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<li id="toc-Lý_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lý_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lý dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lý_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trần_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trần_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Trần dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trần_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam_(Ming_dynasty)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam_(Ming_dynasty)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (Ming dynasty)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam_(Ming_dynasty)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lê_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lê_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Lê dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lê_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trịnh–Nguyễn_contention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trịnh–Nguyễn_contention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Trịnh–Nguyễn contention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trịnh–Nguyễn_contention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguyễn_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguyễn_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nguyễn dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguyễn_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Vietnamese_eunuchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Vietnamese_eunuchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable Vietnamese eunuchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Vietnamese_eunuchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-giam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/220px-Thai-giam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/330px-Thai-giam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> eunuchs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Thai_giam_trong_khuon_vien_chua_Tu_Hieu.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lang_Thai_giam_trong_khuon_vien_chua_Tu_Hieu.jpeg/220px-Lang_Thai_giam_trong_khuon_vien_chua_Tu_Hieu.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lang_Thai_giam_trong_khuon_vien_chua_Tu_Hieu.jpeg/330px-Lang_Thai_giam_trong_khuon_vien_chua_Tu_Hieu.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lang_Thai_giam_trong_khuon_vien_chua_Tu_Hieu.jpeg/440px-Lang_Thai_giam_trong_khuon_vien_chua_Tu_Hieu.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A cemetery of eunuchs at Từ Hiếu Temple, Huế</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>eunuch</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOO</span>-nək</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> who has been <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout history, castration often served a specific social function.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">eunuchs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">eunuch system and castration techniques from China</a>. Records show that the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> performed <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied and others would pin him down on a table. The genitals would be washed with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Vietnamese eunuchs were products of self castration in order to gain access to the palaces and power. In other cases they might be paid to become eunuchs. They served in many capacities, from supervising public works, to investigating crimes, to reading public proclamations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castration was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Punishments" title="Five Punishments">Five Punishments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lý_dynasty"><span id="L.C3.BD_dynasty"></span>Lý dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lý dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Ki%E1%BB%87t" title="Lý Thường Kiệt">Lý Thường Kiệt</a> was a prominent eunuch general during the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a> (1009–1225). </p><p>Self-castration was banned by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a> Vietnamese official <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_Hi%E1%BA%BFn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Tô Hiến Thành">Tô Hiến Thành</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The left arm of a man who self-castrated was tattooed with 23 characters and he was beaten with a heavy stick 80 times under orders of emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Anh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Anh Tông">Lý Anh Tông</a> in 1162.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trần_dynasty"><span id="Tr.E1.BA.A7n_dynasty"></span>Trần dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trần dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A boy student was given money in exchange for becoming a eunuch by <a href="/wiki/Tran_Canh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Canh">Tran Canh</a> in 1254 since many men castrated themselves to become eunuchs during the Tran and Ly dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> sent Vietnamese boy eunuchs as tribute to <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> China several times, in 1383, 1384 and 1385<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_1996_p._15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai_1996_p._15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nguyen Dao, Nguyen Toan, Tru Ca, and Ngo Tin were among several Vietnamese eunuchs sent to China.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam_(Ming_dynasty)"><span id="Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam_.28Ming_dynasty.29"></span>Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (Ming dynasty)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (Ming dynasty)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam</a>, the Ming Chinese under the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> castrated many young Vietnamese boys, choosing them for their handsomeness and ability, and brought them to Nanjing to serve as eunuchs. Among them were the architect-engineer <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_An" title="Nguyễn An">Nguyễn An</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguyen_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyen Lang (page does not exist)">Nguyen Lang</a> (阮浪).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnamese were among the many eunuchs of different origins found at the Yongle Emperor's court.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the eunuchs in charge of the Capital Battalions of Beijing was Xing An, a Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lê_dynasty"><span id="L.C3.AA_dynasty"></span>Lê dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lê dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 344 of the Nguyen dynasty code and Article 305 of the Le dynasty code both forbade self-castration and castration of Vietnamese men.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castration of Vietnamese men was banned by the Nguyen and Le dynasties in contrast to China's legal code. Self-castration of Vietnamese men was banned by Lê Thánh Tông, the emperor, in 1464.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> the Vietnamese Emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a> was aggressive in his relations with foreign countries including China and cracked down on foreign contacts and enforced an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong (<a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>) and Vietnam happened during this time. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in regular trade between China and Vietnam instead of being blown off course, and that they were punished after a Vietnamese crackdown on trade with foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Malay envoys from the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca sultanate">Malacca sultanate</a> were attacked and captured in 1469 by Vietnamese navy as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1499 entry in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Shilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Shilu">Ming Shilu</a> recorded that thirteen Chinese men from <a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a> including a young man named <a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui_(eunuch)" title="Wu Rui (eunuch)">Wu Rui</a> were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>'s Qin subprefecture (<a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a>), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, in the 1460s, during the <a href="/wiki/Chenghua_Emperor" title="Chenghua Emperor">Chenghua Emperor</a>'s rule (1464–1487). Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest Chinese man, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui_(eunuch)" title="Wu Rui (eunuch)">Wu Rui</a> (吳瑞) was selected by the Vietnamese court for castration since he was the only young man in among the thirteen and he became a eunuch at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Citadel_of_Thang_Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Citadel of Thang Long">Vietnamese imperial palace in Thang Long</a> for nearly one fourth of a century. After years of serving the Vietnamese as a eunuch slave in the palace, he was promoted to a position with real power after the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam as military superintendent since his service in the palace was apparently valued by the Vietnamese. However, the <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a> guard soldier Dương Tam tri (Yang Sanzhi) (楊三知) told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to <a href="/wiki/Longzhou_County" title="Longzhou County">Longzhou</a> after walking for 9 days through the mountains. The local ethnic minority <a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a> chief Wei Chen took him into custody, overruling objections from his family who wanted to send him back to Vietnam. Vietnam found out about his escape and sent an agent to buy Wu Rui back from Wei Chen with 100 Jin in payment since they were scared that Wu Rui would reveal Vietnamese state secrets to China. Wei Chen planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese but told them the amount they were offering was too little and demanded more however before they could agree on a price, Wu was rescued by the <a href="/wiki/Pingxiang,_Guangxi" title="Pingxiang, Guangxi">Pingxiang</a> magistrate Li Guangning and then was sent to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to work as a eunuch in the Ming palace at the Directorate of Ceremonial (silijian taijian 司禮監太監)..<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooke_2011_p._109_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke_2011_p._109-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_2015_p._202_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2015_p._202-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư">Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư</a> records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Ninh Province">Quảng Ninh Province</a>) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooke_2011_p._109_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke_2011_p._109-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1472 entry in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Shilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Shilu">Ming Shilu</a> reported that some Chinese from <a href="/wiki/Nanhai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhai District">Nanhai</a> escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out that more than 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam in other incidents. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 100 men were taken prisoner around the same time as Wu Rui and the historian Leo K. Shin believes all of them may have been involved in illegal trade instead of being blown off course by wind.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The over 100 Chinese men who were castrated and made into eunuchs by the Vietnamese remained captives in Vietnam when the incident was reported. Both the incidents of the young Chinese man Wu Rui and the more than 100 Chinese men being castrated and used as eunuchs point to possible involvement in trade according to historians John K. Whitmore and Tana Li which was then suppressed by the Vietnamese government instead of them really being blown off course by the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2015_p._202_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2015_p._202-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trịnh–Nguyễn_contention"><span id="Tr.E1.BB.8Bnh.E2.80.93Nguy.E1.BB.85n_contention"></span>Trịnh–Nguyễn contention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trịnh–Nguyễn contention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Trịnh–Nguyễn War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam1650.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnam1650.GIF/130px-Vietnam1650.GIF" decoding="async" width="130" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnam1650.GIF/195px-Vietnam1650.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnam1650.GIF/260px-Vietnam1650.GIF 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Partition of Vietnam in the 1650s, amid the Trịnh-Nguyễn war</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a> started employing eunuchs extensively in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Đàng Ngoài</a> region of the northern Red river delta area of Vietnam as leaders of military units. Trịnh ruled northern Vietnam used its eunuchs in the military and civilian bureaucracy. Many Buddhist temples had money and land donated by eunuchs who gained more wealth and influenced. Field army units, secret police, customs duty taxes, finance, land deeds and military registers and tax harvesting in son Nam province (Binh phien) as well as the position of <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a> military governor were delegated to eunuchs. The supervisor services, military, civil service and court all had eunuchs appointed to work in them and they were the most faithful followers of the Trịnh lords as a check on the power of civil and military officials.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eunuchs were employed as building project supervisors and provincial governors by <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trịnh Cương">Trịnh Cương</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nguyễn_dynasty"><span id="Nguy.E1.BB.85n_dynasty"></span>Nguyễn dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nguyễn dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poet <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Xu%C3%A2n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Xuân Hương">Hồ Xuân Hương</a> mocked eunuchs in her poem as a stand-in for criticizing the government.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-giam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/220px-Thai-giam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/330px-Thai-giam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese eunuchs in Nguyen dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>Commoners were banned from undergoing castration in Vietnam. Only adult men of high social rank could be castrated. Most eunuchs were born as such with a congenital abnormality. The Vietnamese government mandated that boys born with defective genitalia were to be reported to officials, in exchange for the town being freed from mandatory labor requirements. The boy would have the option of serving as a eunuch official or serving the palace women when he became ten years old.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law was put in place in 1838 during the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only males allowed inside the Forbidden City at <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> were the Emperor and his eunuchs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of eunuchs in Vietnam was used by the French colonizers to degrade the Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prominent eunuch in the Nguyễn dynasty was <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nguyen dynasty Vietnam recruited intersex hermaphrodites as eunuchs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nguyen dynasty built a eunuch cemetery in 1848 at the Tu Hieu Pagoda.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Vietnamese_eunuchs">Notable Vietnamese eunuchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable Vietnamese eunuchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Thuong_Kiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Thuong Kiet">Ly Thuong Kiet</a> (1019–1105): general during the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a> in Vietnam. Penned what is considered the first Vietnamese declaration of independence. Regarded as a Vietnamese national hero.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a>: 18th-century Vietnamese eunuch, military strategist and government official (not a true eunuch, he was born a <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui_(eunuch)" title="Wu Rui (eunuch)">Wu Rui</a>: a Chinese eunuch in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> Annam (Vietnam).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=eu)nou=xos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὐνοῦχος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eunuch">"eunuch"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717230636/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eunuch">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=eunuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Feunuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Eunuch". <i>The New Oxford Dictionary of English</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. p. 634. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198612636" title="Special:BookSources/9780198612636"><bdi>9780198612636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eunuch&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=634&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198612636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://znews.vn/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen-post336065.html">"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn"</a>. <i>Zing News</i>. Theo Công An Nhân Dân. 18 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721110844/http://news.zing.vn/xa-hoi/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen/a336065.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zing+News&rft.atitle=B%C3%AD+m%E1%BA%ADt+v%E1%BB%81+th%C3%A1i+gi%C3%A1m+trong+cung+tri%E1%BB%81u+Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fznews.vn%2Fbi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen-post336065.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheo_Công_An_Nhân_Dân2013" class="citation news cs1">Theo Công An Nhân Dân (18 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://znews.vn/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen-post336065.html">"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn"</a>. <i>Zing news</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721110844/http://news.zing.vn/xa-hoi/bi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen/a336065.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zing+news&rft.atitle=B%C3%AD+m%E1%BA%ADt+v%E1%BB%81+th%C3%A1i+gi%C3%A1m+trong+cung+tri%E1%BB%81u+Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.au=Theo+C%C3%B4ng+An+Nh%C3%A2n+D%C3%A2n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fznews.vn%2Fbi-mat-ve-thai-giam-trong-cung-trieu-nguyen-post336065.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, K. W. (2013). <i>A history of the Vietnamese</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521875868" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521875868"><bdi>978-0521875868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0521875868&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn1997" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn, Khắc Cần (1997). Nguyễn, Ngọc Điệp; Nguyễn, Khắc Cần (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chhIAAAAMAAJ&q=castration+le+code+vietnam"><i>Viet Nam, dans le passé en gravures Françaises</i></a>. Văn hóa dân tộc. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145949/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Viet_Nam_dans_le_pass%C3%A9_en_gravures_Fran/chhIAAAAMAAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&bsq=castration+le+code+vietnam&dq=castration+le+code+vietnam&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>Il y avait 5 especès de peine qui sont : marquer au visage , ablation du nez , amputation du pied , castration et mort ... celui de la journée le mandarin " Chanson populaire In 1825 Nguyen dynasty promulgated Gia Long code , but really ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viet+Nam%2C+dans+le+pass%C3%A9+en+gravures+Fran%C3%A7aises&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=V%C4%83n+h%C3%B3a+d%C3%A2n+t%E1%BB%99c&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Kh%E1%BA%AFc+C%E1%BA%A7n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchhIAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bcode%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễnNguyễnĐoàn2002" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn, Khắc Cần; Nguyễn, Cao Lê; Đoàn, Thị Thu Hà̆ng, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e49uAAAAMAAJ&q=castration+le+code+vietnam"><i>Connaissance du Viet Nam à travers anciennes cartes postales</i></a>. Nhà xuất bản Mỹ thuật. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028150011/https://www.google.com/gen_204?s=web&t=aft&atyp=csi&ei=9bp6YfuTIIvP0PEPhNKCuAg&rt=wsrt.1142,aft.4467,prt.3129&imn=15&ima=6&imad=6&aftp=44375&bl=VsEN">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>La dynastie de Nguyen promulgua le code de Gia Long en 1825 , rédigeant en tenant référence à celle de Hong Duc ... Il y avait 5 especès de peine qui sont : marquer au visage , ablation du nez , amputation du pied , castration et mort ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connaissance+du+Viet+Nam+%C3%A0+travers+anciennes+cartes+postales&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+M%E1%BB%B9+thu%E1%BA%ADt&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De49uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bcode%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, K. W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UHi9JXNokEC&q=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA98"><i>A History of the Vietnamese</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107244351" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107244351"><bdi>978-1107244351</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145950/https://www.google.com/gen_204?s=web&t=aft&atyp=csi&ei=5bp6YZmtNMaX-gSRv5CoBA&rt=wsrt.201,aft.842,prt.510&imn=20&ima=4&imad=4&aftp=784&bl=VsEN">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>To Hien Thanh, his trusted assistant and wife's kinsman, immediately picked up the reins of government. ... eunuchs by forbidding self-castration; these measures were litmus-test issues for Confucian historians in later centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107244351&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UHi9JXNokEC%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bthanh%2Bvietnam%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguy~en1987" class="citation book cs1">Nguy~en, Ngọg Huy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smCKAAAAMAAJ&q=A+1162+imperial+edict+of+Emperor+L%C3%BD+Anh+T%C3%B4ng+punished+a+man+who+had+castrated+himself+with+80+strokes+of+the+heavy+stick+and+the+tattooing+of+23+characters+on+the+left+arm+(+TT+1+:+288+)+.+In+1464+Emperor+L%C3%AA+Th%C3%A1nh+T%C3%B4ng+warned+people+..."><i>The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Volume 2</i></a>. The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Văn Tài Tạ. Ohio University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821406302" title="Special:BookSources/0821406302"><bdi>0821406302</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145951/https://www.google.com/gen_204?s=web&t=aft&atyp=csi&ei=5rp6YbS6B5ad-gTOl5OoBA&rt=wsrt.171,aft.903,prt.621&imn=20&ima=10&imad=10&aftp=18829&bl=VsEN">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>A 1162 imperial edict of Emperor Lý Anh Tông punished a man who had castrated himself with 80 strokes of the heavy stick and the tattooing of 23 characters on the left arm ( TT 1 : 288 ) . In 1464 Emperor Lê Thánh Tông warned people ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+L%C3%AA+Code%3A+Law+in+Traditional+Vietnam+%3A+a+Comparative+Sino-Vietnamese+Legal+Study+with+Historical-juridical+Analysis+and+Annotations%2C+Volume+2&rft.series=The+L%C3%AA+Code%3A+Law+in+Traditional+Vietnam+%3A+a+Comparative+Sino-Vietnamese+Legal+Study+with+Historical-juridical+Analysis+and+Annotations%2C+V%C4%83n+T%C3%A0i+T%E1%BA%A1&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0821406302&rft.aulast=Nguy~en&rft.aufirst=Ng%E1%BB%8Dg+Huy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmCKAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DA%2B1162%2Bimperial%2Bedict%2Bof%2BEmperor%2BL%25C3%25BD%2BAnh%2BT%25C3%25B4ng%2Bpunished%2Ba%2Bman%2Bwho%2Bhad%2Bcastrated%2Bhimself%2Bwith%2B80%2Bstrokes%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bheavy%2Bstick%2Band%2Bthe%2Btattooing%2Bof%2B23%2Bcharacters%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bleft%2Barm%2B%28%2BTT%2B1%2B%3A%2B288%2B%29%2B.%2BIn%2B1464%2BEmperor%2BL%25C3%25AA%2BTh%25C3%25A1nh%2BT%25C3%25B4ng%2Bwarned%2Bpeople%2B...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2013_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._W._Taylor2013" class="citation book cs1">K. W. Taylor (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&pg=PA121"><i>A History of the Vietnamese</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87586-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231042755/https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87586-8&rft.au=K.+W.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2HP31kOSA4C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsai_1996_p._15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_1996_p._15_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsai (1996), p. 15 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA15">The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)</a></i>, p. 15, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenHoàng2008" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Tai Thu; Hoàng, Thị Thơ, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUN8tC0ftJcC&q=massage+monks+eunuchs+girls&pg=PA169"><i>The History of Buddhism in Vietnam</i></a>. Cultural heritage and contemporary change: South East Asia: CRVP. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-098-7"><bdi>978-1-56518-098-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028150006/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Buddhism_in_Vietnam/tUN8tC0ftJcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=massage+monks+eunuchs+girls&pg=PA169&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Buddhism+in+Vietnam&rft.place=Cultural+heritage+and+contemporary+change%3A+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=CRVP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-098-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtUN8tC0ftJcC%26q%3Dmassage%2Bmonks%2Beunuchs%2Bgirls%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studyres.com/doc/12817764/the-history-of-buddhism-in-vietnam">"The History of Buddhism in Vietnam"</a>. <i>studyres.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022134258/https://studyres.com/doc/12817764/the-history-of-buddhism-in-vietnam">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studyres.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Buddhism+in+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudyres.com%2Fdoc%2F12817764%2Fthe-history-of-buddhism-in-vietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/408486539/Buddhism-vietnam-pdf">"Buddhism Vietnam PDF | PDF | Chan Buddhism | Zen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025234617/https://www.scribd.com/document/408486539/Buddhism-vietnam-pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism+Vietnam+PDF+%26%23124%3B+PDF+%26%23124%3B+Chan+Buddhism+%26%23124%3B+Zen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F408486539%2FBuddhism-vietnam-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldanza2016" class="citation book cs1">Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MAXFDAAAQBAJ&q=massage+monks+eunuchs+girls&pg=PA58"><i>Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-53131-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-53131-0"><bdi>978-1-316-53131-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145950/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ming_China_and_Vietnam/MAXFDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=massage+monks+eunuchs+girls&pg=PA58&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China+and+Vietnam%3A+Negotiating+Borders+in+Early+Modern+Asia&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-53131-0&rft.aulast=Baldanza&rft.aufirst=Kathlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMAXFDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmassage%2Bmonks%2Beunuchs%2Bgirls%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoff Wade, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/hong-wu/year-19-month-12-day-26">http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/hong-wu/year-19-month-12-day-26</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022090248/http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/hong-wu/year-19-month-12-day-26">Archived</a> 2021-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed January 22, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nguyẽ̂n (2008), p. 169 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUN8tC0ftJcC&pg=PA169">The History Buddhism in Vietnam, Vol. IIID.5</a></i>, p. 169, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang (2000), p. 135 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdJKLd2jJq0C&pg=PA135">Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China</a></i>, p. 135, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodrich (1976), p. 691 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA691">Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644 </a></i>, p. 691, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell (2009), p. 147 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3Y2PTI_vYYC&pg=PA147">Children in Slavery Through the Ages</a></i>, p. 147, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tran (2006), p. 116 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzh1fQEEFPAC&pg=PA116">Việt Nam: Borderless Histories</a></i>, p. 116, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastoetter,_Ph.D.2004" class="citation book cs1">Pastoetter, Ph.D., Jakob (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dciuj1-F3fYC&q=castration+le+code+vietnam&pg=PA1350">"Vietnam (Cộng hoà Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)"</a>. In Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (eds.). <i>The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality</i>. Updates by J. Pastoetter; contributor Beldina Opiyo-Omolo (illustrated, revised ed.). A&C Black. p. 1350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826414885" title="Special:BookSources/0826414885"><bdi>0826414885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028150006/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Continuum_Complete_International_Enc/dciuj1-F3fYC?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=castration+le+code+vietnam&pg=PA1350&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>D. Homosexuality and Vietnamese Law Proschan (Aronson 1999; "Frank" 2000) writes that neither homosexual identity nor behaviors had ... a prohibition of castration and selfcastration (Le Code, Article 305; Nguyen Code, Article 344).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vietnam+%28C%E1%BB%99ng+ho%C3%A0+X%C3%A3+h%E1%BB%99i+ch%E1%BB%A7+ngh%C4%A9a+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%29+%28Socialist+Republic+of+Vietnam%29&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Complete+International+Encyclopedia+of+Sexuality&rft.pages=1350&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0826414885&rft.aulast=Pastoetter%2C+Ph.D.&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddciuj1-F3fYC%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bcode%2Bvietnam%26pg%3DPA1350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguy~en1987" class="citation book cs1">Nguy~en, Ngọg Huy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smCKAAAAMAAJ&q=castration+le+code+vietnam"><i>The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Volume 2</i></a>. The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Văn Tài Tạ. Ohio University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821406302" title="Special:BookSources/0821406302"><bdi>0821406302</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145952/https://www.google.com/gen_204?s=web&t=aft&atyp=csi&ei=57p6Yai4MYvx-wSsooaoBA&rt=wsrt.280,aft.1004,prt.610&imn=20&ima=10&imad=10&aftp=21879&bl=VsEN">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations Ngọg Huy Nguy~en ... In 1464 Emperor Lê Thánh Tông warned people against reckless selfcastration ( TT 3 : 189 ) .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+L%C3%AA+Code%3A+Law+in+Traditional+Vietnam+%3A+a+Comparative+Sino-Vietnamese+Legal+Study+with+Historical-juridical+Analysis+and+Annotations%2C+Volume+2&rft.series=The+L%C3%AA+Code%3A+Law+in+Traditional+Vietnam+%3A+a+Comparative+Sino-Vietnamese+Legal+Study+with+Historical-juridical+Analysis+and+Annotations%2C+V%C4%83n+T%C3%A0i+T%E1%BA%A1&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0821406302&rft.aulast=Nguy~en&rft.aufirst=Ng%E1%BB%8Dg+Huy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmCKAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bcode%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF黄啟臣2008" class="citation web cs1">黄啟臣 (2008-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053755/http://eco.guoxue.com/article.php/15591/8">"明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展"</a>. 國學網－－中國經濟史論壇(China Economic History Forum). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eco.guoxue.com/article.php/15591/8">the original</a> on 2013-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E7%B6%B2%EF%BC%8D%EF%BC%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87%28China+Economic+History+Forum%29&rft.date=2008-03-16&rft.au=%E9%BB%84%E5%95%9F%E8%87%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feco.guoxue.com%2Farticle.php%2F15591%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李慶新" class="citation web cs1">李慶新. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529055501/http://www.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/conference/occ/liqingxin.pdf">"貿易、移殖與文化交流:15-17 世紀廣東人與越南"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/conference/occ/liqingxin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>此外,沿海平民在海上航行或捕撈漁獵,遇風漂流至越南者時有發生。如成化十三年, 廣東珠池奉御陳彜奏:南海縣民遭風飄至安南被編入軍隊及被閹禁者超過 100 人。5成化中, 海南文昌人吳瑞與同鄉劉求等 13 人到欽州做生意,遇風飄至安南,當局將他們"俱發屯田, 以瑞獨少,宮之"。6... 6《明孝宗實錄》卷一百五十三,弘治十二年八月辛卯。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E3%80%81%E7%A7%BB%E6%AE%96%E8%88%87%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%3A15-17+%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%87%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80+%E5%8D%97%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%85%B6%E6%96%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fconference%2Focc%2Fliqingxin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsai (1996), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA15">The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)</a></i>, p. 15, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/s2miscellaneousp01leyduoft/page/252">Rost (1887)</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA252">Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1</a></i>, p. 252, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rost (1887), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utZMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA252">Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1</a></i>, p. 252, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/cheng-hua/year-17-month-9-day-1">Wade (2005)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225080408/http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/cheng-hua/year-17-month-9-day-1">Archived</a> 2021-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWade2005">Wade 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/2657">3785/86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=824199《明宪宗实录》卷一百六，成化八年七月癸亥">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224052059/http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=824199">Archived</a> 2017-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055059/http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/49/203.htm">"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 203-大明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之二百十九"</a>. <i>明實錄 (Ming Shilu)</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/49/203.htm">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>Simplified Chinese:○满剌加国使臣端亚妈剌的那查等奏成化五年本国使臣微者然那入贡还至当洋被风漂至安南国微者然那与其傔从俱为其国所杀其余黥为官奴而幼者皆为所害又言安南据占城城池欲并吞满剌加之地本国以皆为王臣未敢兴兵与战适安南使臣亦来朝端亚妈剌的那查乞与廷辨兵部尚书陈钺以为此已往事不必深校宜戒其将来上乃因安南使臣还谕其王黎灏曰尔国与满剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦结好藩屏王室岂可自恃富强以干国典以贪天祸满剌加使臣所奏朝廷虽未轻信尔亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其国复谕满剌加使臣曰自古圣王之驭四夷不追咎于既往安南果复侵陵尔国宜训练士马以御之 Traditional Chinese:○滿剌加國使臣端亞媽剌的那查等奏成化五年本國使臣微者然那入貢還至當洋被風漂至安南國微者然那與其傔從俱為其國所殺其餘黥為官奴而幼者皆為所害又言安南據占城城池欲併吞滿剌加之地本國以皆為王臣未敢興兵與戰適安南使臣亦來朝端亞媽剌的那查乞與廷辨兵部尚書陳鉞以為此已往事不必深校宜戒其將來上乃因安南使臣還諭其王黎灝曰爾國與滿剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦結好藩屏王室豈可自恃富強以幹國典以貪天禍滿剌加使臣所奏朝廷雖未輕信爾亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其國複諭滿剌加使臣曰自古聖王之馭四夷不追咎于既往安南果複侵陵爾國宜訓練士馬以禦之</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5+%3E+06%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F-1725%E9%83%A8+%3E+03%E5%88%AB%E5%8F%B2-100%E9%83%A8+%3E+49-%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95%E5%AE%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95--+%3E+203-%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%BA%AF%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C%E7%99%BE%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84+%28Ming+Shilu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwenxian.fanren8.com%2F06%2F03%2F49%2F203.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2007" class="citation book cs1">Shin, Leo K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesestateatbo0000unse/page/91">"Ming China and Its Border with Annam"</a>. In Lary, Diana (ed.). <i>The Chinese State at the Borders</i> (Illustrated ed.). UBC Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774813334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774813334"><bdi>978-0774813334</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ming+China+and+Its+Border+with+Annam&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+State+at+the+Borders&rft.pages=91-92&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0774813334&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Leo+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesestateatbo0000unse%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke_2011_p._109-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_2011_p._109_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_2011_p._109_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooke (2011), p. 109 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mlKjn3FfoMC&pg=PA109">The Tongking Gulf Through History</a></i>, p. 109, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWade2005">Wade 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/hong-zhi/year-12-month-8-day-6">2704/05</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/47/146.htm">"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 47-明实录孝宗实录-- > 146-明孝宗敬皇帝实录卷之一百五十三"</a>. <i>明實錄 (Ming Shilu)</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017070804/http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/47/146.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5+%3E+06%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F-1725%E9%83%A8+%3E+03%E5%88%AB%E5%8F%B2-100%E9%83%A8+%3E+47-%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95--+%3E+146-%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84+%28Ming+Shilu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwenxian.fanren8.com%2F06%2F03%2F47%2F146.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=969669">Simplified Chinese:○金星昼见于辰位○辛卯吴瑞者广东文昌县人成化中与同乡刘求等十三人于钦州贸易遭风飘至安南海边罗者得之送本国求等俱发屯田以瑞独少宫之弘治十年国王黎灏卒瑞往东津点军得谅山卫军杨三知归路缘山行九日达龙州主头目韦琛家谋告守备官送还琛不欲久之安南国知之恐泄其国事遣探儿持百金为赎琛少之议未决而凭祥州知州李广宁闻之卒兵夺送于分守官都御史邓廷瓒遣送至京礼部请罪琛为边人之戒奖广宁为土官之劝从之瑞送司礼监给役 Traditional Chinese:○金星晝見於辰位○辛卯吳瑞者廣東文昌縣人成化中與同鄉劉求等十三人於欽州貿易遭風飄至安南海邊羅者得之送本國求等俱發屯田以瑞獨少宮之弘治十年國王黎灝卒瑞往東津點軍得諒山衛軍楊三知歸路緣山行九日達龍州主頭目韋琛家謀告守備官送還琛不欲久之安南國知之恐洩其國事遣探兒持百金為贖琛少之議未決而憑祥州知州李廣寧聞之卒兵奪送於分守官都御史鄧廷瓚遣送至京禮部請罪琛為邊人之戒獎廣寧為土官之勸從之瑞送司禮監給役</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《明孝宗实录》卷一五三，弘治十二年八月辛卯</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_2015_p._202-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2015_p._202_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2015_p._202_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li (2015), p. 202 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgGhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours</a></i>, p. 202, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooke (2011), p. 108 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mlKjn3FfoMC&pg=PA108">The Tongking Gulf Through History</a></i>, p. 108, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPGS.TSKH_Nguyễn_Hải_Kế(Associate_Professor_Dr._Nguyen_Hai_Ke)2013" class="citation web cs1">PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (28 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234731/http://khoalichsu.edu.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=416:co-mt-van-n-gia-yen-bang-yen-qung-khong-tnh-lng-pgstskh-nguyn-hi-k&catid=25:bai-vit&Itemid=33">"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"</a>. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khoalichsu.edu.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=416:co-mt-van-n-gia-yen-bang-yen-qung-khong-tnh-lng-pgstskh-nguyn-hi-k&catid=25:bai-vit&Itemid=33">the original</a> on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%93+M%E1%BB%98T+V%C3%82N+%C4%90%E1%BB%92N+%E1%BB%9E+GI%E1%BB%AEA+Y%C3%8AN+BANG%2C+Y%C3%8AN+QU%E1%BA%A2NG+KH%C3%94NG+T%C4%A8NH+L%E1%BA%B6NG&rft.pub=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E7%BD%91%28www.dayoo.com%29&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.au=PGS.TSKH+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+H%E1%BA%A3i+K%E1%BA%BF%28Associate+Professor+Dr.+Nguyen+Hai+Ke%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhoalichsu.edu.vn%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D416%3Aco-mt-van-n-gia-yen-bang-yen-qung-khong-tnh-lng-pgstskh-nguyn-hi-k%26catid%3D25%3Abai-vit%26Itemid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPGS.TSKH_Nguyễn_Hải_Kế(Associate_Professor_Dr._Nguyen_Hai_Ke)2013" class="citation web cs1">PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (22 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130727003650/http://duyhoang.net/co-mot-van-don-o-giua-yen-bang-yen-quang-khong-tinh-lang.htm">"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"</a>. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duyhoang.net/co-mot-van-don-o-giua-yen-bang-yen-quang-khong-tinh-lang.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%93+M%E1%BB%98T+V%C3%82N+%C4%90%E1%BB%92N+%E1%BB%9E+GI%E1%BB%AEA+Y%C3%8AN+BANG%2C+Y%C3%8AN+QU%E1%BA%A2NG+KH%C3%94NG+T%C4%A8NH+L%E1%BA%B6NG&rft.pub=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E7%BD%91%28www.dayoo.com%29&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.au=PGS.TSKH+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+H%E1%BA%A3i+K%E1%BA%BF%28Associate+Professor+Dr.+Nguyen+Hai+Ke%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fduyhoang.net%2Fco-mot-van-don-o-giua-yen-bang-yen-quang-khong-tinh-lang.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLê_Văn_HưuPhan_Phu_TiênNgô_Sĩ_Liên1993" class="citation book cs1">Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053521/http://www.mtat.macdinhchi71.com/suutam/truyen/daivietsukytoanthu/hoi26.htm">"Phần 26 (Bản kỷ thực lục Q2(a) Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472).)"</a>. <i>Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư</i>. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtat.macdinhchi71.com/suutam/truyen/daivietsukytoanthu/hoi26.htm">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ph%E1%BA%A7n+26+%28B%E1%BA%A3n+k%E1%BB%B7+th%E1%BB%B1c+l%E1%BB%A5c+Q2%28a%29+Nh%C3%A0+H%E1%BA%ADu+L%C3%AA+%281460%E2%80%931472%29.%29&rft.btitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+S%E1%BB%AD+K%C3%BD+To%C3%A0n+Th%C6%B0&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Khoa+H%E1%BB%8Dc+X%C3%A3+H%E1%BB%99i+%28H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i%29+%E1%BA%A5n+h%C3%A0nh&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtat.macdinhchi71.com%2Fsuutam%2Ftruyen%2Fdaivietsukytoanthu%2Fhoi26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLê_Văn_HưuPhan_Phu_TiênNgô_Sĩ_Liên1993" class="citation book cs1">Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). "DVSK Bản Kỷ Thực Lục 12: Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472) ... Phần 1(Đại Việt Sử Ký Bản Kỷ Thực Lục Quyển XII [1a] Kỷ Nhà Lê Thánh Tông Thuần Hoàng Đế)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/sach/dvsktt/dvsktt17a.html"><i>Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư</i></a>. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053727/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/sach/dvsktt/dvsktt17a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DVSK+B%E1%BA%A3n+K%E1%BB%B7+Th%E1%BB%B1c+L%E1%BB%A5c+12%3A+Nh%C3%A0+H%E1%BA%ADu+L%C3%AA+%281460%E2%80%931472%29+...+Ph%E1%BA%A7n+1%28%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+S%E1%BB%AD+K%C3%BD+B%E1%BA%A3n+K%E1%BB%B7+Th%E1%BB%B1c+L%E1%BB%A5c+Quy%E1%BB%83n+XII+%5B1a%5D+K%E1%BB%B7+Nh%C3%A0+L%C3%AA+Th%C3%A1nh+T%C3%B4ng+Thu%E1%BA%A7n+Ho%C3%A0ng+%C4%90%E1%BA%BF%29&rft.btitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+S%E1%BB%AD+K%C3%BD+To%C3%A0n+Th%C6%B0&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Khoa+H%E1%BB%8Dc+X%C3%A3+H%E1%BB%99i+%28H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i%29+%E1%BA%A5n+h%C3%A0nh&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatik.uni-leipzig.de%2F~duc%2Fsach%2Fdvsktt%2Fdvsktt17a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWade2005">Wade 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/cheng-hua/year-8-month-7-day-28">2078/79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/49/106.htm">"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 106-明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之一百六"</a>. <i>明實錄 (Ming Shilu)</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053755/http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/03/49/106.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5+%3E+06%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F-1725%E9%83%A8+%3E+03%E5%88%AB%E5%8F%B2-100%E9%83%A8+%3E+49-%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95%E5%AE%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95--+%3E+106-%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%AA%E5%AE%97%E7%BA%AF%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%AE%9E%E5%BD%95%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%85%AD&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84+%28Ming+Shilu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwenxian.fanren8.com%2F06%2F03%2F49%2F106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=344122&remap=gb">Simplified Chinese:○癸亥广东守珠池奉御陈彝奏南海县民为风飘至安南国被其国王编以为军其后逸归言中国人飘泊被留及所为阉禁者百余人奏下户部请移文巡抚镇守等官禁约军民人等毋得指以□贩私通番国且令守珠军人设法堤备从之 Traditional Chinese:○癸亥廣東守珠池奉禦陳彝奏南海縣民為風飄至安南國被其國王編以為軍其後逸歸言中國人飄泊被留及所為閹禁者百余人奏下戶部請移文巡撫鎮守等官禁約軍民人等毋得指以□販私通番國且令守珠軍人設法堤備從之</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_K._Shin2007" class="citation book cs1">Leo K. Shin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesestateatbo0000unse/page/92">"Ming China and Its Border with Annam"</a>. In Diana Lary (ed.). <i>The Chinese State at the Borders</i> (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesestateatbo0000unse/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774813334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774813334"><bdi>978-0774813334</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ming+China+and+Its+Border+with+Annam&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+State+at+the+Borders&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0774813334&rft.au=Leo+K.+Shin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesestateatbo0000unse%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsai (1996), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA16">The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)</a></i>, p. 16, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsai (1996), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA245">The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)</a></i>, p. 245, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoshchenko2002" class="citation journal cs1">Antoshchenko, Vladimir (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/05141107Antoschenko.pdf">"THE TRINH RULING FAMILY IN VIETNAM IN THE 16TH - 18TH CENTURIES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian and African Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (2). Centre for Vietnamese Studies, Institute of Asia and Africa, Moscow University, Russia: 161–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+TRINH+RULING+FAMILY+IN+VIETNAM+IN+THE+16TH+-+18TH+CENTURIES&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-168&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Antoshchenko&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sav.sk%2Fjournals%2Fuploads%2F05141107Antoschenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, K. W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UHi9JXNokEC&dq=%22Despite+his+seeming+susceptibility+to+a+group+of+scholars%2C+Trinh+Cuong+also+made+use+of+eunuchs%2C+sending+them+to+govern+provinces+and+to+supervise+building+projects%2C+among+other+assignments.%22&pg=PA351"><i>A History of the Vietnamese</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107244351" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107244351"><bdi>978-1107244351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107244351&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UHi9JXNokEC%26dq%3D%2522Despite%2Bhis%2Bseeming%2Bsusceptibility%2Bto%2Ba%2Bgroup%2Bof%2Bscholars%252C%2BTrinh%2BCuong%2Balso%2Bmade%2Buse%2Bof%2Beunuchs%252C%2Bsending%2Bthem%2Bto%2Bgovern%2Bprovinces%2Band%2Bto%2Bsupervise%2Bbuilding%2Bprojects%252C%2Bamong%2Bother%2Bassignments.%2522%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdoc.pub/documents/a-history-of-the-vietnamese-1v8q3q5edojo">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler (1987), p. 129 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzUz9lKn6PEC&pg=PA129">In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History</a></i>, p. 129, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya (2006), p. 177 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tClCMl7hswQC&pg=PA177">The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia</a></i>, p. 177, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodside (1971), p. 66 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA66">Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Nguyen and Ch'ing Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century</a></i>, p. 66, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fodor's (2012), p. 31 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6EtDnQnnvAC&pg=PA31">Fodor's See It Vietnam, 3rd Edition</a></i>, p. 31, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stearns (2006), p. 1 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJFrN5tRlCgC&pg=PA1">Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China</a></i>, p. 1, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2010" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8cRgWpCXUoC&q=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA209"><i>Vietnam</i></a>. National Geographic traveler. Photographs by Kris LeBoutillier (illustrated ed.). National Geographic Books. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426205224" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426205224"><bdi>978-1426205224</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145952/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Vietnam/h8cRgWpCXUoC?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA209&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>Le Van Duyet was a eunudw since birth, though it's unclear whether he was a hermaphrodite or was castrated in preparation for a ... Later, Duyet ruled southern Vietnam as viceroy and defied King Minh Mang's order to persecute Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam&rft.series=National+Geographic+traveler&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1426205224&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8cRgWpCXUoC%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bthanh%2Bvietnam%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2015" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, James (2015). Emmons, Ron (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtDYCwAAQBAJ&q=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA209"><i>National Geographic Traveler - Vietnam</i></a>. National Geographic Traveler Series. Photographs by Kris LeBoutillier (illustrated ed.). National Geographic Books. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426213632" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426213632"><bdi>978-1426213632</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145952/https://www.google.com/books/edition/National_Geographic_Traveler_Vietnam/DtDYCwAAQBAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA209&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>Le Van Duyet was a eunuch since birth, though it's unclear whether he was ahermaphrodite or was castrated in ... 195 E5 [3] 1 Phan Dang Luu, Binh Thanh District 08/3841-2517 When the French colonized Vietnam, they did their best to.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Traveler+-+Vietnam&rft.series=National+Geographic+Traveler+Series&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1426213632&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtDYCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bthanh%2Bvietnam%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoobbyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Boobbyer, Claire (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVP9AgAAQBAJ&q=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA110"><i>Vietnam Dream Trip</i></a>. Footprint Dream Trip (illustrated ed.). Footprint Travel Guides. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907263682" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907263682"><bdi>978-1907263682</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028150015/https://www.google.com/gen_204?s=web&t=aft&atyp=csi&ei=-Lp6Ya6gA8z5-gS1rZWoBA&rt=wsrt.985,aft.6101,prt.4036&imn=21&ima=15&imad=15&aftp=17001&bl=VsEN">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>The castrated men, who wore green and red floral gowns with flat, oval hats, arranged the emperor's night time activities and would be bribed ... Some saw this edict as a reaction to the courtier Le Van Duyet, who was himselfa eunuch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+Dream+Trip&rft.series=Footprint+Dream+Trip&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1907263682&rft.aulast=Boobbyer&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVP9AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bthanh%2Bvietnam%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVo2011" class="citation book cs1">Vo, Nghia M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zeweA9cfoxEC&q=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA270"><i>Saigon: A History</i></a> (illustrated ed.). McFarland. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786486342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786486342"><bdi>978-0786486342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145958/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Saigon/zeweA9cfoxEC?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA270&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model, 286. 14. Ibid., 288–289. 15. Thanh Khoi Le, Le Vietnam, 366. 16. McLeod, The Vietnamese ... Since an intersex person is sterile, he can be compared to a eunuch or a surgically castrated male.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saigon%3A+A+History&rft.pages=270&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0786486342&rft.aulast=Vo&rft.aufirst=Nghia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeweA9cfoxEC%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bthanh%2Bvietnam%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLet's_Go_Inc.2006" class="citation book cs1">Let's Go Inc. (2006). Vodhanel, Julie; Segal, Jake (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cH1JFMpEq0C&q=castration+le+thanh+vietnam&pg=PA284"><i>Let's Go Vietnam 2nd Edition</i></a>. LET'S GO VIETNAM, Let's Go Series, Let's go travel guide (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312360959" title="Special:BookSources/0312360959"><bdi>0312360959</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145955/https://www.google.com/gen_204?s=web&t=aft&atyp=csi&ei=6rp6YaypL871-gTRs7eABA&rt=wsrt.161,aft.890,prt.591&imn=16&ima=9&imad=9&aftp=15573&bl=VsEN">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>. <q>NORTHERN CENTRAL VIETNAM stomped the tiger to a bloody , mangled pulp , they would cheer . ... In 1848 , it was expanded to include a cemetery for castrated mandarins of the Nguyễn Dynasty . ... A sign marks 6km to Thanh Toàn .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Go+Vietnam+2nd+Edition&rft.series=LET%27S+GO+VIETNAM%2C+Let%27s+Go+Series%2C+Let%27s+go+travel+guide&rft.pages=284&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0312360959&rft.au=Let%27s+Go+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cH1JFMpEq0C%26q%3Dcastration%2Ble%2Bthanh%2Bvietnam%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookeLiAnderson2011" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mlKjn3FfoMC"><i>The Tongking Gulf Through History</i></a> (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812243369" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812243369"><bdi>978-0812243369</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tongking+Gulf+Through+History&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812243369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mlKjn3FfoMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLary2007" class="citation book cs1">Lary, Diana (2007). Diana Lary (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFzhWyoYG_wC"><i>The Chinese State at the Borders</i></a> (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774813334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774813334"><bdi>978-0774813334</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+State+at+the+Borders&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0774813334&rft.aulast=Lary&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFzhWyoYG_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2015" class="citation book cs1">Li, Tana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BB1qDwAAQBAJ&q=nanhai+eunuchs+men+made&pg=PT162">"8 EPIDEMICS, TRADE, AND LOCAL WORSHIP IN VIETNAM, LEIZHOU PENINSULA, AND HAINAN ISLAND"</a>. In Mair, Victor H; Kelley, Liam (eds.). <i>Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours</i>. CHINA SOUTHEAST ASIA History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814620536" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814620536"><bdi>978-9814620536</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8+EPIDEMICS%2C+TRADE%2C+AND+LOCAL+WORSHIP+IN+VIETNAM%2C+LEIZHOU+PENINSULA%2C+AND+HAINAN+ISLAND&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+and+Its+Southern+Neighbours&rft.series=CHINA+SOUTHEAST+ASIA+History&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9814620536&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Tana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBB1qDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnanhai%2Beunuchs%2Bmen%2Bmade%26pg%3DPT162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2007" class="citation book cs1">Shin, Leo K. (2007). "5 Ming China and Its Border with Annam". In Lary, Diana (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFzhWyoYG_wC"><i>The Chinese State at the Borders</i></a> (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774813334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774813334"><bdi>978-0774813334</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+Ming+China+and+Its+Border+with+Annam&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+State+at+the+Borders&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0774813334&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Leo+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFzhWyoYG_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai1996" class="citation book cs1">Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC"><i>The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)</i></a> (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791426874" title="Special:BookSources/0791426874"><bdi>0791426874</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eunuchs+in+the+Ming+Dynasty+%28Ming+Tai+Huan+Kuan%29&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0791426874&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Shih-Shan+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKa6jNJcX_ygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2005" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Geoff (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/">"Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource"</a>. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+Ming+Shi-lu%3A+an+open+access+resource&rft.pub=Asia+Research+Institute+and+the+Singapore+E-Press%2C+National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epress.nus.edu.sg%2Fmsl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2011" class="citation book cs1">Whitmore, John K. (2011). "Chapter 6 Vân Đồn, the 'Mạc Gap,' and the End of the Jiaozhi Ocean System: Trade and State in Đại Việt, Circa 1450-1550". In Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mlKjn3FfoMC"><i>The Tongking Gulf Through History</i></a> (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812243369" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812243369"><bdi>978-0812243369</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+V%C3%A2n+%C4%90%E1%BB%93n%2C+the+%27M%E1%BA%A1c+Gap%2C%27+and+the+End+of+the+Jiaozhi+Ocean+System%3A+Trade+and+State+in+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t%2C+Circa+1450-1550&rft.btitle=The+Tongking+Gulf+Through+History&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812243369&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mlKjn3FfoMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEunuchs+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_Vietnam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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