Owl City's reclusive Adam Young opens up</a> - City Pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltarkiv.lakartidninghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060427225749/http://ltarkiv.lakartidningen.se/artNo01287en.se/artNo01287">http://ltarkiv.lakartidninghttps://web.archive.org/web/20060427225749/http://ltarkiv.lakartidningen.se/artNo01287en.se/artNo01287</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden juni 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3676">Einstein and Newton showed signs of autism</a> - <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a> 13. januar 2006]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ledgin, Norm; Grandin, Temple (2000). <i>Diagnosing Jefferson : evidence of a condition that guided his beliefs, behavior, and personal associations</i>. Arlington, TX. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1885477600" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-885477-60-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Lucas, Philip and Anne Sheeran (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/journal/aspergers.pdf">"Asperger’s Syndrome and the Eccentricity and Genius of Jeremy Bentham"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809090928/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/journal/aspergers.pdf">Arkivert</a> 9. august 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Journal of Bentham Studies 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lakartidningen.se/07engine.php?articleId=11854">http://www.lakartidningen.se/07engine.php?articleId=11854</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden januar 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fulford, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertfulford.com/2004-02-10-gould.html">"The source of Gould's genius?: Great musician may have suffered from Asperger's",</a> <i>The National Post</i> (10. februar 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald M. (mars 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/9ohdbpi55qccrf1454lxntk55)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,9,11;journal,47,91;linkingpublicationresults,1:101490,1">Did Ludwig Wittgenstein have Asperger's syndrome?</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden januar 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Gillberg, Mary Coleman (2000), <i>The Biology of the Autistic Syndromes</i>, Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Harmon, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/20/health/20autism.html?ex=1151640000&en=c201f7852ead3b16&ei=5070">"How About Not 'Curing' Us, Some Autistics Are Pleading",</a> <i>New York Times</i> (20. desember 2004).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nhi.no/foreldre-og-barn/barn/sykdommer/aspergers-syndrom-20902.html">Aspergers syndrom hos NHI.no (Pasienthåndboka) </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805034435/http://nhi.no/foreldre-og-barn/barn/sykdommer/aspergers-syndrom-20902.html">Arkivert</a> 5. august 2010 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/707.html">Aspergers syndrom i oppslagsverket Best Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811180352/http://www.1177.se/artikel.asp?CategoryID=36251">Asperger syndrom hos 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