CINXE.COM

Home | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" version="HTML+RDFa+MathML 1.1" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <!--[if IE]><![endif]--> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/sites/default/themes/bmjj/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];window.dataLayer.push({"page":{"hwTitle":"Homepage","hwUrl":"https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/","hwPath":"/","hwType":"home page"},"user":{"hwMemberID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitutionID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitution":"","hwAccessUsageTerms":"guest","hwRegisteredUser":"no","mail":"e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"}}); //--><!]]></script> <title>Home | BMJ Open Respiratory Research</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__q2XevUXNgncAdcLfQ5YOarfYOCFe9FKu7EtQ3iMCVbo__3vJXjtjLi_p0sTg14pxQFyrTbKOEWQ4PWCH12SW-sRA__BR3H2FRC87u8-8fi92E0Ny4UgIuaU3kBHidf4rXQlTg.css" media="all" /> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start --> <script src="https://cookie-cdn.cookiepro.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="565e50dd-f6e9-46d6-91cd-5c40a270264f"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OnetrustAdsConsent(){ if(googletag.apiReady){ //console.log("GoogleTag API ready") googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); if(OptanonActiveGroups.match(/,4,/)){ googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(0); //googletag.pubads().refresh(); } else{ googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1); googletag.pubads().refresh(); } } else{ OnetrustAdsConsent(); } } function OptanonWrapper() { OnetrustAdsConsent(); } </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__DdxPgqGimsdUot2QWNz_pGsHzqNGpx6RMCWHpL8YWkg__c6zfK6oHHbLpTal5PdQxeQI3xGoCM8IXWtEHwIZr560__BR3H2FRC87u8-8fi92E0Ny4UgIuaU3kBHidf4rXQlTg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__eUAnMbC3y4dTm17fCU5CD65wq9MrW5FbA3i5yr8p0gE__mHws_SM4zuLbwNgvM6vZKylPnx9W0O8f5n_em6JOlrc__BR3H2FRC87u8-8fi92E0Ny4UgIuaU3kBHidf4rXQlTg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer="defer" async="async" src="//cdn.foxycart.com/bmjpg.ecommerce.highwire.org/loader.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- /*! * yepnope1.5.4 * (c) WTFPL, GPLv2 */ (function(a,b,c){function d(a){return"[object Function]"==o.call(a)}function e(a){return"string"==typeof a}function f(){}function g(a){return!a||"loaded"==a||"complete"==a||"uninitialized"==a}function h(){var a=p.shift();q=1,a?a.t?m(function(){("c"==a.t?B.injectCss:B.injectJs)(a.s,0,a.a,a.x,a.e,1)},0):(a(),h()):q=0}function i(a,c,d,e,f,i,j){function k(b){if(!o&&g(l.readyState)&&(u.r=o=1,!q&&h(),l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=null,b)){"img"!=a&&m(function(){t.removeChild(l)},50);for(var d in y[c])y[c].hasOwnProperty(d)&&y[c][d].onload()}}var j=j||B.errorTimeout,l=b.createElement(a),o=0,r=0,u={t:d,s:c,e:f,a:i,x:j};1===y[c]&&(r=1,y[c]=[]),"object"==a?l.data=c:(l.src=c,l.type=a),l.width=l.height="0",l.onerror=l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=function(){k.call(this,r)},p.splice(e,0,u),"img"!=a&&(r||2===y[c]?(t.insertBefore(l,s?null:n),m(k,j)):y[c].push(l))}function j(a,b,c,d,f){return q=0,b=b||"j",e(a)?i("c"==b?v:u,a,b,this.i++,c,d,f):(p.splice(this.i++,0,a),1==p.length&&h()),this}function k(){var a=B;return a.loader={load:j,i:0},a}var l=b.documentElement,m=a.setTimeout,n=b.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o={}.toString,p=[],q=0,r="MozAppearance"in l.style,s=r&&!!b.createRange().compareNode,t=s?l:n.parentNode,l=a.opera&&"[object Opera]"==o.call(a.opera),l=!!b.attachEvent&&!l,u=r?"object":l?"script":"img",v=l?"script":u,w=Array.isArray||function(a){return"[object Array]"==o.call(a)},x=[],y={},z={timeout:function(a,b){return b.length&&(a.timeout=b[0]),a}},A,B;B=function(a){function b(a){var a=a.split("!"),b=x.length,c=a.pop(),d=a.length,c={url:c,origUrl:c,prefixes:a},e,f,g;for(f=0;f<d;f++)g=a[f].split("="),(e=z[g.shift()])&&(c=e(c,g));for(f=0;f<b;f++)c=x[f](c);return c}function g(a,e,f,g,h){var i=b(a),j=i.autoCallback;i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift(),i.bypass||(e&&(e=d(e)?e:e[a]||e[g]||e[a.split("/").pop().split("?")[0]]),i.instead?i.instead(a,e,f,g,h):(y[i.url]?i.noexec=!0:y[i.url]=1,f.load(i.url,i.forceCSS||!i.forceJS&&"css"==i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift()?"c":c,i.noexec,i.attrs,i.timeout),(d(e)||d(j))&&f.load(function(){k(),e&&e(i.origUrl,h,g),j&&j(i.origUrl,h,g),y[i.url]=2})))}function h(a,b){function c(a,c){if(a){if(e(a))c||(j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}),g(a,j,b,0,h);else if(Object(a)===a)for(n in m=function(){var b=0,c;for(c in a)a.hasOwnProperty(c)&&b++;return b}(),a)a.hasOwnProperty(n)&&(!c&&!--m&&(d(j)?j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}:j[n]=function(a){return function(){var b=[].slice.call(arguments);a&&a.apply(this,b),l()}}(k[n])),g(a[n],j,b,n,h))}else!c&&l()}var h=!!a.test,i=a.load||a.both,j=a.callback||f,k=j,l=a.complete||f,m,n;c(h?a.yep:a.nope,!!i),i&&c(i)}var i,j,l=this.yepnope.loader;if(e(a))g(a,0,l,0);else if(w(a))for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)j=a[i],e(j)?g(j,0,l,0):w(j)?B(j):Object(j)===j&&h(j,l);else Object(a)===a&&h(a,l)},B.addPrefix=function(a,b){z[a]=b},B.addFilter=function(a){x.push(a)},B.errorTimeout=1e4,null==b.readyState&&b.addEventListener&&(b.readyState="loading",b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",A=function(){b.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",A,0),b.readyState="complete"},0)),a.yepnope=k(),a.yepnope.executeStack=h,a.yepnope.injectJs=function(a,c,d,e,i,j){var k=b.createElement("script"),l,o,e=e||B.errorTimeout;k.src=a;for(o in d)k.setAttribute(o,d[o]);c=j?h:c||f,k.onreadystatechange=k.onload=function(){!l&&g(k.readyState)&&(l=1,c(),k.onload=k.onreadystatechange=null)},m(function(){l||(l=1,c(1))},e),i?k.onload():n.parentNode.insertBefore(k,n)},a.yepnope.injectCss=function(a,c,d,e,g,i){var e=b.createElement("link"),j,c=i?h:c||f;e.href=a,e.rel="stylesheet",e.type="text/css";for(j in d)e.setAttribute(j,d[j]);g||(n.parentNode.insertBefore(e,n),m(c,0))}})(this,document); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- yepnope({ test: Modernizr.matchmedia, nope: '/sites/all/libraries/media-match/media.match.min.js' }); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- ;var googletag=googletag||{};googletag.cmd=googletag.cmd||[];googletag.slots=googletag.slots||{}; //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- googletag.slots["top"] = googletag.defineSlot("/21798771943/BMJOPENRESPRES-TOP", [[970, 250], [900, 250], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], "dfp-ad-top") .addService(googletag.pubads()); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- googletag.slots["bottom"] = googletag.defineSlot("/21798771943/BMJOPENRESPRES-BOTTOM", [[970, 250], [900, 250], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], "dfp-ad-bottom") .addService(googletag.pubads()); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- ;googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering();googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(e){if(e.isEmpty){var t=e.slot.getSlotElementId(),g=document.getElementById(t);if(g.parentElement.classList.contains('dfp-tag-wrapper')){g.parentElement.style.display='none'}}});googletag.pubads().setTargeting('url','//');googletag.pubads().setTargeting('page:hwTitle','Homepage');googletag.pubads().setTargeting('page:hwUrl','https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/');googletag.pubads().setTargeting('page:hwPath','/');googletag.pubads().setTargeting('page:hwType','home page');googletag.pubads().setTargeting('user:hwAccessUsageTerms','guest');googletag.pubads().setTargeting('user:hwRegisteredUser','no')});googletag.enableServices(); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"bmjj","theme_token":"yhha0pDMR-9oP7aukggipBSqUzF0peCfg5vyx5PT_cA","jquery_version":"1.8","css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_popup\/themes\/datepicker.1.7.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_draw\/css\/highwire-draw.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_folders\/highwire_folders.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_foxycart\/highwire_foxycart.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/css\/highwire-responsive.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_saved_searches\/highwire_saved_searches.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_user\/highwire_user.css":1,"sites\/default\/modules\/contrib\/menu_attach_block\/menu_attach_block.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/foxycart\/foxycart.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire.style.highwire.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/nlm-elements.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/css\/highwire_reports_feed.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/highwire-article-citation-list.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/layouts\/highwire_2col_stacked\/highwire-2col-stacked.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/plugins\/styles\/highwire_responsive_toggle\/highwire_responsive_toggle.css.less":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/highwire.gtranslate.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_theme_tools\/css\/font-hwicons.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_theme_tools\/css\/font-hwicons-glyphs.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/jquery.bxslider.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/base\/normalize.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/base\/print.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/base\/typography.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/layout\/responsive-visibility.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/layout\/grid\/grid.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/article.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/archive.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/forms.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/buttons.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/lists.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/images.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/tables.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/code.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/highwire\/highwire.style.markup.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/jquery.ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/jquery.ui\/tooltip.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/jquery.ui\/accordion.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/jquery.ui\/dialog.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/tabs.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/messages.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/breadcrumb.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/pager.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/blocks.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/search.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/citations.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/nice-menus.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/menus.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/components\/chosen.css":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/theme\/theme.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/theme\/colors.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/theme\/breakpoints.css.less":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/css\/theme\/ie.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/highwire-forms.css":1},"js":{"sites\/all\/libraries\/enquire.js\/enquire.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/axon\/js\/theme-scripts.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_foxycart\/highwire_foxycart.js":1,"sites\/default\/modules\/jnl_template_bmjj_styles\/js\/svg4everybody\/dist\/svg4everybody.min.js":1,"sites\/default\/modules\/jnl_template_bmjj_styles\/js\/jnl_template_bmjj_svg.js":1,"sites\/default\/modules\/jnl_template_bmjj\/js\/bmj_footer_resource_centre.js":1,"sites\/default\/modules\/jnl_template_bmjj\/js\/bmj_footer_contactus.js":1,"sites\/default\/modules\/jnl_template_bmjj_styles\/js\/jnl_template_bmjj_question_toggle.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/modernizr\/modernizr.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.8\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"https:\/\/securepubads.g.doubleclick.net\/tag\/js\/gpt.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/external\/jquery.cookie.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/misc\/jquery.form.min.js":1,"misc\/ajax.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_update.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.equal-heights.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.panels-ajax-tab.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/foxycart\/foxycart.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_log\/highwire_log.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_nps_survey\/js\/nps_survey.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_user\/js\/highwire_user_meta.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/js\/base.js":1,"misc\/progress.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/js\/ajax_view.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/plugins\/styles\/highwire_responsive_toggle\/highwire_responsive_toggle.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.gtranslate.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_datalayer\/js\/highwire_datalayer.js":1,"sites\/default\/modules\/contrib\/menu_attach_block\/menu_attach_block.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.article-citation-access.js":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/js\/theme-scripts.js":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/js\/svg4everybody.js":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/js\/jquery.cookieBar.js":1,"sites\/default\/themes\/bmjj\/js\/uuid.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/js\/highwire-mediaqueries.js":1,"\/\/cdn.foxycart.com\/bmjpg.ecommerce.highwire.org\/loader.js":1}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px"},"user_uid":0,"customer_email":"","cartstack_siteid":"","foxycart_subdomain":"bmjpg.ecommerce.highwire.org","foxycart_always_show_cart_link":1,"hw_fc_cookie_domain":".bmj.com","jcarousel":{"ajaxPath":"\/jcarousel\/ajax\/views"},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:ce1318ef2c9f9db39256eaf5031c1358":{"view_name":"clone_of_bmjj_recent_articles_cp_only","view_display_id":"block","view_args":"","view_path":"front","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"ce1318ef2c9f9db39256eaf5031c1358","pager_element":0}}},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/views\/ajax":true,"\/":true},"highwire":{"ac":{"bmjresp;4\/1\/e000170":{"access":{"full":true},"pisa_id":"bmjresp;4\/1\/e000170","apath":"","jcode":"bmjresp"},"bmjresp;6\/1\/e000420":{"access":{"full":true},"pisa_id":"bmjresp;6\/1\/e000420","apath":"","jcode":"bmjresp"},"bmjresp;7\/1\/e000575":{"access":{"full":true},"pisa_id":"bmjresp;7\/1\/e000575","apath":"","jcode":"bmjresp"},"bmjresp;11\/1\/e002141":{"access":{"full":true},"pisa_id":"bmjresp;11\/1\/e002141","apath":"","jcode":"bmjresp"},"bmjresp;10\/1\/e001706":{"access":{"full":true},"pisa_id":"bmjresp;10\/1\/e001706","apath":"","jcode":"bmjresp"}},"dataLayer":"{\u0022page\u0022:{\u0022hwTitle\u0022:\u0022Homepage\u0022,\u0022hwUrl\u0022:\u0022https:\\\/\\\/bmjopenrespres.bmj.com\\\/\u0022,\u0022hwPath\u0022:\u0022\\\/\u0022,\u0022hwType\u0022:\u0022home page\u0022},\u0022user\u0022:{\u0022hwMemberID\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwLoggedIntoInstitutionID\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwLoggedIntoInstitution\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwAccessUsageTerms\u0022:\u0022guest\u0022,\u0022hwRegisteredUser\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022mail\u0022:\u0022e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855\u0022}}"},"highwireResponsive":{"enquire_enabled":1,"breakpoints_configured":1,"breakpoints":{"narrow":"all and (min-width: 768px) and (min-device-width: 768px), (max-device-width: 800px) and (min-width: 768px) and (orientation:landscape)","normal":"all and (min-width: 1024px) and (min-device-width: 1024px), all (max-width: 1220px) and (max-device-width: 1220px) and (orientation:landscape)","wide":"all and (min-width: 1220px)"}}}); //--><!]]> </script> <!--[if lt IE 10]><script src="https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/sites/all/themes/highwire/axon/js/media.match.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 9]><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/sites/default/themes/bmjj/css/theme/ie-7-8.css" /><![endif]--> <script> let cookies = parseCookies(); let bmj_uuid = cookies.bmj_uuid; let bmj_ppid = cookies.bmj_ppid; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; const anonMailId = 'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855'; function checkUserLoginStatus(dataLayer) { const userMail = dataLayer.find((item) => item.user)?.user?.mail; if (!userMail) { return false; } return userMail !== anonMailId; } let nonAnonMailId = ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail) === anonMailId ? null : (dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail; let userId = ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.['data-ics']) ?? ((dataLayer.find(item => item.user)?.user)?.mail && nonAnonMailId) ?? bmj_ppid ?? bmj_uuid; document.cookie = 'bmj_ppid=' + userId + '; domain=.bmj.com; path=/; max-age=31622400; SameSite=None; Secure'; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setPublisherProvidedId(userId); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("islogged", checkUserLoginStatus(dataLayer) ? "true" : "false"); googletag.enableServices(); }); window.dataLayer.push({ 'bmj_uuid': bmj_uuid }); </script> </head> <body class="html front not-logged-in no-sidebars"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MBZ8PG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type='text/javascript';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MBZ8PG');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="page" id="page"> <section class="container-fluid content-header"> <header role="banner" class="section section-header row"> <div class="zone zone-superheader"> <div class="region region-superheader"> <div class="region-inner region-superheader-inner"> <div class="region region-superheader"> <div id="block-panels-mini-jnl-template-bmjj-uid-strng" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_uid_strng"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-top-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-top" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-top"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.region-superheader --> </div><!-- /.zone-super-header --> <div class="site-info mobile-hidden"> </div><!-- /.site-info --> <div class="zone zone-header row mobile-hidden"> <div class="region region-header"> <div class="region-inner region-header-inner"> </div> </div><!-- ./region-header --> </div><!-- /.zone-header --> </header> <!-- /.section-header --> <section class="row visible-sm visible-md visible-lg header header-platform mobile-hidden"> <div class="col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-large-3 logo-bmj"> <div class="l-inline"> <p class="logo-bmj-journals"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com/" title="BMJ Journals"><img src="/sites/default/themes/bmjj/img/logos/logo-bmj-journals.svg" title="BMJ Journals" alt="BMJ Journals"/></a></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-narrow-9 col-normal-9 col-large-9 no-right-padding"> <div class="region region-top"> <div class="region-inner"> <div class="region region-platmenu"> <div id="block-menu-menu-platform-menu" class="block block-menu" class="block block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/" id="menu-login" class="drop-menu active link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Log In</span> <span class="icon icon-arrow-down"></span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|challenge_opportunity_pane_dropdown" id="&lt;front&gt;-drop-link-728" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-challenge-opportunity-pane-dropdown" class="block block-panels-mini article-login bmjj-login" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-challenge_opportunity_pane_dropdown"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-society-logins society-logins" > <div class="pane-content"> <span class="ui-button ui-state-default ui-dialog-titlebar-close" title="close"></span><div class="shib-login-link"><a href="/login/shibboleth?subcode=bmjjournals&amp;env=prod&amp;uri=https%3A//bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/accallback/front" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via Institution</a></div><div class="openathens-login-link"><a href="https://openathens-sp.highwire.org/session/init?entityID=https%3A//idp.eduserv.org.uk/openathens&amp;hw-shib-return-uri=https%3A//bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/accallback/front&amp;subcode=bmjjournals" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via OpenAthens</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-opportunity-challenge" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='opportunity-challenge-login'><h3>Log in using your username and password</h3><div class="drupal-login compact"><form action="/" method="post" id="highwire-user-login--2" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div id="edit-customtext--2" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item"> <span class="customtext">For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts</span> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-name--2">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Username" type="text" id="edit-name--2" name="name" value="" size="30" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-pass--2">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Password" type="password" id="edit-pass--2" name="pass" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-Xtr091HwNQMcIm4UQECTlZLQP8xORQNn5q3K6rdVEtE" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_user_login" /> <div class="bmjj-reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot your log in details?</a><a href="/user/register?destination=front" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Register a new account?</a></div><div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Log in" class="form-submit" /></div><div class="reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot</a> your user name or password?</div></div></form></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/cart" class="link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Basket</span> <span class="icon icon-basket"></span></a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/search" id="menu-search" class="drop-menu link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Search</span> <span class="icon icon-search"></span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|jnl_template_bmjj_search_box" id="search-drop-link-729" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-jnl-template-bmjj-search-box" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_search_box-1"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-seach-quicksearch block-search pull-left" > <div class="pane-content"> <form class="highwire-quicksearch button-style-mini button-style-mini" action="/" method="post" id="highwire-search-quicksearch-form-1" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-keywords"> <label class="element-invisible" for="search_rightsidebar_keywords_189955953">Search for this keyword </label> <input placeholder="search" type="text" id="search_rightsidebar_keywords_189955953" name="keywords" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <input data-icon-only="1" data-font-icon="icon-search" data-icon-position="after" type="submit" id="search_rightsidebar_submit_1219227816" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-CgeqqMb-HG0o39P6uj5ag_SlEPiKDcDSKLXv4woY1D0" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_search_quicksearch_form_1" /> </div></form> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-2 pull-right advanced-search-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/search">Advanced search</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.region-top --> </div> </section> <div class="row header header-journal"> <div class="col-mobile-7 col-narrow-2 col-normal-4 logo-journal"> <h1 class="element-invisible">BMJ Open Respiratory Research journal home page</h1> <a href="/"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/journal-logos/logo-bmjopenrespres.svg" alt="BMJ Open Respiratory Research" id="logo-img"></a> </div> <div class="col-mobile-5 col-narrow-10 col-normal-8 no-right-padding nav-journal"> <div class="region region-journmenu"> <div id="block-system-main-menu" class="block block-system mobile-hidden block-menu" class="block block-system mobile-hidden block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/content/current" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Latest Content</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/content/by/year" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Archive</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/authors/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Authors</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/about/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-panels-mini-mobile-slide-out-menu" class="block block-panels-mini mobile-only" class="block block-panels-mini mobile-only"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-mobile_slide_out_menu"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div id="" class="highwire-responsive-toggle-group"><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-template-bmjj-search-box" > <h2 class="pane-title"><span class="icon-search"></span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_search_box"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-seach-quicksearch block-search pull-left" > <div class="pane-content"> <form class="highwire-quicksearch button-style-mini button-style-mini" action="/" method="post" id="highwire-search-quicksearch-form-0" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-keywords"> <label class="element-invisible" for="search_rightsidebar_keywords_1373797009">Search for this keyword </label> <input placeholder="search" type="text" id="search_rightsidebar_keywords_1373797009" name="keywords" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <input data-icon-only="1" data-font-icon="icon-search" data-icon-position="after" type="submit" id="search_rightsidebar_submit_2034563028" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-_1cdr5EsUrkfeParpyzy5Jt0QxjAZ4jCZe4XgfeRKCY" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_search_quicksearch_form_0" /> </div></form> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-1 pull-right advanced-search-link" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/search">Advanced search</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-menu-mobile-slideout-menu pane-menu" > <h2 class="pane-title"><span class="icon-menu"></span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/" class="menu-close active link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-close"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">Close</span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|mobile_slide_out_autobot_menu" id="&lt;front&gt;-drop-link-781" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-mobile-slide-out-autobot-menu" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-mobile_slide_out_autobot_menu"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-menu-tree pane-main-menu" > <h2 class="pane-title">Main menu</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-ctools-main-menu-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-main-menu:0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-14636"><a href="/content/current" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Latest Content</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14637"><a href="/content/by/year" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Archive</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14638"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/authors/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Authors</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-14639"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/about/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/" class="mobile-drop-down callout-link active link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Log in</span> <span class="icon icon-plus"></span></a> <a href="# " class="menu-attach-block-drop-link external expand-on-click" data-block-id="panels_mini|jnl_template_bmjj_login" id="&lt;front&gt;-drop-link-780" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><div class="menu-attach-block-wrapper"> <div id="block-panels-mini-jnl-template-bmjj-login" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_login"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-society-logins society-logins opportunity-challenge-login" > <div class="pane-content"> <span class="ui-button ui-state-default ui-dialog-titlebar-close" title="close"></span><div class="shib-login-link"><a href="/login/shibboleth?subcode=bmjjournals&amp;env=prod&amp;uri=https%3A//bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/accallback/front" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via Institution</a></div><div class="openathens-login-link"><a href="https://openathens-sp.highwire.org/session/init?entityID=https%3A//idp.eduserv.org.uk/openathens&amp;hw-shib-return-uri=https%3A//bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/accallback/front&amp;subcode=bmjjournals" class="button society-login-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in via OpenAthens</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-opportunity-challenge" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class='opportunity-challenge-login'><h3>Log in using your username and password</h3><div class="drupal-login compact"><form action="/" method="post" id="highwire-user-login" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div id="edit-customtext" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item"> <span class="customtext">For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts</span> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-name">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Username" type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="30" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-pass">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input placeholder="Password" type="password" id="edit-pass" name="pass" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-OwZzaO-MoAgRwVIuAGUFTswAk-NNQUTAsYTriqG5BjQ" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_user_login" /> <div class="bmjj-reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot your log in details?</a><a href="/user/register?destination=front" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Register a new account?</a></div><div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Log in" class="form-submit" /></div><div class="reset-password"><a href="/user/password" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Forgot</a> your user name or password?</div></div></form></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com/" data-hide-link-title="0" class="bmj-link" data-icon-position="">BMJ Journals</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.region-top --> </div> </section> <section role="main" class="section section-content container-fluid"> <div class="crumb-navigation"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-9 col-normal-9 col-wide-10 breadcrumbs"> </div> <div class="mobile-hidden col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-2 email-alerts"> <span> <a href="https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts&amp;corpusCode=bmjresp&amp;fwdUrl=https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/" class="email-alerts-label"><i class="icon icon-article-alerts"></i>Email alerts</a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="zone zone-content row"> <div class="region region-content col-narrow-12"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display home-layout " id="front-page-container"> <div class="panel-row-wrapper row"> <div class="top-left-wrapper col-narrow-8"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-top-left"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="snippet jnl-template-bmjj-about-journal-snippet" id="jnl-template-bmjj-about-journal-snippet"> <div class="snippet-content"> BMJ Open Respiratory Research is an online-only, peer-reviewed Open Access respiratory and critical care medicine journal, published by BMJ in partnership with the British Thoracic Society. The journal is dedicated to publishing high quality, peer-reviewed, medical research in all disciplines and therapeutic areas of respiratory and critical care medicine. BMJ Open Respiratory Research aims to operate a fast submission and review process with continuous publication online, to ensure timely, up-to-date research is available worldwide. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="top-right-wrapper col-narrow-4"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-top-right"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-template-bmjj-hme-issue-cp" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="mini-panel-jnl_template_bmjj_hme_issue_cp" class="highwire-2col-stacked panel-display"> <div class="panel-row-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="content-left-wrapper content-column"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-content-left"> <div class="inside"></div> </div> </div> <div class="content-right-wrapper content-column"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-content-right"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-default-cover-image" > <div class="pane-content"> <a href="/content/current"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/journal-covers-static/bmjresp-default-cover.png" alt="issue-cover-image" width="auto" height="125"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /.panel-row-wrapper --> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /.panel-row-wrapper --> <div class="panel-row-wrapper row row-mid-double"> <div class="middle-left-wrapper col-narrow-6"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-middle-left"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-views pane-clone-of-bmjj-recent-articles-cp-only" > <h2 class="pane-title uppercase with-icon-class"><span class="icon-background-circle"><svg class="icon-article-text svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-article-text"></use></svg></span><span class="title-text">Latest Articles</span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="view view-clone-of-bmjj-recent-articles-cp-only view-id-clone_of_bmjj_recent_articles_cp_only view-display-id-block view-dom-id-ce1318ef2c9f9db39256eaf5031c1358"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="highwire-list-wrapper highwire-article-citation-list"><div class="highwire-list"><ul><li class="first odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node144012" data-node-nid="144012" id="node-144012--21553424571" data-pisa="bmjresp;11/1/e001951" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;11/1/e001951" data-apath="/bmjresp/11/1/e001951.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation- clearfix"> <div class="highwire-cite-title">Firefighters’ occupational exposure to air pollution: impact on COPD and asthma—study protocol</div> </div> </div></li><li class="even"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node144000" data-node-nid="144000" id="node-144000--21591227279" data-pisa="bmjresp;11/1/e001817" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;11/1/e001817" data-apath="/bmjresp/11/1/e001817.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation- clearfix"> <div class="highwire-cite-title">Risk factors for incidence of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis</div> </div> </div></li><li class="odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node143985" data-node-nid="143985" id="node-143985--2811340811" data-pisa="bmjresp;11/1/e002179" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;11/1/e002179" data-apath="/bmjresp/11/1/e002179.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation- clearfix"> <div class="highwire-cite-title">Pleural effusion in acute pulmonary embolism: characteristics and relevance</div> </div> </div></li><li class="even"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node143975" data-node-nid="143975" id="node-143975--21146729204" data-pisa="bmjresp;11/1/e002066" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;11/1/e002066" data-apath="/bmjresp/11/1/e002066.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation- clearfix"> <div class="highwire-cite-title">Pim1 inactivating induces RUNX3 upregulation that improves/alleviates airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in vitro and in vivo</div> </div> </div></li><li class="last odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node143966" data-node-nid="143966" id="node-143966--21695806344" data-pisa="bmjresp;11/1/e002289" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;11/1/e002289" data-apath="/bmjresp/11/1/e002289.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation- clearfix"> <div class="highwire-cite-title">Agreement and comparative accuracy of instability criteria at discharge for predicting adverse events in patients with community-acquired pneumonia</div> </div> </div></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="middle-right-wrapper col-narrow-6"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-middle-right"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-reports-feed" > <h2 class="pane-title uppercase with-icon-class"><span class="icon-background-circle"><svg class="icon-star svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-star"></use></svg></span><span class="title-text">POPULAR ARTICLES</span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-list-wrapper highwire-article-citation-list"><div class="highwire-list"><ul class="highwire-feed-reports"><li class="first odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node136195" data-node-nid="136195" id="node-136195--2910826582" data-pisa="bmjresp;4/1/e000170" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;4/1/e000170" data-apath="/bmjresp/4/1/e000170.atom"><cite class='highwire-cite highwire-citation-bmjj-home'> <div class='highwire-cite-category'>Guideline</div> <div class='highwire-cite-title'><a href="/content/4/1/e000170" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">British Thoracic Society Guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings</span></a><span class="date">(15 May, 2017)</span> <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><svg class="icon icon-open-access bmjj-open-access bmjj-access-tag"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-openaccess"></use><svg></svg></svg></span></div> </div> </cite> </div></li><li class="even"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node137154" data-node-nid="137154" id="node-137154--2199538570" data-pisa="bmjresp;6/1/e000420" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;6/1/e000420" data-apath="/bmjresp/6/1/e000420.atom"><cite class='highwire-cite highwire-citation-bmjj-home'> <div class='highwire-cite-category'>Guidelines</div> <div class='highwire-cite-title'><a href="/content/6/1/e000420" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">Guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome</span></a><span class="date">(24 May, 2019)</span> <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><svg class="icon icon-open-access bmjj-open-access bmjj-access-tag"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-openaccess"></use><svg></svg></svg></span></div> </div> </cite> </div></li><li class="odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node137895" data-node-nid="137895" id="node-137895--21787107380" data-pisa="bmjresp;7/1/e000575" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;7/1/e000575" data-apath="/bmjresp/7/1/e000575.atom"><cite class='highwire-cite highwire-citation-bmjj-home'> <div class='highwire-cite-category'>Guidelines</div> <div class='highwire-cite-title'><a href="/content/7/1/e000575" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">ARTP statement on pulmonary function testing 2020</span></a><span class="date">(5 July, 2020)</span> <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><svg class="icon icon-open-access bmjj-open-access bmjj-access-tag"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-openaccess"></use><svg></svg></svg></span></div> </div> </cite> </div></li><li class="even"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node142491" data-node-nid="142491" id="node-142491--2725336594" data-pisa="bmjresp;11/1/e002141" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;11/1/e002141" data-apath="/bmjresp/11/1/e002141.atom"><cite class='highwire-cite highwire-citation-bmjj-home'> <div class='highwire-cite-category'>Respiratory infection</div> <div class='highwire-cite-title'><a href="/content/11/1/e002141" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">Impact of different corticosteroids on severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis</span></a><span class="date">(22 January, 2024)</span> <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><svg class="icon icon-open-access bmjj-open-access bmjj-access-tag"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-openaccess"></use><svg></svg></svg></span></div> </div> </cite> </div></li><li class="last odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node141650" data-node-nid="141650" id="node-141650--2564042602" data-pisa="bmjresp;10/1/e001706" data-pisa-master="bmjresp;10/1/e001706" data-apath="/bmjresp/10/1/e001706.atom"><cite class='highwire-cite highwire-citation-bmjj-home'> <div class='highwire-cite-category'>Asthma</div> <div class='highwire-cite-title'><a href="/content/10/1/e001706" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">Managing moderate-to-severe paediatric asthma: a scoping review of the efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol</span></a><span class="date">(24 August, 2023)</span> <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><svg class="icon icon-open-access bmjj-open-access bmjj-access-tag"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-openaccess"></use><svg></svg></svg></span></div> </div> </cite> </div></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /.panel-row-wrapper --> <div class="panel-row-wrapper panel-row-last row row-mid-bottom"> <div class="bottom-wrapper col-narrow-12"> <div class="panel-panel panel-region-bottom"> <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-menu-home-page-publish-menu pane-menu" > <h2 class="pane-title uppercase with-icon-class"><span class="icon-background-circle"><svg class="icon-publish svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-publish"></use></svg></span><span class="title-text">Publish in this Journal</span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/authors/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Instructions for authors</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://authors.bmj.com/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Author toolbox</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/bmjresp" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Submit a paper</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-related-journals" > <h2 class="pane-title uppercase with-icon-class"><span class="icon-background-circle"><svg class="icon-related svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-related"></use></svg></span><span class="title-text">Related Journals</span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class="row related_journals_list"><div class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-12 col-normal-12 col-wide-12"><div class="journal-cover"><img src="https://thorax.bmj.com/widget/public/current-issue/cover.gif" alt="Thorax" /></div><div class="journal-info"><p class="journal-title uppercase">Thorax</p><p><a href="http://thorax.bmj.com/content/current/">Current issue</a></p><p class="impact-factor uppercase impact-factor-head">Impact Factor: 8.29</p><p><a href="http://thorax.bmj.com/">Visit this journal</a></p></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /.panel-row-wrapper --> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.region-content --> </div><!-- /.zone-content --> </div><!-- /.container --> </section> <!-- /.section-content --> </div> <!-- /.page --> <footer role="contentinfo" class="section section-footer container-fluid" id="footer"> <section class="zone zone-footer row footer-journal-societies"> <div class="region region-footer col-narrow-12"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-inner"> <div class="region region-footersoc"> <div id="block-panels-mini-footer-society-images" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-footer_society_images"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-societies-logos" > <div class="pane-content"> <ul><li><a href="http://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/society-logos/society-logo-bts.png" alt="British Thoracic Society" /></a></li><li><a href="https://www.sleepsociety.org.uk/"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/society-logos/BSS_logo.png" alt="British Sleep Society" /></a></li><li><a href="https://arns.co.uk/"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/society-logos/arns.png" alt="Association of Respiratory Nursing Specialists" /></a></li><li><a href="https://www.balr.co.uk/"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/society-logos/BALR-final.png" alt="British Association for Lung Research" /></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.region-footer-first --> </section> <section role="contentinfo" class="section section-footer"> <div class="zone zone-footer footer-links"> <nav class="row"> <div class="region region-footerlinks1"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-menu-footer-menu-1 parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded active menu-mlid-14640 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="active" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Content</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-14641"><a href="/content/current" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Latest Content</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14642"><a href="/content/by/year" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Archive</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14643"><a href="https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/browse-by-collection" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Browse by collection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14644"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/most-read-articles/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Most read articles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14645"><a href="https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/most-cited-articles/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Most cited articles</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-14646"><a href="https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/sleep-highlights/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Highlights from Sleep Research</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active menu-mlid-14647 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="active" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Journal</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-14648"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/about/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14649"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/editorial-board/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Editorial board</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14650"><a href="https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts&amp;corpusCode=bmjresp&amp;fwdUrl=https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Sign up for email alerts</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-14651"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/thank-you-to-our-reviewers/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Thank you to our reviewers</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active menu-mlid-14652 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="active" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Authors</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-14653"><a href="http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/bmjresp" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Submit an article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14654"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/authors/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Instructions for authors</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14655"><a href="http://authors.bmj.com/policies/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Editorial policies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14656"><a href="http://openaccess.bmj.com/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open Access at BMJ</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14657"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/faqs/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">FAQs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14658"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/policies/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Policies</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-14659"><a href="http://authors.bmj.com/" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">BMJ Author Hub</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded active menu-mlid-14660 col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"><a href="/" class="active" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Help</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-14661"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/contact-us/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Contact us</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14662"><a href="http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Reprints</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14663"><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/permissions" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Permissions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-14664"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/company/for-advertisers-and-sponsor/&gt;" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Advertising</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-14665"><a href="http://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/customerservice/salesforce-form.html" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Feedback form</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="row"> <nav class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-3 col-normal-3 col-wide-3"> <div class="region region-footersocial"> <div id="block-panels-mini-social-icons" class="block block-panels-mini" class="block block-panels-mini"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-social_icons"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-social-icons" > <div class="pane-content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf"><a href="http://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/pages/rss-feeds" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-rss"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> RSS</span></a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="https://twitter.com/BMJOpen_Resp" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-twitter"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> Twitter</span></a></li><li class="leaf"><a href="https://facebook.com/bmjopen.respiratory/" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon icon-facebook"></span><span class="title element-invisible"> Facebook</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </section><!-- /.section-footer --> <section class="row footer-platform"> <div class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-4 logoBMJ"> <a href="http://www.bmj.com/company"><svg class="logo-bmj-svg" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#logo-bmj"></use><svg></svg></svg></a> </div> <div class="col-mobile-12 col-narrow-8 legal"> <div class="legal-inner"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/">Website Terms &amp; Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/your-privacy/">Privacy &amp; Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bmj.com/company/contact-us/">Contact BMJ</a></li> </ul> <!-- CookiePro Cookies Settings button start --> <button id="ot-sdk-btn" class="ot-sdk-show-settings">Cookie Settings</button> <!-- CookiePro Cookies Settings button end --> <p><small><span class="online-issn issn">Online ISSN: 2052-4439</span></small><br /> <small>Copyright © 2024 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd &amp; British Thoracic Society. All rights reserved.</small></p> </div> </div> </section> <div class="region region-absolute-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-absolute-bottom-inner"> <div class="region region-absolute-bottom"> <div id="block-panels-mini-bottom-ad" class="block block-panels-mini text-center" class="block block-panels-mini text-center"> <div class="content"> <div class="panel-display one-layout " id="mini-panel-bottom_ad"> <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-bottom-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-bottom" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-bottom"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.region-absolute-bottom --> </footer><!-- /.section-footer --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__YP0skVzPJ9dKCqcnBr_uNCQOmTtCs151ae6sjES8kuE__m5Ong1RMpDawRuee_CcynJS11qwEmd3rA4TYQhs8HP4__BR3H2FRC87u8-8fi92E0Ny4UgIuaU3kBHidf4rXQlTg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__Jd5dsvNznZMdglFu8sSni1wCsUfzvQbApHPAZwt5TY4__65Mqa1DMRwcSvPxjJEn6BXgMm-ckF3oOvkUTG9HRADI__BR3H2FRC87u8-8fi92E0Ny4UgIuaU3kBHidf4rXQlTg.js" defer="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__fUCEaCKUODF5P2WmzGzo1laxaEQ82Nl6oADDw5nONTE__bGuvhZW_EmWlwuA1fnxwF8mvZ1E1v3qbDTqQdQd0TS0__BR3H2FRC87u8-8fi92E0Ny4UgIuaU3kBHidf4rXQlTg.js"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10