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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uvular_q_sound_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uvular_q_sound_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Uvular <i>q</i> sound change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uvular_q_sound_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regressive_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regressive_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Regressive assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regressive_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissimilative_deletion_of_consonant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissimilative_deletion_of_consonant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Dissimilative deletion of consonant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissimilative_deletion_of_consonant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervocalic_reduction_of_r" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervocalic_reduction_of_r"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Intervocalic reduction of <i>r</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervocalic_reduction_of_r-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palatalization_of_velars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalization_of_velars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Palatalization of velars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalization_of_velars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grammatical cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatical_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammatical cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_of_adjective_declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_adjective_declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Example of adjective declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_adjective_declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_noun_declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_noun_declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Example of noun declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_noun_declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_classification_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classification_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Noun classification scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classification_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Numerals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardinal_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cardinal numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laz_cardinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laz_cardinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Laz cardinal numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laz_cardinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinal_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinal_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ordinal numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinal_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordinal_numbers'_derivation_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinal_numbers'_derivation_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Ordinal numbers' derivation rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinal_numbers'_derivation_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laz_ordinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laz_ordinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Laz ordinal numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laz_ordinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractional_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractional_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fractional numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractional_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fractional_numbers'_derivation_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractional_numbers'_derivation_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Fractional numbers' derivation rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractional_numbers'_derivation_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laz_fractional_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laz_fractional_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Laz fractional numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laz_fractional_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pronouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Verbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Person_and_Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Person_and_Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Person and Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Person_and_Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Subject markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Object markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laz_version_markers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laz_version_markers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Laz version markers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laz_version_markers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paradigm_of_verb_conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paradigm_of_verb_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Paradigm of verb conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paradigm_of_verb_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indicative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Indicative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Interrogative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Imperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjunctive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjunctive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.4</span> <span>Subjunctive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjunctive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.5</span> <span>Conditional</span> 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borjgala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Borjgala.svg/110px-Borjgala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Borjgala.svg/165px-Borjgala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Borjgala.svg/220px-Borjgala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Place of distribution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lazistan" title="Lazistan">Lazistan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people_in_Georgia" title="Laz people in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people_in_Turkey" title="Laz people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people_in_Germany" title="Laz people in Germany">Germany</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Laz_people#Religion" title="Laz people">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Batumi_and_Lazeti" title="Eparchy of Batumi and Lazeti">Eparchy of Batumi and Lazeti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Brothers_of_Lazia" title="The Seven Brothers of Lazia">The Seven Brothers of Lazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Laz_Martyrs" title="Three Hundred Laz Martyrs">Laz Martyrs</a></li> <li>Churches: <a href="/wiki/Ardashen_Church" title="Ardashen Church">Jibistasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makriali_Church" title="Makriali Church">Noghedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pironity_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pironity Church">Pironity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Laz_people#Culture" title="Laz people">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laz grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Barchkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horon_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horon (dance)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people#Cuisine" title="Laz people">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agani_Murutsxi" title="Agani Murutsxi">Agani Murutsxi (Newspaper)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Laz_people#History" title="Laz people">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Colchian_tribes" title="List of ancient Colchian tribes">ancient Colchian tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis#Persian_rule" title="Colchis">Satrapy of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Kingdom of Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Byzantine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Kingdom of Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazistan_Sanjak" title="Lazistan Sanjak">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_of_Laz_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenization of Laz people (page does not exist)">Hellenization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_rebellion_(1832%E2%80%931834)" title="Laz rebellion (1832–1834)">Laz rebellion (1832–1834)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Related peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">other groups of Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> (possibly)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laz_people" title="Template:Laz people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laz_people" title="Template talk:Laz people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laz_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laz people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian language</a>. It is sometimes considered as a southern dialect of <a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan languages</a>, the northern dialect being the <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian language</a>. </p><p>Today, the area where Laz is spoken stretches from the village <a href="/wiki/Sarpi,_Georgia" title="Sarpi, Georgia">Sarpi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khelvachauri" title="Khelvachauri">Khelvachauri</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> to the village Kemer of <a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Laz is spoken also in Western <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in the villages created by <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Caucasus)">muhajirs</a> in 1877–1878. In <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, out of <a href="/wiki/Sarpi,_Georgia" title="Sarpi, Georgia">Sarpi</a>, the Laz language islets were also in <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, but the fate of them is obscure at present. </p><p>Laz is divided into three dialects: Khopa-Chkhala, Vitze-Arkabe and Atina-Artasheni. Dialectical classification is mainly conditioned by phonetic characteristics. More specifically, the crucial point is the reflexes of the Kartvelian phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʼ]</span>, which is maintained only in the Khopa-Chkhala dialect but has different reflections in Vitze-Arkabe and Atina-Artasheni dialects (see below). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology_and_writing_system">Phonology and writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology and writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laz vowel inventory consists of five sounds: <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>. </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Laz vowel scheme</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">front </th> <th colspan="2">back </th></tr> <tr> <th>nonlabial </th> <th>labial </th></tr> <tr> <td>high </td> <td>i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>u <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mid </td> <td>e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>low </td> <td> </td> <td>a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant inventory of Laz varies among the dialects. A full set of sounds is present in the Khopa-Chkhala dialect, while the Vitze-Arkabe and Atina-Artasheni dialects lost glottalized uvular <i>q</i>. </p> <table style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <caption>Consolidated table of Laz consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th>labial </th> <th>dental </th> <th>alveolar </th> <th>velar </th> <th>uvular </th> <th>laryngeal </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">nasals </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">stops </th> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">aspirated</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">glottalized</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p̌⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t̆⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ǩ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">affricates </th> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">aspirated</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ʒ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ç⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">glottalized</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ǯ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ç̌⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">fricatives </th> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ğ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ş⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">liquids </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">glides </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_processes">Phonological processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uvular_q_sound_change">Uvular <i>q</i> sound change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uvular q sound change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glottalized uvular <i>q</i> is preserved only in the Khopa-Chkhala dialect before the vowels and the consonants <i>v</i> and <i>l</i>. This sound is also evidenced after glottalized stops and affricates in several words, such as <i>p̌qorop</i> (I love smb./sth.); <i>ǩqorop</i> (I love you); <i>t̆qubi</i> (twins), <i>ǯqv-/ǯqvin-</i> (to reconcile); <i>ç̌qint̆i</i> (fresh-soft and unripe). But in the most of cases <i>*t̆q → t̆ǩ</i>; <i>*ǯq → ǯǩ</i>; <i>*ç̌q → ç̌ǩ</i>. </p><p>In the Vitze-Arkabe dialect, in the neighborhood of consonants <i>*q → ǩ</i> (exception is the verb <i>ovapu ← *oqvapu</i> "to be"). In the word-initial prevocalic and in the intervocalic positions <i>*q → ∅</i>. </p><p>In Atina-Artasheni dialect: </p> <ul><li>in word-initial prevocalic position <i>q → ∅</i>. E.g. <i>*qoropa → oropa</i> "love", <i>*qona → ona</i> "cornfield" etc.</li> <li>in intervocalic position <i>*q → y/∅</i>. E.g. <i>*loqa → *loʔa → loya/loa</i> "sweet", *luqu → *luʔu → luu<i> "cabbage" etc.</i></li> <li>word-initial <i>qv → </i>ǩv/v<i>. E.g. </i>qvali → <i>ǩvali/vali</i> "cheese, <i>*qvaci → ǩvaci/vaci</i> "testicle" etc.</li> <li>intervocalic <i>qv → y</i>. E.g. <i>*oqvapu → oyapu</i> "to be/become", <i>*iqven → iyen</i> "s/he will be/become" etc.</li> <li>in all other cases <i>q → ∅</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regressive_assimilation">Regressive assimilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regressive assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common types are: </p> <ul><li>regressive voicing: <ul><li><i>s → z</i></li> <li><i>t → d</i></li> <li><i>k → g</i></li> <li><i>ş → j</i></li> <li><i>ç → c</i></li> <li><i>p → b</i></li></ul></li> <li>regressive devoicing: <ul><li><i>b → p</i></li> <li><i>g → k</i></li></ul></li> <li>regressive glottalization <ul><li><i>b → p̌</i></li> <li><i>p → p̌</i></li> <li><i>g → ǩ</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissimilative_deletion_of_consonant">Dissimilative deletion of consonant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dissimilative deletion of consonant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some morphological contexts featuring two consonants <i>n</i> split only with a vowel, the former can be deleted. <i>miqonun → miqoun</i> (I have {an animate object}), <i>iqvasinon → iqvasion</i> (s/he will be), <i>mulunan → *muluan → mulvan</i> (they are coming). </p><p>Another dissimilation, presumably sporadic, occurs in <i>deǩiǩe → deiǩe</i> (minute); note also that the Arabic source of this word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:دقيقة">دقيقة</a> <i>daqīqa</i> contains a uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span>, and as above uvulars are unstable in Laz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intervocalic_reduction_of_r">Intervocalic reduction of <i>r</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intervocalic reduction of r"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This process is evidenced in the Khopa-Chkhala and Vitze-Arkabe dialects, where in intervocalic position facultatively <i>r → y → ∅</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatalization_of_velars">Palatalization of velars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Palatalization of velars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Atina-Artasheni dialect, the velars followed by the front vowels <i>e</i> and <i>i</i> and the glide <i>y</i> transform to alveolar affricates: </p> <ul><li><i>g → c</i></li> <li><i>ǩ → ç̌</i></li> <li><i>k → ç</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mcita_murutsxi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mcita_murutsxi.jpg/250px-Mcita_murutsxi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mcita_murutsxi.jpg/375px-Mcita_murutsxi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mcita_murutsxi.jpg/500px-Mcita_murutsxi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>A Laz newspaper in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>Laz is written in a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (as used in Turkish, but with specific Laz extensions). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr class="unsortable"> <th>Georgian (Mkhedruli) </th> <th>Latin (Turkey) </th> <th>Latin (rare) </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr class="unsortable"> <th colspan="2">Orthographic alphabets </th> <th colspan="2">Transcriptions </th></tr> <tr> <td>ა </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ბ </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>გ </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>დ </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ე </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ვ </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ზ </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>თ </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ი </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>კ </td> <td>ǩ, <i>or</i> kʼ </td> <td>ḳ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʼ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ლ </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>მ </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ნ </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჲ </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ო </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>პ </td> <td>p̌, <i>or</i> pʼ </td> <td>ṗ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʼ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჟ </td> <td>j </td> <td>ž </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>რ </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ს </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ტ </td> <td>t̆, <i>or</i> tʼ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʼ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>უ </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ფ </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ქ </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ღ </td> <td>ğ </td> <td>ɣ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ყ </td> <td>q </td> <td>qʼ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qʼ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>შ </td> <td>ş </td> <td>š </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჩ </td> <td>ç </td> <td>č </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ც </td> <td>ʒ, <i>or</i> з <sup id="cite_ref-Latn-laz-extension_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latn-laz-extension-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>c </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡s</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ძ </td> <td>ž, <i>or</i> zʼ </td> <td>ʒ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡z</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>წ </td> <td>ǯ, <i>or</i> зʼ <sup id="cite_ref-Latn-laz-extension_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latn-laz-extension-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ċ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡sʼ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჭ </td> <td>ç̌, <i>or</i> çʼ </td> <td>č’ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃʼ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ხ </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჯ </td> <td>c </td> <td>ǯ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʒ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჰ </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჶ </td> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatical_cases">Grammatical cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grammatical cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> has eight <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> and almost extinct <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">adverbial</a>. </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Marker </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td>-<i>i/-e</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ergative</td> <td>-<i>k</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td>-<i>s</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td>-<i>iş</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lative</td> <td>-<i>işa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ablative</td> <td>-<i>işe</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Instrumental</td> <td>-<i>ite</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adverbial</td> <td>-<i>ot</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_of_adjective_declension">Example of adjective declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Example of adjective declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Marker </th> <th>Stem: <i>mcveş-</i> ("old") </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td>-<i>i</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-<b>i</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ergative</td> <td>-<i>k</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-i-<b>k</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td>-<i>s</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-i-<b>s</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td>-<i>iş</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-<b>iş</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lative</td> <td>-<i>işa</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-<b>işa</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ablative</td> <td>-<i>işe</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-<b>işe</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Instrumental</td> <td>-<i>ite</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-<b>ite</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adverbial</td> <td>-<i>ot</i></td> <td><i>mcveş-<b>ot</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_of_noun_declension">Example of noun declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Example of noun declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Marker </th> <th>Stem: <i>ǩoç-</i> ("man") </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td>-<i>i</i></td> <td><i>ǩoç-<b>i</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ergative</td> <td>-<i>k</i></td> <td><i>ǩoç-i-<b>k</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td>-<i>s</i></td> <td><i>ǩoç-i-<b>s</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td>-<i>iş</i></td> <td><i>ǩoç-<b>iş</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lative</td> <td>-<i>işa</i></td> <td><i>ǩoç-<b>işa</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ablative</td> <td>-<i>işe</i></td> <td><i>ǩoç-<b>işe</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Instrumental</td> <td>-<i>ite</i></td> <td><i>ǩoç-<b>ite</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adverbial</td> <td>-<i>ot</i></td> <td><i>n/a</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in other <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South Caucasian languages">South Caucasian languages</a>, Laz distinguishes two classes of nouns and classifies objects as: </p> <ul><li>'Intelligent' entities. Respective interrogative is <i>mi?</i> (who?)</li> <li>'Non-intelligent' entities. Respective interrogative is <i>mu?</i> (what?)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_classification_scheme">Noun classification scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Noun classification scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">Concrete</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">Abstract</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i>Animate</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Inanimate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Human and "sentient" beings (e.g. God, deities, angels)</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">Animals</a></i> </td> <td><i>Inanimate physical entities</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Abstract_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract objects">Abstract objects</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Intelligent</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>Non-Intelligent</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mi? ("who?") </td> <td colspan="3">mu? ("what?") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Laz numerals are near identical to their <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a> equivalents with minor phonetic differences. The number system is <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> like in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinal_numbers">Cardinal numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cardinal numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all basic Laz cardinal numbers stem from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a>, except <i>ar(t)</i> (one) and <i>eči</i> (twenty), which are reconstructed only for the Karto-Zan chronological level, having regular phonetical reflexes in <a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan (Megrelo-Laz)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>. The numeral <i>šilya</i> (thousand) is a <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a> loanword and is more commonly used than original Laz <i>vitoši</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laz_cardinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"><span id="Laz_cardinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian.2C_Georgian_and_Svan"></span>Laz cardinal numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Laz cardinal numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Laz </th> <th>Megrelian </th> <th>Georgian </th> <th>Svan </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>ar(t) </td> <td>arti </td> <td>erti </td> <td>ešxu </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>jur/cur </td> <td>žiri/žəri </td> <td>ori </td> <td>yori </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>sum </td> <td>sumi </td> <td>sami </td> <td>semi </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>otxo </td> <td>otxi </td> <td>otxi </td> <td>oštxw </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>xut </td> <td>xuti </td> <td>xuti </td> <td>woxušd </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>anşi </td> <td>amšvi </td> <td>ekvsi </td> <td>usgwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>şkvit </td> <td>škviti </td> <td>švidi </td> <td>išgwid </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>ovro </td> <td>ruo </td> <td>rva </td> <td>ara </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>çxoro </td> <td>čxoro </td> <td>cxra </td> <td>čxara </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>vit </td> <td>viti </td> <td>ati </td> <td>ešd </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>vitoar </td> <td>vitaarti </td> <td>tertmeṭi </td> <td>ešdešxu </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>vitojur </td> <td>vitožiri </td> <td>tormeṭi </td> <td>ešdori </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>vitosum </td> <td>vitosumi </td> <td>cameṭi </td> <td>ešdsemi </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>vitotxo </td> <td>vitaantxi </td> <td>totxmeṭi </td> <td>ešdoštx </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>vitoxut </td> <td>vitoxuti </td> <td>txutmeṭi </td> <td>ešdoxušd </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>eçi </td> <td>eči </td> <td>oci </td> <td>yerwešd </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>eçidoar </td> <td>ečdoarti </td> <td>ocdaerti </td> <td>yerwešdiešxu </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>eçidovit </td> <td>ečdoviti </td> <td>ocdaati </td> <td>semešd </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>jurneçi </td> <td>žaarneči </td> <td>ormoci </td> <td>woštxuešd </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td>jurneçidovit </td> <td>žaarnečdoviti </td> <td>ormocdaati </td> <td>woxušdešd </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>sumeneçi </td> <td>sumoneči </td> <td>samoci </td> <td>usgwašd </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>sumeneçidovit </td> <td>sumonečdoviti </td> <td>samocdaati </td> <td>išgvidašd </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>otxoneçi </td> <td>otxoneči </td> <td>otxmoci </td> <td>arašd </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td>otxoneçidovit </td> <td>otxonečdoviti </td> <td>otxmocdaati </td> <td>chxarašd </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>oşi </td> <td>oši </td> <td>asi </td> <td>ašir </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 </td> <td>oşi do ar </td> <td>ošarti </td> <td>aserti </td> <td>ašir i ešxu </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 </td> <td>oşi do jur </td> <td>ošžiri </td> <td>asori </td> <td>ašir i yori </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 </td> <td>oşi do vit </td> <td>ošviti </td> <td>asati </td> <td>ašir i ešd </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>juroşi </td> <td>žiroši </td> <td>orasi </td> <td>yori ašir </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td>xutoşi </td> <td>xutoši </td> <td>xutasi </td> <td>woxušd aršir </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>şilya/vitoşi </td> <td>antasi </td> <td>atasi </td> <td>atas </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>şilya çxoroş <p>otxoneçdovit̆oçxoro </p> </td> <td>antas čxoroš <p>otxonečdovitočxoro </p> </td> <td>atas cxraas <p>otxmocdacxrameṭi </p> </td> <td>atas čxara ašir <p>chxarašd chxara </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>jurşilya </td> <td>žiri antasi </td> <td>ori atasi </td> <td>yori atas </td></tr> <tr> <td>10000 </td> <td>vit şilya </td> <td>viti antasi </td> <td>ati atasi </td> <td>ešd atas </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordinal_numbers">Ordinal numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ordinal numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordinal numbers in <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> are produced with the circumfix <i>ma-...-a</i>, which, in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a>, may be extended with suffix <i>-n</i>. The circumfix <i>ma-...-a</i> originates from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian</a> and has regular phonetical equivalents in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> (<i>me-...-e</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a> (<i>me-...-e</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordinal_numbers'_derivation_rule"><span id="Ordinal_numbers.27_derivation_rule"></span>Ordinal numbers' derivation rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ordinal numbers' derivation rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Laz </th> <th>Megrelian </th> <th>Georgian </th> <th>Svan </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>ma</b>-NUMBER-<b>a</b>(<i>ni</i>) </td> <td><b>ma</b>-NUMBER-<b>a</b> </td> <td><b>me</b>-NUMBER-<b>e</b> </td> <td><b>me</b>-NUMBER-<b>e</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laz_ordinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"><span id="Laz_ordinal_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian.2C_Georgian_and_Svan"></span>Laz ordinal numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Laz ordinal numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Laz </th> <th>Megrelian </th> <th>Georgian </th> <th>Svan </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>maartani </td> <td>ṗirveli </td> <td>ṗirveli </td> <td>manḳwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>majura(ni) </td> <td>mažira </td> <td>meore </td> <td>merme </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>masuma(ni) </td> <td>masuma </td> <td>mesame </td> <td>meseme </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td>maotxa(ni) </td> <td>maotxa/mantxa </td> <td>meotxe </td> <td>meuštxwe </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td>maxuta(ni) </td> <td>maxuta </td> <td>mexute </td> <td>meuxušde </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th </td> <td>maanşa(ni) </td> <td>maamšva </td> <td>meekvse </td> <td>meusgwe </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th </td> <td>maşkvita(ni) </td> <td>maškvita </td> <td>mešvide </td> <td>meyšgwide </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th </td> <td>maovra(ni) </td> <td>maruo </td> <td>merve </td> <td>meare </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th </td> <td>maçxora(ni) </td> <td>mačxora </td> <td>mecxre </td> <td>meyčxre </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th </td> <td>mavita(ni) </td> <td>mavita </td> <td>meate </td> <td>meyšde </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th </td> <td>mavitoarta(ni) </td> <td>mavitaarta </td> <td>metertmeṭe </td> <td>meyšdešxue </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th </td> <td>mavitojura(ni) </td> <td>mavitožira </td> <td>metormeṭe </td> <td>meyšdore </td></tr> <tr> <td>13th </td> <td>mavitosuma(ni) </td> <td>mavitosuma </td> <td>mecameṭe </td> <td>meyšdseme </td></tr> <tr> <td>14th </td> <td>mavitotxa(ni) </td> <td>mavitaantxa </td> <td>metotxmeṭe </td> <td>meyšdoštxe </td></tr> <tr> <td>15th </td> <td>mavitoxuta(ni) </td> <td>mavitoxuta </td> <td>metxutmeṭe </td> <td>meyšdoxušde </td></tr> <tr> <td>20th </td> <td>maeça(ni) </td> <td>maeča </td> <td>meoce </td> <td>meyerwešde </td></tr> <tr> <td>21st </td> <td>eçidomaarta(ni) </td> <td>ečdomaarta </td> <td>ocdameerte </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30th </td> <td>ečidomavita(ni) </td> <td>ečdomavita </td> <td>ocdameate </td> <td>mesemešde </td></tr> <tr> <td>40th </td> <td>majurneça(ni) </td> <td>mažaarneča </td> <td>meormoce </td> <td>meuštxuešde </td></tr> <tr> <td>50th </td> <td>jurneçidomavita(ni) </td> <td>žaarnečdomavita </td> <td>ormocdameate </td> <td>meuxušdešde </td></tr> <tr> <td>60th </td> <td>masumeneça(ni) </td> <td>masumoneča </td> <td>mesamoce </td> <td>meusgwešde </td></tr> <tr> <td>70th </td> <td>sumeneçidomavita(ni) </td> <td>sumonečdomavita </td> <td>samocdameate </td> <td>meyšgwidešde </td></tr> <tr> <td>80th </td> <td>maotxoneça(ni) </td> <td>maotxoneča </td> <td>meotxmoce </td> <td>mearašde </td></tr> <tr> <td>90th </td> <td>otxoneçidomavita(ni) </td> <td>otxonečdomavita </td> <td>otxmocdameate </td> <td>mečxarašde </td></tr> <tr> <td>100th </td> <td>maoşa(ni) </td> <td>maoša </td> <td>mease </td> <td>meašire </td></tr> <tr> <td>101st </td> <td>oşmaarta(ni) </td> <td>ošmaarta </td> <td>asmeerte </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>102nd </td> <td>oşmajura(ni) </td> <td>ošmažira </td> <td>asmeore </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110th </td> <td>oşmavita(ni) </td> <td>ošmavita </td> <td>asmeate </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200th </td> <td>majuroşa(ni) </td> <td>mažiroša </td> <td>meorase </td> <td>meyorašire </td></tr> <tr> <td>500th </td> <td>maxutoşa(ni) </td> <td>maxutoša </td> <td>mexutase </td> <td>meuxušdašire </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000th </td> <td>maşilya(ni)/mavitoşa(ni) </td> <td>maantasa </td> <td>meatase </td> <td>meatase </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractional_numbers">Fractional numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fractional numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fractional numbers' derivation rule in <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a> is akin to <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Georgian language">Old Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fractional_numbers'_derivation_rule"><span id="Fractional_numbers.27_derivation_rule"></span>Fractional numbers' derivation rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fractional numbers' derivation rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Laz </th> <th rowspan="2">Megrelian </th> <th colspan="2">Georgian </th> <th rowspan="2">Svan </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Old</i> </th> <th><i>New</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>na</b>-NUMBER-<b>al/or</b> </td> <td><b>na</b>-NUMBER-<b>al/or</b> </td> <td><b>na</b>-NUMBER-<b>al</b> </td> <td><b>me</b>-NUMBER-<b>ed</b> </td> <td><b>na</b>-NUMBER-<b>al/ul</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laz_fractional_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"><span id="Laz_fractional_numbers_compared_to_Megrelian.2C_Georgian_and_Svan"></span>Laz fractional numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Laz fractional numbers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th rowspan="2">Laz </th> <th rowspan="2">Megrelian </th> <th colspan="2">Georgian </th> <th rowspan="2">Svan </th></tr> <tr> <th>Old </th> <th>New </th></tr> <tr> <td>whole </td> <td>mteli </td> <td>teli </td> <td>mrteli </td> <td>mteli </td> <td>tel </td></tr> <tr> <td>half </td> <td>gverdi </td> <td>gverdi </td> <td>naxevari </td> <td>naxevari </td> <td>xənsga </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/3 </td> <td>nasumori </td> <td>nasumori </td> <td>nasamali </td> <td>mesamedi </td> <td>nasemal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/4 </td> <td>naotxali </td> <td>naotxali/naantxali </td> <td>naotxali </td> <td>meotxedi </td> <td>naoštxul </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/5 </td> <td>naxutali </td> <td>naxutali </td> <td>naxutali </td> <td>mexutedi </td> <td>naxušdal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/6 </td> <td>naanşali </td> <td>naamšvali </td> <td>naekvsali </td> <td>meekvsedi </td> <td>nausgwul </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/7 </td> <td>naşkvitali </td> <td>naškvitali </td> <td>našvidali </td> <td>mešvidedi </td> <td>nayšgwidal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/8 </td> <td>naovrali </td> <td>naruali </td> <td>narvali </td> <td>mervedi </td> <td>naaral </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/9 </td> <td>naçxorali </td> <td>načxorali </td> <td>nacxrali </td> <td>mecxredi </td> <td>načxaral </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/10 </td> <td>navitali </td> <td>navitali </td> <td>naatali </td> <td>meatedi </td> <td>naešdal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/11 </td> <td>navitoartali </td> <td>navitaartali </td> <td>natertmeṭali </td> <td>metertmeṭedi </td> <td>naešdešxul </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/12 </td> <td>navitojurali </td> <td>navitožirali </td> <td>natormeṭali </td> <td>metormeṭedi </td> <td>naešdoral </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/20 </td> <td>naeçali </td> <td>naečali </td> <td>naocali </td> <td>meocedi </td> <td>nayerwešdal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/100 </td> <td>naoşali </td> <td>naošali </td> <td>naasali </td> <td>measedi </td> <td>naaširal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/1000 </td> <td>naşilyali/navitoşali </td> <td>naantasali </td> <td>naatasali </td> <td>meatasedi </td> <td>naatasal </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><b>Laz</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Megrelian</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Georgian</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Khopa-Chkhala</i> </th> <th><i>Vitze-Arkabe</i> </th> <th><i>Atina-Artasheni</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>ma(n) </td> <td>ma </td> <td>ma </td> <td>ma </td> <td>me </td></tr> <tr> <td>You (sing.) </td> <td>si(n) </td> <td>si </td> <td>si </td> <td>si </td> <td>šen </td></tr> <tr> <td>That (close to speaker) </td> <td>aya </td> <td>haya </td> <td>ham </td> <td>ena </td> <td>esa </td></tr> <tr> <td>This </td> <td>ia </td> <td>heya </td> <td>him </td> <td>ina </td> <td>isa </td></tr> <tr> <td>We </td> <td>çki </td> <td>çku </td> <td>şǩu </td> <td>čki/čkə </td> <td>čven </td></tr> <tr> <td>You (pl.) </td> <td>tkvan </td> <td>tkvan </td> <td>t̆ǩva </td> <td>tkva </td> <td>tkven </td></tr> <tr> <td>Those </td> <td>antepe </td> <td>hamtepe </td> <td>hani </td> <td>enepi </td> <td>eseni </td></tr> <tr> <td>These </td> <td>entepe </td> <td>hemtepe </td> <td>hini </td> <td>inepi </td> <td>isini </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><b>Laz</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Megrelian</b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b>Georgian</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Khopa-Chkhala</i> </th> <th><i>Vitze-Arkabe</i> </th> <th><i>Atina-Artasheni</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>My </td> <td>çkimi </td> <td>çkimi </td> <td>şǩimi </td> <td>čkimi/čkəmi </td> <td>čemi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Your (sing.) </td> <td>skani </td> <td>skani </td> <td>sǩani </td> <td>skani </td> <td>šeni </td></tr> <tr> <td>His/her/its </td> <td>muşi </td> <td>muşi </td> <td>himuşi </td> <td>muši </td> <td>misi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Our </td> <td>çkini </td> <td>çkuni </td> <td>şǩuni </td> <td>čkini/čkəni </td> <td>čveni </td></tr> <tr> <td>Your (pl.) </td> <td>tkvani </td> <td>tkvani </td> <td>t̆ǩvani </td> <td>tkvani </td> <td>tkveni </td></tr> <tr> <td>Their </td> <td>mutepeşi </td> <td>hemtepeşi </td> <td>nişi </td> <td>inepiš </td> <td>mati </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laz verbs are inflected for seven categories: person, number, version, tense, mood, aspect and voice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Person_and_Number">Person and Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Person and Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Laz, like <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>, verbs can be unipersonal, bipersonal, and tripersonal. </p> <ul><li>Monovalent verbs have only subjective person and are intransitive.</li> <li>Bivalent verbs have one subject and one object (<i>direct</i> or <i>indirect</i>). They are: <ul><li>transitive if the object is <i>direct</i></li> <li>intransitive if the object is <i>indirect</i></li></ul></li> <li>Trivalent verbs have one subject and two objects (one <i>direct</i> and the other <i>indirect</i>) and are ditransitive.</li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <caption>Verb personality table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th>Unipersonal </th> <th colspan="2">Bipersonal </th> <th>Tripersonal </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>intransitive</i> </th> <th><i>transitive</i> </th> <th><i>intransitive</i> </th> <th><i>ditransitive</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Subject </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Direct Object </th> <td>N/A </td> <td>+ </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indirect Object </th> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The person may be singular or plural. </p><p>Subject and object markers in Laz are the same as in Mingrelian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_markers">Subject markers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Subject markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><b>Singular</b> </th> <th><b>Plural</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>S1</b> </th> <td>v- </td> <td>v-...-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>S2</b> </th> <td>∅- </td> <td>∅-...-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>S3</b> </th> <td>∅-...-n/-s/-u </td> <td>∅-...-an/-es </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object_markers">Object markers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Object markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><b>Singular</b> </th> <th><b>Plural</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>O1</b> </th> <td>m- </td> <td>m-...-an/-es/-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>O2</b> </th> <td>g- </td> <td>g-...-an/-es/-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>O3</b> </th> <td>∅- </td> <td>∅-...-an/-es </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In pre-consonant position, the markers <i>v-</i> and <i>g-</i> change phonetically: </p> <ul><li>Before voiced consonants:<i> v- → b-</i></li> <li>Before voiceless (nonglottalized) consonants: <ul><li><i>v- → b- → p-</i></li> <li><i>g- → k-</i></li></ul></li> <li>Before glottalized consonants: <ul><li><i>v- → b- → p̌-</i></li> <li><i>g- → ǩ-</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version">Version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> has four types of version marking: </p> <ul><li>subjective – shows that the action is intended for oneself,</li> <li>objective – action is intended for another person,</li> <li>objective-passive – the action is intended for another person and at the same time indicating the passiveness of subject,</li> <li>neutral – neutral with respect to intention.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laz_version_markers_compared_to_Megrelian,_Georgian_and_Svan"><span id="Laz_version_markers_compared_to_Megrelian.2C_Georgian_and_Svan"></span>Laz version markers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Laz version markers compared to Megrelian, Georgian and Svan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Version</b> </th> <th><b>Laz</b> </th> <th><b>Megrelian</b> </th> <th><b>Georgian</b> </th> <th><b>Svan</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Subjective</i> </th> <td><i>-i-</i> </td> <td><i>-i-</i> </td> <td><i>-i-</i> </td> <td><i>-i-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Objective</i> </th> <td><i>-u-</i> </td> <td><i>-u-</i> </td> <td><i>-u-</i> </td> <td><i>-o-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Objective-passive</i> </th> <td><i>-a-</i> </td> <td><i>-a-</i> </td> <td><i>-e-</i> </td> <td><i>-e-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Neutral</i> </th> <td><i>-o-</i> </td> <td><i>-o-/-a-</i> </td> <td><i>-a-</i> </td> <td><i>-a-</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenses">Tenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The maximum number of <a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">screeves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> is 22. They are grouped in three series. Two screeves (<i>future I</i> and <i>past of future I</i>) exist only for the verb <i>r-</i>, which serves as a 1st series root for <i>oqopumu/ovapu/oyapu</i> (to be). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paradigm_of_verb_conjugation">Paradigm of verb conjugation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Paradigm of verb conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>stems: ç̌ar- (to write)</b> and <b>r- (to be: just for <i>future I</i> and <i>past of future I</i>)</b> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><b>I Series</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Khopa-Chkhala</b> </td> <td><b>Vitze-Arkabe</b> </td> <td><b>Atina-Artasheni</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>present</i> </td> <td>ç̌arups </td> <td colspan="2">ç̌arums </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>imperfect</i> </td> <td>ç̌arupt̆u </td> <td colspan="2">ç̌arumt̆u </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>imperfective optative</i> </td> <td>ç̌arupt̆as </td> <td colspan="2">ç̌arumt̆as </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>imperfective inferential</i> </td> <td>ç̌arupt̆-eren </td> <td>ç̌arumt̆u-doren </td> <td>ç̌arumt̆u-donu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>present conditional</i> </td> <td>ç̌arupt̆u-ǩon </td> <td colspan="2">ç̌arumt̆u-ǩo(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>future I</i> </td> <td>(r)t̆as-unon </td> <td>(r)t̆asen </td> <td>ort̆as-en </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>past of future I</i> </td> <td>(r)t̆as-unt̆u </td> <td>t̆ast̆u </td> <td>ort̆as-eret̆u </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>II Series</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Khopa-Chkhala</b> </td> <td><b>Vitze-Arkabe</b> </td> <td><b>Atina-Artasheni</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aorist</i> </td> <td colspan="3">ç̌aru </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aoristic optative</i> </td> <td colspan="3">ç̌aras </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aoristic inferential I</i> </td> <td>ç̌ar-eleren <p>/ç̌ar-een /ç̌ar-elen </p> </td> <td>ç̌aru-doren </td> <td>ç̌aru-donu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aoristic inferential II</i> </td> <td>ç̌ar-eleret̆u <p>/ç̌ar-eet̆u /ç̌ar-elet̆u </p> </td> <td colspan="2">ç̌aru-dort̆u </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aoristic inferential optative</i> </td> <td>ç̌ar-eleret̆as <p>/ç̌ar-eet̆as /ç̌ar-elet̆as </p> </td> <td colspan="2">n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aoristic conditional</i> </td> <td colspan="3">ç̌aru-ǩon </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>future II</i> </td> <td>ç̌aras-unon </td> <td colspan="2">ç̌aras-en </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>past of future II</i> </td> <td>ç̌aras-unt̆u <p>/ç̌ara-t̆u </p> </td> <td>ç̌ara-t̆u </td> <td>ç̌aras-ert̆u </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>conditional of aoristic inferential II</i> </td> <td>ç̌ar-eleret̆u-ǩon <p>/ç̌ar-eet̆u-ǩon </p> </td> <td colspan="2">n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>inferential of the past of future II</i> </td> <td>ç̌aras-unt̆-eren </td> <td>ç̌ara-t̆u-doren </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>conditional of the past of future II</i> </td> <td colspan="2">ç̌ara-t̆u-ǩon </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>III Series</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Khopa-Chkhala</b> </td> <td><b>Vitze-Arkabe</b> </td> <td><b>Atina-Artasheni</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>inversive inferential I</i> </td> <td colspan="3">uç̌arun </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>inversive inferential II</i> </td> <td colspan="3">uç̌arut̆u </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>inferential optative</i> </td> <td colspan="3">uç̌arut̆as </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>inferential conditional</i> </td> <td colspan="3">uç̌arut̆u-ǩo(n) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to oldness these <a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">screeves</a> can be grouped in two sets: </p> <ul><li>old (primary) (common with <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a>).</li> <li>new (secondary) derived from the basic screeves (specific <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>).</li></ul> <p><b>Classification of screeves according to oldness</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old (common with Megrelian) </th> <th>New (specific Laz) </th></tr> <tr> <td>present </td> <td>imperfective inferential </td></tr> <tr> <td>imperfect </td> <td>future I </td></tr> <tr> <td>imperfective optative </td> <td>past of future I </td></tr> <tr> <td>present conditional </td> <td>aoristic inferential I </td></tr> <tr> <td>aorist </td> <td>aoristic inferential II </td></tr> <tr> <td>aoristic optative </td> <td>aoristic inferential optative </td></tr> <tr> <td>aoristic conditional </td> <td>future II </td></tr> <tr> <td>inversive inferential I </td> <td>past of future II </td></tr> <tr> <td>inversive inferential II </td> <td>Conditional of aoristic inferential II </td></tr> <tr> <td>inferential optative </td> <td>inferential of the past of future II </td></tr> <tr> <td>inferential conditional </td> <td>conditional of the past of future II </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood">Mood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indicative">Indicative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Indicative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indicative statement claims that the proposition should be taken as an apparent fact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative">Interrogative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Interrogative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two ways to transform an indicative statement into a question: </p> <ul><li>by means of interrogative words. E.g. <i>mi?</i> (who?), <i>mu?</i> (what?), <i>so?</i> (where?), <i>mundes?</i> (when?), <i>muç̌o?</i> (how?) etc. This rule is valid for <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a> as well.</li> <li>by adding an interrogative particle <i>-i</i> to the end of a verb. It has the same function as <a href="/wiki/Megrelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Megrelian">Megrelian</a> <i>-o</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Georgian language">Old Georgian</a> <i>-a</i> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a> <i>-ma/-mo/-mu</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperative">Imperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Imperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indicates a command or request. The aorist form is used when addressing 2nd person (singular/plural) and aoristic optative in all other cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subjunctive">Subjunctive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Subjunctive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expresses possibility, wish, desire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conditional">Conditional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Conditional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indicates condition in contrary to a fact. For this reason a verbal suffix <i>-ǩo</i> (At.-Arsh, Vtz.-Ark.) / <i>-ǩon/-ǩoni</i> (Khop.-Chkh.) is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspect">Aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice">Voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Latn-laz-extension-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latn-laz-extension_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latn-laz-extension_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Extension consonant for the Altaic (Turkish) version of the Latin alphabet, often represented with the digit three (3) (currently missing from Unicode ?) ; the Cyrillic letter <i>ze</i> (З/з) has been borrowed in newspapers published in the Socialist Republic of Georgia (within USSR) to write the missing Latin letter ; modern orthographies used today also use the Latin digraphs <i>Ts/ts</i> for З/з and <i>Ts’/ts’</i> for(З’/з’</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChikobava1936" class="citation book cs1">Chikobava, Arn. (1936). <i>Grammatical analysis of Laz with texts (in Georgian)</i>. Tiflis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+analysis+of+Laz+with+texts+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tiflis&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Chikobava&rft.aufirst=Arn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChikobava1938" class="citation book cs1">Chikobava, Arn. (1938). <i>Chan-Megrel-Georgian Comparative Dictionary (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chan-Megrel-Georgian+Comparative+Dictionary+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Chikobava&rft.aufirst=Arn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFähnrich2000" class="citation book cs1">Fähnrich, H. & Sardzhveladze, Z. (2000). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=F%C3%A4hnrich&rft.aufirst=H.+%26+Sardzhveladze%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKajaia2001–2002" class="citation book cs1">Kajaia, O. (2001–2002). <i>Megrelian-Georgian dictionary. 3 Vols. (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megrelian-Georgian+dictionary.+3+Vols.+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2001%2F2002&rft.aulast=Kajaia&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartozia2005" class="citation book cs1">Kartozia, G. (2005). <i>The Laz language and its place in the system of Kartvelian languages (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laz+language+and+its+place+in+the+system+of+Kartvelian+languages+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kartozia&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1964" class="citation book cs1">Klimov, G. (1964). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (in Russian)</i>. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages+%28in+Russian%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1998" class="citation book cs1">Klimov, G. (1998). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1998" class="citation book cs1">Klimov, G. (1998). <i>Languages of the World: Caucasian languages (in Russian)</i>. Moscow: Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Caucasian+languages+%28in+Russian%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr1910" class="citation book cs1">Marr, N. (1910). <i>Grammar of Chan (Laz) with reader and wordlist (in Russian)</i>. St. Petersburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+Chan+%28Laz%29+with+reader+and+wordlist+%28in+Russian%29&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQipshidze1911" class="citation book cs1">Qipshidze, I. (1911). <i>Additional information about Chan (in Russian)</i>. St. Petersburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Additional+information+about+Chan+%28in+Russian%29&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Qipshidze&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQipshidze1914" class="citation book cs1">Qipshidze, I. (1914). <i>The Grammar of Mingrelian (Iver) Language with reader and dictionary (in Russian)</i>. St. Petersburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Mingrelian+%28Iver%29+Language+with+reader+and+dictionary+%28in+Russian%29&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Qipshidze&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanidze1973" class="citation book cs1">Shanidze, A. (1973). <i>Essentials of Georgian Grammar (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Georgian+Grammar+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Shanidze&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopuria2000" class="citation book cs1">Topuria, V. & Kaldani, M. (2000). <i>Svan Dictionary (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svan+Dictionary+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Topuria&rft.aufirst=V.+%26+Kaldani%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaz+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/lzz/">Laz Georgian-Latin and Latin-Georgian converter</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgian_language" title="Template:Georgian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgian_language" title="Template talk:Georgian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">Screeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_conjugation" title="Georgian conjugation">Verb paradigm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laz grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg/160px-%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg/240px-%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg/320px-%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_keyboard" title="Georgian keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Romanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">Georgian Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">Georgian Extended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Mac OS Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Georgian%E2%80%93Zan_language" title="Proto-Georgian–Zan language">Proto-Georgian–Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjaran_dialect" title="Adjaran dialect">Adjaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani_(letter)" title="Ani (letter)">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_(letter)" title="Bani (letter)">Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gani_(letter)" title="Gani (letter)">Gani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_(letter)" title="Doni (letter)">Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni_(letter)" title="Eni (letter)">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vini_(letter)" title="Vini (letter)">Vini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeni_(letter)" title="Zeni (letter)">Zeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(Georgian_letter)" title="He (Georgian letter)">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_(letter)" title="Tani (letter)">Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(Georgian_letter)" title="Ini (Georgian letter)">Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27ani" title="K'ani">K'ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_(letter)" title="Lasi (letter)">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(letter)" title="Mani (letter)">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari_(letter)" title="Nari (letter)">Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ie_(letter)" title="Ie (letter)">Ie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni_(letter)" title="Oni (letter)">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ari" title="P'ari">P'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhani" title="Zhani">Zhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae_(letter)" title="Rae (letter)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_(letter)" title="Sani (letter)">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27ari" title="T'ari">T'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_(letter)" title="Vie (letter)">Vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_(letter)" title="Uni (letter)">Uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_(letter)" title="Pari (letter)">Pari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kani_(letter)" title="Kani (letter)">Kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghani_(letter)" title="Ghani (letter)">Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%27ari" title="Q'ari">Q'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shini" title="Shini">Shini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chini_(letter)" title="Chini (letter)">Chini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsani" title="Tsani">Tsani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzili" title="Dzili">Dzili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%27ili" title="Ts'ili">Ts'ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ari" title="Ch'ari">Ch'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khani_(letter)" title="Khani (letter)">Khani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khari_(letter)" title="Khari (letter)">Khari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_(letter)" title="Jani (letter)">Jani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hae_(letter)" title="Hae (letter)">Hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(letter)" title="Hoe (letter)">Hoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_(letter)" title="Fi (letter)">Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lojban_grammar" title="Lojban grammar">Lojban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&oldid=1254632686">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laz_grammar&oldid=1254632686</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laz_people" title="Category:Laz people">Laz people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laz_language" title="Category:Laz language">Laz 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