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</li> <li id="toc-1950–1960:_Pop_art_and_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1960:_Pop_art_and_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1950–1960: Pop art and realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1960:_Pop_art_and_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–1980:_The_Picture_Generation_and_Neo_Pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1980:_The_Picture_Generation_and_Neo_Pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1970–1980: The Picture Generation and Neo Pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1980:_The_Picture_Generation_and_Neo_Pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_digital_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_digital_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the digital age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_digital_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appropriation_art_and_copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appropriation_art_and_copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Appropriation art and copyright</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appropriation_art_and_copyright-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appropriation art and copyright subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appropriation_art_and_copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-What_is_fair_use?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_is_fair_use?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>What is fair use?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_is_fair_use?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Examples of lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists_using_appropriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists_using_appropriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artists using appropriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists_using_appropriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropiacionisme" title="Apropiacionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apropiacionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_Art" title="Appropriation Art – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Appropriation Art" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropiacionismo" title="Apropiacionismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apropiacionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B5_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1)" title="تخصیص (هنر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخصیص (هنر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appropriation (art)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citazionismo" title="Citazionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Citazionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Апроприация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апроприация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Присвајање (умјетност) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Присвајање (умјетност)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriaatio_(taiteessa)" title="Appropriaatio (taiteessa) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Appropriaatio (taiteessa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropriyasyon" title="Apropriyasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apropriyasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temell%C3%BCk" title="Temellük – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Temellük" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E7%94%A8_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)" title="挪用 (艺术) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an artistic practice. For the cultural practice, see <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a>. For another cultural practice, see <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <b>appropriation</b> is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the arts">history of the arts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a>). In the visual arts, "to appropriate" means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects (or the entire form) of human-made <a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">visual culture</a>. Notable in this respect are the <a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a>. </p><p>Inherent in the understanding of appropriation is the concept that the new work <a href="/wiki/Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">recontextualizes</a> whatever it borrows to create the new work. In most cases, the original "thing" remains accessible as the original, without change. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appropriation, similar to <a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found object art</a> is "as an artistic strategy, the intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of preexisting images, objects, and ideas".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been defined as "the taking over, into a work of art, of a real object or even an existing work of art."<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_Terms_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate_Terms-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a> traces the practice back to <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>, and continuing into 1940s <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> and 1950s <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a>. It returned to prominence in the 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-Geo</a> artists,<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_Terms_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate_Terms-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now common practice amongst <a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">contemporary artists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Levine" title="Sherrie Levine">Sherrie Levine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Duchamp,_1917,_Fountain,_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/220px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/330px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/440px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i>, 1917, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> at <a href="/wiki/291_(art_gallery)" title="291 (art gallery)">291 (art gallery)</a> following the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Artists" title="Society of Independent Artists">Society of Independent Artists</a> exhibit, with entry tag visible. The backdrop is <i>The Warriors</i> by <a href="/wiki/Marsden_Hartley" title="Marsden Hartley">Marsden Hartley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomkins,_p._186_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomkins,_p._186-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many artists made references to works by previous artists or themes. </p><p>In 1856 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a> painted the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_Moitessier" title="Portrait of Madame Moitessier">Madame Moitessier</a>. The unusual pose is known to have been inspired by the famous ancient Roman wall painting <i>Herakles Finding His Son Telephas</i>. In doing so, the artist created a link between his model and an Olympian goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Edouard Manet</a> painted <i><a href="/wiki/Olympia_(Manet)" title="Olympia (Manet)">Olympia</a></i> in 1865, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Urbino" title="Venus of Urbino">Venus of Urbino</a></i>. His painting <i><a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe" title="Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe">Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe</a></i> was also inspired by the work of the Old Masters; specifically, its composition is based on a detail of <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi" title="Marcantonio Raimondi">Marcantonio Raimondi</a>'s <i>The Judgement of Paris</i> (1515).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> is believed to have seen the famous color woodcut <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i> by Japanese artist <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a> before painting a series of the Atlantic Ocean during the summer of 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> can be named with the examples of the paintings he did inspired by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean Francois Millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>, or the Japanese prints he had in his collection.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, Van Gogh created 20 painted copies inspired by Millet black-and-white prints. He enlarged the compositions of the prints and then painted them in colour according to his own imagination. Vincent wrote in his letters that he had set out to "translate them into another language". He said that it was not simply copying: if a performer "plays some Beethoven he'll add his personal interpretation to it… it isn't a hard and fast rule that only the composer plays his own compositions".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More examples can be found on <a href="/wiki/Copies_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Copies by Vincent van Gogh">Copies by Vincent van Gogh</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, a collector of Japanese prints, created several works inspired by these such as <i>The Garden at Sainte-Adresse,</i> 1867 inspired by <i>Fuji from the Platform of Sasayedo</i> by Katsushika Hokusai ; <i>The Water Lily Pond</i> series <i>Under Mannen Bridge at Fukagawa,</i> 1830-1831 by Hokusai or <i><a href="/wiki/La_Japonaise_(painting)" title="La Japonaise (painting)">La Japonaise</a>,</i> 1876 likely inspired by Kitagawa <a href="/wiki/Tsukimaro" title="Tsukimaro">Tsukimaro</a> <i>Geisha, a pair of hanging scroll paintings,</i> 1820-1829.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_half_of_the_20th_century">First half of the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First half of the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early twentieth century <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> appropriated objects from a non-art context into their work. In 1912, Picasso pasted a piece of oil cloth onto the canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent compositions, such as <i>Guitar, Newspaper, Glass and Bottle</i> (1913) in which Picasso used newspaper clippings to create forms, is early <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> that became categorized as part of <i>synthetic <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a></i>. The two artists incorporated aspects of the "real world" into their canvases, opening up discussion of signification and <a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">artistic representation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> in 1915 introduced the concept of the <b>readymade</b>, in which "industrially produced utilitarian objects...achieve the status of art merely through the process of selection and presentation."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duchamp explored this notion as early as 1913 when he mounted a stool with a bicycle wheel and again in 1915 when he purchased a snow shovel and inscribed it "in advance of the broken arm, Marcel Duchamp."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, Duchamp organized the submission of a readymade into the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Artists" title="Society of Independent Artists">Society of Independent Artists</a> exhibition under the pseudonym, R. Mutt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i>, it consisted of a porcelain urinal that was propped atop a pedestal and signed "R. Mutt 1917". The work posed a direct challenge, starkly juxtaposing to traditional perceptions of fine art, ownership, originality and plagiarism, and was subsequently rejected by the exhibition committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Plant,_S._1992_pp.44_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plant,_S._1992_pp.44-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dada" title="New York Dada">New York Dada</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Man" title="The Blind Man">The Blind Man</a></i> defended <i>Fountain</i>, claiming "whether Mr. Mutt with his own hands made the fountain or not has no importance. He CHOSE it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took an ordinary article of life, placed it so that its useful significance disappeared under the new title and point of view—and created a new thought for that object."<sup id="cite_ref-Plant,_S._1992_pp.44_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plant,_S._1992_pp.44-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> movement continued to play with the appropriation of everyday objects and their combination in collage. Dada works featured deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a> shows a similar sensibility in his "merz" works. He constructed parts of these from found objects,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they took the form of large <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">gesamtkunstwerk</a> constructions that are now called <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installations</a>. </p><p>During his Nice Period (1908–1913), <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> painted several paintings of <a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">odalisques</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Algiers" title="Women of Algiers">Women of Algiers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealists</a>, coming after the Dada movement, also incorporated the use of '<a href="/wiki/Found_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Found objects">found objects</a>', such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ret_Oppenheim" title="Méret Oppenheim">Méret Oppenheim</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_en_fourrure" title="Le Déjeuner en fourrure">Object (Luncheon in Fur)</a></i> (1936) or Salvador Dalí's <i><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Telephone" title="Lobster Telephone">Lobster Telephone</a></i> (1936). These found objects took on new meaning when combined with other unlikely and unsettling objects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–1960:_Pop_art_and_realism"><span id="1950.E2.80.931960:_Pop_art_and_realism"></span>1950–1960: Pop art and realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950–1960: Pop art and realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a> created what he called <a href="/wiki/Combine_painting" title="Combine painting">Combine Paintings</a>, combining ready-made objects, such as car tires or beds, with painting, <a href="/wiki/Screen-printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen-printing">silk-screens</a>, collage, and photography. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> incorporated found object imagery into his work, such as in his <i><a href="/wiki/White_Flag_(painting)" title="White Flag (painting)">White Flag</a></i>. In 1958 <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Conner" title="Bruce Conner">Bruce Conner</a> produced the influential <i><a href="/wiki/A_Movie" title="A Movie">A Movie</a></i> in which he recombined existing film clips. </p><p>In the early 1960s The <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> art movement also utilized appropriation:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its members blended different artistic disciplines including visual art, experimental music, and literature. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s they staged <a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a> <i>Events</i> from found objects and produced sculptural works featuring unconventional found objects and materials. Also in the early 1960s artists such as <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> appropriated images from commercial art and popular culture as well as the techniques of these industries with for example Warhol's <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Coca-Cola_Bottles" title="Green Coca-Cola Bottles">Green Coca-Cola Bottles</a></i> painting of <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called <a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Artists</a>, they saw mass popular culture as the main vernacular in culture. These artists fully engaged with the ephemera produced from this mass-produced culture while distancing themselves from the evident work of an artist's hand. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a> became known for appropriating pictures from <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comics books</a> with paintings such as <i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_(Roy_Lichtenstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece (Roy Lichtenstein)">Masterpiece</a></i> (1962) or <i><a href="/wiki/Drowning_Girl" title="Drowning Girl">Drowning Girl</a></i> (1963) and from famous artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a> or <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Sturtevant" title="Elaine Sturtevant">Elaine Sturtevant</a> (also known simply as <b>Sturtevant</b>), on the other hand, created replicas of famous works by her contemporaries. Artists she 'copycatted' included Warhol, Jasper Johns, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>, Duchamp, <a href="/wiki/James_Rosenquist" title="James Rosenquist">James Rosenquist</a>, Roy Lichtenstein, and more. While not exclusively reproducing Pop Art, that was a significant focus of her practice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She replicated Andy Warhol's <i>Flowers</i> in 1965 at the Bianchini Gallery in New York City, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France in the 60s, a group of artists called the <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">New Realists</a> used banal objects in their art, such as the sculptor <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Baldaccini" title="César Baldaccini">Cesar</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who compressed cars to create monumental sculptures or the artist <a href="/wiki/Arman" title="Arman">Arman</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who included everyday machine-made objects—ranging from buttons and spoons to automobiles and boxes filled with trash. The German artists <a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Polke" title="Sigmar Polke">Sigmar Polke</a> and his friend <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a>, who defined the term <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a>, offered an ironic critique of <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> in post-war Germany. They used pre-existing photographs and transformed them into paintings. Polke's best-known works were his collages of imagery from <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">pop culture</a> and advertising, like his "<a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">Supermarkets</a>" scenes of <a href="/wiki/Super_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Super hero">super heros</a> shopping at a <a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">grocery store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970–1980:_The_Picture_Generation_and_Neo_Pop"><span id="1970.E2.80.931980:_The_Picture_Generation_and_Neo_Pop"></span>1970–1980: The Picture Generation and Neo Pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1970–1980: The Picture Generation and Neo Pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Prince_(Fondation_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault,_Venise)_(3739876645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Richard_Prince_%28Fondation_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault%2C_Venise%29_%283739876645%29.jpg/220px-Richard_Prince_%28Fondation_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault%2C_Venise%29_%283739876645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Richard_Prince_%28Fondation_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault%2C_Venise%29_%283739876645%29.jpg/330px-Richard_Prince_%28Fondation_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault%2C_Venise%29_%283739876645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Richard_Prince_%28Fondation_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault%2C_Venise%29_%283739876645%29.jpg/440px-Richard_Prince_%28Fondation_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault%2C_Venise%29_%283739876645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a>, <i>Covering Hannah</i> (1987 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Grand_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Buick Grand National">Buick Grand National</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Ball_Total_Equilibrium_Tank_by_Jeff_Koons,_Tate_Liverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Three_Ball_Total_Equilibrium_Tank_by_Jeff_Koons%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg/220px-Three_Ball_Total_Equilibrium_Tank_by_Jeff_Koons%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Three_Ball_Total_Equilibrium_Tank_by_Jeff_Koons%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg/330px-Three_Ball_Total_Equilibrium_Tank_by_Jeff_Koons%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Three_Ball_Total_Equilibrium_Tank_by_Jeff_Koons%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg/440px-Three_Ball_Total_Equilibrium_Tank_by_Jeff_Koons%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><i>Three Ball Total Equilibrium Tank</i> (1983) by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Liverpool" title="Tate Liverpool">Tate Liverpool</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst appropriation in bygone eras utilised the likes of 'language', contemporary appropriation has been symbolised by photography as a means of 'semiotic models of representation'.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/The_Pictures_Generation" title="The Pictures Generation">Pictures Generation</a> was a group of artists, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a>, who utilized appropriation and montage to reveal the constructed nature of images.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exhibition named <b>The Pictures Generation, 1974–1984</b> was held at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (The Met) in New York City from April 29 – August 2, 2009 that included among other artists <a href="/wiki/John_Baldessari" title="John Baldessari">John Baldessari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kruger" title="Barbara Kruger">Barbara Kruger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Levine" title="Sherrie Levine">Sherrie Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Salle" title="David Salle">David Salle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Levine" title="Sherrie Levine">Sherrie Levine</a>, who addressed the act of appropriating itself as a theme in art.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levine often quotes entire works in her own work, for example photographing photographs of <a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>. Challenging ideas of originality, drawing attention to relations between <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and commodity value, the social sources and uses of art, Levine plays with the theme of "almost same". </p><p>During the 1970s and 1980s <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a> re-photographed advertisements such as for <a href="/wiki/Marlboro_(cigarette)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlboro (cigarette)">Marlboro cigarettes</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Photo_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo journalism">photo-journalism</a> shots. His work takes anonymous and ubiquitous cigarette billboard advertising campaigns, elevates the status and focuses our gaze on the images. </p><p>Appropriation artists comment on all aspects of culture and society. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosuth" title="Joseph Kosuth">Joseph Kosuth</a> appropriated images to engage with <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. </p><p>Other artists working with appropriation during this time with included <a href="/wiki/Greg_Colson" title="Greg Colson">Greg Colson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Morley" title="Malcolm Morley">Malcolm Morley</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s <a href="/wiki/Dara_Birnbaum" title="Dara Birnbaum">Dara Birnbaum</a> was working with appropriation to produce <a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">feminist works of art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978-79 she produced one of the first video appropriations. <i><a href="/wiki/Technology/Transformation:_Wonder_Woman" title="Technology/Transformation: Wonder Woman">Technology/Transformation: Wonder Woman</a></i> utilised video clips from the <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)" title="Wonder Woman (TV series)">Wonder Woman</a></i> television series.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pettibone" title="Richard Pettibone">Richard Pettibone</a> began replicating on a miniature scale works by newly famous artists such as Andy Warhol, and later also modernist masters, signing the original artist's name as well as his own.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a> gained recognition in the 1980 by creating conceptual sculptures <i>The New series</i>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum-cleaners</a>, often selected for brand names that appealed to the artist like the iconic <a href="/wiki/The_Hoover_Company" title="The Hoover Company">Hoover</a>, and in the vein of the readymades of Duchamp. Later he created sculptures in stainless steel inspired by inflatable toys such as bunnies or dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherrie_Levine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sherrie_Levine.jpg/220px-Sherrie_Levine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sherrie_Levine.jpg/330px-Sherrie_Levine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sherrie_Levine.jpg/440px-Sherrie_Levine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption><i>Fountain (Buddha)</i> a bronze remake by <a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Levine" title="Sherrie Levine">Sherrie Levine</a>, 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s artists continued to produce appropriation art, using it as a medium to address theories and social issues, rather than focussing on the works themselves. This typically is the case of Peruvian painter <a href="/wiki/Herman_Braun-Vega" title="Herman Braun-Vega">Herman Braun-Vega</a>, in whom the appropriation of the works of the old masters is almost systematic<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who, after beginning by making painted commentaries of the painting of others in the late 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ends up putting the characters borrowed from Western painting iconography in the presence of the social and political reality of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great triptych from the permanent collection of the Ralli Museum in <a href="/wiki/Marbella" title="Marbella">Marbella</a>, <i>The Informal Family (Velazquez, Goya, Picasso)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an example of multiple appropriations coexisting within the same work with the painter’s contemporaries in scenes describing the social situation in third world countries where the family in the broad sense is a circle of subsistence economy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braun-Vega recontextualises appropriated works and gives them a new meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part, <a href="/wiki/Damian_Loeb" title="Damian Loeb">Damian Loeb</a> used film and cinema to comment on themes of <a href="/wiki/Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">simulacrum</a> and reality. Other high-profile artists working at this time included <a href="/wiki/Christian_Marclay" title="Christian Marclay">Christian Marclay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kass" title="Deborah Kass">Deborah Kass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genco_Gulan" title="Genco Gulan">Genco Gulan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yasumasa_Morimura" title="Yasumasa Morimura">Yasumasa Morimura</a> is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriation art">appropriation artist</a> who borrows images from historical artists (such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>) to modern artists as <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a>, and inserts his own face and body into them.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux_First_Nation" title="Saulteaux First Nation">Saulteaux First Nations</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Houle" title="Robert Houle">Robert Houle</a> gained prominence through his appropriation of historical images and documents to criticize historical violence against <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houle's work Kanata (1992) utilized imagery from <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe" title="The Death of General Wolfe">The Death of General Wolfe</a> (1770), forgoing color in most of the frame to instead highlight the imagery of a Delaware warrior inserted by West.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Levine" title="Sherrie Levine">Sherrie Levine</a> appropriated the appropriated when she made polished cast bronze urinals named <i>Fountain</i>. They are considered to be an "homage to Duchamp's renowned readymade. Adding to Duchamp's audacious move, Levine turns his gesture back into an "art object" by elevating its materiality and finish. As a feminist artist, Levine remakes works specifically by male artists who commandeered patriarchal dominance in art history."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appropriation is frequently used by contemporary artists who often reinterpret previous artworks such as French artist <a href="/wiki/Zevs_(artist)" title="Zevs (artist)">Zevs</a> who reinterpreted logos of brands like Google or works by David Hockney.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many urban and street artists also use images from the popular culture such as <a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shepard Fairey</a> or <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who appropriated artworks by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Vermeer</a> with his girl with a pierced eardrum.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian Cree artist <a href="/wiki/Kent_Monkman" title="Kent Monkman">Kent Monkman</a> appropriates iconic paintings from European and North American art history and populates them with Indigenous visions of resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a> released a series of works titled <i>New Portraits</i> appropriating the photos of anonymous and famous persons (such as <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a>) who had posted a selfie on Instagram.The modifications to the images by the artist are the comments Prince added under the photos.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a> was accused in 2018 of appropriating the work of <a href="/wiki/Emily_Kame_Kngwarreye" title="Emily Kame Kngwarreye">Emily Kngwarreye</a> and others from the painting community in <a href="/wiki/Utopia,_Northern_Territory" title="Utopia, Northern Territory">Utopia, Northern Territory</a> with the Veil paintings, that according to Hirst were "inspired by Pointillist techniques and Impressionist and Post-Impressionist painters such as Bonnard and Seurat".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mr._Brainwash" title="Mr. Brainwash">Mr. Brainwash</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an urban artist who became famous thanks to <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> and whose style fuses historic pop imagery and contemporary cultural iconography to create his version of a pop–graffiti art hybrid first popularized by other street artists.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kaws" title="Kaws">Brian Donnelly, known as Kaws</a>, has used appropriation in his series, <i>The Kimpsons,</i> and painted <i>The Kaws Album</i> inspired by the <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Album" title="The Yellow Album">Simpsons Yellow Album</a> which itself was a parody of the cover art for the Beatles album <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_images_on_the_cover_of_Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="List of images on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i> replaced with characters from <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">the Simpsons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 2019, at Sotheby's in Hong Kong, <i>The Kaws Album</i> (2005), sold for 115.9 million Hong Kong dollars, or about $14.7 million U.S. dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he has reworked other familiar characters such as <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Man" title="Michelin Man">Michelin Man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smurfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Smurfs">Smurfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snoopy" title="Snoopy">Snoopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(character)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (character)">SpongeBob SquarePants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_digital_age">In the digital age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the digital age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1990s, the exploitation of historical precursors is as multifarious as the concept of appropriation is unclear. An unparalleled quantity of appropriations pervades not only the field of the visual arts, but of all cultural areas. The new generation of appropriators considers themselves "archeolog[es] of the present time".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some speak of "postproduction", which is based on pre-existing works, to re-edit "the screenplay of culture".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annexation of works made by others or of available cultural products mostly follows the concept of use. So-called "prosumers"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—those consuming and producing at the same time—browse through the ubiquitous archive of the digital world (more seldom through the analog one), in order to sample the ever accessible images, words, and sounds via 'copy-paste' or 'drag-drop' to 'bootleg', 'mashup' or 'remix' them just as one likes. French curator <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourriaud" title="Nicolas Bourriaud">Nicolas Bourriaud</a> coined the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <i>Semionaut</i> – a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> – to describe this. He writes: "DJs, Web surfers, and postproduction artists imply a similar configuration of knowledge, which is characterized by the invention of paths through culture. All three are "semionauts" who produce original pathways through signs."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appropriations have today become an everyday phenomenon. </p><p>The new "generation remix"<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—who have taken the stages not only of the visual arts, but also of music, literature, dance and film—causes, of course, highly controversial debates. Media scholars <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> coined in the begin of the 2000s here the term of the <a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">remix culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the one hand are the celebrators who foresee a new age of innovative, useful, and entertaining ways for art of the digitized and globalized 21st century. The new appropriationists will not only realize Joseph Beuys' dictum that everyone is an artist but also "build free societies".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By liberating art finally from traditional concepts such as aura, originality, and genius, they will lead to new terms of understanding and defining art. More critical observers see this as the starting point of a huge problem. If creation is based on nothing more than carefree processes of finding, copying, recombining and manipulating pre-existing media, concepts, forms, names, etc. of any source, the understanding of art will shift in their sight to a trivialized, low-demanding, and regressive activity. In view of the limitation of art to references to pre-existing concepts and forms, they foresee endless recompiled and repurposed products. Skeptics call this a culture of recycling with an addiction to the past<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some say that only lazy people who have nothing to say let themselves be inspired by the past in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others fear, that this new trend of appropriation is caused by nothing more than the wish of embellishing oneself with an attractive genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>appropriationism</b><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflects the overproduction of reproductions, remakings, reenactments, recreations, revisionings, reconstructings, etc. by copying, imitating, repeating, quoting, plagiarizing, simulating, and adapting pre-existing names, concepts and forms. Appropriationism is discussed—in comparison of appropriation forms and concepts of the 20th century which offer new representations of established knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—as a kind of "racing standstill",<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the acceleration of random, uncontrollable operations in highly mobilised, fluid Western societies that are governed more and more by abstract forms of control. Unlimited access to the digital archive of creations and easily feasible digital technologies, as well as the priority of fresh ideas and creative processes over a perfect masterpiece leads to a hyperactive hustle and bustle around the past instead of launching new expeditions into unexplored territory that could give visibility to the forgotten ghosts and ignored phantoms of our common myths and ideologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appropriation_art_and_copyright">Appropriation art and copyright</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appropriation art and copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appropriation art has resulted in contentious <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> issues regarding its validity under copyright law. The U.S. has been particularly litigious in this respect. A number of <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> examples have emerged that investigate the division between <a href="/wiki/Transformative_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformative work">transformative works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_is_fair_use?"><span id="What_is_fair_use.3F"></span>What is fair use?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: What is fair use?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a> in the United States, provides a defense against copyright infringement when an artist can prove that their use of the underlying work is "fair". </p><p>The Act gives four factors to be considered to determine whether a particular use is a fair use: </p> <ol><li>the purpose and character of the use (commercial or educational, transformative or reproductive, political);</li> <li>the nature of the copyrighted work (fictional or factual, the degree of creativity);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use#3._Amount_and_substantiality" title="Fair use">amount and substantiality</a> of the portion of the original work used; and</li> <li>the effect of the use upon the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> (or potential market) for the original work.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_lawsuits">Examples of lawsuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples of lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> faced a series of lawsuits from photographers whose work he appropriated and <a href="/wiki/Screen-printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen-printing">silk-screened</a>. Patricia Caulfield, one such photographer, had taken a picture of flowers for a photography demonstration for a photography magazine. Without her permission, Warhol covered the walls of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Castelli" title="Leo Castelli">Leo Castelli</a>'s New York gallery with his silk-screened reproductions of Caulfield's photograph in 1964. After seeing a poster of Warhol's unauthorized reproductions in a bookstore, Caulfield sued Warhol for violating her rights as the copyright owner, and Warhol made a cash settlement out of court.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Circuit">Second Circuit</a> held that Warhol's use of a photograph of <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> to create a series of 16 silkscreens and pencil illustrations <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">was not fair use</a>. The photograph, taken by celebrity photographer <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Goldsmith" title="Lynn Goldsmith">Lynn Goldsmith</a>, was commissioned in 1981 as an artist reference for <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> magazine. In 1984, Warhol used the photograph as a source to create a work for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> along with 15 additional pieces. Goldsmith was not made aware of the series until after the musician's death in 2016, when <i><a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a></i> published a tribute featuring one of Warhol's works. In its opinion, the Court held that each of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#What_is_fair_use?">four "fair use" factors</a> favored Goldsmith, further finding that the works were substantially similar as a matter of law, given that "any reasonable viewer . . . would have no difficulty identifying the [Goldsmith photograph] as the source material for Warhol's Prince Series."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court affirmed in a 7-2 decision, holding that the licensing of the Orange Prince for use as a magazine cover did not qualify as fair use of a copyrighted photo taken for use in a magazine, leaving for another day whether the painting itself could qualify as fair use.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Warhol's famous <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_Soup_Cans" title="Campbell's Soup Cans">Campbell's Soup Cans</a></i> are generally held to be a non-infringing fair use of the soup maker's <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, despite being clearly appropriated, because "the public [is] unlikely to see the painting as sponsored by the soup company or representing a competing product. Paintings and soup cans are not in themselves competing products," according to expert trademark lawyer <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Gilson" title="Jerome Gilson">Jerome Gilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a> has also confronted issues of copyright due to his appropriation work (see <i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i>). Photographer Art Rogers brought suit against Koons for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> in 1989. Koons' work, <i>String of Puppies</i> sculpturally reproduced Rogers' black-and-white photograph that had appeared on an airport greeting card that Koons had bought. Though he claimed <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> in his defense, Koons lost the case, partially due to the tremendous success he had as an artist and the manner in which he was portrayed in the media.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The parody argument also failed, as the appeals court drew a distinction between creating a parody of modern society in general and a parody directed at a specific work, finding parody of a specific work, especially of a very obscure one, too weak to justify the fair use of the original. </p><p>In October 2006, Koons successfully defended a different work by claiming "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>". For a seven-painting commission for the Deutsche Guggenheim Berlin, Koons drew on part of a photograph taken by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Blanch" title="Andrea Blanch">Andrea Blanch</a> titled <i>Silk Sandals by Gucci</i> and published in the August 2000 issue of <i>Allure</i> magazine to illustrate an article on metallic makeup. Koons took the image of the legs and diamond sandals from that photo (omitting other background details) and used it in his painting <i>Niagara</i>, which also includes three other pairs of women's legs dangling surreally over a landscape of pies and cakes. </p><p>In his decision, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge_Louis_L._Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judge Louis L. Stanton (page does not exist)">Judge Louis L. Stanton</a> of U.S. District Court found that <i>Niagara</i> was indeed a "transformative use" of Blanch's photograph. "The painting's use does not 'supersede' or duplicate the objective of the original", the judge wrote, "but uses it as raw material in a novel way to create new information, new aesthetics and new insights. Such use, whether successful or not artistically, is transformative." </p><p>The detail of Blanch's photograph used by Koons is only marginally copyrightable. Blanch has no rights to the Gucci sandals, "perhaps the most striking element of the photograph", the judge wrote. And without the sandals, only a representation of a woman's legs remains—and this was seen as "not sufficiently original to deserve much copyright protection." </p><p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a>'s sculpture <i>Hymn</i> (which <a href="/wiki/Charles_Saatchi" title="Charles Saatchi">Charles Saatchi</a> had bought for a reported £1m) was exhibited in <i>Ant Noises</i> in the Saatchi Gallery. Hirst was sued for breach of copyright over this sculpture. The subject was a 'Young Scientist Anatomy Set' belonging to his son Connor, 10,000 of which are sold a year by Hull (Emms) Toy Manufacturer. Hirst created a 20-foot, six-ton enlargement of the Science Set figure, radically changing the perception of the object. Hirst paid an undisclosed sum to two charities, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Children_Nationwide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Children Nationwide (page does not exist)">Children Nationwide</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toy_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toy Trust (page does not exist)">Toy Trust</a> in an out-of-court settlement. The charitable donation was less than Emms had hoped for. Hirst sold three more copies of his sculpture for similar amounts to the first.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appropriating a familiar object to make an artwork can prevent the artist claiming copyright ownership. <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a> threatened to sue a gallery under copyright, claiming that the gallery infringed his proprietary rights by selling bookends in the shape of balloon dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koons abandoned that claim after the gallery filed a complaint for <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaratory relief">declaratory relief</a> stating, "As virtually any clown can attest, no one owns the idea of making a balloon dog, and the shape created by twisting a balloon into a dog-like form is part of the public domain."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, photojournalist Patrick Cariou sued artist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagosian_Gallery" title="Gagosian Gallery">Gagosian Gallery</a> and <a href="/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup" title="RCS MediaGroup">Rizzoli books</a> for copyright infringement. Prince had appropriated 40 of Cariou's photos of <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> from a book, creating a series of paintings known as <i>Canal Zone</i>. Prince variously altered the photos, painting objects, oversized hands, naked women and male torsos over the photographs, subsequently selling over $10 million worth of the works. In March 2011, a judge ruled in favor of Cariou, but Prince and Gargosian appealed on a number of points. Three judges for the U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the right to an appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince's attorney argued that "Appropriation art is a well-recognized modern and postmodern art form that has challenged the way people think about art, challenged the way people think about objects, images, sounds, culture."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 24, 2013, the appeals court largely overturned the original decision, deciding that many of the paintings had sufficiently transformed the original images and were therefore a permitted use.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See <b><a href="/wiki/Cariou_v._Prince" title="Cariou v. Prince">Cariou v. Prince</a></b>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-proskauer.com_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proskauer.com-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2010, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a> threatened legal action against computer artist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Blake" title="Scott Blake">Scott Blake</a> for creating a <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">photoshop</a> filter that built images out of dissected Chuck Close paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story was first reported by online arts magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperallergic" title="Hyperallergic">Hyperallergic</a></i>, it was reprinted on the front page of <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a>, and spread rapidly through the web.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kembrew_McLeod" title="Kembrew McLeod">Kembrew McLeod</a>, author of several books on sampling and appropriation, said in <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> that Scott Blake's art should fall under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2014, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit questioned the Second Circuit's interpretation of the fair use doctrine in the <i>Cariou</i> case. Of particular note, the Seventh Circuit noted that "transformative use" is not one of the four enumerated fair use factors but is, rather, simply part of the first fair use factor which looks to the "purpose and character" of the use. The Seventh Circuit's critique lends credence to the argument that there is a split among U.S. courts as to what role "transformativeness" is to play in any fair use inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-proskauer.com_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proskauer.com-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Andrew Gilden and Timothy Greene published a law review article in The <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i> dissecting the factual similarities and legal differences between the <i>Cariou</i> case and the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipinbrief.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/salinger-opinion.pdf">Salinger v. Colting</a></i> case, articulating concerns that judges may be creating a fair use "privilege largely reserved for the rich and famous."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artists_using_appropriation">Artists using appropriation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artists using appropriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Appropriation_(art)" title="Special:EditPage/Appropriation (art)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ARTIST" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ARTIST">notable</a> artists known for their use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Above_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Above (artist)">ABOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Kijima" title="Ai Kijima">Ai Kijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Mir" title="Aleksandra Mir">Aleksandra Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kruger" title="Barbara Kruger">Barbara Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Edwards_(artist)" title="Benjamin Edwards (artist)">Benjamin Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern_Porter" title="Bern Porter">Bern Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Jones_(artist)" title="Bill Jones (artist)">Bill Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dettmer" title="Brian Dettmer">Brian Dettmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Dogancay" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhan Dogancay">Burhan Dogancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Marclay" title="Christian Marclay">Christian Marclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Sollfrank" title="Cornelia Sollfrank">Cornelia Sollfrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Arcangel" title="Cory Arcangel">Cory Arcangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baldwin" title="Craig Baldwin">Craig Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Loeb" title="Damian Loeb">Damian Loeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salle" title="David Salle">David Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kass" title="Deborah Kass">Deborah Kass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mulhem" title="Dominique Mulhem">Dominique Mulhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cross" title="Dorothy Cross">Dorothy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gordon" title="Douglas Gordon">Douglas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Sturtevant" title="Elaine Sturtevant">Elaine Sturtevant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Doeringer" title="Eric Doeringer">Eric Doeringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_Tuggar" title="Fatimah Tuggar">Fatimah Tuggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Jesus_Consalvos" title="Felipe Jesus Consalvos">Felipe Jesus Consalvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genco_Gulan" title="Genco Gulan">Genco Gulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Idea" title="General Idea">General Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pusenkoff" title="George Pusenkoff">George Pusenkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghada_Amer" title="Ghada Amer">Ghada Amer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Brown_(artist)" title="Glenn Brown (artist)">Glenn Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bennett_(artist)" title="Gordon Bennett (artist)">Gordon Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Rawle" title="Graham Rawle">Graham Rawle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graig_Kreindler" title="Graig Kreindler">Graig Kreindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Colson" title="Greg Colson">Greg Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Willis_Thomas" title="Hank Willis Thomas">Hank Willis Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Haacke" title="Hans Haacke">Hans Haacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Peter Feldman">Hans-Peter Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Tobias_Anderson" title="J. Tobias Anderson">J. Tobias Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_and_Dinos_Chapman" title="Jake and Dinos Chapman">Jake and Dinos Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cauty" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cauty">James Cauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Ricks" title="Jim Ricks">Jim Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_(art_collective)" title="Jodi (art collective)">Jodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baldessari" title="John Baldessari">John Baldessari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McHale_(artist)" title="John McHale (artist)">John McHale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stezaker" title="John Stezaker">John Stezaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cornell" title="Joseph Cornell">Joseph Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosuth" title="Joseph Kosuth">Joseph Kosuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Garnett" title="Joy Garnett">Joy Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaws" title="Kaws">Kaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kilimnik" title="Karen Kilimnik">Karen Kilimnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelley_Walker" title="Kelley Walker">Kelley Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Goldsmith" title="Kenneth Goldsmith">Kenneth Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennie_Lee" title="Lennie Lee">Lennie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Golub" title="Leon Golub">Leon Golub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lawler" title="Louise Lawler">Louise Lawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Tuymans" title="Luc Tuymans">Luc Tuymans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Sullivan" title="Luke Sullivan">Luke Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Morley" title="Malcolm Morley">Malcolm Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bloch_(artist)" title="Mark Bloch (artist)">Mark Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Harvey" title="Marcus Harvey">Marcus Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Divo" title="Mark Divo">Mark Divo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dumas" title="Marlene Dumas">Marlene Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Arnold_(filmmaker)" title="Martin Arnold (filmmaker)">Martin Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Laurette" title="Matthieu Laurette">Matthieu Laurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret_Oppenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Meret Oppenheim">Meret Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_Faux" title="Kung Faux">Mic Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Landy" title="Michael Landy">Michael Landy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Platnic" title="Michel Platnic">Michel Platnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bidlo" title="Mike Bidlo">Mike Bidlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Kelley_(artist)" title="Mike Kelley (artist)">Mike Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltos_Manetas" title="Miltos Manetas">Miltos Manetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rakibul_Hasan" title="Mohammad Rakibul Hasan">Mohammad Rakibul Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Spero" title="Nancy Spero">Nancy Spero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativland" title="Negativland">Negativland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_S._Lee" title="Nikki S. Lee">Nikki S. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Magnusson" title="Norm Magnusson">Norm Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Crook" class="mw-redirect" title="PJ Crook">PJ Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Polke" title="Sigmar Polke">Sigmar Polke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Like_Us_(musician)" title="People Like Us (musician)">People Like Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Saville_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Saville (artist)">Peter Saville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Taaffe" title="Philip Taaffe">Philip Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bismuth" title="Pierre Bismuth">Pierre Bismuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Huyghe" title="Pierre Huyghe">Pierre Huyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Case" title="Reginald Case">Reginald Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Prelinger" title="Rick Prelinger">Rick Prelinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Scholte" title="Rob Scholte">Rob Scholte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Longo" title="Robert Longo">Robert Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shepard Fairey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Levine" title="Sherrie Levine">Sherrie Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Syjuco" title="Stephanie Syjuco">Stephanie Syjuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Home" title="Stewart Home">Stewart Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_D-128" title="System D-128">System D-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Noten" title="Ted Noten">Ted Noten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruff" title="Thomas Ruff">Thomas Ruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Phillips_(artist)" title="Tom Phillips (artist)">Tom Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermibus" class="extiw" title="de:Vermibus">Vermibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vik_Muniz" title="Vik Muniz">Vik Muniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikky_Alexander" title="Vikky Alexander">Vikky Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasumasa_Morimura" title="Yasumasa Morimura">Yasumasa Morimura</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes about art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copies_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Copies by Vincent van Gogh">Copies by Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decollage" class="mw-redirect" title="Decollage">Decollage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chilvers, Ian & Glaves-Smith, John eds., Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2009. pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/glossary/">"MoMA | Glossary of Art Terms"</a>. <i>www.moma.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Jeff+Koons+%7C+Biography%2C+Art%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJeff-Koons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomán2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Román, Élida (2003-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://braunvega.com/picture?/3048">"Herman Braun-Vega: Arte de apropiación"</a>. <i>El Comercio</i> (in Spanish). Lima: 29. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Apropiación' es el primer término que aparece al querer categorizar o clasificar la obra de Herman Braun-Vega. [...] Efectivamente, el autor se 'apropia' de las imágenes que otros crearan. Pero se trata de una utilización que no busca el reemplazo, la reedición o el acoplamiento, sino que ejerce su libertad de darle un contenido nuevo en un contexto creado por él.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=Herman+Braun-Vega%3A+Arte+de+apropiaci%C3%B3n&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2003-01-05&rft.aulast=Rom%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbraunvega.com%2Fpicture%3F%2F3048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamón_Ribeyro1981" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramón Ribeyro, Julio (1981-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://braunvega.com/picture?/1494">"Herman Braun"</a>. <i>Marka</i> (in Spanish). Lima: El Caballo Rojo: 14. <q>Que un pintor utilice como temas de sus cuadros obras de otros pintores no es una novedad. Lo novedoso es ahondar este procedimiento y hacer de él, forzando un poco el término, un sistema. Tal es el caso de Herman Braun. [...] Se podría pues hablar [...] de una metapintura, en la medida en que sus cuadros son comentarios pictóricos de otros cuadros. Pero esta definición resulta estrecha, si se tiene en cuenta la evolución de su obra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marka&rft.atitle=Herman+Braun&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1981-05-17&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%B3n+Ribeyro&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbraunvega.com%2Fpicture%3F%2F1494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://braunvega.com/picture?/3095">"Herman Braun: trato de ofrecer un testimonio de la situación social"</a> [Herman Braun: I try to offer a testimony of the social situation]. <i>El Comercio</i> (in Spanish). Lima: 16. 1984-11-30. <q>[...] a lo largo de estos quince años, he trabajado con la iconografía de occidente, tratando de ofrecer un testimonio [...] de la situación social.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=Herman+Braun%3A+trato+de+ofrecer+un+testimonio+de+la+situaci%C3%B3n+social&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1984-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbraunvega.com%2Fpicture%3F%2F3095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museoralli.es/obras-destacadas/la-familia-informal/">"La familia Informal | Obra destacada Colección Ralli Braun-Vega"</a>. <i>Museo Ralli Marbella</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+Ralli+Marbella&rft.atitle=La+familia+Informal+%7C+Obra+destacada+Colecci%C3%B3n+Ralli+Braun-Vega&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseoralli.es%2Fobras-destacadas%2Fla-familia-informal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://braunvega.com/picture?/549">"Artista en Familia"</a>. <i>Caretas</i> (in Spanish). 1995-09-14. pp. 90–91. <q>la pieza central de la muestra es "La familia informal", un gran tríptico que [Braun-Vega] preparó para las celebraciones españolas del V Centenario del llamado encuentro entre dos Mundos, aludiendo tanto a las economías de subsistencia en que viven los habitantes más pobres del tercer mundo, como al mestizaje cultural que este intercambio posibilita</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caretas&rft.atitle=Artista+en+Familia&rft.pages=90-91&rft.date=1995-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbraunvega.com%2Fpicture%3F%2F549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero_Zegarra2021" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerrero Zegarra, María Alexandra (2021-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30920/letras.92.135.13">"El poder se nutre de dogmas. El apropiacionismo en la obra de Herman Braun‑Vega"</a> [The Power is Nourished by Dogmas. The Appropriation in the Work of Herman Braun‑Vega]. <i>LETRAS, revista de investigación científica de la Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos</i> (in Spanish). Vol. 92, no. 135. Lima. pp. 177–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30920%2Fletras.92.135.13">10.30920/letras.92.135.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-4878">0378-4878</a>. <q>the appropriation of the image makes a new meaning in the work, while it is recontextualized and reinterpreted, because the appropriations in the work of this artist has the intention of make a rearticulation of the memory (individual, sociopolitical and historical).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LETRAS%2C+revista+de+investigaci%C3%B3n+cient%C3%ADfica+de+la+Facultad+de+Letras+y+Ciencias+Humanas+de+la+Universidad+Nacional+Mayor+de+San+Marcos&rft.atitle=El+poder+se+nutre+de+dogmas.+El+apropiacionismo+en+la+obra+de+Herman+Braun%E2%80%91Vega&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=135&rft.pages=177-190&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30920%2Fletras.92.135.13&rft.issn=0378-4878&rft.aulast=Guerrero+Zegarra&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30920%2Fletras.92.135.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf2013" class="citation news cs1">Graf, Marcus (October 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830001239/http://visualartbeat.com/self-portrait-by-genco-gulan/">"Self Portrait? by Genco Gülan"</a>. <i>Visual Art Beat</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualartbeat.com/self-portrait-by-genco-gulan/">the original</a> on August 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Art+Beat&rft.atitle=Self+Portrait%3F+by+Genco+G%C3%BClan&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualartbeat.com%2Fself-portrait-by-genco-gulan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2015" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Karen (15 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/arts/design/yasumasa-morimura.html">"Yasumasa Morimura"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yasumasa+Morimura&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fyasumasa-morimura.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadill2018" class="citation book cs1">Madill, Shirley (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/robert-houle/biography/"><i>Robert Houle: Life & Work</i></a>. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0170-1"><bdi>978-1-4871-0170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Houle%3A+Life+%26+Work&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Art+Canada+Institute&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4871-0170-1&rft.aulast=Madill&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci-iac.ca%2Fart-books%2Frobert-houle%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebroad.org/art/sherrie-levine/fountain-buddha">"Fountain (Buddha) - Sherrie Levine | The Broad"</a>. <i>www.thebroad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArrestedMotion&rft.atitle=Upcoming%3A+Zevs+%E2%80%93+%22The+Big+Oil+Splash%22+%40+Lazarides+Rathbone+%C2%AB+Arrested+Motion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farrestedmotion.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fupcoming-zevs-the-big-oil-splash-lazarides-rathbone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-story-behind-banksy-4310304/">"The Story Behind Banksy"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Bristol&rft.atitle=Banksy+Street+Art+in+Bristol+%E2%80%93+VisitBristol.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitbristol.co.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Fstreet-art%2Fbanksy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadill2022" class="citation book cs1">Madill, Shirley (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/kent-monkman/style-and-technique/"><i>Kent Monkman: Life & Work</i></a>. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0280-7"><bdi>978-1-4871-0280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent+Monkman%3A+Life+%26+Work&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Art+Canada+Institute&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4871-0280-7&rft.aulast=Madill&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci-iac.ca%2Fart-books%2Fkent-monkman%2Fstyle-and-technique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2015" class="citation news cs1">Parkinson, Hannah Jane (2015-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/18/instagram-artist-richard-prince-selfies">"Instagram, an artist and the $100,000 selfies – appropriation in the digital age"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Rules+in+Artist%27s+Favor&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.au=RANDY+KENNEDY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F26%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fappeals-court-ruling-favors-richard-prince-in-copyright-case.html%3Fref%3Darts%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proskauer.com-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proskauer.com_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proskauer.com_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proskauer.com/publications/client-alert/seventh-circuit-criticizes-second-circuits-transformative-use-approach-to-fair-use/">"Seventh Circuit Criticizes Second Circuit's "Transformative Use" Approach to Fair Use | Publications | Proskauer"</a>. <i>www.proskauer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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But Only For Another 100 Years Or So!"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Techdirt" title="Techdirt">Techdirt</a></i>, July 16, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doctorow, Cory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2012/07/11/letter-from-to-chuck-close-fro.html">"Letter to Chuck Close from the digital artist whom he threatened with a lawsuit"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BoingBoing" class="mw-redirect" title="BoingBoing">BoingBoing</a></i>, July 11, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vartanian, Hrag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hyperallergic.com/62584/the-most-popular-hyperallergic-posts-of-2012/">"The Most Popular Hyperallergic Posts of 2012"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperallergic" title="Hyperallergic">Hyperallergic</a></i>, December 26, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dayal, Geeta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/07/artist-who-builds-chuck-close-filter-gets-slammed-by-chuck-close/">"How the Artist Who Built the 'Chuck Close Filter' Got Slammed by Chuck Close"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>, July 10, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/page/fair-use-rich-and-fabulous">"Fair Use for the Rich and Fabulous? | The University of Chicago Law Review | The University of Chicago"</a>. <i>lawreview.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lawreview.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Fair+Use+for+the+Rich+and+Fabulous%3F+%7C+The+University+of+Chicago+Law+Review+%7C+The+University+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawreview.uchicago.edu%2Fpage%2Ffair-use-rich-and-fabulous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppropriation+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Evans, <i>Appropriation: Documents of Contemporary Art</i>, Cambridge: MIT Press 2009</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy" title="Margot Lovejoy">Margot Lovejoy</a>, <i>Digital Currents: Art in the Electronic Age</i> Routledge 2004.</li> <li>(es) Juan Martín Prada (2001) <i>La Apropiación Posmoderna: Arte, Práctica apropiacionista y Teoría de la Posmodernidad</i>. Fundamentos. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B84%2B2450%2B8814" title="Special:BookSources/978+84+2450+8814">978 84 2450 8814</a>.</li> <li>Brandon Taylor, <i><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></i>, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2006, p. 221.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appropriation_(art)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubu.com/papers/pichler_appropriation.html">Michalis Pichler: <i>Statements on Appropriation</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appropriationart.ca">Appropriation Art Coalition-Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202093258/http://www.geocities.com/williampatry875/copyright1.pdf"><i>Blanche v. Koons</i> Decision (August 2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsgrist.typepad.com/underbelly/2006/01/koons_wins_land.html">Koons Wins Landmark Copyright Lawsuit</a> 1/2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1374144.html">Koons wins appeal (2006)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeculture.org/">Free Culture</a> an international student movement</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NYIH_Comedies_of_Fair_Use/">The New York Institute for the Humanities Comedies of Fair U$e conference (Archive.org)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060814000631/http://arts.columbia.edu/dmc/docs/lectureseries.html">Open Source Culture: Intellectual Property, Technology, and the Arts, Columbia Digital Media Center lecture series</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040725074848/http://www.benedict.com/Info/law/publicDomain/publicDomain.aspx">Public Domain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041216131258/http://www.jca-online.com/sherrielevine.html">Sherri Levine Interview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatmuseum.org/duchamp/marcelduchamp.html">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518225317/http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/">Lichtenstein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041206075456/http://www.imageexchange.com/featured/warhol/posters.shtml">Warhol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transordinator.com/edition">transordinator/edition</a> Remixing conceptual artworks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030321192">Temporary appropriation</a> or in Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Temporary_appropriation" title="Temporary appropriation">Temporary appropriation</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Appropriation_in_the_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCC99;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template talk:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appropriation_in_the_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Appropriation</a> in the arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafact" title="Contrafact">Contrafact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafactum" title="Contrafactum">Contrafactum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Music mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_plagiarism" title="Music plagiarism">Music plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_quotation" title="Musical quotation">Musical quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potpourri_(music)" title="Potpourri (music)">Potpourri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quodlibet" title="Quodlibet">Quodlibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribute_act" title="Tribute act">Tribute act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Literature / theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">Found poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbatim_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim theatre">Verbatim theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Visual arts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_painting" title="Combine painting">Combine painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_mosaic" title="Photographic mosaic">Photographic mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swipe_(comics)" title="Swipe (comics)">Swipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;">By source material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Mona Lisa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Michelangelo's <i>David</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Michelangelo's <i>Pietà</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Cinema / television / video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abridged_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Abridged series">Abridged series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(appropriation)" title="Found footage (appropriation)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_music_video" title="Literal music video">Literal music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-cut_trailer" title="Re-cut trailer">Re-cut trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">Remake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shot-for-shot" title="Shot-for-shot">Shot-for-shot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_format" title="TV format">TV format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">Video mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-joke" title="In-joke">In-joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_theft" title="Joke theft">Joke theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">Parody advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">General <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextual figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">Calque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">Quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_adaptation" title="Literary adaptation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_adaptation" title="Theatrical adaptation">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_(art)" title="After (art)">After (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">Bricolage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">Homage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_(art)" title="Imitation (art)">Imitation in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism#Source_criticism_in_the_arts" title="Source criticism">Source criticism in the arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related artistic<br />concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Aesthetic interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Artistic inspiration</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Author" title="The Death of the Author">The Death of the Author</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">Divine inspiration</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Afflatus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)" title="Genius (literature)">Genius (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">Originality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">Simulacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard blocks<br />and forms</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_fiction" title="Formula fiction">Formula fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Jazz standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_structure" title="Story structure">Story structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Epoch-marking<br />works</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the <i>Quixote</i></a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reality_Hunger" title="Reality Hunger">Reality Hunger: A Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">Theorization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">De Copia Rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Dionysian <i>imitatio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann#Critical_response_and_influence" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Nachahmung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palimpsests:_Literature_in_the_Second_Degree" title="Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree">Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pictures_Generation" title="The Pictures Generation">The Pictures Generation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related non-<br />artistic concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)" title="Appropriation (sociology)">Appropriation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">Recontextualisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a 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