CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'interactive',cRay: '92e4b7943e4bce21',cH: 'dPJT0JjO9YRmfQKDztoiNM90JLtMp0yVibUqAaIDLCQ-1744314038-1.2.1.1-LBG7C1lQ5Pp1CD7dqH.fyrwAA_JIkLxtOjO_zsdLK8fsqnTv3nUzxCQmFAFoODWx',cUPMDTk: "\/biometrics\/article\/78\/4\/1291-1294\/7460104?__cf_chl_tk=QK5sfqVcjTYV_Lzi72W9lHg5JkVWbUqPBTwZJb9rjL4-1744314038-1.0.1.1-aQFV8VbWUJtvSyGypBfEqciWH3UY56sInGZq7YCX7ow",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1744314038',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported_browser_beacon",fa: "\/biometrics\/article\/78\/4\/1291-1294\/7460104?__cf_chl_f_tk=QK5sfqVcjTYV_Lzi72W9lHg5JkVWbUqPBTwZJb9rjL4-1744314038-1.0.1.1-aQFV8VbWUJtvSyGypBfEqciWH3UY56sInGZq7YCX7ow",md: "Ly6_3AHwXau1sYtw76BOPvqRfbhwVUrQJdN1voTNH3I-1744314038-1.2.1.1-._hBh_3mSmY8rlL2Dqw.hHLqWOCT.rEqsG2i8__C8Z1TKfXdzaYRcuCuN.58KrOevji5Doh.j9GzLusTKuhxwYlPUQ2UsYbvF45eJHP0HcQF44bMzJqQJA2Wt.yHxYkzwTJHgggHbIAXj_4_UWRfw4Yykdrd5oUWXVEtP35dCfI63PtMbu1ipy3t0DJ_f92P3i3ekxV.oNKELjTy5j5pdNjE6TU.R9omo0oXCsAn2EWQhSjIs8mrLGaJ_WmxPvumbAQO8EJJpgBMmJTZ_lM.ORKCTBsPFEBLu0Gh8cCYwakU_6ms9Hhkf1xhOh20JIbOaizJYAjBHsxoL1wPuvKjXVX6sT2ge5YeqaGczZxEUMuWAw2xgo3pSoLIISyEpvuNFxeJaBEhsaddHGpQOvS2HX4s3OM0qNupQlu2TNQjxw9qd_coV0bjb.eqe0W038A.KcLjcERixuSxFYKbM9V_2xHbQTzuWZpRFXzCBhC80qPQgPx7ISI2mT5DLNEEMiYHzcXV2snw_rpNTge4FeD_LlKsF3rSNDrVZl7NptqhuqYQcJWuz12ddnf1hT_a6nkD.6DBuj6ZdGkUrMSD7v5n41_vdu4BctXZ0PG665UoZ8hqr8Q5sqVNSY32KeDyZTYuMyj8QOJZ8tnxrGfn_UThpTP4cMlH9ll2IuH3uFimEB9V61IooIGQRLiTKImnJTkF15nWDnCB1Ua8Iw5dUKvUvV0Dpmg2EDpAb0drc366ADcBpUUxXMTxPL5comG0EfXKT_6d2Xr4CqHR9GzdwIfVW6IeoB42dFVqdBrK3CBwfIoxuEZHr.V0I5gbAMN3O.kQ9da4tLOI.yIJbzQykmfmEQS9VJZQPGdOFXO9Rg5KuR6DBRasbeoJCceWKkwqLnDCdKN8dzJ8TPk4TUIXbcKwClJ8v1unv6PH9XQmm5cvXuGhyPk0MRC98_lxTDB8onO9oKPh9TqgEEcYMyvPvWcHdCP185fOxbDuiye_uVoGdS_CXwklbrx1FQdZT_VJuhaTXsed3tak1hN_q9VqLWJYwE19GXSiMP0MlAwsKc.wTuJ4rta180zaWG04kqkicaWqz.E0zarn3C7bvWRID6F.lbdgHjtCjMDdeIjuk5DiA8gvvkJ6IRsVDDbY3iL8woHxHdqFZw9GfDQcCCDpaJRoFyXuKwTa.ZHb.pj0zfl8IVPhKeuldNeGYzok_GCswP.gk8GaX6VS6HhXuIYub.jc8WSlyAHrGVYY9cJg0yMaKiYcx3X.UR7Xp7jkY081gfJ4bw_qmYFySE_7TGP0By3Rj_XD18IvXZHYfDRsC.rfeLw",mdrd: "o04t6q9L6ORUdKp1mF3RY_GR1uIeWYubDLi5PJgxkIM-1744314038-1.2.1.1-b0gysK_U7bXnSPEnZyiy0ZUYJt_CZI7524CbToe8oBcFaVH7B058ZM0_6MJnxwXkZPbufI.PvIyFKDLacNlyzjYZA343vAKKCf4my2Az8wnvKauygjlvXBLvWn62JZH4156VE0hvnV8kXuiMBtj5HyWiBjDM1UTtEG.xF3hx7mUJSUd5NL8DEOWr74j.C0ll7A2WG7dWYl0kTk_SNBKdgT0.sFW5gWcKTpAdDpNlCVLg4fBqd1_dhe_Z4WtImC1L0yxkpzWr.o_K8WEQiirNN0OuUuTLoMKTgcJhCOFAwNvsBVo3H0MzrZogwhuFxb.VvyPAzkPhYPXlj1NZraXUc7MzUt9AT.p_Yl3RXytIrdRoTucmSEflY0ejhxIMy2DVeM5.Yo7eN.WeNhTbSE9esTgeZRv8MJhZzNQBSQtp8.J8fA_jUbA6u0WxVi.BoY7nIQT2MCM7xY.I0wV8B.mMveY_88C8dlgledUVc.QebrKHl3BQlpRFesnFsVkZKTa54npYhMwDsqz5jNshXZNeiusQbhKFL3ahsVJvCUQVjZQxdsC.vogYqo6QB87MEp7DfBcrFLgbwk9IPB5FnZfpNd2HxFmWoxbg.AYWYqKk4qlxWekCJTq_FP9GvUUf2PV13o.Eo6s7Scr4bcOecd9BenNp3GFfOOg2oufUzyuSdVmTkffScD2SmpbMKURSIG7DmARaCsybacAxIo6Gv9DDYO1mdng3z0ynxsGHSzgbuCHPHmMuykGXnmYeL1stZD2rJWIkQepfqHt2VrzA1o97LwkagkYir3HW9Azk3pf.N3JGYhqq6IihoP8xoM2Ww7UF621NWH3RO59SqMXbSaJGuBGv0Y4.AdvCnsaqKF_rswLm4fQaLVycH3WcrpN.YFIXyNV4QxSOPg4fmaOzMpWXBIw7zoCQltkMvUpcc_P9SXYpYylqIVgREjcvPHlDx0oZ1KQIq53Dx90PwBJC4FeJ5ahG2HGH5yEU8WX_NARF0VFi20T2AZR53CSN7DDCUM2lbcZcRx3A7HFMbcjAo4rOfA5pKxFPq.7Ptj8kG3dZxbnw0xjkXMQdteFWCqhEzVfaITqCEZlRaI09VpKMzbXvrX8zPY_2Rm2CxXDQINq.qXsaX.Y.5JiipEuubKqd4hNVrEde.gyWaGaIBd1SYuNA.xbCsK9YNo25zIWvOPy.7.VeEJVzqW9Bk_kmfjK6_KK85E6wpl_fX6X3bmQhZXZOagS01DlrHnm3KwHw9MoNckH7mRHMkI5S1qeG7oh2fHHxonchBnZWncaHuB_rZwXFtFcdVgIVmFI3IzI7.iSvkNFoNn3wyEy1Lt7uF3L8IooP4wrEL7SF4AgOfPplrqHZy5gGS.tLvpCoI5ILNNypS1RqOoo5WH9lIXvOUnKQpBoJ3Uh4LXs.Cyt4N5rI0VuuwMTfEsxptAmPVxFl.FvtzhqLnljEu2ruAqLvFRW35FNY_EZ38sRJyqi3s7FIuaJST8DXmWM4kHZG9uLM6EGB5jdGc4FTlUZcn7HbMJcYxTinmn3WDOVUUsnVCylyyikw19zjw0S4zZ5qCpgF9oosspd0zvdzYLAOIRuA8h5Vuz5lwfEMvmbVYmjVriRUQQ1_hEwVgefDEoAxs71Ennfqfq00nsGzEmS9a252itAB6Pzst3q1Fy2hgUC2lZP6zVLiPRZ_fWuQHD7KafGPpt1EO33SgW2.nhI9T69Q.czJMsazH1lyCIQTtbMEtCeUBmlKaqp2qJBMUXeG7_YibVfwvjP6y3Q3W1idcqpkT2Lwk9Ynu0VlJsTEI_WCwMuuyCHKB.fzZVr7b2uxCPgdSP.K855vKFqIzyjgkrAGF0KqX11MnOWxs4diaG4qPpEdjtkRELYgNPIwD0aDgVyhS3EteKYg2hWT7qQeeuh0tR8IPe4sMm6mGsmSFvgP9IsMkVSfpqqG9taxP1kk_xlQfVKfzO1vbmQqzZxvSBiftEVT8qhZocye9wSJ1sPPGYhZq3883hCKlpmRkNgEM.RkaJBB5p2Uah3ajNktn92xftcVmEm9e88OY1eQA.RD9Vo4QIhmJA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92e4b7943e4bce21';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/biometrics\/article\/78\/4\/1291-1294\/7460104?__cf_chl_rt_tk=QK5sfqVcjTYV_Lzi72W9lHg5JkVWbUqPBTwZJb9rjL4-1744314038-1.0.1.1-aQFV8VbWUJtvSyGypBfEqciWH3UY56sInGZq7YCX7ow" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>