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href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_(netwerk)" title="Abilene (netwerk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abilene (netwerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="アビリン・ネットワーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アビリン・ネットワーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_(sie%C4%87_komputerowa)" title="Abilene (sieć komputerowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abilene (sieć komputerowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><span class="anchor" id="Internet_History_Timeline"></span><span class="anchor" id="Internet_history_timeline"></span><b>Internet history timeline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><b>Early research and development:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1960–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1960–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1962–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1962–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1969<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1970<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1970</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1974<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1974</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1975<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1976<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1979<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Merging the networks and creating the Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1984<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1985<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">ARPANET decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abilene Network</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2014<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Examples of Internet services:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abilene Network</b> was a high-performance <a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">backbone network</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a> community in the late 1990s. In 2007 the Abilene Network was retired and the upgraded network became known as the "Internet2 Network".<sup id="cite_ref-line_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-line-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the aims of the Abilene project was to achieve 10 Gbit/s connectivity between every <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> by the end of 2006. Over 230 member institutions participated in Abilene, mostly <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and some corporate and affiliate institutions, in all of the <a href="/wiki/US_states" class="mw-redirect" title="US states">US states</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It connected to European research networks <a href="/wiki/NORDUnet" title="NORDUnet">NORDUnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/SURFnet" title="SURFnet">SURFnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-news99_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal entity behind the network was the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development.<sup id="cite_ref-news99_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it was established in 1999, the network backbone had a capacity of 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">Gbit/s</a>. An upgrade to 10 Gbit/s began in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was completed on February 4, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Abilene</i> was chosen because of the project's resemblance, in ambition and scope, to the railhead in <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, which in the 1860s represented the <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for the nation's <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abilene_and_Internet2_and_the_Internet2_Network">Abilene and Internet2 and the Internet2 Network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abilene and Internet2 and the Internet2 Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media often incorrectly used the term "Internet2 Network" when referring to the "Abilene Network". Some sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2011)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> even suggest that Internet2 is a network wholly separate from the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. This is misleading, since, at the time of the Abilene Network, Internet2 was the consortium and not a computer network. It is possible that many news sources adopted the term Internet2 because it seems like a logical name for a next-generation <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">Internet backbone</a>. Articles that reference Internet2 as a network were in fact referring to the Abilene Network. Internet2 adopted the name <i>Internet2 Network</i> for its entire network infrastructure. </p><p>Abilene formed a high-speed backbone by deploying cutting edge technologies not yet generally available on the scale of a national network backbone. Abilene was a private network used for education and research, but was not entirely isolated, since its members usually provide alternative access to many of their resources through the public Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_Center_(NOC)"><span id="Operations_Center_.28NOC.29"></span>Operations Center (NOC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations Center (NOC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abilene's <a href="/wiki/Network_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Operations Center">Network Operations Center</a> (NOC) was hosted at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> since its inception. "The cross-country backbone is 10 gigabits per second, with the goal of offering 100 megabits per second of connectivity between every Abilene connected desktop."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2006/2007_Upgrade"><span id="2006.2F2007_Upgrade"></span>2006/2007 Upgrade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2006/2007 Upgrade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Abilene project had used <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> networks donated by <a href="/wiki/Qwest" title="Qwest">Qwest Communications</a>. In March 2006, Internet2 announced its upgrade plans and migration to <a href="/wiki/Level_3_Communications" title="Level 3 Communications">Level 3 Communications</a>. Internet2's Abilene transport agreement with Qwest expired in October 2007. Unlike the previous architecture, Level 3 manages and operated an <a href="/wiki/Infinera" title="Infinera">Infinera</a> Networks based <a href="/wiki/DWDM" class="mw-redirect" title="DWDM">DWDM</a> system devoted to Internet2. Internet2 has control over provisioning and uses the 40 wavelength capacity to provide IP backbone connectivity as well as transport for a new SONET-based dynamic provisioning network based on the <a href="/wiki/Ciena_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciena Corporation">Ciena Corporation</a> CoreDirector platform. The IP network was based on the <a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a> T640 routing platform.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the transition to the new Level3-based infrastructure was complete, the name <i>Abilene</i> ceased to be used in favor of <i>The Internet2 Network</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-line-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-line_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H._Zakon" class="citation web cs1">Robert H. Zakon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/">"Hobbes' Internet Timeline 10.1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hobbes%27+Internet+Timeline+10.1&rft.au=Robert+H.+Zakon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zakon.org%2Frobert%2Finternet%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbilene+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324103518/http://www.internet2.edu/pubs/200502-IS-AN.pdf">"Abilene Network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Internet2. February 2, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internet2.edu/pubs/200502-IS-AN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abilene+Network&rft.pub=Internet2&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internet2.edu%2Fpubs%2F200502-IS-AN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbilene+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news99-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news99_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news99_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.internet2.edu/sympa/arc/i2-news/1999-04/msg00001.html">"Internet2, SURFnet and NORDUnet connect advanced R&E networks"</a>. <i>News release</i>. Internet2. April 26, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+release&rft.atitle=Internet2%2C+SURFnet+and+NORDUnet+connect+advanced+R%26E+networks&rft.date=1999-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.internet2.edu%2Fsympa%2Farc%2Fi2-news%2F1999-04%2Fmsg00001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbilene+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~uits/cpo/abilene021703/">"Internet2 Abilene Backbone Network Upgrade Passes Transcontinental Milestone"</a>. <i>News release</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. February 17, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+release&rft.atitle=Internet2+Abilene+Backbone+Network+Upgrade+Passes+Transcontinental+Milestone&rft.date=2003-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~uits%2Fcpo%2Fabilene021703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbilene+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.internet2.edu/sympa/arc/i2-news/2004-02/msg00001.html">"Abilene Network Upgrade to 10 Gbps Complete: New OC-192 circuits provide Abilene participants leading-edge networking capability"</a>. <i>News release</i>. Internet2. February 4, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+release&rft.atitle=Abilene+Network+Upgrade+to+10+Gbps+Complete%3A+New+OC-192+circuits+provide+Abilene+participants+leading-edge+networking+capability&rft.date=2004-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.internet2.edu%2Fsympa%2Farc%2Fi2-news%2F2004-02%2Fmsg00001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbilene+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113120821/http://abilene.internet2.edu/">"Abilene Backbone Network"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abilene.internet2.edu/">the original</a> on January 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abilene+Backbone+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabilene.internet2.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbilene+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Robb2007" class="citation web cs1">Chris Robb (October 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i2net.blogspot.com/">"Internet2 Network Upgrade"</a>. <i>Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog&rft.atitle=Internet2+Network+Upgrade&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft.au=Chris+Robb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi2net.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbilene+Network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internet2.edu/network/">Internet2 Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qwest.com/about/qwest/internet2/faqs.html">Qwest Abilene and Internet2 FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627010836/http://www.qwest.com/about/qwest/internet2/faqs.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Research_and_education_computer_networks_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_research_and_education_networks" title="Template:American research and education networks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_research_and_education_networks" title="Template talk:American research and education networks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_research_and_education_networks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American research and education networks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Research_and_education_computer_networks_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education computer networks in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Brazil:</b> <a href="/wiki/Rede_Nacional_de_Ensino_e_Pesquisa" title="Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa">RNP</a></li> <li><b>Canada:</b> <a href="/wiki/CANARIE" title="CANARIE">CANARIE</a></li> <li><b>Mexico:</b> <a href="/wiki/CUDI" title="CUDI">CUDI</a></li> <li><b>Latin America:</b> <a href="/wiki/RedCLARA" title="RedCLARA">RedCLARA</a></li> <li><b>USA:</b> <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">ESnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACORN-NL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACORN-NL (page does not exist)">ACORN-NL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACORN-NS" title="ACORN-NS">ACORN-NS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybera" title="Cybera">Cybera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCNET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCNET (page does not exist)">BCNET</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Research_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manitoba Research Network (page does not exist)">MRNet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORION_(research_and_education_network)" title="ORION (research and education network)">ORION</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_d%27informations_scientifiques_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Réseau d'informations scientifiques du Québec">RISQ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Research_Network" title="Saskatchewan Research Network">SRNet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Education_Network_Initiatives_in_California" title="Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California">CalREN</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Education_Network" title="Connecticut Education Network">CEN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Century_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Century Network">ICN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYSERNet" title="NYSERNet">NYSERNet</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OARnet" title="OARnet">OARnet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSHEAN" title="OSHEAN">OSHEAN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Education_Network" title="Utah Education Network">UEN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Data_Network" title="Defense Data Network">DDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">CSNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Chicago" title="Gigabit Chicago">Gigabit Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Seattle" title="Gigabit Seattle">Gigabit Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEARnet" title="NEARnet">NEARnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIPRNet" title="NIPRNet">NIPRNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SURAnet" title="SURAnet">SURAnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">vBNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">National research and education network</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&oldid=1247828297">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abilene_Network&oldid=1247828297</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_computer_network_organizations" title="Category:Academic computer network organizations">Academic computer network organizations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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