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Two days later France and Great Britain declared war on Germany."},{"text":"Which of these best describes blitzkrieg, which was key to Germany’s early success in the war?","correctAnswerIndex":1,"answers":["Propaganda","Quick coordinated attacks","Economic sanctions","High-level espionage"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"When the Germans launched their blitzkrieg (meaning “lightning war”), theirs was the only military that used radio communication to coordinate land and air power in swift concentrated attacks that paralyzed an adversary’s capacity to organize defenses and then penetrated to its rear to disrupt its communications and administration."},{"text":"Early in the war, in his first address to the British House of Commons, Prime Minister Winston Churchill said, “I have nothing to offer but…”","correctAnswerIndex":0,"answers":["“Blood, toil, tears and sweat.”","“An appeal to human decency”","“A swift end to tyranny”","“Peace in our time”"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"The previous British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, tried to appease Hitler rather than confront him. Churchill promised a much different, more difficult path. He confided in one of his generals, “They trust me, and I can give them nothing but disaster for quite a long time.”"},{"text":"After World War I, France built the Maginot Line, a string of border fortifications considered impenetrable. How did the German army overcome the Maginot Line in World War II?","correctAnswerIndex":0,"answers":["Went around it","Overwhelmed it with troops","Bombed it","Bribed its way past it"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"France did not extend the Maginot Line along its border with Belgium, a French ally. German forces swept through Belgium and got behind the Maginot Line, rendering it useless."},{"text":"Which technology helped the U.K. defeat Germany’s months long air offensive against it in the Battle of Britain?","correctAnswerIndex":1,"answers":["Rockets","Radar","Stealth airplanes","Atomic energy"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"The British radar early warning system, called Chain Home, was largely able to deny German bombers and fighters the element of surprise during the Battle of Britain. Radar operators could tell the range (distance), bearing (direction), strength, and height of an incoming raid, giving the Royal Air Force Fighter Command time to deploy its resources where they would be most effective."},{"text":"Which fortuitous circumstance helped reduce U.S. losses at Pearl Harbor?","correctAnswerIndex":3,"answers":["Strong winds blew Japanese planes off course.","Heavy fog made targeting ships difficult.","Base personnel awoke earlier than usual.","No American aircraft carriers were in port."],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"All three of the U.S. Pacific aircraft carriers were out to sea, avoiding the surprise attack that damaged or destroyed 19 U.S. ships. Since no aircraft carriers were lost, the U.S. fleet was able to bounce back quickly."},{"text":"Because Japan conquered the Dutch East Indies, which of these goods was first to be rationed in the United States?","correctAnswerIndex":2,"answers":["Pineapples","Sugar","Tires","Typewriters"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"The United States had obtained 90 to 95 percent of its rubber from the Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia), and it required huge quantities of rubber to produce war matériel. For instance, building one battleship required 75 tons of rubber. Consequently, what rubber the U.S. had was severely rationed. Each civilian vehicle owner was allotted only five tires, which became highly prized and were meticulously cared for."},{"text":"Japan launched an attack on the U.S. mainland by using which curious method?","correctAnswerIndex":1,"answers":["Amphibious tanks","Helium balloons","Scuba divers","Trained dolphins"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"The Japanese attached incendiaries to 9,000 helium balloons and let the jet stream carry them across the Pacific to the U.S. Some made it as far as Michigan, but overall they were not very effective."},{"text":"Which of these was key to U.S. success at the Battle of Midway?","correctAnswerIndex":2,"answers":["Having a larger fleet","Having better aircraft","Having cracked the main Japanese naval communications code","Having better-trained pilots than the Japanese"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Despite having underperforming fighter planes and far fewer naval vessels, the U.S. was able to anticipate Japan’s attack on Midway and turn it into a stunning victory thanks in part to having cracked the main Japanese naval code. Japan lost four aircraft carriers and many skilled pilots during the battle—losses from which it never recovered."},{"text":"Based on the year they were first produced, which name was given to one of Japan’s most highly effective fighter planes?","correctAnswerIndex":3,"answers":["Deuces","Niners","Thirty-eights","Zeroes"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Developed by Mitsubishi, the Zero was first produced in 1940, which happened to coincide with the 2,600th anniversary of the legendary first Japanese emperor’s ascent to the throne—hence the “zero” designation. The Allies were not able to build an aircraft to match the Zero’s capabilities until 1943."},{"text":"Which city was the site of a 900-day siege during World War II?","correctAnswerIndex":3,"answers":["London","Berlin","Stalingrad","Leningrad"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Leningrad\" class=\"md-crosslink \" data-show-preview=\"true\">“900-day siege” of Leningrad</a>, the prolonged blockade of that Soviet city (today St. Petersburg, Russia) by German and Finnish armed forces during <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II\" class=\"md-crosslink \" data-show-preview=\"true\">World War II</a>, actually lasted 872 days (September 8, 1941, to January 27, 1944)."},{"text":"Referring to a desperate maneuver used to sink Allied ships, <i>kamikaze</i> literally means what?","correctAnswerIndex":2,"answers":["Hungry shark","Floating mine","Divine wind","Iceberg"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Often loaded with extra bombs and gasoline, kamikaze planes were flown directly into enemy ships during suicidal attacks. The word <em>kamikaze</em> was first used to describe a fortunate typhoon that prevented a Mongol fleet from invading Japan in 1281."},{"text":"Which language was used by the U.S. military to encode messages that were never deciphered by the enemy during World War II?","correctAnswerIndex":3,"answers":["Greek","Welsh","Yiddish","Navajo"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Members of the Navajo—as well as 14 other Native American peoples, such as the Comanche and the Cherokee—helped encrypt messages for the Allies that remained undeciphered by the enemy up to the war's end. Code talkers were active in several important Allied military operations, including the invasions of Normandy and Iwo Jima."},{"text":"The German military operation code-named Walküre (“Valkyrie”) hoped to assassinate which leader?","correctAnswerIndex":2,"answers":["Winston Churchill","Benito Mussolini","Adolf Hitler","Franklin Roosevelt"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"By 1944 a group of German military officers had become so dismayed at Hitler’s erratic leadership that they hoped to eliminate him. A briefcase bomb was detonated in a meeting attended by Hitler, but he suffered only minor injuries. Nearly two hundred plotters were executed for their part in the failed coup."},{"text":"The Tuskegee Airmen constituted a U.S. Army unit drawn from which group?","correctAnswerIndex":1,"answers":["Youths under age 18","African Americans","World War I veterans","Women"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Named for Tuskegee, Alabama, where the black airmen trained, the segregated 332nd Fighter Group, nicknamed the “Red Tails,” had one of the lowest loss records of any U.S. escort fighter group."},{"text":"Which U.S. president won the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his heroism during World War II?","correctAnswerIndex":1,"answers":["Dwight D. Eisenhower","John F. Kennedy","Jimmy Carter","Ronald Reagan"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"In 1941 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy\" class=\"md-crosslink \" data-show-preview=\"true\">John F. Kennedy</a> joined the U.S. Navy, and two years later was sent to the South Pacific. Commanding a patrol torpedo, or PT, boat, he was gravely injured when a Japanese destroyer sank it in the Solomon Islands. Marooned far behind enemy lines, he led his men back to safety—a heroic feat that earned him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal."},{"text":"Operation Bodyguard provided critical support to the Allies’ D-Day invasion in which way?","correctAnswerIndex":1,"answers":["Teaching American soldiers French phrases","Using deception to distract German forces","Raising money by selling war bonds","Assassinating key German generals"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"The Allies diverted some German attention away from the real invasion zone in Normandy through a number of ruses. They faked radio chatter to suggest that they were stockpiling cold-weather gear, implying a possible Scotland-to-Norway invasion. They also dropped dummy paratroopers, complete with recordings of gunfire, on Calais, well east of Normandy."},{"text":"A precursor to Nazi extermination camps, the “Holocaust by bullets” happened during which of these events?","correctAnswerIndex":2,"answers":["Germany’s conclusion of an alliance with Italy","Germany’s participation in the Spanish Civil War","Germany’s invasion of the U.S.S.R.","Germany’s occupation of France"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Nazis had been passing racist laws against Jews since the 1930s, but at the start of World War II they had not begun the mass murder of Jews. It wasn’t until the Axis invasion of the U.S.S.R. that German troops and their collaborators were ordered to wipe out whole communities of “Bolsheviks'' (in this case, a Nazi euphemism for Jewish civilians). An estimated 1.5 million Jews were murdered during this “Holocaust by bullets.”"},{"text":"American General Anthony C. McAuliffe famously responded “NUTS!” when asked to surrender during which battle?","correctAnswerIndex":2,"answers":["Siege of Warsaw","Battle of Tannenberg","Battle of the Bulge ","Operation Barbarossa"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"The Battle of the Bulge (so named for the considerable dent German forces made in Allied lines) saw American soldiers pinned down in the Belgian town of Bastogne. A German envoy delivered an ultimatum: surrender or face “annihilation by artillery.” McAuliffe sent a typed one-word response: “NUTS!” The Germans did not understand the slang term, which had to be interpreted for them as “Go to hell”. The Americans held Bastogne, stymieing Germany’s last major offensive drive on the Western Front."},{"text":"“Little Boy” and “Fat Man” were nicknames for what?","correctAnswerIndex":0,"answers":["Atomic bombs","Two invasion forces on D-Day","Stalin and Churchill","Italy and Germany"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"“Little Boy,” the uranium bomb the U.S. dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, weighed 9,700 pounds and had the explosive force of 15,000 tons of TNT. The plutonium bomb that hit Nagasaki, nicknamed “Fat Man,” weighed 10,800 pounds and had the destructive force of 21,000 tons of TNT. Even though Fat Man was the larger and more powerful of the two bombs, it caused less damage than Little Boy, because it was detonated in a relatively thinly populated industrial area and its force was blunted somewhat by Nagasaki’s hilly terrain."},{"text":"Still the home of a U.S. military base, which place was the site of the last major battle of World War II?","correctAnswerIndex":0,"answers":["Okinawa","Berlin","Stalingrad","Guadalcanal"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Japanese forces fought bitterly, but ultimately in vain, to hold the island of Okinawa. Just 350 miles from the southernmost Japanese main island, Kyushu, Okinawa would have served as a major launchpad for an Allied invasion of the Japanese main islands if that had been necessary. Okinawa was not returned to Japan until 1972, and the U.S. still maintains a military base there."},{"text":"Which country suffered the most military deaths, by far, during World War II?","correctAnswerIndex":0,"answers":["Soviet Union","Germany","France","United States"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Casualty statistics for an event as widespread and devastating as World War II are difficult to calculate reliably, but experts estimate that the U.S.S.R. suffered 11,000,000 military deaths. By comparison, the U.S. suffered fewer than 300,000."},{"text":"Anticipating security needs after the war, the United States’ Operation Paperclip sought to do what?","correctAnswerIndex":1,"answers":["Rebuild Germany","Recruit Nazi scientists","Prevent the spread of communism","Distribute aid to Jewish refugees"],"difficulty":4,"explanation":"Shortly after V-E Day, the U.S. recruited top Nazi doctors, physicists, and chemists—including Wernher von Braun, who had used slave labor from concentration camps to build Germany’s V-2 rockets. 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Goofer","fullUrl":"https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/11152/twofer.png"}},{"id":273,"title":"Victordle","url":"https://www.britannica.com/games/victordle/","description":"Play head-to-head!","newTab":true,"noFollow":true,"image":{"id":0,"url":"https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/9733/Victordle.png","altText":"Victordle","fullUrl":"https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/9733/Victordle.png"}},{"id":274,"title":"Sudoku","url":"https://www.britannica.com/games/sudoku","description":"Your daily logic challenge","image":{"id":0,"url":"https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/7756/sudoku.png","altText":"Sudoku","fullUrl":"https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/7756/sudoku.png"}}],"britannicaQuizzes":[{"title":"That ’90s Quiz","url":"/quiz/that-90s-quiz","image":{"id":0,"url":"/41/252041-131-D4C50C10/Back-to-the-90s-poster.jpg","altText":""Back to the 90's" with a dotted and herringbone background pattern. 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(British royalty, British monarchy)","credit":"© Maksym Yemelyanov/stock.adobe.com","fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/09/242809-131-AAC5D871/British-crown-flag.jpg"}}]} </script> <header id="games-header" class="bg-navy-dark border-bottom border-black position-sticky top-0"> <div class="container-lg p-0 d-flex align-items-center h-100"> <button class="btn btn-link link-white btn-sm rounded-0 p-10" > <em class="material-icons d-inline-block font-24" data-icon="menu"></em> </button> <a href="/quiz/browse"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/games/games_nav_logo.png?v=3.130.38" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="games-nav-logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="d-none"> Games <ul> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/quordle"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/7753/quordle.png" alt="Quordle" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/quordle" >Quordle</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Can you solve four words at once?</div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/quiz/tightrope"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/13132/tightrope60x60.png" alt="Tightrope" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/quiz/tightrope" >Tightrope</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">A daily trivia game</div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/blossom-word-game"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/7758/blossom.png" alt="Blossom" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/blossom-word-game" >Blossom</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Pick the best words</div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/games/octordle"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/7757/octordle.png" alt="Octordle" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/games/octordle" >Octordle</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">The party starts at eight</div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/pilfer"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/11581/sm.png" alt="Pilfer" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/pilfer" >Pilfer</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">A delightful ruthless word game</div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/missing-letter"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/7754/icon-missing-letter-daily.png" alt="The Missing Letter" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/missing-letter" >The Missing Letter</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">A daily crossword with a twist</div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/twofer-goofer"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/11152/twofer.png" alt="Twofer Goofer" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/games/twofer-goofer" >Twofer Goofer</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Think you know it, poet?</div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/games/victordle/"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn-dev.britannica.com/kstm/9733/Victordle.png" alt="Victordle" width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" 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(1990s, retro style, decades, nostalgia) SEE CONTENT NOTES." width="100" height="75" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/quiz/that-90s-quiz" >That ’90s Quiz</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description"></div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/quiz/a-royal-vocabulary-quiz"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/09/242809-131-AAC5D871/British-crown-flag.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="Royal golden crown with jewels on British flag. Symbols of United Kingdom. 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Two days later France and Great Britain declared war on Germany.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which of these best describes blitzkrieg, which was key to Germany’s early success in the war?</dt> <dd>Answer: When the Germans launched their blitzkrieg (meaning “lightning war”), theirs was the only military that used radio communication to coordinate land and air power in swift concentrated attacks that paralyzed an adversary’s capacity to organize defenses and then penetrated to its rear to disrupt its communications and administration.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Early in the war, in his first address to the British House of Commons, Prime Minister Winston Churchill said, “I have nothing to offer but…”</dt> <dd>Answer: The previous British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, tried to appease Hitler rather than confront him. Churchill promised a much different, more difficult path. He confided in one of his generals, “They trust me, and I can give them nothing but disaster for quite a long time.”</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: After World War I, France built the Maginot Line, a string of border fortifications considered impenetrable. How did the German army overcome the Maginot Line in World War II?</dt> <dd>Answer: France did not extend the Maginot Line along its border with Belgium, a French ally. German forces swept through Belgium and got behind the Maginot Line, rendering it useless.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which technology helped the U.K. defeat Germany’s months long air offensive against it in the Battle of Britain?</dt> <dd>Answer: The British radar early warning system, called Chain Home, was largely able to deny German bombers and fighters the element of surprise during the Battle of Britain. Radar operators could tell the range (distance), bearing (direction), strength, and height of an incoming raid, giving the Royal Air Force Fighter Command time to deploy its resources where they would be most effective.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which fortuitous circumstance helped reduce U.S. losses at Pearl Harbor?</dt> <dd>Answer: All three of the U.S. Pacific aircraft carriers were out to sea, avoiding the surprise attack that damaged or destroyed 19 U.S. ships. Since no aircraft carriers were lost, the U.S. fleet was able to bounce back quickly.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Because Japan conquered the Dutch East Indies, which of these goods was first to be rationed in the United States?</dt> <dd>Answer: The United States had obtained 90 to 95 percent of its rubber from the Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia), and it required huge quantities of rubber to produce war matériel. For instance, building one battleship required 75 tons of rubber. Consequently, what rubber the U.S. had was severely rationed. Each civilian vehicle owner was allotted only five tires, which became highly prized and were meticulously cared for.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Japan launched an attack on the U.S. mainland by using which curious method?</dt> <dd>Answer: The Japanese attached incendiaries to 9,000 helium balloons and let the jet stream carry them across the Pacific to the U.S. Some made it as far as Michigan, but overall they were not very effective.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which of these was key to U.S. success at the Battle of Midway?</dt> <dd>Answer: Despite having underperforming fighter planes and far fewer naval vessels, the U.S. was able to anticipate Japan’s attack on Midway and turn it into a stunning victory thanks in part to having cracked the main Japanese naval code. Japan lost four aircraft carriers and many skilled pilots during the battle—losses from which it never recovered.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Based on the year they were first produced, which name was given to one of Japan’s most highly effective fighter planes?</dt> <dd>Answer: Developed by Mitsubishi, the Zero was first produced in 1940, which happened to coincide with the 2,600th anniversary of the legendary first Japanese emperor’s ascent to the throne—hence the “zero” designation. The Allies were not able to build an aircraft to match the Zero’s capabilities until 1943.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which city was the site of a 900-day siege during World War II?</dt> <dd>Answer: The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Leningrad" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">“900-day siege” of Leningrad</a>, the prolonged blockade of that Soviet city (today St. Petersburg, Russia) by German and Finnish armed forces during <a target="_blank" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">World War II</a>, actually lasted 872 days (September 8, 1941, to January 27, 1944).</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Referring to a desperate maneuver used to sink Allied ships, <i>kamikaze</i> literally means what?</dt> <dd>Answer: Often loaded with extra bombs and gasoline, kamikaze planes were flown directly into enemy ships during suicidal attacks. The word <em>kamikaze</em> was first used to describe a fortunate typhoon that prevented a Mongol fleet from invading Japan in 1281.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which language was used by the U.S. military to encode messages that were never deciphered by the enemy during World War II?</dt> <dd>Answer: Members of the Navajo—as well as 14 other Native American peoples, such as the Comanche and the Cherokee—helped encrypt messages for the Allies that remained undeciphered by the enemy up to the war's end. Code talkers were active in several important Allied military operations, including the invasions of Normandy and Iwo Jima.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: The German military operation code-named Walküre (“Valkyrie”) hoped to assassinate which leader?</dt> <dd>Answer: By 1944 a group of German military officers had become so dismayed at Hitler’s erratic leadership that they hoped to eliminate him. A briefcase bomb was detonated in a meeting attended by Hitler, but he suffered only minor injuries. Nearly two hundred plotters were executed for their part in the failed coup.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: The Tuskegee Airmen constituted a U.S. Army unit drawn from which group?</dt> <dd>Answer: Named for Tuskegee, Alabama, where the black airmen trained, the segregated 332nd Fighter Group, nicknamed the “Red Tails,” had one of the lowest loss records of any U.S. escort fighter group.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which U.S. president won the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his heroism during World War II?</dt> <dd>Answer: In 1941 <a target="_blank" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">John F. Kennedy</a> joined the U.S. Navy, and two years later was sent to the South Pacific. Commanding a patrol torpedo, or PT, boat, he was gravely injured when a Japanese destroyer sank it in the Solomon Islands. Marooned far behind enemy lines, he led his men back to safety—a heroic feat that earned him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Operation Bodyguard provided critical support to the Allies’ D-Day invasion in which way?</dt> <dd>Answer: The Allies diverted some German attention away from the real invasion zone in Normandy through a number of ruses. They faked radio chatter to suggest that they were stockpiling cold-weather gear, implying a possible Scotland-to-Norway invasion. They also dropped dummy paratroopers, complete with recordings of gunfire, on Calais, well east of Normandy.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: A precursor to Nazi extermination camps, the “Holocaust by bullets” happened during which of these events?</dt> <dd>Answer: Nazis had been passing racist laws against Jews since the 1930s, but at the start of World War II they had not begun the mass murder of Jews. It wasn’t until the Axis invasion of the U.S.S.R. that German troops and their collaborators were ordered to wipe out whole communities of “Bolsheviks'' (in this case, a Nazi euphemism for Jewish civilians). An estimated 1.5 million Jews were murdered during this “Holocaust by bullets.”</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: American General Anthony C. McAuliffe famously responded “NUTS!” when asked to surrender during which battle?</dt> <dd>Answer: The Battle of the Bulge (so named for the considerable dent German forces made in Allied lines) saw American soldiers pinned down in the Belgian town of Bastogne. A German envoy delivered an ultimatum: surrender or face “annihilation by artillery.” McAuliffe sent a typed one-word response: “NUTS!” The Germans did not understand the slang term, which had to be interpreted for them as “Go to hell”. The Americans held Bastogne, stymieing Germany’s last major offensive drive on the Western Front.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: “Little Boy” and “Fat Man” were nicknames for what?</dt> <dd>Answer: “Little Boy,” the uranium bomb the U.S. dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, weighed 9,700 pounds and had the explosive force of 15,000 tons of TNT. The plutonium bomb that hit Nagasaki, nicknamed “Fat Man,” weighed 10,800 pounds and had the destructive force of 21,000 tons of TNT. Even though Fat Man was the larger and more powerful of the two bombs, it caused less damage than Little Boy, because it was detonated in a relatively thinly populated industrial area and its force was blunted somewhat by Nagasaki’s hilly terrain.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Still the home of a U.S. military base, which place was the site of the last major battle of World War II?</dt> <dd>Answer: Japanese forces fought bitterly, but ultimately in vain, to hold the island of Okinawa. Just 350 miles from the southernmost Japanese main island, Kyushu, Okinawa would have served as a major launchpad for an Allied invasion of the Japanese main islands if that had been necessary. Okinawa was not returned to Japan until 1972, and the U.S. still maintains a military base there.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Which country suffered the most military deaths, by far, during World War II?</dt> <dd>Answer: Casualty statistics for an event as widespread and devastating as World War II are difficult to calculate reliably, but experts estimate that the U.S.S.R. suffered 11,000,000 military deaths. By comparison, the U.S. suffered fewer than 300,000.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Question: Anticipating security needs after the war, the United States’ Operation Paperclip sought to do what?</dt> <dd>Answer: Shortly after V-E Day, the U.S. recruited top Nazi doctors, physicists, and chemists—including Wernher von Braun, who had used slave labor from concentration camps to build Germany’s V-2 rockets. 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