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cuisine before 1600 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans_origins:_American_cuisine_before_1600-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish_and_crustaceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_and_crustaceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Fish and crustaceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_and_crustaceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Cooking methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Common ingredients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_and_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_and_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Livestock and game </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_and_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fats_and_oils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fats_and_oils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Fats and oils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fats_and_oils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcoholic_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholic_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Alcoholic drinks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholic_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Southern variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Post-colonial cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th-century_American_farmhouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_American_farmhouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 19th-century American farmhouse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_American_farmhouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Pre-World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 World War II and later </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Ethnic influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 New American </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Regional cuisines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_cuisines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional cuisines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Northeast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 New England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delaware_Valley_and_Mid-Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delaware_Valley_and_Mid-Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Delaware Valley and Mid-Atlantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delaware_Valley_and_Mid-Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Midwest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Southern United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Common features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Desserts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cajun_and_Creole_cuisine_of_Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cajun_and_Creole_cuisine_of_Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Cajun and Creole cuisine of Louisiana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cajun_and_Creole_cuisine_of_Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_American_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_American_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 African American influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_American_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Florida cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_small_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_small_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Other small game </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_small_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cuisine in the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Northwest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwest_and_Southern_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwest_and_Southern_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Southwest and Southern California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwest_and_Southern_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_and_Hawaiian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_and_Hawaiian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Pacific and Hawaiian cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_and_Hawaiian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_dishes_found_on_a_regional_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_dishes_found_on_a_regional_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Common dishes found on a regional level </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_dishes_found_on_a_regional_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity-specific_and_immigrant_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity-specific_and_immigrant_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ethnicity-specific and immigrant influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnicity-specific_and_immigrant_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnicity-specific and immigrant influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-specific_and_immigrant_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_ethnic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_ethnic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early ethnic influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_ethnic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_ethnic_and_immigrant_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_ethnic_and_immigrant_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Later ethnic and immigrant influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_ethnic_and_immigrant_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_popular_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_popular_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Other popular foods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_popular_foods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other popular foods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_popular_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fast_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fast_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fast food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fast_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desserts_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desserts_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Desserts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desserts_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influential_figures_and_American_cuisine_on_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influential_figures_and_American_cuisine_on_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influential figures and American cuisine on television </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influential_figures_and_American_cuisine_on_television-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influential figures and American cuisine on television subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influential_figures_and_American_cuisine_on_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influential_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influential_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Influential figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influential_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_cuisine_chefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_cuisine_chefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Regional cuisine chefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_cuisine_chefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Regional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ethnic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">American cuisine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="مطبخ أمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ أمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="ABŞ mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_dels_Estats_Units" title="Gastronomia dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Americká kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americká kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_amerikanske_k%C3%B8kken" title="Det amerikanske køkken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det amerikanske køkken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCche_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Küche der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Küche der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Gastronomía de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_kuirarto" title="Usona kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آشپزی آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Cuisine des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="미국 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Ամերիկյան խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկյան խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Hidangan Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_statunitense" title="Cucina statunitense – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina statunitense" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="המטבח האמריקאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח האמריקאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahan_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat" title="Olahan Amérika Sarékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olahan Amérika Sarékat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ამერიკული სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკული სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="АҚШ асханасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ асханасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_coquinaria_Civitatum_Foederatarum" title="Ars coquinaria Civitatum Foederatarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars coquinaria Civitatum Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikieti%C5%A1ka_virtuv%C4%97" title="Amerikietiška virtuvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amerikietiška virtuvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Американска кујна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Американска кујна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Masakan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="アメリカ料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_ameryka%C5%84ska" title="Kuchnia amerykańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia amerykańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Culinária dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Американская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" title="Cuisine of the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cuisine of the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Америчка кухиња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Америчка кухиња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltalainen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Yhdysvaltalainen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltalainen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanska_k%C3%B6ket" title="Amerikanska köket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikanska köket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutuing_Amerikano" title="Lutuing Amerikano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lutuing Amerikano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อาหารอเมริกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหารอเมริกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Amerikan mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Американська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_of_the_United_States&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine of the United States</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food culture of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg/200px-Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg/300px-Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg/400px-Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1802" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Regional cuisines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Northeastern</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Jersey" title="Cuisine of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Michigan" title="Cuisine of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_North_Dakota" title="Cuisine of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ohio" title="Cuisine of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Omaha" title="Cuisine of Omaha">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_St._Louis" title="Cuisine of St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Wisconsin" title="Cuisine of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mid-Atlantic_states" title="Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Baltimore#Food" title="Culture of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="List of foods of the Southern United States">list</a>)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Atlanta" title="Cuisine of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kentucky" title="Cuisine of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Houston" title="Cuisine of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Orleans" title="Cuisine of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Western</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">California fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Los_Angeles#Cuisine" title="Culture of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_cuisine" title="Rocky Mountain cuisine">Rocky Mountain</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Military rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_Revolution" title="Culinary Revolution">Culinary Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">Diner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_cart" title="Hot dog cart">Hot dog cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream van</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ingredients and foods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_foods" title="List of American foods">List of American foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_highbush_blueberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern highbush blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">Collard greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">Okra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Styles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_the_United_States" title="Barbecue in the United States">Barbecue in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_Alabama" title="Barbecue in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City%E2%80%93style_barbecue" title="Kansas City–style barbecue">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis-style_barbecue" title="Memphis-style barbecue">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_North_Carolina" title="Barbecue in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_South_Carolina" title="Barbecue in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria-style_barbecue" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria-style barbecue">Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis-style_barbecue" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis-style barbecue">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_Texas" title="Barbecue in Texas">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_in_the_United_States" title="Pizza in the United States">Pizza in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic and cultural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino-American_cuisine" title="Filipino-American cuisine">Filipino-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine#United_States" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine#United_States" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_cuisine" title="Tlingit cuisine">Tlingit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holidays and festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)#Food_and_drinks" title="Independence Day (United States)">Fourth of July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes#United_States" title="List of Christmas dishes">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United 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href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">race and ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_poetry" title="American poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States" title="Sculpture of the United States">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_the_United_States" title="Newspapers in the United States">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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Trust">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> By Region</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwest#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_England" title="Culture of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia#Culture" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(19-10).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Culture of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Culture of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> American cuisine consists of the cooking style and traditional dishes prepared in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It has been significantly influenced by Europeans, Indigenous Americans, Africans, Latin Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and many other cultures and traditions. Principal influences on American cuisine are <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a>, regional heritages including <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_cuisine" title="Tlingit cuisine">Tlingit</a>, and the cuisines of immigrant groups such as <a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">Chinese American</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans#German-American_influence" title="German Americans">German American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek American</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">Jewish American</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican American</a>. The large size of America and its long history of immigration have created an especially diverse cuisine that varies by region. American cooking dates back to the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, whose diet included a mix of farmed and hunted food, and varied widely across the continent. The Colonial period created a <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">mix of new world and Old World cookery</a>, and brought with it new crops and livestock. During the early 19th century, cooking was based mostly on what the agrarian population could grow, hunt, or raise on their land. With an increasing influx of immigrants, and a move to city life, American food further diversified in the later part of the 19th century. The 20th century saw a revolution in cooking as new technologies, the World Wars, a scientific understanding of food, and continued immigration combined to create a wide range of new foods. This has allowed for the current rich diversity in food dishes throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> This was driven in part by the many chefs and television personalities who contributed to the rise of the culinary arts in the US. Highlights of American cuisine include <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_the_United_States" title="Barbecue in the United States">barbecue</a>, and a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">fried</a> foods. Many quintessential American dishes are unique takes on food originally from other culinary traditions, including <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dogs</a>, and Tex-Mex. Regional highlights include a range of fish dishes in the coastal states, <a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">gumbo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheesesteak" title="Cheesesteak">cheesesteak</a>. American cuisine has specific foods that are eaten on holidays, such as a <a href="/wiki/Turkey_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey as food">turkey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner#United_States" title="Christmas dinner">Christmas dinner</a>. Modern American cuisine includes a focus on <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">take-out</a> food, which is often ethnic. There is also a vibrant culinary scene in the country surrounding televised <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">celebrity chefs</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans_origins:_American_cuisine_before_1600">Native Americans origins: American cuisine before 1600</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native American cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growingfieldspanlg_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Growingfieldspanlg_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Growingfieldspanlg_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Growingfieldspanlg_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Growingfieldspanlg_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Growingfieldspanlg_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Growingfieldspanlg_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Diorama of <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> planting the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sister</a>" crops; squash, maize and climbing beans</figcaption></figure> Native Americans utilized a number of cooking methods in early American cuisine that have been blended with the methods of early Europeans to form the basis of what is now American cuisine. Nearly all regions and subregions of the present-day cuisine have roots in the foodways of Native Americans, who lived in tribes numbering in the thousands. Prior to 1600, native peoples lived off the land in very diverse bioregions and had done so for thousands of years, often living a nomadic life where their diet changed with the season. Many practiced a form of agriculture revolving around the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a>, the rotation of <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a> as staples of their diet. In the East, this was documented as early as the 1620s in Of Plimoth Plantation, evidenced by the pages <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">William Bradford</a> wrote regarding <a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Squanto</a>, who showed them the traditional regional method of burying a fish or eel in a mound with seeds for maize to improve the soil; this itself is also part of the widely practiced phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">companion planting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wild_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild game">Wild game</a> was equally a staple of nearly every tribe: generally, deer, elk, and bison were staples, as were rabbits and hare. The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> of the Southern Appalachians used blowguns made of an indigenous type of bamboo to hunt squirrels.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Northern tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> of what is now the state of Michigan and the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki</a> of what is now the state of Maine would stalk and hunt moose, whereas their Southern counterparts, like the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a>, hunted <a href="/wiki/Common_snapping_turtle" title="Common snapping turtle">snapping turtles</a> and other testudines,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">possums</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and young alligators<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> in the subtropical swamps of Louisiana and South Carolina. Many tribes would preserve their meat in the form of <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>, needed on long journeys or to survive harsh winters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish_and_crustaceans">Fish and crustaceans</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg/220px-Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg/330px-Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg/440px-Blue_crab_on_market_in_Piraeus_-_Callinectes_sapidus_Rathbun_20020819-317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">Blue crab</a> was used on the eastern and southern coast of what is now the U.S. mainland.</figcaption></figure> As with the <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">hunted game</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> in which one lived often dictated what was available to catch. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> peoples of the Southwest, whose territories each would have included swathes of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, generally do not eat fish because in both cultures it is taboo, as well as often inconvenient.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Navajo believe that fish have a part in the story of creation,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the Apache were in general afraid of water since they associated it with thunder,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and the arid desert climate made fish a rarity.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, in the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, the tribe that originally lived in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>, and the area that now comprises <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> were a staple in their diet and it was such a revered part of the culture that there is a documented and still-practiced harvest dance called the Fish Dance.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Originally it would have been done to celebrate bringing in fish from places like the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raritan_River" title="Raritan River">Raritan River</a> or the estuary around Manhattan Island and the completion of smoking them as a source of food for the winter ahead.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Eastern tribes would have eaten <a href="/wiki/Cod_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod (food)">cod</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> particularly groups that spoke the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> languages of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> as far south as present day <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_flounder" title="Winter flounder">winter flounder</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> species of herring like the <a href="/wiki/Alewife_(fish)" title="Alewife (fish)">alewife</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_shad" title="American shad">shad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">Atlantic herring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_menhaden" title="Atlantic menhaden">Atlantic menhaden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> They also would have consumed the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sturgeon" title="Atlantic sturgeon">Atlantic sturgeon</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (fish)">drum</a>. In the West, Pacific several species of sturgeon, like the <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">white sturgeon</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_sturgeon" title="Green sturgeon">green sturgeon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">olachen</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and several autochthonal fish of the <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus family</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cutthroat_trout" title="Cutthroat trout">cutthroat trout</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho salmon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kokanee_salmon" title="Kokanee salmon">kokanee salmon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook salmon</a>. The last makes an appearance in the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark">Lewis and Clark</a> as being fished for in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Basin">Columbia River Basin</a>, and this species is named for a family of tribes of the Pacific Northwest, indicating its important role in that food culture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Pacific_gray_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific gray whale">Pacific gray whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpbacks</a> were hunted by American Indians off the Northwest coast, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Makah" title="Makah">Makah</a>, and used for their meat and oil.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a> was also popular among native people throughout the land, over many types of terrain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Crustaceans included <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp (food)">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster meat">lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crayfish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crayfish (food)">crayfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_crab" title="Dungeness crab">dungeness crabs</a> in the Northwest and shrimp, lobster and <a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">blue crabs</a> in the East. Other shellfish include <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">geoduck</a> on the West Coast, while on the East Coast the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">surf clam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quahog" class="mw-redirect" title="Quahog">quahog</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">soft-shell clam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a> were eaten on both shores, as were <a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">periwinkles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooking_methods">Cooking methods</h4></div> Early American natives used a number of cooking methods that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the basis of American cuisine. <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling</a> meats was common. <a href="/wiki/Spit_roast" class="mw-redirect" title="Spit roast">Spit roasting</a> over a pit fire was common as well. Vegetables, especially <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetable" title="Root vegetable">root vegetables</a>, were often cooked directly in the ashes of the fire. As early Native Americans lacked pottery that could be used directly over a fire, they developed a technique many <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> call "<a href="/wiki/Stone_boiling" title="Stone boiling">stone boiling</a>". They heated rocks in a fire, then added the rocks to a pot filled with water until it came to a boil to cook the meat or vegetables. In what is now the Southwestern United States, they also created <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> ovens, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Horno" title="Horno">hornos</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">Spanish</a>, to bake products such as <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a> bread. Other parts of America dug <a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">pit ovens</a>, which were also used to steam foods by adding heated rocks or embers. One technique performed extensively by New England tribes was adding seaweed or corn husks on top of the layers of stones to steam fish and shellfish as well as vegetables.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A later addition was potatoes, a garden plant that came to New England by the 18th century, added while still in skin with <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a> in husk, later to be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Clambake" title="Clambake">clambake</a> by colonists.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_(Almost_Traditional)_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Our_%28Almost_Traditional%29_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg/250px-Our_%28Almost_Traditional%29_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Our_%28Almost_Traditional%29_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg/375px-Our_%28Almost_Traditional%29_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Our_%28Almost_Traditional%29_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg/500px-Our_%28Almost_Traditional%29_Thanksgiving_Dinner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Roast turkey with <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>, cranberry sauce, mashed potatoes, green beans, sweet and sour cod, steamed rice, achara (pickled green papaya relish), leche flan, pig in a blanket and apple crisp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/220px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/330px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/440px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/13_American_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="13 American colonies">13 American Colonies</a> in 1775</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European settlement of the Americas</a> introduced a number of ingredients, spices, herbs, and cooking styles to the continent. When European colonists came to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and any of the other English colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America, their initial attempts at survival included planting crops familiar to them from back home in England. In the same way, they farmed animals for clothing and meat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Through hardships and the eventual establishment of trade with England, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and other regions, the colonists were able to derive a cuisine similar to what they had previously <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">consumed in Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Ireland</a>, while also introducing local animals and plants to their diet. American colonists followed along the line of British cookery up until the Revolution, when a desire to distinguish themselves from Britain led Americans to create "American" styles of cookery.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1796, the first American cookbook was published, and others followed.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> There was a general disdain for <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine/French cookery</a>, even with French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> settlers in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and French-Canadian emigrants in America. One of the cookbooks that proliferated in the colonies was <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a> (1747) by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>, who referred to "the blind folly of this age that would rather be imposed on by a French booby, than give encouragement to a good English cook!" Of the French recipes given in the text, she speaks out flagrantly against the dishes as she "... think[s] it an odd jumble of trash."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> With the introduction of slavery, Africans were brought into the colonies. With them, came foods and ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and cooking styles reminiscent of West African cuisines are still found in many dishes, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern cuisine">Southern cuisine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expulsion of the Acadians</a> from Acadia led many of them to Louisiana, where they left a French influence <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">in the diet</a> of those settled in Louisiana, and among the Acadian Francophones who settled eastern Maine and parts of what is now northern Vermont at the same time they colonized New Brunswick.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Some of the Jews who fled from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> in the 15th century had previously settled in <a href="/wiki/Recife,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife, Brazil">Recife, Brazil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, where their cuisine was influenced by new local ingredients like <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney beans">kidney beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="String beans">string beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey (food)">turkey</a>. In 1654, twenty three Sephardic Jews arrived in <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> bringing this cuisine with them to the early colonial United States. Early American Jewish cuisine was heavily influenced by this branch of Sephardic cuisine. Many of the recipes were bound up in observance of traditional holidays and remained true to their origins. These included dishes such as stew and fish fried in <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, beef and bean stews, <a href="/wiki/Almond_pudding" title="Almond pudding">almond puddings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egg_custard" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg custard">egg custards</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">kosher</a> cookbook in America was the Jewish Cookery Book by Esther Levy, published in 1871 in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and includes many of the traditional recipes.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_ingredients">Common ingredients</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_England_clam_bake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/New_England_clam_bake.jpg/220px-New_England_clam_bake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/New_England_clam_bake.jpg/330px-New_England_clam_bake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/New_England_clam_bake.jpg/440px-New_England_clam_bake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>A New England <a href="/wiki/Clam_bake" class="mw-redirect" title="Clam bake">clam bake</a> consists of various steamed <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>.</figcaption></figure> The American colonial diet varied depending on the settled region in which someone lived. Local cuisine patterns had been established by the mid-18th century. The <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> colonies were extremely similar in their dietary habits to those that many of them had brought <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">from England</a>. As many of the New Englanders were originally from England, game hunting was useful when they immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Many of the northern colonists depended upon their ability to hunt, or upon others from whom they could purchase game. Hunting was the preferred method of protein acquisition, as opposed to animal husbandry, which required much more work to defend the kept animals against raids.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A striking difference for the colonists in New England compared to other regions was seasonality.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> While in the southern colonies, they could farm almost year-round, in the northern colonies, the growing seasons were very restricted. In addition, northern colonists' close proximity to the ocean gave them a bounty of fresh fish to add to their diet. <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a>, the grain used to bake bread back in England, was almost impossible to grow, and imports of wheat were far from cost productive.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:American_cuisine#Clarify_timeperiod_and_location(New_England?)" title="Talk:American cuisine">discuss</a>] Substitutes in cases such as this included cornmeal. The <a href="/wiki/Johnnycake" title="Johnnycake">Johnnycake</a> was a poor substitute to some for wheaten bread, but acceptance by both the northern and southern colonies seems evident.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Livestock_and_game">Livestock and game</h4></div> Commonly hunted game included deer, bear, <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">buffalo</a>, and wild turkey. The larger muscles of the animals were roasted and served with currant sauce, while the other smaller portions went into <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>, and pastries.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In addition to the game, colonists' protein intake was supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> originally introduced <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> to the New World, but this development never quite reached the North, and there they were introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> and English. The keeping of sheep was a result of the English non-practice of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The animals provided wool when young and mutton upon maturity after wool production was no longer desirable.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The forage-based diet for sheep that prevailed in the Colonies produced a characteristically strong, gamy flavor and a tougher consistency, which required aging and slow cooking to tenderize.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fats_and_oils">Fats and oils</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_of_scrapple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Plate_of_scrapple.jpg/200px-Plate_of_scrapple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Plate_of_scrapple.jpg/300px-Plate_of_scrapple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Plate_of_scrapple.jpg/400px-Plate_of_scrapple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A plate of <a href="/wiki/Scrapple" title="Scrapple">scrapple</a>, a traditional dish of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> region made of <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a>, still eaten today</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a> made from animals served to cook many colonial foods. Many homes had a sack made of deerskin filled with bear oil for cooking, while solidified bear fat resembled <a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">shortening</a>. Rendered <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> fat made the most popular cooking medium, especially from the cooking of <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>. Pork fat was used more often in the southern colonies than the northern colonies as the Spanish introduced pigs earlier to the South. The colonists enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> in cooking as well, but it was rare prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> were not yet plentiful.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcoholic_drinks">Alcoholic drinks</h4></div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolution</a>, New Englanders consumed large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, as maritime trade provided them relatively easy access to the goods needed to produce these items. Rum was the distilled spirit of choice, as the main ingredient, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, was readily available from trade with the West Indies. Further into the interior, however, one would often find colonists consuming <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>, as they did not have similar access to <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>. They did have ready access to corn and rye, which they used to produce their whiskey.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Until the Revolution, many considered whiskey to be a coarse alcohol unfit for human consumption, as many believed that it caused the poor to become raucous and unkempt drunkards.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In addition to these alcohol-based products produced in America, imports were seen on merchant shelves, including <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_variations">Southern variations</h4></div> In comparison to the northern colonies, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern colonies">southern colonies</a> were quite diverse in their agricultural diet. The uplands of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">coastal lowlands</a> made up the two main parts of the southern colonies. The diet of the uplands often included wild game, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="String beans">string beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squashes</a> and white <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>. People had biscuits as part of their <a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">breakfast</a>, along with healthy portions of pork.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The lowlands of Louisiana included a varied diet heavily influenced by the French, Spanish, Acadians, Germans, Native Americans, Africans and Caribbeans. Rice played a large part of the diet in Louisiana. In addition, unlike the uplands, the lowlands subsistence of protein came mostly from coastal seafood. Much of the diet involved the use of peppers, as it still does to this day.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_cuisine">Post-colonial cuisine</h3></div> During the 18th and 19th centuries, Americans developed many new foods. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain oyster">Rocky Mountain oysters</a>, stayed regional; some spread throughout the nation but with little international appeal, such as <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">peanut butter</a> (a core ingredient of the <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter_and_jelly_sandwich" title="Peanut butter and jelly sandwich">peanut butter and jelly sandwich</a>); and some spread throughout the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Popcorn" title="Popcorn">popcorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cola" title="Cola">cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">fried chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">cornbread</a>, unleavened <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffins</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_muffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppyseed muffin">poppyseed muffin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">brownies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th-century_American_farmhouse">19th-century American farmhouse</h4></div> During the 1800s, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">American farms</a> were mostly self-sufficient, but certain staples like <a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a> would be purchased at the town general store. If the family did not grow <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> would also be purchased. Another luxury was canned <a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">salmon</a>, which was sometimes eaten for Sunday dinner. Items purchased at the general store would be paid for with eggs, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> or some other food from the farm. Women were responsible for much of the processing of food like straining fresh milk, churning butter, making <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, grinding <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a> into cornmeal or cleaning whole <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">chickens</a>. Fresh picked <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> were pressed into <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>, which could be <a href="/wiki/Ferment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferment">fermented</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">apple cider vinegar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> were <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">preserved</a> by various means like canning, drying or <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One contemporary writer from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> described October as cider season, when <a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">apple butter</a> would be made. Her writings mention <a href="/wiki/Johnnycake" title="Johnnycake">johnnycakes</a>, and, as winter fare, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> cakes.<a href="#cite_note-coe-60">[60]</a> Typical farmhouse fare included fried chicken, simmered <a href="/wiki/Green_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Green beans">green beans</a>, boiled corn, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_and_dumplings" title="Chicken and dumplings">chicken and dumplings</a>, fried <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a>, boiled <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beets" class="mw-redirect" title="Beets">beets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewed_tomatoes" title="Stewed tomatoes">stewed tomatoes</a>, potatoes, and <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a> made of shredded <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>. Pon haus, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Scrapple" title="Scrapple">scrapple</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, was a typical breakfast dish among the Germans who had settled <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> in the 19th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pork scraps and <a href="/wiki/Corn_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn meal">corn meal</a> were cooked into a thick <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> and molded in loaf pans. Once solidified, the mixture would be cut and fried. During the fall months, pork might be replaced with fried apples or potatoes. It was served with buttered <a href="/wiki/Biscuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Biscuits">biscuits</a>, jam, jelly, milk gravy or sorghum syrup. Fruit butter might be made from apples, plums or peaches to accompany the meal.<a href="#cite_note-coe-60">[60]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "A whole new class of city dwellers, harried, worried, furtive, hungry-looking people, have come into being in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a>, and no modern influence has had so great a part in affecting the morals, health and spiritual well-being of a generation as has this ill-shapen, ill-planned adjunct of modern living" </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Jane Pride, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> The 20th century revolutionized American cooking, with the advent of many new technologies, and a continued influx of immigrants with unique food traditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-World_War_I">Pre-World War I</h4></div> At the universities, nutritionists and home economists taught a new scientific approach to food. In the early 1900s <a href="/wiki/Muckraking" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckraking">muckraking</a> journalists raised public concern about the wholesomeness of industrialized food products that contained various preservatives and adulterants of unknown safety.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 1902 to 1912 <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Washington_Wiley" title="Harvey Washington Wiley">Harvey Washington Wiley</a>, a chemist at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, supervised "hygienic table trials" to test the safety of food additives and preservatives. His work contributed to the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a> of 1906. He became the first commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> and later led the <a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Housekeeping Seal">laboratories of Good Housekeeping Magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During World War I the <a href="/wiki/Progressives" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressives">Progressives</a>' moral advice about food conservation was emphasized in large-scale state and federal programs designed to educate housewives. Large-scale foreign aid during and after the war brought American standards to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> From 1912 to the end of the 1930s researchers discovered and popularized the role of various <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins and minerals</a> in human health. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Iodized_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodized salt">iodized salt</a> in 1924, commercially distributed food began to be <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified</a> with vitamins and minerals. In 1932, milk began to be fortified with <a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">viosterol</a>, a purified vitamin D2 product. Synthetic <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamin (vitamin B1)</a> first became available after 1936 and bakers began voluntarily <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">enriching bread</a> with high-vitamin yeast or synthetic vitamins in the late 1930s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The cookware of the period was made of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> and these were thoroughly seasoned with pork fat. Fried <a href="/wiki/Salt_pork" title="Salt pork">salt pork</a> with gravy was an indulgent fat-laden dish often served with a side of boiled potatoes. In the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian region">Appalachian region</a> a dish called "killed lettuce" was made with <a href="/wiki/Pokeweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokeweed">pokeweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a> and assorted wild greens that were drizzled with hot bacon grease until wilted or "killed".<a href="#cite_note-coe-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pie</a> could be served up to three times a day and many varieties were prepared depending on the season. During the spring months, pies would be made of <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a>; in summer <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberry">elderberry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>; and in fall <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coe-60">[60]</a> The staples of the urban diet were <a href="/wiki/Bread_in_American_cuisine" title="Bread in American cuisine">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> and canned goods. Dinner might be <a href="/wiki/Tomato_soup" title="Tomato soup">tomato bisque</a> from a can topped with <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> or a salad made of canned <a href="/wiki/String_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="String beans">string beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>. Many preferred to purchase food at <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessens</a>, rather than attempt to prepare meals in the cramped kitchenettes. German delicatessens in cities like New York and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> sold imported cold cuts, <a href="/wiki/Potato_salad" title="Potato salad">potato salads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schmierkase" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmierkase">schmierkase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wienerwurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Wienerwurst">wienerwurst</a>, North Sea <a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">herring</a>, assorted <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickles</a> (pickled <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a>) and other prepared foods. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish immigrants</a> from Germany soon followed suit, replacing pork dishes with <a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">corned beef</a> (salt-cured beef) and <a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">pastrami</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice cream soda">Ice cream soda</a> was served at soda fountains, along with various other early "soda water" recipes like the Garden Sass Sundae (rhubarb) or the Oh-Oh-Cindy Sundae (strawberry ice cream topped with chocolate syrup, chopped nuts, whipped cream and candied cherries).<a href="#cite_note-coe-60">[60]</a> During that same time frame, grain-feeding of cattle during low pasture months made milk increasingly available year-round. The invention of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">milking machines</a> lowered production costs. <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">homogenization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> along with glass milk bottles, wax-paper cartons, and then plastic bottles made milk increasingly available and safe for urban consumers.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Milk became a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> item and an increasingly important ingredient in American cuisine. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Root_beer_float" class="mw-redirect" title="Root beer float">root beer float</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshake</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> was a staple of the rural diet through the Southern and Midwestern United States. <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a> was used for baking, frying and even as a seasoning. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg/220px-Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg/330px-Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg/440px-Milkshakes_at_Mels_Diner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A strawberry and a chocolate shake, each topped with <a href="/wiki/Whipped_cream" title="Whipped cream">whipped cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprinkles" title="Sprinkles">sprinkles</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Maraschino_cherry" title="Maraschino cherry">maraschino cherry</a></figcaption></figure> Major railroads featured upscale cuisine in their dining cars.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Restaurant chains emerged with standardized decor and menus, including the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Harvey_Company" title="Fred Harvey Company">Fred Harvey</a> restaurants along the route of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Railroad">Santa Fe Railroad</a> in the Southwest.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_and_later">World War II and later</h4></div> The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Science established the first set of "<a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Recommended Dietary Allowances</a>" in 1941. In 1943, the US War Foods Administration issued the War Food Order No. 1, which made enriched bread the temporary law of the land.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1945, George Stigler published an article on "The cost of subsistence" which described the so-called <a href="/wiki/Stigler_diet" title="Stigler diet">Stigler diet</a>, his solution to the problem of providing a diet that met the RDA at a minimum cost. The logistical requirements of the US military during <a href="/wiki/WW2" class="mw-redirect" title="WW2">WW2</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> spurred the development and growth of the <a href="/wiki/Processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed foods">processed foods</a> industry in the US.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> These wars encouraged the production of shelf-stable ingredients processed on a vast industrial scale. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">powdered milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powdered_eggs" title="Powdered eggs">powdered eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato_flakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato flakes">potato flakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frozen_OJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Frozen OJ">frozen concentrated orange juice</a>. After the war, low-cost, highly processed foods became one of the foundational elements of an era of mass prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Many companies in the American <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a> developed new products requiring minimal preparation, such as frozen entrees.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> One such example is the <a href="/wiki/TV_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="TV dinner">TV dinner</a> in which a multi-course meal was assembled in aluminum packaging in a food factory and flash frozen, then reheated at home in a thermal oven to be served while watching TV.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience foods</a> of the era were designed to simplify home preparation. One example is <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Dinner" title="Kraft Dinner">macaroni and cheese</a> created using a powdered artificial cheese product that is reconstituted at home with fresh milk. Newspapers and magazines ran recipe columns, aided by research from corporate kitchens, which were major food manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s" title="Campbell's">Campbell's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Foods" title="Kraft Foods">Kraft Foods</a>. For example, General Mills Betty Crocker's Cookbook, first published in 1950, was a popular book in American homes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Highly processed foods of the mid-20th century included novelty elements like multi-colored <a href="/wiki/Jell-O" title="Jell-O">Jell-O</a> using various chemical <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food colorings</a>, prepared <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a> marketed to children with large amounts of sugar and artificial colors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Froot_Loops" title="Froot Loops">Froot Loops</a>).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Fruit-flavored punches made with artificial fruit flavorings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tang_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang (drink)">Tang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hi-C" title="Hi-C">Hi-C</a>). Mid-20th-century foods also added novelty packaging elements like <a href="/wiki/Easy_Cheese" title="Easy Cheese">spray cheese in an aerosol can</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimento">pimento</a>-stuffed olives, and <a href="/wiki/Capri_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Capri Sun">drink pouches</a>. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a> resulted in the creation of industrial food products and packaging intended to take advantage of the opportunities and overcome the unique challenges of that technology.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Microwave popcorn</a> is an example of such a product. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, the US commercial <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a> has become increasingly dependent on <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy#United_States" title="Agricultural subsidy">subsidized</a> <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn) production to provide feed for livestock and ingredients for human foods such as <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose corn syrup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It is estimated that the typical American gets 70 percent of their <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> intake from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn) sources.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The last half of the 20th century saw the development of controversial technological innovations intended to lower the cost of or increase the safety of commercial food, including <a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">food irradiation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-maurer-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>, livestock treated with <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">antibiotics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">hormones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">concentrated animal feeding operations</a>. Activists have raised concerns about the wholesomeness, safety, or humaneness of these innovations and recommend alternatives such as <a href="/wiki/Organic_produce" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic produce">organic produce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">locavore</a> diets. <a href="/wiki/Fast-food" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast-food">Fast-food</a> restaurants with standardized product and franchised service models began to appear and spread with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1921" title="Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921">highway system</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_Castle_(restaurant)" title="White Castle (restaurant)">White Castle</a> (1916)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> was one of the first examples. Franchising was introduced in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/A%26W_Root_Beer" title="A&W Root Beer">A&W Root Beer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald brothers</a> created their "Speedee Service System" in 1948. Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendy%27s" title="Wendy's">Wendy's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut" title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino's Pizza">Domino's Pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arby%27s" title="Arby's">Arby's</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popeyes" title="Popeyes">Popeyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taco_Bell" title="Taco Bell">Taco Bell</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_influences">Ethnic influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheeseburger_(17237580619).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cheeseburger_%2817237580619%29.jpg/220px-Cheeseburger_%2817237580619%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cheeseburger_%2817237580619%29.jpg/330px-Cheeseburger_%2817237580619%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cheeseburger_%2817237580619%29.jpg/440px-Cheeseburger_%2817237580619%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cheeseburger" title="Cheeseburger">cheeseburger</a> served with <a href="/wiki/Fries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fries">fries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a></figcaption></figure> One signature characteristic of American cooking is the <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion</a> of multiple ethnic or regional approaches into completely new cooking styles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a> is <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dogs</a> are <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a>; a popular meal, especially among young children, is spaghetti containing slices of hot dogs.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Since the 1960s, Asian cooking has played a particularly large role in American fusion cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_sekimura_2390523527--Smoked_salmon_eggs_Benedict.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flickr_sekimura_2390523527--Smoked_salmon_eggs_Benedict.jpg/220px-Flickr_sekimura_2390523527--Smoked_salmon_eggs_Benedict.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flickr_sekimura_2390523527--Smoked_salmon_eggs_Benedict.jpg/330px-Flickr_sekimura_2390523527--Smoked_salmon_eggs_Benedict.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flickr_sekimura_2390523527--Smoked_salmon_eggs_Benedict.jpg/440px-Flickr_sekimura_2390523527--Smoked_salmon_eggs_Benedict.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eggs_Benedict" title="Eggs Benedict">Eggs Benedict</a>, an American breakfast dish made with <a href="/wiki/Poached_egg" title="Poached egg">poached eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hollandaise_sauce" title="Hollandaise sauce">hollandaise sauce</a>, served in this variation with <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">smoked salmon</a></figcaption></figure> Some dishes that are typically considered American have their origins in other countries. American cooks and chefs have substantially altered these dishes over the years, to the degree that the dishes now enjoyed around the world are considered to be American. <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">Hot dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburgers</a> are both based on traditional <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a> dishes, but in their modern popular form they can be reasonably considered American dishes.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a> is based on the traditional <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> dish, brought by Italian immigrants to the United States, but varies highly in style based on the region of development since its arrival. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_pizza" title="Chicago-style pizza">Chicago style</a> has focus on a thicker, taller crust, whereas a "<a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93style_pizza" title="New York–style pizza">New York Slice</a>" is known to have a much thinner crust which can be folded. These different types of pizza can be advertised throughout the country and are generally recognizable and well-known, with some restaurants going so far as to import New York tap water from a thousand or more miles away to recreate the signature style in other regions.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Some dishes that Americans think of as being of "foreign" in origin and/or associated with a particular immigrant group were in fact invented in America and customized to American tastes. For example, <a href="/wiki/General_Tso%27s_chicken" title="General Tso's chicken">General Tso's chicken</a> was invented by Chinese or Taiwanese chefs working in New York in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-hollywoodreporter.com-84">[84]</a> The dish is unknown in China, except for a distant resemblance to a much spicier dish from Hong Kong said to have influenced the American version. The <a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">fortune cookie</a> was likewise invented in California in the early 1900s and is known in Asia only as an American style food.<a href="#cite_note-snopes2-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roasted_American_Turkey_(6408110873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg/220px-Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg/330px-Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg/440px-Roasted_American_Turkey_%286408110873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4726" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption>A modern dish consisting of traditional roasted turkey, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, and grilled vegetables prepared with modern fusion ingredients</figcaption></figure> A wave of <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">celebrity chefs</a> began with <a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Kerr" title="Graham Kerr">Graham Kerr</a> in the 1970s, with many more following after the rise of cable channels like <a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a>. Probably the best-known television chef was Child, who taught French cuisine in her weekly show, <a href="/wiki/The_French_Chef" title="The French Chef">The French Chef</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_American">New American</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American cuisine</a></div> During the 1980s, upscale restaurants introduced a mixing of cuisines that contain Americanized styles of cooking with foreign elements commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American cuisine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> a type of <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion cuisine</a> combining flavors from the <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> of traditional American cooking techniques with those from other cultures, sometimes adding <a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">molecular gastronomy</a> components.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> By the beginning of the 21st century, regional variations in consumption of meat began to reduce, as more meat was consumed overall.<a href="#cite_note-Warren2007-90">[90]</a> Saying they eat too much protein, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans asked men and teenage boys to increase their consumption of underconsumed foods such as vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">Vegan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> meals have increased in popularity, with more restaurants catering to vegans and vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_cuisines">Regional cuisines</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_regional_and_fusion_cuisines" title="List of American regional and fusion cuisines">List of American regional and fusion cuisines</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_dishes_of_the_United_States" title="List of regional dishes of the United States">List of regional dishes of the United States</a></div> In the present day, the modern cuisine of the United States is very regional in nature. Excluding <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, the terrain spans 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from east to west and more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from north to south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeast">Northeast</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_England">New England</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">Cuisine of New England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quail_07_bg_041506.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quail_07_bg_041506.jpg/220px-Quail_07_bg_041506.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quail_07_bg_041506.jpg/330px-Quail_07_bg_041506.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quail_07_bg_041506.jpg/440px-Quail_07_bg_041506.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>New England <a href="/wiki/Clam_chowder" title="Clam chowder">clam chowder</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> cuisine traces its roots to <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American cuisine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niantic_people" title="Niantic people">Niantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a>, and other native peoples. It also includes influences from <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a> cuisine, among others. It is characterized by the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">Corn</a>, historically the main crop grown by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes in New England, continues to be grown in all New England states.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> It is traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Hasty_pudding" title="Hasty pudding">hasty pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">cornbread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn_chowder" title="Corn chowder">corn chowder</a>. Three prominent foodstuffs native to New England are <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberries">cranberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberries.</a> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> is the only state with a commercial wild blueberry industry, with 105 million pounds harvested in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Initial European colonists came from <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. East Anglian cookery included dishes like suet puddings, soda breads, and a few shellfish delicacies, and would have been quite simple in contrast to the dishes prepared in contemporary <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Most of this cuisine was one-pot cookery, which developed into such dishes as <a href="/wiki/Succotash" title="Succotash">succotash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">chowder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baked_beans" title="Baked beans">baked beans</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The most popular starches in New England cuisine include <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a>, and a few native breads like <a href="/wiki/Anadama_bread" title="Anadama bread">Anadama bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnnycake" title="Johnnycake">johnnycakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulkie_roll" title="Bulkie roll">bulkie rolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parker_House_roll" title="Parker House roll">Parker House rolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popover" title="Popover">popovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ploye" title="Ploye">ployes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bread" title="Brown bread">New England brown bread</a>. Because of the influence of New Englander health reformers, the most well known of whom is <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Graham" title="Sylvester Graham">Sylvester Graham</a>, this region is fairly conservative with its spices, but typical spices include <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>, especially in desserts, and for savory foods, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">sea salt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">sage</a>. Typical condiments include <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, grown from the native <a href="/wiki/Sugar_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar maple">sugar maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">cranberry sauce</a>. The fruits of the region include the <a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a> grapes used in <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">grape juice</a> made by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Welch%27s" title="Welch's">Welch's</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">jelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a> by companies like <a href="/wiki/Mogen_David" title="Mogen David">Mogen David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manischewitz" title="Manischewitz">Manischewitz</a> along with other wineries that make higher quality wines. Though not anywhere near as productive a region as the top three apple-producing regions, apples have been a staple of New England foodways since at least the 1640s, and it is here that a very high amount of heirloom varieties are found, many of them gaining renewed interest as part of locavore movements and the re-emergence of cider as a beverage of choice. <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a> from New England would include varieties imported from their earliest in Europe and a few natives, like <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_(apple)" title="Baldwin (apple)">Baldwin</a>, Lady, Mother, Pomme Grise, Porter, <a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Roxbury Russet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening" title="Rhode Island Greening">Rhode Island Greening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sops_of_Wine" title="Sops of Wine">Sops of Wine</a>, Hightop Sweet, Peck's Pleasant, Titus Pippin, Westfield-Seek-No-Further, and <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_(apple)" title="Duchess of Oldenburg (apple)">Duchess of Oldenburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beach_plum" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach plum">Beach plums</a> a small native species with fruits the size of a pinball, are sought after in summer to make into a jam. <a href="/wiki/Cranberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberries">Cranberries</a> are another fruit indigenous to the region, often collected in autumn in huge flooded bogs. Thereafter they are juiced so they can be drunk fresh for breakfast, or dried and incorporated into salads and quickbreads.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Winter squashes like pumpkin and butternut squashes have been a staple for generations owing to their ability to keep for long periods over icy New England winters and being an excellent source of beta carotene; in summer, they are replaced with pattypan and zucchini, the latter brought to the region by immigrants from Southern Italy a century ago. Blueberries are a very common summertime treat owing to them being an important crop, and find their way into <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>. Historically New England and the other original 13 colonies were major producers of hard cider and the only reason why this changed were that immigrants from Western and Central Europe preferred beer, especially lagers, to apple based alcohol. In more recent years cider has made a roaring comeback nationwide, with New England being the first to break out of the box and with many pomologists scouring the woods for abandoned apple trees and heirloom varieties to add to the cider press. <a href="/wiki/Angry_Orchard" title="Angry Orchard">Angry Orchard</a> is a local commercial brand that began in New Hampshire but has since skyrocketed in sales, with other large marques following suit around the land.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Typical favorite desserts are quite diverse, and encompass <a href="/wiki/Hasty_pudding" title="Hasty pudding">hasty pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_pie" title="Blueberry pie">blueberry pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whoopie_pie" title="Whoopie pie">whoopie pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_pie" title="Boston cream pie">Boston cream pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">pumpkin pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frogger" title="Joe Frogger">Joe Frogger</a> cookies, hand-crafted <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a> cookies, and the <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie">chocolate chip cookie</a>, invented in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in the 1930s. New England is noted for having a heavy emphasis on seafood, a legacy inherited from coastal tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag" title="Wampanoag">Wampanoag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Indian_Tribe_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island">Narragansett</a>, who equally used the rich fishing banks offshore for sustenance. Favorite fish include <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_flounder" title="Winter flounder">winter flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_bass" title="Striped bass">striped bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluefish" title="Bluefish">bluefish</a>, and, in southern New England, <a href="/wiki/Tautog" title="Tautog">tautog</a>. All of these are prepared numerous ways, such as frying cod for <a href="/wiki/Fish_finger" title="Fish finger">fish fingers</a>, grilling bluefish over hot coals for summertime, <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">smoking salmon</a> or serving a whole poached one chilled for feasts with a dill sauce, or, on cold winter nights, serving haddock baked in casserole dish with a creamy sauce and crumbled breadcrumbs as a top so it forms a crust.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clam_cakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Clam cakes">Clam cakes</a>, a savory fritter based on chopped clams, are a specialty of Rhode Island. Also, a hard shell clam is unique to Rhode Island called the Quahoag which is used in clear chowders. Farther inland, <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> are sought after, especially in the rivers and icy finger lakes in upper New England where New Englanders will <a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly fish</a> for them in summertime. Meat is present though not as prominent, and typically is either stewed in dishes like <a href="/wiki/Pot_roast" title="Pot roast">Yankee pot roast</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England_boiled_dinner" title="New England boiled dinner">New England boiled dinner</a> or braised, as in a <a href="/wiki/Picnic_ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Picnic ham">picnic ham</a>; these dishes suit the weather better as summers are humid and hot but winters are raw and cold, getting below 0 °C for most of the winter and only just above it by March.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The roasting of whole turkeys began here as a centerpiece for large American banquets, and like all other East Coast tribes, the Native American tribes of New England prized wild turkeys as a source of sustenance and later Anglophone settlers were enamored of cooking them using methods they knew from Europe: often that meant trussing the bird and spinning it on a string or spit roasting. Today turkey meat is a key ingredient in soups, and also a favorite in several sandwiches like the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_(sandwich)" title="Pilgrim (sandwich)">Pilgrim</a>. For lunch, hot roast beef is sometimes chopped finely into small pieces and put on a roll with salami and American or provolone cheese to make a <a href="/wiki/Steak_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Steak bomb">steak bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Bacon is often maple cured, and often bacon or salt pork drippings are an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Corn_chowder" title="Corn chowder">corn chowder</a>, a cousin of clam chowder.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a> consumption was prevalent in the North Atlantic States prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warren2007-90">[90]</a> A variety of <a href="/wiki/Lingui%C3%A7a" title="Linguiça">linguiça</a> is favored as a breakfast food, introduced by Portuguese fishermen and Brazilian immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Dairy farming and its resultant products figure strongly on the ingredient list, and homemade ice cream is a summertime staple of the region: it was a small seasonal roadside stand in Vermont that eventually became the internationally famous <a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Jerry%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben and Jerry's">Ben and Jerry's</a> ice cream. Vermont is known for producing farmhouse style cheeses, especially a type of cheddar.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The recipe goes all the way back to colonial times when English settlers brought the recipe with them from England and found the rocky landscape eminently suitable to making the cheese.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Today Vermont has more artisanal cheese makers per capita than any other state, and diversity is such that interest in goat's milk cheeses has become prominent.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Crustaceans and mollusks are also an essential ingredient in the regional cookery. Maine and Massachusetts, in more recent years, have taken to harvesting <a href="/wiki/Peekytoe_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Peekytoe crab">peekytoe crab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonah_crab" title="Jonah crab">Jonah crab</a> and making crab bisques, based on cream with 35% milkfat, and crabcakes out of them: often these were overlooked as bycatch of lobster pots by fishermen of the region, but in the past 30 years their popularity has firmly established them as a staple. They even appear on the menu as far south as to be out of the region in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, where they are sold to four star restaurants in the form of cocktail claws. Whelks are eaten in salad, and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>, which is indigenous to the coastal waters of the region and are a feature of many dishes, baked, boiled, roasted, and steamed, or simply eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Lobster_roll" title="Lobster roll">sandwich</a>, chilled with mayonnaise and chopped celery in Maine and Massachusetts, or slathered with melted butter on Long Island and in Connecticut. Shellfish of all sorts are part of the diet, and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> of the coastal regions include <a href="/wiki/Cherrystone_clam#Alternative_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherrystone clam">little neck clams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">sea scallops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">blue mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">soft shell clams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_jackknife_clam" title="Atlantic jackknife clam">razor shell clams</a>. Much of this shellfish contributes to New England tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Clambake" title="Clambake">clambake</a>. The clambake as known today is a colonial interpretation of an American Indian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In summer, oysters and clams are dipped in batter and fried, often served in a basket with french fries, or commonly on a wheaten bun as a clam roll. Oysters are otherwise eaten chilled on a bed of crushed ice on the half shell with <a href="/wiki/Mignonette_sauce" title="Mignonette sauce">mignonette sauce</a>, and are often branded on where they were harvested. Large quahogs are stuffed with breadcrumbs and seasoning and baked in their shells, and smaller ones often find their way into <a href="/wiki/Clam_chowder" title="Clam chowder">clam chowder</a>. Other preparations include <a href="/wiki/Clams_casino" title="Clams casino">clams casino</a>, clams on the half shell served stuffed with herbs like <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a> and streaky bacon. Southern New England, particularly along the coast, shares many specialties with the Mid-Atlantic, including especially dishes from Jewish and Italian-American cuisine. There is a so-called pizza belt which stretches from <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a> southward through <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and into <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. Coastal Connecticut is known for distinctive kinds of <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, locally called apizza (pronounced locally as abeetz), which differ in their thin and slightly blackened texture and in their toppings (such as clams) from those of the regions of the pizza belt further south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delaware_Valley_and_Mid-Atlantic">Delaware Valley and Mid-Atlantic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Cuisine of Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">Cuisine of New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mid-Atlantic_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic United States">Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NY_Strip_Steak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/NY_Strip_Steak.jpg/220px-NY_Strip_Steak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/NY_Strip_Steak.jpg/330px-NY_Strip_Steak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/NY_Strip_Steak.jpg/440px-NY_Strip_Steak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strip_steak" title="Strip steak">New York strip steak</a> topped with mushrooms and onions</figcaption></figure> The mid-Atlantic states comprise the states of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and Northern <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. The oldest major settlement in this area of the country is found in the most populous city in the nation, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, founded in 1625 by the Dutch. Today, it is a major cultural capital of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The influences on cuisine in this region are extremely eclectic, as it has been, and continues to be, a gateway for international culture as well as a gateway for new immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Going back to colonial times, each new group has left their mark on homegrown cuisine and in turn the cities in this region disperse trends to the wider United States. In addition, cities like New York and Philadelphia have had the past influence of Dutch,<a href="#cite_note-History-112">[112]</a> Italian, German,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Irish,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> British,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and Jewish cuisines,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and that continues to this day. Baltimore has become the crossroads between North and South, a distinction it has held since the end of the Civil War. A <a href="/wiki/Global_power_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Global power city">global power city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> New York is well known for its diverse and cosmopolitan dining scene.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Its restaurants compete fiercely for good reviews in the Food and Dining section of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, online guides, and <a href="/wiki/Zagat%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagat's">Zagat's</a>, the last of which is widely considered the premier American dining guide, published yearly and headquartered in New York. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg/220px-Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg/330px-Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg/440px-Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>New York–style cheesecake with strawberries. Other variations include blueberry or raspberry sauce.</figcaption></figure> Many of the more complicated dishes with rich ingredients like <a href="/wiki/Lobster_Newberg" title="Lobster Newberg">Lobster Newberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_salad" title="Waldorf salad">waldorf salad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichyssoise" title="Vichyssoise">vichyssoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggs_benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Eggs benedict">eggs benedict</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_strip_steak" class="mw-redirect" title="New York strip steak">New York strip steak</a> were born out of a need to entertain and impress the well-to-do in expensive bygone restaurants like <a href="/wiki/Delmonico%27s" title="Delmonico's">Delmonico's</a> and still standing establishments like the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf-Astoria Hotel">Waldorf-Astoria Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Was_He_the_Eggman-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Waldorf_-_Astoria_Hotel-121">[121]</a> Modern commercial American <a href="/wiki/Cream_cheese" title="Cream cheese">cream cheese</a> was developed in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Since the first reference to an alcoholic mixed drink called a cocktail comes from <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> in 1803, it is not a surprise that there have been many cocktails invented in New York and the surrounding environs. Even today New York bars are noted for being highly influential in making national trends. <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(cocktail)" title="Cosmopolitan (cocktail)">Cosmopolitans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_iced_tea" title="Long Island iced tea">Long Island iced teas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Manhattans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(cocktail)" title="Rob Roy (cocktail)">Rob Roys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Collins" title="Tom Collins">Tom Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviation_(cocktail)" title="Aviation (cocktail)">Aviations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_(cocktail)" title="Greyhound (cocktail)">Greyhounds</a> were all invented in New York bars, and the <a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">gin martini</a> was popularized in New York in speakeasies during the 1920s, as evidenced by its appearance in the works of New Yorker and American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Like its neighbor <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, many rare and unusual liquors and liqueurs often find their way into a mixologist's cupboard or restaurant wine list. New York State is the third most productive area in the country for wine grapes, just behind <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. It has <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">AVA</a>'s near the Finger Lakes, the Catskills, and Long Island,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> has the second-most productive area in the country for growing apples, making it a center for hard cider production, just like <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Pennsylvania has been growing rye since Germans began to emigrate to the area at the end of the 17th century and required a grain they knew from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Therefore, overall it is not unusual to find New York grown <a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrtztraminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewürtztraminer">Gewürtztraminer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, Pennsylvania rye whiskey, or marques of locally produced ciders like Original Sin on the same menu. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PatsCheesesteak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PatsCheesesteak.jpg/220px-PatsCheesesteak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PatsCheesesteak.jpg/330px-PatsCheesesteak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PatsCheesesteak.jpg/440px-PatsCheesesteak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_cheesesteak" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia cheesesteak">Philadelphia cheesesteak</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cheez_Whiz" title="Cheez Whiz">Cheez Whiz</a></figcaption></figure> Since their formative years, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> have welcomed immigrants of every kind to their shores, and all three have been an important gateway through which new citizens to the general United States arrive.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Traditionally natives have eaten cheek to jowl with newcomers for centuries as the newcomers would open new restaurants and small businesses and all the different groups would interact. Even in colonial days this region was a very diverse mosaic of peoples, as settlers from Switzerland, Wales, England, Ulster, Wallonia, Holland, Gelderland, the British Channel Islands, and Sweden sought their fortune in this region.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> This is very evident in many signature dishes and local foods, all of which have evolved to become American dishes in their own right. The original Dutch settlers of New York brought recipes they knew and understood from the Netherlands and their mark on local cuisine is still apparent today: in many quarters of New York their version of apple pie with a streusel top is still baked. In the colony of New Amsterdam, their predilection for waffles in time evolved into the American national recipe and forms part of a New York brunch. They also made <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a>, originally a Dutch salad, but today accented with the later 18th-century introduction of <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnut</a> began its life originally as a New York pastry that arrived in the 18th century as the Dutch olykoek, with later additions from other nations of Europe like the Italian <a href="/wiki/Zeppole" title="Zeppole">zeppole</a>, the Jewish/Polish pączki, and the German Berliner arriving in the 19th century to complete the variety found in modern doughnuts today.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Delicious_Crabcake_at_the_Middleton_Tavern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/A_Delicious_Crabcake_at_the_Middleton_Tavern.jpg/220px-A_Delicious_Crabcake_at_the_Middleton_Tavern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/A_Delicious_Crabcake_at_the_Middleton_Tavern.jpg/330px-A_Delicious_Crabcake_at_the_Middleton_Tavern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/A_Delicious_Crabcake_at_the_Middleton_Tavern.jpg/440px-A_Delicious_Crabcake_at_the_Middleton_Tavern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crab_cake" title="Crab cake">Crab cake</a>, popular in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, is often served on a roll.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Crab_cake" title="Crab cake">Crab cakes</a> were once a kind of English <a href="/wiki/Croquette" title="Croquette">croquette</a>, but over time as spices have been added they and the <a href="/wiki/Crab_boil#Maryland" title="Crab boil">Maryland crab feast</a> became two of Baltimore's signature dishes. Fishing for <a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">blue crab</a> is a favorite summer pastime in the waters off <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> where they may grace the table at summer picnics. Other mainstays of the region have been present since the early years of American history, like oysters from <a href="/wiki/Cape_May" title="Cape May">Cape May</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and lobster and tuna from the coastal waters found in New York and New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Pepper_Pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Pepper Pot">Philadelphia Pepper Pot</a>, a tripe stew, was originally a British dish but today is a classic of home cooking in Pennsylvania alongside bookbinder soup, a type of <a href="/wiki/Turtle_soup" title="Turtle soup">turtle soup</a>. In the winter, New York pushcarts sell <a href="/wiki/Roasted_chestnut" title="Roasted chestnut">roasted chestnuts</a>, a delicacy dating back to English <a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and it was in New York and Pennsylvania that the earliest <a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Christmas cookies</a> were introduced: Germans introduced crunchy molasses-based <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cookie" title="Sugar cookie">sugar cookies</a> in Pennsylvania, and the Dutch introduced cinnamon-based cookies, all of which have become part of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Christmas_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas meal">Christmas meal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scrapple" title="Scrapple">Scrapple</a> was originally a type of savory pudding that early Pennsylvania Germans made to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> of a pig slaughter.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The Philadelphia soft pretzel was originally brought to Eastern Pennsylvania in the early 18th century, and later, 19th-century immigrants sold them to the masses from pushcarts to make them the city's best-known bread product, having evolved into its own unique recipe.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYPizzaPie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NYPizzaPie.jpg/220px-NYPizzaPie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NYPizzaPie.jpg/330px-NYPizzaPie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NYPizzaPie.jpg/440px-NYPizzaPie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93style_pizza" title="New York–style pizza">New York–style pizza</a> is the pizza eaten in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the 1820s, new groups began to arrive and the character of the region began to change. There had been some Irish from Ulster prior to 1820, however largely they had been Protestants with somewhat different culture and (often) a different <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">language</a> than the explosion of emigrants that came to <a href="/wiki/Castle_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Garden">Castle Garden</a> and Locust Point in Baltimore in their masses starting in the 1840s. The Irish arrived in America in a rather woeful state, as Ireland at the time was often plagued by some of the worst poverty in Europe and often heavy disenfranchisement among the masses. Many of them arrived barely alive having ridden <a href="/wiki/Coffin_ship" title="Coffin ship">coffin ships</a> to the New World, very sick with <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and gaunt from prolonged starvation. In addition, they were the first to face challenges other groups did not have: they were the first large wave of Catholics. They faced prejudice for their faith and the cities of Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore were not always set up for their needs. For example, Catholic bishops in the U.S. mandated until the 1960s that all Catholics were forbidden from eating red meat on Fridays and during Lent,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and attending Mass sometimes conflicted with work as produce and meat markets would be open on high holy days; this was difficult for Irishmen supporting families since many worked as laborers. Unsurprisingly, many Irishmen also found their fortunes working as longshoremen, which would have given their families access to fish and shellfish whenever a fisherman made berth, which was frequent on the busy docks of Baltimore and New York.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Though there had been some activity in Baltimore in founding a <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">see</a> earlier by the <a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carroll (bishop)">Carrolls</a>, the Irish were the first major wave of Catholic worship in this region, and that meant bishops and cardinals sending away to Europe for wine. Wine, with water, is consecrated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Mass">Catholic Mass</a>. Taverns had existed prior to their emigration to America in the region, though the Irish brought their particular brand of pub culture and founded some of the first saloons and bars that served Dublin style <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_red_ale" title="Irish red ale">red ale</a>; they brought with them the knowledge of single-malt style whiskey and sold it. The Irish were the first immigrant group to arrive in this region in massive millions, and these immigrants also founded some of the earliest saloons and bars in this region, of which <a href="/wiki/McSorley%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="McSorley's">McSorley's</a> is a still operating example. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philly_style_pretzel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philly_style_pretzel.JPG/220px-Philly_style_pretzel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philly_style_pretzel.JPG/330px-Philly_style_pretzel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philly_style_pretzel.JPG/440px-Philly_style_pretzel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Philadelphia-style soft pretzel</figcaption></figure> It was also in this region that the Irish introduced something that today is a very important festival in American culture that involves a large amount of food, drink, and merry making: <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>. In England and Wales, where prior immigrants had come from, the feast of All Hallows Eve had died out in the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>, dismissed as superstition and excess having nothing to do with the Bible and often replaced with the festival of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a>. Other immigrant groups like the Germans preferred to celebrate October 31 as <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a>, and after the American Revolution all of the above were less and less eager to celebrate the legacy of an English festival given they had fought against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> for their independence. The Catholicism of the Irish demanded attendance at church on November 1 and charity and deeds, not just faith, as a cornerstone of dogma, and many of their older traditions survived the Reformation and traveled with them. Naturally, they went door-to-door to collect victuals for masked parties as well as gave them out, like nuts to roast on the fire, whiskey, beer, or cider, and <a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">barmbracks</a>; they also <a href="/wiki/Apple_bobbing" title="Apple bobbing">bobbed for apples</a> and made dumb cakes. Later in the century they were joined by Scots going <a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">guising</a>, children going door-to-door to ask for sweets and treats in costume. From the Mid-Atlantic this trend spread to be nationwide and evolved into American children <a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">trick-or-treating</a> on October 31 wearing costumes and their older counterparts having wild costume parties with various foods and drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">caramel apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">candy apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirt_cake" title="Dirt cake">dirt cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punch_(drink)" title="Punch (drink)">punch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> (both alcoholic and <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">non</a>,) <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">pumpkin pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy_corn" title="Candy corn">candy corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate turtles">chocolate turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut_brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peanut brittle">peanut brittle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taffy_(candy)" title="Taffy (candy)">taffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tipsy_cake" title="Tipsy cake">tipsy cake</a>, and copious buckets full of candy; children carving <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">jack-o-lanterns</a> and eating squash derived foods derive from Halloween's heritage as a harvest festival and from Irish and Scottish traditions of carving turnips and eating root vegetables at this time of year. Bobbing for apples has survived to the present day as a Halloween party classic game, as has a variation on the parlor game of trying to grab an apple hanging from the ceiling blindfolded:<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> it has evolved into trying to catch a donut in one's teeth.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Immigrants from Southern Europe, namely <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, appeared between 1880 and 1960 in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Eastern Maryland hoping to escape the extreme poverty and corruption endemic to Italy. Typically none of them spoke English, but rather dialects of Italian and had a culture that was more closely tied to the village they were born in than the high culture only accessible to those who could afford it at this time; many could not read or write in any language. They were employed in manual labor or factory work but it is because of them that dishes like <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_with_meatballs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaghetti with meatballs">spaghetti with meatballs</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93style_pizza" title="New York–style pizza">New York–style pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calzones" class="mw-redirect" title="Calzones">calzones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baked_ziti" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked ziti">baked ziti</a> exist, and Americans of today are very familiar with semolina based pasta noodles. Their native cuisine had less of an emphasis on meat, as evidenced by dishes they introduced like <a href="/wiki/Pasta_e_fagioli" title="Pasta e fagioli">pasta e fagioli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minestrone" title="Minestrone">minestrone</a>, but the dishes they created in America often piled it on as a sign of wealth and newfound prosperity since for the first time even cheap cuts of it were affordable. The American recipe for <a href="/wiki/Lasagna" title="Lasagna">lasagna</a> is proof of this, as mostly it is derived from the Neapolitan version of the dish with large amounts of meat and cheese.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg/220px-Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg/330px-Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg/440px-Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6864" data-file-height="3619" /></a><figcaption>Carts selling frankfurters, the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Hotdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotdog">hotdogs</a>, in New York circa 1906. The price is listed as "3 cents each or 2 for 5 cents".</figcaption></figure> New York–style <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dogs</a> came about with German-speaking emigrants from Austria and Germany, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_W%C3%BCrstchen" title="Frankfurter Würstchen">frankfurter sausage</a> and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Vienna_sausage" title="Vienna sausage">wiener sausage</a>; Jews would also contribute here by introducing the kosher version of these sausages, made of beef rather than pork.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Today, the New York–style hot dog with <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, mustard, and the optional cucumber pickle relish is such a part of the local fabric, that it is one of the favorite comestibles of New York and both the pork and the beef versions are beloved. Hot dogs are a typical street food sold year round in all but the most inclement weather from thousands of pushcarts. As with all other stadiums in Major League Baseball they are an essential for <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> games though it is the local style of preparation that predominates without exception. Hot dogs are also the focus of a televised eating contest on the Fourth of July in <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nathan%27s_Famous" title="Nathan's Famous">Nathan's Famous</a>, one of the earliest hot dog stands opened in the United States in 1916 by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Handwerker" title="Nathan Handwerker">Nathan Handwerker</a>. Handwerker was a Jewish man who emigrated from what is now Ukraine in 1912 and whose influence is felt today around the world. Coney Island is most famous for being a traditional boardwalk amusement park and the site of the world's first rollercoaster, a precursor of modern theme parks. Hot dogs are a staple of amusement parks 100 years later.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A summertime treat, <a href="/wiki/Italian_ice" title="Italian ice">Italian ice</a>, began its life as a sweeter adaptation of the Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Granita" title="Granita">granita</a> that was strictly lemon-flavored and brought to New York and Philadelphia. Its Hispanic counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Piragua_(food)" title="Piragua (food)">piragua</a>, is a common shaved-ice treat brought to New York by Puerto Ricans in the 1930s. Unlike the original dish which included flavors like tamarind, mango, coconut, piragua is evolving to include flavors like grape and cherry, fruits which are impossible to grow in the tropical Puerto Rican climate and get exported back to the island from New York.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor Ham">Taylor Ham</a>, a meat delicacy of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, first appeared around the time of the Civil War and today is often served for breakfast with eggs and cheese on a <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_roll" title="Kaiser roll">kaiser roll</a>, a variant of a <a href="/wiki/Kummelweck" class="mw-redirect" title="Kummelweck">roll brought to the area by Austrians</a> in the second half of the 19th century, now commonly used for sandwiches at lunchtime, often topped with poppyseeds. This breakfast meat is generally known as <a href="/wiki/Pork_roll" title="Pork roll">pork roll</a> in southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, and Taylor Ham in northern New Jersey. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/220px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/330px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg/440px-Nighthawks_by_Edward_Hopper_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nighthawks_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nighthawks (painting)">Nighthawks</a>, a painting of a <a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">diner</a>, one type of eatery still common in the Mid-Atlantic. Each state of the region has its own signatures, and the range extends from the Canadian border in the North to Delaware Bay in the South.</figcaption></figure> Other dishes came about during the early 20th century and have much to do with <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessen</a> fare, set up largely by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe who came to America incredibly poor, often illiterate in any other language but <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and often banished from mainstream society in their place of origin for centuries. Most often they were completely unable to partake in the outdoor food markets that the general population utilized as most of the food for sale was not <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>. The influence of European Jewry before their destruction in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> on modern mid-Atlantic cooking remains strong and reinforced by their many descendants in the region.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> These currently form the largest concentration of Jews outside Tel Aviv and are very integrated into the local mainstream of New York in particular. American-style <a href="/wiki/Dill_pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dill pickle">pickles</a>, now a common addition to hamburgers and sandwiches, were brought by Polish Jews,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and Austro-Hungarian Jews brought a recipe for almond horns that now is a common regional cookie, diverting from the original recipe in dipping the ends in dark chocolate.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> New York–style <a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">cheesecake</a> has copious amounts of cream and eggs because animal <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a> is not kosher and so could not be sold to a large number of the deli's clientele. New York inherited its <a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">bagels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bialys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bialys">bialys</a> from Jews, as well as <a href="/wiki/Challah_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Challah bread">Challah bread</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">Pastrami</a> first entered the country via Romanian Jews, and is a feature of many sandwiches, often eaten on marble rye, a bread that was born in[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] the mid-Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_salad" title="Whitefish salad">Whitefish salad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">lox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matzoh_ball_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzoh ball soup">matzoh ball soup</a> are now standard fare made to order at local diners and delicatessens, but started their life as foods that made up a strict dietary code. <a href="/wiki/Rugelach" title="Rugelach">Rugelach</a> cookies and <a href="/wiki/Hamentashen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamentashen">hamentashen</a> are sweet staples still sold to the general public, but came to New York over a century ago with <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> Jews along with <a href="/wiki/Jewish_rye" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish rye">Jewish rye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg/220px-Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg/330px-Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg/440px-Buffalo_-_Wings_at_Airport_Anchor_Bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">Buffalo wings</a> with <a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese_dressing" title="Blue cheese dressing">blue cheese dressing</a>, served with lager beer</figcaption></figure> Many of their dishes passed into the mainstream enough that they became standard fare in diners by the end of the 20th century, a type of restaurant that is now the most common in the region, and the subject matter of the artist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a>. In the past this sort of establishment was the haven of the short-order cook grilling or frying simple foods for the working man. Today typical service includes staples from this large region like <a href="/wiki/Beef_on_weck" title="Beef on weck">beef on weck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_clam_chowder" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan clam chowder">Manhattan clam chowder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Club_sandwich" title="Club sandwich">club sandwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wings" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo wings">Buffalo wings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_cheesesteak" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia cheesesteak">Philadelphia cheesesteak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white_cookie" title="Black and white cookie">black and white cookie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoofly_pie" title="Shoofly pie">shoofly pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snapper_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapper soup">snapper soup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_Island_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith Island cake">Smith Island cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackout_cake" title="Blackout cake">blackout cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape_pie" title="Grape pie">grape pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshakes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Egg_cream" title="Egg cream">egg cream</a>, a vanilla or chocolate fountain drink with a frothy top and fizzy taste. As in Hopper's painting from 1942, many of these businesses are open 24 hours a day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midwest">Midwest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Cuisine of the Midwestern United States</a></div> This region today comprises the states near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>; much of it is prairie with very flat terrain. Winters are bitterly cold, windy, and wet. Midwestern cuisine today is a very eclectic and odd mix and match of foodways, covering everything from <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City%E2%80%93style_barbecue" title="Kansas City–style barbecue">Kansas City–style barbecue</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_hot_dog" title="Chicago-style hot dog">Chicago-style hot dog</a>, though many of its classics are very simple, hearty fare. This region was mostly untouched by European and American settlers until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and excepting <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and the heavily forested states near the Great Lakes, was mainly populated by nomadic tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osage_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage people">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>. As with most other American Indian tribes, these tribes consumed the <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a> of beans, maize, and squash, but also for thousands of years followed the herds of <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a>, hunting them on foot and later on horseback, typically using bow and arrow. There are <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">buffalo jumps</a> dating back nearly 10,000 years and several photographs and written accounts of trappers and homesteaders attesting to their dependence on the buffalo and to a lesser degree <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>. After nearly wiping out elk and bison, this region has taken to raising bison alongside cattle for their meat and at an enormous profit, making them into burgers and steaks. Often that means harsh blizzards especially near the Great Lakes where Arctic winds blow off of Canada, where ice on rivers and lakes freezes thick enough for <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, and for ice fishing for <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panfish" title="Panfish">panfish</a> to be ubiquitous. In <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, they often become part of the local <a href="/wiki/Fish_fry" title="Fish fry">fish fry</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persimmon_pudding_(5180557664).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Persimmon_pudding_%285180557664%29.jpg/220px-Persimmon_pudding_%285180557664%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Persimmon_pudding_%285180557664%29.jpg/330px-Persimmon_pudding_%285180557664%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Persimmon_pudding_%285180557664%29.jpg/440px-Persimmon_pudding_%285180557664%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Persimmon pudding</figcaption></figure> The primary meats here are beef and poultry, since the Midwest has been raising <a href="/wiki/Turkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkeys">turkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a> for over 150 years. Chickens have been common for so long that the Midwest has several native breeds that are prized for both backyard farming and for farmer's markets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Buckeye_chicken" title="Buckeye chicken">Buckeye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_chicken" title="Wyandotte chicken">Wyandotte</a>. One, Billina, appears as a character in the second book of the Oz series by <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>. Favorite fruits of the region include some native plants inherited from Native American tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Asimina_triloba" title="Asimina triloba">pawpaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diospyros_virginiana" title="Diospyros virginiana">American persimmons</a> are also highly favored. As in the American South, pawpaws are the region's largest native fruit, about the size of a mango, often found growing wild come September; they are made into preserves and cakes and command quite a price at farmer's markets in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_persimmon" class="mw-redirect" title="American persimmon">American persimmon</a> is often smaller than its Japanese cousin, about the size of a small plum, but in the Midwest and parts of the East it is the main ingredient in the steamed <a href="/wiki/Persimmon_pudding" title="Persimmon pudding">persimmon pudding</a>, topped with <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_anglaise" title="Crème anglaise">crème anglaise</a>. Other crops inherited from the Native Americans include <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a>, which grows on the banks of lakes and is a local favorite for fancy meals and today often used in stuffing for Thanksgiving. Typical fruits of the region are cold-weather crops. Once it was thought that its winters were too harsh for apples, but a breeder in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Wealthy_(apple)" title="Wealthy (apple)">Wealthy apple</a> and it became the third-most productive region for apple growing in the country, with local varieties comprising <a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(apple)" title="Wolf River (apple)">Wolf River</a>, Enterprise, <a href="/wiki/Melrose_(apple)" title="Melrose (apple)">Melrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Red" title="Paula Red">Paula Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Beauty">Rome Beauty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a>. Cherries are important to <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> grows many <a href="/wiki/Cranberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberries">cranberries</a>, a legacy of early-19th-century emigration of New England farmers. <a href="/wiki/Crabapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabapple">Crabapple</a> jelly is a favorite condiment of the region. The influence of German, Scandinavian, and Slavic peoples on the northern portion of the region is very strong; many emigrated to Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois in the 19th century to take advantage of jobs in the meatpacking business as well as being homesteaders and tradesmen. <a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">Bratwurst</a> is a very common sausage eaten at <a href="/wiki/Tailgate_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailgate parties">tailgate parties</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lions" title="Detroit Lions">Detroit Lions</a>, often served boiled in lager beer with <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, different from many of the recipes currently found in Germany. Polish sausage, in particular a locally invented type of <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a>, is essential for sporting events in Chicago: Chicago today has approximately 200,000 Polish speakers and has had a similar population for over 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> When Poles came to Chicago and surrounding cities from Europe, they brought with them long ropes of kielbasa, cabbage rolls, and <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a>. Poles that left Poland after the fall of the Berlin Wall and descendants of earlier immigrants still make them, and they remain common in local diners and delis.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Today alongside the pierogi, the sausage is served on a long roll with mustard like a hot dog or as a <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Street_Polish" title="Maxwell Street Polish">Maxwell Street Polish</a>, a sandwich with caramelized onions. In Cleveland, the same sausage is served in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish boy">Polish boy</a>, a sandwich made of french fries, spicy barbecue sauce, and coleslaw. Unlike cities in the East where the hot dog alone is traditional, fans of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Tigers" title="Detroit Tigers">Detroit Tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers" title="Milwaukee Brewers">Milwaukee Brewers</a> favor two or three different kinds of sausage sold in the pushcarts outside the stadium. The hot dogs themselves tend to follow the <a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_hot_dog" title="Chicago-style hot dog">Chicago style</a>, with mustard and pickled vegetables. In Cincinnati, where the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a> play, there is a competitor in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_chili" title="Cincinnati chili">Cincinnati chili</a>. Invented by Macedonian immigrants, it includes spaghetti as its base, chili with a Mediterranean-inspired spice mix, and cheddar cheese; the chili itself is often a topping for local hot dogs at games. In the Midwest and especially Minnesota,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> the tradition of the church <a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">potluck</a> is a gathering where local foods reign, and has been since the era of the frontier; pioneers often needed to pool resources to have a celebration in the 19th century and that simply never changed.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Nowhere is this more clear than with the <a href="/wiki/Hotdish" title="Hotdish">hotdish</a>, a type of casserole believed to have derived from a Norwegian recipe, it is usually topped with potatoes or <a href="/wiki/Tater_tots" title="Tater tots">tater tots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Next to the hotdish at potlucks usually <a href="/wiki/Glorified_rice" title="Glorified rice">glorified rice</a> is found, a kind of rice pudding mixed with crushed pineapple and maraschino cherries. Next to that is the <a href="/wiki/Booyah_(stew)" title="Booyah (stew)">booyah</a>, a thick soup made of meat, vegetables, and seasonings that is meant to simmer on the stove for up to two days. <a href="/wiki/Lefse" title="Lefse">Lefse</a>, traditionally a Scandinavian flatbread, has been handed down to descendants for over a hundred years and is common on the table. Behind that is <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>, a popular meat around the Great Lakes and often eaten as steaks, sandwiches, and crown roasts for special events.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Within Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Dakotas, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_meat" title="Tiger meat">tiger meat</a>, a dish similar to <a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">steak tartare</a>, is common. Last on the table are the <a href="/wiki/Dessert_bar" title="Dessert bar">dessert bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">brownies</a>, created originally in 1898 in Chicago, now a global food and international favorite.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Booyah_spiced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Booyah_spiced.jpg/220px-Booyah_spiced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Booyah_spiced.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Booyah_(stew)" title="Booyah (stew)">Booyah</a>, a popular chunky stew of the Midwest that is often served to large numbers of people</figcaption></figure> Further south, <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a> has its own style in places in Kansas City and St. Louis different from the South and American West. Kansas City and St. Louis were and are important hubs for the railroad that connected the plains with the Great Lakes and cities farther east, like Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> At the turn of the 19th century, the St. Louis area, Omaha, and Kansas City had huge stockyards, waystations for cattle and pigs on their way east to the cities of the coast and north to the Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> They all had large growing immigrant and migrant populations from Europe and the South respectively, so the region has developed unique styles of barbecue. <a href="/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93style_barbecue" title="St. Louis–style barbecue">St. Louis–style barbecue</a> favors a heavy emphasis on a sticky sweet barbecue sauce. Its standbys include the <a href="/wiki/Pork_steak" title="Pork steak">pork steak</a>, a cut taken from the shoulder of the pig, grilled then slowly stewed in a pan over charcoal; crispy snoots, a cut from the cheek and nose of the pig that is fried up like <a href="/wiki/Cracklings" title="Cracklings">cracklins</a> and eaten dipped in sauce; pork <a href="/wiki/Spare_ribs" title="Spare ribs">spare ribs</a>; and a mix of either beer-boiled <a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">bratwurst</a> or grilled Italian sausage, flavored with fennel. Dessert is usually something like <a href="/wiki/Gooey_butter_cake" title="Gooey butter cake">gooey butter cake</a>, invented in the city in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City%E2%80%93style_barbecue" title="Kansas City–style barbecue">Kansas City–style barbecue</a> uses several different kinds of meat, more than most styles of American barbecue—turkey, mutton, pork, and beef to name a few—but is distinct from St. Louis in that the barbecue sauce adds molasses in with the tomato-based recipe and typically has a more tart taste. Traditionally, Kansas City uses a low-and-slow method of smoking the meat in addition to just stewing it in the sauce. It also favors using hickory wood for smoking and continual watering or layering of the sauce while cooking to form a glaze; with <a href="/wiki/Burnt_ends" title="Burnt ends">burnt ends</a> this step is necessary to create the "bark" or charred outer layer of the brisket. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_United_States">Southern United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine of the Southern United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_and_waffles_with_peaches_and_cream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chicken_and_waffles_with_peaches_and_cream.jpg/220px-Chicken_and_waffles_with_peaches_and_cream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chicken_and_waffles_with_peaches_and_cream.jpg/330px-Chicken_and_waffles_with_peaches_and_cream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chicken_and_waffles_with_peaches_and_cream.jpg/440px-Chicken_and_waffles_with_peaches_and_cream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicken_and_waffles" title="Chicken and waffles">Chicken and waffles</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princes_hot_chicken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Princes_hot_chicken.jpg/220px-Princes_hot_chicken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Princes_hot_chicken.jpg/330px-Princes_hot_chicken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Princes_hot_chicken.jpg/440px-Princes_hot_chicken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nashville_hot_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville hot chicken">Nashville hot chicken</a> with potato salad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg/220px-Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg/330px-Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg/440px-Iced_Tea_from_flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">Sweet tea</a></figcaption></figure> When referring to the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> as a region, typically it should indicate Southern Maryland and the states that were once part of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Old Confederacy</a>, with the dividing line between the East and West jackknifing about 100 miles west of <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>, and mostly south of the old <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>. Cities found in this area include <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> with <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a> being the largest. The <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle</a> is usually considered part of the South, but the Florida peninsula (especially its lower half) is not. These states are much more closely tied to each other and have been part of U.S. territory for much longer than states much farther west than East Texas, and in the case of food, the influences and cooking styles are strictly separated as the terrain begins to change to prairie and desert from bayou and hardwood forest. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peach_Cobbler_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Peach_Cobbler_2.jpg/220px-Peach_Cobbler_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Peach_Cobbler_2.jpg/330px-Peach_Cobbler_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Peach_Cobbler_2.jpg/440px-Peach_Cobbler_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peach_cobbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach cobbler">Peach cobbler</a> is a popular Southern dessert.</figcaption></figure> This section of the country has some of the oldest known U.S. foodways, with some recipes almost 400 years old. Native American influences are still quite visible in the use of <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a> as an essential staple<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and found in the Southern predilection for hunting wild game, in particular <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_tailed_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="White tailed deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_woodcock" title="American woodcock">woodcock</a>, and various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>; for example, coastal North Carolina is a place where hunters will seek <a href="/wiki/Tundra_swan" title="Tundra swan">tundra swan</a> as a part of Christmas dinner; the original English and Scottish settlers would have rejoiced at this revelation since such was banned among the commoner class in what is now the United Kingdom, and naturally, their descendants have not forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Native Americans also consumed <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> and catfish, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Snapping_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapping turtle">snapping turtle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" title="Alligator snapping turtle">alligator snapping turtle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_catfish" title="Blue catfish">blue catfish</a>. Catfish are often <a href="/wiki/Noodling" title="Noodling">caught with one's bare hands</a>, gutted, breaded, and fried to make a Southern variation on English <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> and turtles are turned into stews and soups.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Native American tribes of the region such as the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> often cultivated or gathered local plants like <a href="/wiki/Asimina_triloba" title="Asimina triloba">pawpaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maypop" class="mw-redirect" title="Maypop">maypop</a> and several sorts of <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squashes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a> as food.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> They also used <a href="/wiki/Spicebush" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicebush">spicebush</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a> as spices,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and the aforementioned fruits are still cultivated as food in the South.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Maize is to this day found in dishes for breakfast, lunch and dinner in the form of <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoecakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoecakes">hoecakes</a>, baked <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">cornbread</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spoonbread" title="Spoonbread">spoonbread</a>, and nuts like the <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_walnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Black walnut">black walnut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">pecan</a> are commonly included in desserts and pastries as varied as <a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">mince pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">pecan pie</a>, pecan rolls and <a href="/wiki/Honey_bun" title="Honey bun">honey buns</a> (both are types of <a href="/wiki/Sticky_bun" title="Sticky bun">sticky bun</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Quick_bread" title="Quick bread">quick breads</a>, which were themselves invented in the South during the American Civil War. Peaches have been grown in this region since the 17th century and are a staple crop as well as a favorite fruit, with <a href="/wiki/Peach_cobbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach cobbler">peach cobbler</a> being a signature dessert. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_history">Early history</h4></div> European influence began soon after the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 and the earliest recipes emerged by the end of the 17th century. Specific influences from Europe were quite varied, and they remain traditional and essential to the modern cookery overall. German speakers often settled in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> on small farms from the coast, and invented an American delicacy that is now nationally beloved, <a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">apple butter</a>, based on their recipe for apfelkraut, and later they introduced <a href="/wiki/Red_cabbage" title="Red cabbage">red cabbage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>. From the British Isles, an enormous amount of influence was bestowed upon the South, specifically foodways from 17th- and 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, the borderlands between England and Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, portions of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> and Southern England. Settlers bound for America fled the tumult of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Plantation">Ulster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>. Often ships' manifests show their belongings nearly always included cookpots or <a href="/wiki/Bakestone" title="Bakestone">bakestones</a> and seed stock for plants like <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> to grow orchards which they planted in their hundreds. Each group brought foods and ideas from their respective regions. Settlers from Ireland and Scotland were well known for creating <a href="/wiki/Peatreek" class="mw-redirect" title="Peatreek">peatreak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">poitín</a>, strong hard liquor based on fermenting potatoes or barley. In time they came up with a method for distilling a corn mash with <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added sugar</a> and aging in charred barrels made of select hardwoods, which created a whiskey with a high proof. This gave birth to <a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky bourbon">Kentucky bourbon</a>, and its cousins <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Everclear" title="Everclear">Everclear</a>. Closer to the coast, 18th-century recipes for English <a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">trifle</a> turned into <a href="/wiki/Tipsy_cake" title="Tipsy cake">tipsy cakes</a>, replacing the sherry with whiskey and their recipe for <a href="/wiki/Pound_cake" title="Pound cake">pound cake</a>, brought to the South around the same time, still works with American baking units: one pound sugar, one pound eggs, one pound butter, one pound flour. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_features">Common features</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg/220px-Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg/330px-Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg/440px-Biscuits_and_gravy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Biscuits and gravy</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> is the popular choice in 80% of Southern style barbecue and features in other preparations like sausages and sandwiches. For most Southerners in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States#Antebellum_era_(1789–1861)" title="History of the Southern United States">antebellum period</a>, corn and pork were staples of the diet.<a href="#cite_note-Warren2007-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Country sausage">Country sausage</a> is an ingredient in the Southern breakfast dish of <a href="/wiki/Biscuits_and_gravy" title="Biscuits and gravy">biscuits and gravy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Country_ham" title="Country ham">Country ham</a> is often served for breakfast and cured with salt or sugar and hickory-smoked.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Accompanying many meals is the southern style fluffy <a href="/wiki/Biscuit_(bread)" title="Biscuit (bread)">biscuit</a>, where the leavening agent is <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> and often includes <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>, and for breakfast they often accompany <a href="/wiki/Country_ham" title="Country ham">country ham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scrambled_eggs" title="Scrambled eggs">scrambled eggs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desserts">Desserts</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SweetPotatoPie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SweetPotatoPie.jpg/220px-SweetPotatoPie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SweetPotatoPie.jpg/330px-SweetPotatoPie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SweetPotatoPie.jpg/440px-SweetPotatoPie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie" title="Sweet potato pie">Sweet potato pie</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Desserts</a> in the South tend to be quite rich and very much a legacy of entertaining to impress guests, since a Southern housewife was (and to a degree still is) expected to show her hospitality by laying out as impressive a banquet as she is able to manage.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Desserts are vast and encompass <a href="/wiki/Lane_cake" title="Lane cake">Lane cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie" title="Sweet potato pie">sweet potato pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach_cobbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach cobbler">peach cobbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">pecan pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_cake" title="Hummingbird cake">hummingbird cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis pie">Jefferson Davis pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut_brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peanut brittle">peanut brittle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_cake" title="Coconut cake">coconut cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritter" title="Fritter">apple fritters</a>, peanut cookies, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_spice_cookies" title="Moravian spice cookies">Moravian spice cookies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_pie" title="Chess pie">chess pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doberge_cake" title="Doberge cake">doberge cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Baltimore_cake" title="Lady Baltimore cake">Lady Baltimore cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_ball" title="Bourbon ball">bourbon balls</a>, and caramel cake. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Velvet_Cake_Waldorf_Astoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Red_Velvet_Cake_Waldorf_Astoria.jpg/220px-Red_Velvet_Cake_Waldorf_Astoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Red_Velvet_Cake_Waldorf_Astoria.jpg/330px-Red_Velvet_Cake_Waldorf_Astoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Red_Velvet_Cake_Waldorf_Astoria.jpg/440px-Red_Velvet_Cake_Waldorf_Astoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Red velvet cake</figcaption></figure> American-style <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cakes</a> tend to be the rule rather than the exception as is American <a href="/wiki/Buttercream" title="Buttercream">buttercream</a>, a place where Southern baking intersects with the rest of the United States. Nuts like pecan and hickory tend to be revered as garnishes for these desserts, and they make their way into local bakeries as fillings for chocolates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cajun_and_Creole_cuisine_of_Louisiana">Cajun and Creole cuisine of Louisiana</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimp_gumbo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shrimp_gumbo.jpg/220px-Shrimp_gumbo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shrimp_gumbo.jpg/330px-Shrimp_gumbo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shrimp_gumbo.jpg/440px-Shrimp_gumbo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Shrimp <a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">gumbo</a> is a popular <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Creole</a> dish.</figcaption></figure> In Louisiana, cooking methods have more in common with rustic French cuisines of the 17th and 18th century than anything ever found at the French court in Versailles or the bistros of 19th- and 20th-century Paris; this is especially true of <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a> is more closely related to dialects spoken in Northern <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, and to a lesser degree <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> than anything spoken in modern France, and likewise their terminology, methodology, and culture concerning food is much more closely related to the styles of these former French colonies even today. Unlike other areas of the South, Cajuns were and still are largely Catholics and thus much of what they eat is seasonal; for example pork is an important component of the Cajun boucherie (a large community event where the hog is butchered, prepared with a fiery spice mix, and eaten snout to tail) but it is never consumed in the five weeks of Lent, when such would be forbidden. Cajun cuisine tends to focus on what is locally available, historically because Cajuns were often poor, illiterate, independent farmers and not plantation owners but today it is because such is deeply imbedded in local culture. <a href="/wiki/Boudin" title="Boudin">Boudin</a> is a type of sausage found only in this area of the country, and it is often by far more spicy than anything found in France or Belgium. <a href="/wiki/Chaudin" title="Chaudin">Chaudin</a> is unique to the area, and the method of cooking is comparable to the Scottish dish haggis: the stuffing includes onions, rice, bell peppers, spices, and pork sewn up in the stomach of a pig, and served in slices piping hot. <a href="/wiki/Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">Crawfish</a> are a staple of the Cajun grandmother's cookpot, as they are abundant in the bayous of Southern Louisiana and a main source of livelihood, as are <a href="/wiki/Blue_crab" title="Blue crab">blue crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_on_the_cob" title="Corn on the cob">corn on the cob</a>, and red potatoes, since these are the basic ingredients of the Louisiana crawfish boil. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CreoleFood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CreoleFood.jpg/220px-CreoleFood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CreoleFood.jpg/330px-CreoleFood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CreoleFood.jpg/440px-CreoleFood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>Dishes typical of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole cuisine</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> has been the capital of Creole culture since before Louisiana was a state. This culture is that of the colonial French and Spanish that evolved in the city of New Orleans, which was and still is quite distinct from the rural culture of Cajuns and dovetails with what would have been eaten in antebellum Louisiana plantation culture long ago. Cooking to impress and show one's wealth was a staple of Creole culture, which often mixed French, Spanish, Italian, German, African, Caribbean and Native American cooking methods, producing rich dishes like <a href="/wiki/Oysters_Bienville" title="Oysters Bienville">oysters bienville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompano_en_papillote" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompano en papillote">pompano en papillote</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Muffaletta" class="mw-redirect" title="Muffaletta">muffaletta</a> sandwich. However, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole cuisine</a> tends to diverge from the original ideas brought to the region in ingredients: <a href="/wiki/Profiterole" title="Profiterole">profiteroles</a>, for example, use a near identical <a href="/wiki/Choux_pastry" title="Choux pastry">choux pastry</a> to that which is found in modern Paris but often use vanilla or chocolate ice cream rather than custard as the filling, <a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">pralines</a> nearly always use <a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">pecan</a> and not almonds, and <a href="/wiki/Bananas_foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas foster">bananas foster</a> came about when New Orleans was a key port for the import of bananas from the Caribbean Sea.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">Gumbos</a> tend to be thickened with <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, or the leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Sassafras_albidum" title="Sassafras albidum">sassafrass tree</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andouille" title="Andouille">Andouille</a> is often used, but not the andouille currently known in France, since French andouille uses tripe whereas Louisiana andouille is made from a <a href="/wiki/Boston_butt" title="Boston butt">Boston butt</a>, usually inflected with pepper flakes, and smoked for hours over pecan wood. Other ingredients that are native to Louisiana and not found in the cuisine of modern France would include rice, which has been a staple of both Creole and Cajun cooking for generations, and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, which has been grown in Louisiana since the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passiflora_incarnata_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Passiflora_incarnata_004.JPG/220px-Passiflora_incarnata_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Passiflora_incarnata_004.JPG/330px-Passiflora_incarnata_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Passiflora_incarnata_004.JPG/440px-Passiflora_incarnata_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>The maypop plant</figcaption></figure> Ground <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">cayenne pepper</a> is a key spice of the region, as is the meat of the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a>, something settlers learned from the Choctaws and Houma. The maypop plant has been a favorite of Southerners for 350 years; it gives its name to the Ocoee River in Tennessee, a legacy of the Cherokees, and in Southern Louisiana it is known as liane de grenade, indicating its consumption by Cajuns. It is a close relative of the commercial <a href="/wiki/Passionfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionfruit">passionfruit</a>, similar in size, and is a common plant growing in gardens all over the South as a source of fresh summertime fruit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_American_influences">African American influences</h4></div> West African influences came with enslaved peoples from <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and other portions of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>, and the mark Africans and their descendants, the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, have made on Southern food is strong today and an essential addition to the Southern table. Crops like <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seeds">sesame seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, and many different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a> were brought with them from West Africa along with the incredibly important introduction of rice to the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, whence it became a staple grain of that region and still remains a staple in those areas today, found in dishes like <a href="/wiki/Hoppin_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoppin John">Hoppin John</a>, purloo, and <a href="/wiki/Charleston_red_rice" title="Charleston red rice">Charleston red rice</a>. Like the poorer <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a> that came to the South, slaves often got the leftovers of what was slaughtered for the consumption of the master of the plantation and so many recipes had to be adapted for offal, like <a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_ear_(food)" title="Pig's ear (food)">pig's ears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">fatback</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> though other methods encouraged low and slow methods of cooking to tenderize the tougher cuts of meat, like braising, smoking, and pit roasting, the last of which was a method known to West Africans in the preparation of roasting goat.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peanut_soup" title="Peanut soup">Peanut soup</a> is one of the oldest known recipes brought to Virginia by Africans and over time, through their descendants, it has become creamier and milder tasting than the original.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Florida_cuisine">Florida cuisine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean cuisine</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/American_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/American cuisine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+cuisine%22">"American cuisine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+cuisine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+cuisine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+cuisine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+cuisine%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+cuisine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Certain portions of the South often have their own distinct subtypes of cuisine owing to local history and landscape. Floridian cuisine, for example, has a distinct way of cooking that includes different ingredients, especially south of Tampa and Orlando. Spain had control of the state until the early 19th century and used the southern tip as an outpost to guard the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> beginning in the 1500s, but Florida kept and still maintains ties with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. South of Tampa, there are and have been for a long time many speakers of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> and each Caribbean culture has a strong hold on cooking methods and spices in Florida. In turn, each mixes and matches with the <a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">foodways</a> of the Seminole tribe and Anglophone settlers. Thus, for almost 200 years, Floridian cooking has had a more tropical flavor than any other Southern state. <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a>, a spice originally from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, is an ingredient found in spice mixes in summer barbecues along with <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_bonnet_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch bonnet peppers">scotch bonnet peppers</a>, sea salt, and nutmeg; in Floridian cooking this is often a variant of <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_jerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican jerk">Jamaican jerk</a> spice. Coconuts are grown in the areas surrounding Miami and are shipped in daily through its port for consumption of the milk, meat, and water of the coconut. Bananas are not just the yellow Cavendish variety found in supermarkets across America: in Florida they are available as bananitos, colorados, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">plátanos</a>, and maduros. The first of these is a tiny miniature banana only about 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) in length and it is sweet. The second has a red peel and an apple-like aftertaste, and the third and fourth are used as a starch on nearly every Caribbean island as a side dish, baked or fried: all of the above are a staple of Florida outdoor markets when in season and all have been grown in the Caribbean for almost 400 years. <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mangoes</a> are grown as a backyard plant in Southern Florida and otherwise are a favorite treat coming in many different shapes in sizes from <a href="/wiki/Nam_Doc_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Doc Mai">Nam Doc Mai</a>, brought to Florida after the Vietnam War, to Madame Francis, a mango from Haiti. <a href="/wiki/Sweetsop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetsop">Sweetsop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soursop" title="Soursop">soursop</a> are popular around Miami, but nearly unheard of in other areas of the South. <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a> is a major crop of Florida, and features at many breakfast tables and many markets, with the height of the season near the first week of January. Hamlin <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a> are the main cultivar planted, and from this crop the rest of the United States and to a lesser extent Europe gets <a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">orange juice</a>. Other plantings include <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clementine" title="Clementine">clementines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">limes</a>, and even a few more rare ones, like <a href="/wiki/Cara_Cara_navel_orange" title="Cara Cara navel orange">Cara Cara navel oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangelo" title="Tangelo">tangelos</a>, and the Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Ugli_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugli fruit">Ugli fruit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habanero_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Habanero pepper">habanero peppers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, especially taken from the <a href="/wiki/Florida_strangler_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida strangler fig">Florida strangler fig</a>, complete the produce menu. <a href="/wiki/Blue_crab" title="Blue crab">Blue crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_conch" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen conch">conch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_stone_crab" title="Florida stone crab">Florida stone crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_drum" title="Red drum">red drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_dolphinfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Common dolphinfish">dorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlins</a> tend to be local favorite ingredients. Dairy is available in this region, but it is less emphasized due to the year round warmth. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Key_lime_pie" title="Key lime pie">key lime pie</a>, a dessert from the islands off the coast of Miami, is made with <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a> to form the custard with the eye wateringly tart limes native to the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> in part because milk would spoil in an age before refrigeration. Pork in this region tends to be roasted in methods similar to those found in Puerto Rico and Cuba, owing to mass emigration from those countries in the 20th century, especially in the counties surrounding Miami.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Orange blossom honey is a specialty of the state, and is widely available in farmer's markets.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panulirus_argus" title="Panulirus argus">Caribbean lobster</a> is a favorite special meal eagerly sought after by Floridians as it is found as far north as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Myers">Fort Myers</a>: spear diving and collecting them from reefs in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> and near rocky shoals is a common practice of local scuba divers.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_small_game">Other small game</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Ptarmigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a>, blackbirds, dove, duck and other game fowl are consumed in the United States. In the American state of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="American beaver">beaver</a> tail stew is consumed in Cotton town.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree_squirrel#In_the_US" title="Tree squirrel">Squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooning">raccoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">possum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a> are also consumed in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine_in_the_West">Cuisine in the West</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a></div> Cooking in the American West gets its influence from Native American and Hispanophone cultures, as well as later settlers that came in the 19th century: Texas, for example, has some influence from Germany in its choice of barbecue by using sausages. Another instance can be found in the Northwestern region, which encompasses <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and Northern California. All of the aforementioned rely on local seafood and a few classics of their own. In <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, Mexican flavors and influences are extremely common, especially from the Mexican states of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northwest">Northwest</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cioppino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cioppino.jpg/220px-Cioppino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cioppino.jpg/330px-Cioppino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cioppino.jpg/440px-Cioppino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Cioppino</figcaption></figure> The Pacific Northwest as a region includes <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and the state of Washington near the Canada-US border and terminates near <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, and for culinary purposes includes the historic influence of the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a> area. Here, the terrain is mostly temperate rainforest on the coast mixed with pine forest as one approaches the Canada-US border inland. One of the core favorite foodstuffs is <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a>, native to many of the larger rivers of the area and often smoked or grilled on cedar planks. In <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, wild game like <a href="/wiki/Ptarmigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptarmigan">ptarmigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> meat feature extensively since much of the state is wilderness. Fresh fish like <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">steelhead trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_halibut" title="Pacific halibut">Pacific halibut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a> are fished for extensively and feature on the menu of many restaurants, as do a plethora of fresh berries and vegetables, like Cameo apples from <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> state, the headquarters of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> industry, <a href="/wiki/Cherries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherries">cherries</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">blackberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marionberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Marionberries">marionberries</a>, a feature of many pies. <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnuts</a> are grown extensively in this region and are a feature of baking, such as in chocolate hazelnut pie, an Oregon favorite,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almond_Roca" title="Almond Roca">Almond Roca</a> is a local candy. Like its counterpart on the opposite coast to the East, there is a grand variety of shellfish in this region. <a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoducks</a> are a native species of giant clam that have incredibly long necks; they are eaten by the bucketful and shipped to Asia for millions of dollars as they are believed to be an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tresus" title="Tresus">Gaper clams</a> are a favorite food, often grilled or steamed in a sauce. Native California <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> is protected as a food source, and a traditional foodway predating settlement by whites, today featuring heavily in the cooking of fine restaurants as well as in home cooking, in mirin-flavored soups (the influence of Japanese cooking is strong in the region) noodle dishes and on the barbecue. Native <a href="/wiki/Ostrea_lurida" title="Ostrea lurida">Olympia oysters</a> are served on the half shell as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_oyster" title="Kumamoto oyster">Kumamoto oyster</a>, introduced by Japanese immigrants and a staple at dinner as an appetizer. <a href="/wiki/California_mussel" title="California mussel">California mussels</a> are a delicacy of the region, and have been a feature of the cooking for generations. There is evidence that Native American tribes consumed them up and down the California coast for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Crabs are a delicacy, and included in this are <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_king_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan king crab">Alaskan king crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer_productus" title="Cancer productus">red crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metacarcinus_anthonyi" title="Metacarcinus anthonyi">yellow crab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_crab" title="Dungeness crab">Dungeness crab</a>. Californian and Oregonian sportsmen pursue the last three extensively using hoop nets, and prepare them in a multitude of ways. Alaskan king crab, able to grow as large as 10 kg, is often served steamed for a whole table with lemon-butter sauce or put in chunks of salad with avocado, and native crabs are the base of dishes like the <a href="/wiki/California_roll" title="California roll">California roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cioppino" title="Cioppino">cioppino</a>, a tomato-based fisherman's stew, and <a href="/wiki/Crab_Louie" title="Crab Louie">Crab Louie</a>, another kind of salad native to San Francisco. Favorite grains are mainly wheat, and the region is known for <a href="/wiki/Sourdough_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourdough bread">sourdough bread</a>. Cheeses of the region include <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Fog" title="Humboldt Fog">Humboldt Fog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jack" title="Monterey Jack">Monterey Jack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar_Gold_cheese" title="Cougar Gold cheese">Cougar Gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teleme" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleme">Teleme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southwest_and_Southern_California">Southwest and Southern California</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Cuisine of the Southwestern United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_elisart_324248450--Beef_and_chicken_fajitas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flickr_elisart_324248450--Beef_and_chicken_fajitas.jpg/220px-Flickr_elisart_324248450--Beef_and_chicken_fajitas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flickr_elisart_324248450--Beef_and_chicken_fajitas.jpg/330px-Flickr_elisart_324248450--Beef_and_chicken_fajitas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flickr_elisart_324248450--Beef_and_chicken_fajitas.jpg/440px-Flickr_elisart_324248450--Beef_and_chicken_fajitas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Mixed beef and chicken <a href="/wiki/Fajita" title="Fajita">fajita</a> ingredients, served on a hot iron skillet</figcaption></figure> The states of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>) plus <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a> make up a large chunk of the United States. There is a distinct Hispanic accent to the cookery here, with each having cultural capitals in <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson">Tucson</a>. For centuries, prior to California's statehood in the 1850s, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>). Today it is home of a large population of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, Hispanos, descendants of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>, and immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. California, New Mexico, and Texas continue to hold their unique identities which is reflected in their distinct regional cuisines, the multiple <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">cuisines of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is a commonly spoken secondary language here; the state of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> has its own distinct <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> With the exception of Southern California, the signature meat is <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, since this is one of the two regions in which <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a> lived and modern <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">cattle ranchers</a> still eke out their living today.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> High-quality beefstock is a feature that has been present in the region for more than 200 years and the many cuts of beef are unique to the United States. These cuts of meat are different from the related Mexican cuisine over the border in that certain kind of offal, like lengua (tongue), cabeza (head), and tripas (tripe) are considered less desirable and are thus less emphasized. Typical cuts would include the ribs, brisket, sirloin, flank steak, skirt steak, and t-bone. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chili_with_garnishes_and_tortilla_chips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chili_with_garnishes_and_tortilla_chips.jpg/220px-Chili_with_garnishes_and_tortilla_chips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chili_with_garnishes_and_tortilla_chips.jpg/330px-Chili_with_garnishes_and_tortilla_chips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chili_with_garnishes_and_tortilla_chips.jpg/440px-Chili_with_garnishes_and_tortilla_chips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">Chili con carne</a>, a typical Tex-Mex dish with garnishes and tortilla chips</figcaption></figure> Historically, Spanish settlers that came to the region found it completely unsuitable to the mining operations that much older settlements in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> had to offer as their technology was not advanced enough to extract the silver that would later be found. They had no knowledge of the gold in California, which would not be found until 1848, and knew even less about the silver in Nevada, undiscovered until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Instead, in order to make the pueblos prosper, they adapted the old rancho system of places like <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and brought the earliest beefstock, among these were breeds that would go feral and become the <a href="/wiki/Texas_longhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas longhorn">Texas longhorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navajo-Churro_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo-Churro sheep">Navajo-Churro sheep</a>, still used as breeding stock because they are easy to keep and well adapted to the extremely arid and hot climate, where temperatures easily exceed 38 °C.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Later, cowboys learned from their management practices, many of which still stand today, like the practical management of stock on horseback using the <a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresh_batch_of_Biscochitos,_Albuquerque_NM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fresh_batch_of_Biscochitos%2C_Albuquerque_NM.jpg/220px-Fresh_batch_of_Biscochitos%2C_Albuquerque_NM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fresh_batch_of_Biscochitos%2C_Albuquerque_NM.jpg/330px-Fresh_batch_of_Biscochitos%2C_Albuquerque_NM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fresh_batch_of_Biscochitos%2C_Albuquerque_NM.jpg/440px-Fresh_batch_of_Biscochitos%2C_Albuquerque_NM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biscochitos" class="mw-redirect" title="Biscochitos">Biscochitos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Mexico_state_symbols#food" title="List of New Mexico state symbols">state cookie</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> Likewise, settlers learned the cooking methods of those who came before and local tribes as well, for example, portions of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> still use the aforementioned beehive shaped clay contraption called an <a href="/wiki/Horno" title="Horno">horno</a>, an outdoor wood-fired oven both Native American tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> and Spaniards used for roasting meat, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and baking bread.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Meats that see frequent use are <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> meat, a favorite in crown roasts and burgers, and nearer the Mexican border <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a>, often skinned and stewed.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The taste for alcohol tends toward light and clean flavors found in <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a>, a staple of this region since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a> and a staple in the bartender's arsenal for cocktails, especially in Las Vegas. In Utah, a state heavily populated by <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>, alcohol is frowned upon by <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> but still available in area bars in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, mainly consumed by the populations of Catholics and other Protestant denominations living there. Introduction of agriculture was limited prior to the 20th century and the development of better irrigation techniques, but included the addition of <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, a crop still celebrated by Native American tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and oranges. Today in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> the favored orange today is the Moro <a href="/wiki/Blood_orange" title="Blood orange">blood orange</a>, which often finds its way into the local cuisine, like cakes and marmalade.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nuts</a> are a particular regional specialty and feature often in fine dining and cookies; in Nevada the Native American tribes that live there are by treaty given rights to exclusive harvest, and in New Mexico they reserve usage of the term piñon for certain species of indigenous pine nuts.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> From Native Americans, Westerners learned the practice of eating cactus fruit from the myriad species of <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">opuntia</a> that occupy the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a> desert lands. In California, Spanish missionaries brought with them the <a href="/wiki/Mission_fig" title="Mission fig">mission fig</a>, and today this fruit is a delicacy. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Mexico_green_chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/New_Mexico_green_chile.jpg/170px-New_Mexico_green_chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/New_Mexico_green_chile.jpg/255px-New_Mexico_green_chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/New_Mexico_green_chile.jpg/340px-New_Mexico_green_chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_green_chile" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico green chile">New Mexico green chile</a> is a staple of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a>.</figcaption></figure> Cuisine in this region tends to have certain key ingredients: <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_turtle_bean" title="Black turtle bean">black beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinto_bean" title="Pinto bean">pinto beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile pepper">chile peppers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jack" title="Monterey Jack">Monterey Jack</a>, invented to the north in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Coast</a> area of California in the 19th century and itself often further altered into pepper Jack where spicy <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a> peppers are incorporated into the cheese to create a smoky taste. Chili peppers play an important role in the cuisine, with a few native to the region. This is especially true with the region's distinct <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a> pepper, still grown by <a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos of New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Puebloans</a> the most sought after of which come from the <a href="/wiki/Hatch,_New_Mexico" title="Hatch, New Mexico">Hatch</a> valley, <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_metropolitan_area" title="Albuquerque metropolitan area">Central Rio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimayo">Chimayo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblos</a>. In New Mexico, chile is eaten on a variety of foods, such as the green chile cheeseburger, made popular by fast food chains such as <a href="/wiki/Blake%27s_Lotaburger" title="Blake's Lotaburger">Blake's Lotaburger</a>. Indeed, even national fast food chains operating in the state, such as <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, offer locally grown chile on many of their menu items. In the 20th century a few more recent additions have arrived like the <a href="/wiki/Poblano_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Poblano pepper">poblano pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum_pubescens" title="Capsicum pubescens">rocoto pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_pepper" title="Ghost pepper">ghost pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_chili_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai chili pepper">thai chili pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pepper">Korean pepper</a>, the last three especially when discussing Southern California and its large population from East and South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">Cornbread</a> is consumed, however the recipe differs from ones in the East in that the batter is cooked in a cast-iron skillet. Outdoor cooking is popular and still utilizes an old method settlers brought from the East with them, in which a cast-iron <a href="/wiki/Dutch_oven" title="Dutch oven">Dutch oven</a> is covered with the coals of the fire and stacked or hung from a tripod: this is different from the earthenware pots of Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">Tortillas</a> are still made the traditional way here and form an important component of the spicy <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_burrito" title="Breakfast burrito">breakfast burrito</a>, which contains ham, eggs, and salsa or <a href="/wiki/Pico_de_gallo" title="Pico de gallo">pico de gallo</a>. They are also used for regular <a href="/wiki/Burrito" title="Burrito">burritos</a>, which contains any combination of marinated meats, vegetables, and piquant chilis; smothered burritos, often both containing and topped with New Mexico chile sauces; <a href="/wiki/Quesadilla" title="Quesadilla">quesadillas</a>, a much loved grilled dish where cheese and other ingredients are stuffed between two tortillas and served by the slice; and steak <a href="/wiki/Fajita" title="Fajita">fajitas</a>, where sliced skirt steak sizzles in a skillet with caramelized onions. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goettanachos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Goettanachos.jpg/220px-Goettanachos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Goettanachos.jpg/330px-Goettanachos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Goettanachos.jpg/440px-Goettanachos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nachos" title="Nachos">Nachos</a> with cheese</figcaption></figure> Unlike Mexico, tortillas of this region also may incorporate vegetables like spinach into the flatbread dough to make <a href="/wiki/Wraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Wraps">wraps</a>, which were invented in Southern California. Food here tends to use pungent spices and condiments, typically chili verde sauce, various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Hot_sauce" title="Hot sauce">hot sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sriracha_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sriracha sauce">sriracha sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili powder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">cayenne pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="White pepper">white pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">paprika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">onion powder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>. Nowhere is this fiery mix of spice more evident than in the dishes <a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">chili con carne</a>, a meaty stew, and <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_beans" title="Cowboy beans">cowboy beans</a>, both of which are a feature of regional cookoffs. Southern California has several additions like <a href="/wiki/Five_spice_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Five spice powder">five spice powder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">curry powder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">lemongrass</a>, with many of these brought by recent immigration to the region and often a feature of Southern California's fusion cuisine, popular in fine dining.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Texas, the local barbecue is often entirely made up of beef <a href="/wiki/Brisket" title="Brisket">brisket</a> or large rib racks, where the meat is seasoned with a <a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">spice rub</a> and cooked over coals of <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a>. In other portions of the state they smoke the meat and peppery sausages over high heat using <a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">pecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> wood and serve it with a side of pickled vegetables, a legacy of German and Czech settlers of the late 1800s. California is home to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria%E2%80%93style_barbecue" title="Santa Maria–style barbecue">Santa Maria–style barbecue</a>, where the spices involved generally are <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">paprika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">garlic salt</a>, and grill over the coals of <a href="/wiki/Coast_live_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast live oak">coast live oak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimichanga_in_Bremen_7095.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chimichanga_in_Bremen_7095.JPG/220px-Chimichanga_in_Bremen_7095.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chimichanga_in_Bremen_7095.JPG/330px-Chimichanga_in_Bremen_7095.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chimichanga_in_Bremen_7095.JPG/440px-Chimichanga_in_Bremen_7095.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chimichanga" title="Chimichanga">chimichanga</a></figcaption></figure> Native American additions may include <a href="/wiki/Frybread" title="Frybread">Navajo frybread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn_on_the_cob" title="Corn on the cob">corn on the cob</a>, often roasted on the grill in its husk. A typical accompaniment or appetizer of all these states is the <a href="/wiki/Tortilla_chip" title="Tortilla chip">tortilla chip</a>, which sometimes includes cornmeal from cultivars of corn that are blue or red in addition to the standard yellow of sweetcorn, and is served with <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa (sauce)">salsa</a> of varying hotness. Tortilla chips also are an ingredient in the Tex Mex dish <a href="/wiki/Nachos" title="Nachos">nachos</a>, where these chips are loaded with any combination of ground beef, melted Monterey Jack, cheddar, or Colby cheese, <a href="/wiki/Guacamole" title="Guacamole">guacamole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">sour cream</a>, and salsa, and Texas usually prefers a version of <a href="/wiki/Potato_salad" title="Potato salad">potato salad</a> as a side dish. For alcohol, a key ingredient is <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a>: this spirit has been made on both sides of the US-Mexican border for generations,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> and in modern cuisine it is a must-have in a bartender's arsenal as well as an addition to dishes for sauteeing.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Southern California is focused more towards the coast and has had more contact with immigration from the <a href="/wiki/West_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="West Pacific">West Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, in addition to having the international city of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> as its capital. Here, the prime mode of transportation is by car. Drive through fast food was invented in this area, but so was the concept of the gourmet burger movement, giving birth to chains like <a href="/wiki/In-N-Out_Burger" title="In-N-Out Burger">In-N-Out Burger</a>, with many variations of burgers including chili, multiple patties, avocado, special sauces, and <a href="/wiki/Angus_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus beef">Angus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wagyu_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagyu beef">wagyu beef</a>. Common accompaniments include thick <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshakes</a> in various flavors like mint, chocolate, peanut butter, vanilla, strawberry, and mango. <a href="/wiki/Smoothie" title="Smoothie">Smoothies</a> are a common breakfast item made with fresh fruit juice, yogurt, and crushed ice. <a href="/wiki/Agua_fresca" title="Agua fresca">Agua fresca</a>, a drink originated by Mexican immigrants, is a common hot-weather beverage sold in many supermarkets and at mom and pop stands, available in citrus, watermelon, and strawberry flavors; the California version usually served chilled without grain in it. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pork_machaca_with_eggs,_served_with_potatoes_and_salsa_and_wrapped_in_a_tortilla-_2013-04-07_13-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pork_machaca_with_eggs%2C_served_with_potatoes_and_salsa_and_wrapped_in_a_tortilla-_2013-04-07_13-31.jpg/220px-Pork_machaca_with_eggs%2C_served_with_potatoes_and_salsa_and_wrapped_in_a_tortilla-_2013-04-07_13-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pork_machaca_with_eggs%2C_served_with_potatoes_and_salsa_and_wrapped_in_a_tortilla-_2013-04-07_13-31.jpg/330px-Pork_machaca_with_eggs%2C_served_with_potatoes_and_salsa_and_wrapped_in_a_tortilla-_2013-04-07_13-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pork_machaca_with_eggs%2C_served_with_potatoes_and_salsa_and_wrapped_in_a_tortilla-_2013-04-07_13-31.jpg/440px-Pork_machaca_with_eggs%2C_served_with_potatoes_and_salsa_and_wrapped_in_a_tortilla-_2013-04-07_13-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Machaca" title="Machaca">Machaca</a> with pork, eggs, and potatoes wrapped in a tortilla, served with salsa</figcaption></figure> The weather in Southern California is such that the temperature rarely drops below 54 °F (12 °C) in winter, thus, sun-loving crops like <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocadoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a> are staple crops of the region, the last often dried in the sun and a feature of salads and sandwiches. <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a> is a staple cooking oil of the region and has been since the days of <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a>; today the <a href="/wiki/Mission_olive" title="Mission olive">mission olive</a> is a common tree growing in a Southern Californian's back garden. As a crop olives are increasingly a signature of the region along with <a href="/wiki/Valencia_orange" title="Valencia orange">Valencia oranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meyer_lemon" title="Meyer lemon">Meyer lemons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">bok choy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_persimmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese persimmon">Japanese persimmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">thai basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">Napa cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">nori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarin oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_chestnut" title="Water chestnut">water chestnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung beans</a> are other crops brought to the region from East Asia and are common additions to salads as the emphasis on fresh produce in both Southern and Northern California is strong. Other vegetables and herbs have a distinct Mediterranean flavor which would include <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_squash" title="Summer squash">summer squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>, with all of the above extensively available at farmers' markets all around Southern California. Naturally, salads native to Southern California tend to be hearty affairs, like <a href="/wiki/Cobb_salad" title="Cobb salad">Cobb salad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_chicken_salad" title="Chinese chicken salad">Chinese chicken salad</a>, and dressings like <a href="/wiki/Green_goddess_dressing" title="Green goddess dressing">green goddess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranch_dressing" title="Ranch dressing">ranch</a> are a staple. <a href="/wiki/California-style_pizza" title="California-style pizza">California-style pizza</a> tends to have disparate ingredients with an emphasis on vegetables, with any combination of chili oil, prawns, eggs, chicken, shiitake mushrooms, olives, bell pepper, goat cheese, and feta cheese. Peanut noodles tend to include a sweet dressing with lo mein noodles and chopped peanuts. Fresh fish and shellfish in Southern California tends to be expensive in restaurants, but every year since the end of WWII, the Pismo clam festival has taken place where the local population takes a <a href="/wiki/Pismo_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pismo clam">large species of clam</a> and bakes, stuffs, and roasts it as it is a regional delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Fishing for pacific species of octopus and the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_squid" title="Humboldt squid">Humboldt squid</a> are common, and both are a feature of East Asian and other L.A. fish markets.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lingcod" title="Lingcod">Lingcod</a> is a coveted regional fish that is often caught in the autumn off the coast of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a> and often served baked. <a href="/wiki/California_sheephead" title="California sheephead">California sheephead</a> are often grilled and are much sought after by spear fishermen and the immigrant Chinese population, in which case it is basket steamed. Most revered of all in recent years is the <a href="/wiki/California_spiny_lobster" title="California spiny lobster">California spiny lobster</a>, a beast that can grow to 44 lb, and is a delicacy that now rivals the fishery for <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_crab" title="Dungeness crab">Dungeness crab</a> in its importance.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_and_Hawaiian_cuisine">Pacific and Hawaiian cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lomi_lomi_salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lomi_lomi_salmon.jpg/220px-Lomi_lomi_salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lomi_lomi_salmon.jpg/330px-Lomi_lomi_salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lomi_lomi_salmon.jpg/440px-Lomi_lomi_salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lomi_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomi salmon">Lomi-lomi</a> salmon</figcaption></figure> Hawaii is often considered to be one of the most culturally diverse U.S. states, as well as being the only state with an Asian-majority population and one of the few places where United States territory extends into the tropics. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_regional_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii regional cuisine">Hawaiian cuisine</a> borrows elements of a variety of cuisines, particularly those of Asian and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific-rim</a> cultures, as well as traditional native Hawaiian and a few additions from the American mainland. American influence in the last 150 years has brought cattle, goats, and sheep to the islands, introducing cheese, butter, and yogurt products, as well as crops like <a href="/wiki/Red_cabbage" title="Red cabbage">red cabbage</a>. Major Asian and Polynesian influences on modern Hawaiian cuisine are from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China (especially near the Pearl River delta,) Samoa, and the Philippines. From Japan, the concept of serving raw fish as a meal with rice was introduced, as was soft <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, setting the stage for the popular dish called <a href="/wiki/Poke_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poke (Hawaii)">poke.</a> From Korea, immigrants to Hawaii brought a love of spicy garlic marinades for meat and <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a>. From China, their version of <a href="/wiki/Char_siu_baau" class="mw-redirect" title="Char siu baau">char siu baau</a> became modern <a href="/wiki/Manapua" title="Manapua">manapua</a>, a type of steamed pork bun with a spicy filling.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Filipinos brought vinegar, <a href="/wiki/Bagoong" title="Bagoong">bagoong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lumpia" title="Lumpia">lumpia</a>, and during the 20th century immigrants from <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> brought the open pit fire <a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">umu</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> and the Vietnamese introduced <a href="/wiki/Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">lemongrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a>. Each East Asian culture brought several different kinds of noodles, including <a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">udon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mei_fun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mei fun">mei fun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pho" title="Pho">pho</a>, and today these are common lunchtime meals.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Much of this cuisine mixes and melts into traditions like the <a href="/wiki/Luau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luau">lu'au</a>, whose traditional elaborate fare was once the prerogative of kings and queens but is today the subject of parties for both tourists and also private parties for the ‘ohana (meaning family and close friends.) Traditionally, women and men ate separately under the Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">kapu</a> system, a system of religious beliefs that honored the Hawaiian gods similar to the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Maori</a> tapu system, though in this case had some specific prohibitions towards females eating things like coconut, pork, turtle meat, and bananas as these were considered parts of the male gods. Punishment for violation could be severe, as a woman might endanger a man's mana, or soul, by eating with him or otherwise by eating the forbidden food because doing so dishonored the male gods. As the system broke down after 1810, introductions of foods from laborers on plantations began to be included at feasts and much cross pollination occurred, where Asian foodstuffs mixed with Polynesian foodstuffs like <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">kukui nuts</a>, and purple <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>. Some notable Hawaiian fare includes seared ahi tuna, opakapaka (snapper) with passionfruit, Hawaiian island-raised lamb, beef and meat products, Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">plate lunch</a>, and Molokai shrimp. Seafood traditionally is caught fresh in Hawaiian waters, and particular delicacies are <a href="/wiki/Panulirus_marginatus" title="Panulirus marginatus">ula poni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kona_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kona crab">papaikualoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellana" title="Cellana">‘opihi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_discus" title="Haliotis discus">‘opihi malihini</a>, better known as Hawaiian spiny lobster, Kona crab, Hawaiian limpet, and abalone, the last brought over with Japanese immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Some cuisine also incorporates a broad variety of produce and locally grown agricultural products, including <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, sweet Maui onions, taro, and macadamia nuts. Tropical fruits also play an important role in the cuisine as a flavoring in cocktails and in desserts, including local cultivars of <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweetsop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetsop">sweetsop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papayas</a>, and lilikoi (<a href="/wiki/Passionfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionfruit">passionfruit</a>). <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapples</a> have been an island staple since the 19th century and figure into many marinades and drinks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_dishes_found_on_a_regional_level">Common dishes found on a regional level</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_regional_and_fusion_cuisines" title="List of American regional and fusion cuisines">List of American regional and fusion cuisines</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BBQ_Food.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicken, pork and corn cooking in a barbecue smoker"><img alt="Chicken, pork and corn cooking in a barbecue smoker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BBQ_Food.jpg/200px-BBQ_Food.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BBQ_Food.jpg/300px-BBQ_Food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BBQ_Food.jpg/400px-BBQ_Food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chicken, pork and corn cooking in a <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoker</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York-Style_Pizza.png" class="mw-file-description" title="New York–style pizza served at a pizzeria in New York"><img alt="New York–style pizza served at a pizzeria in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_York-Style_Pizza.png/200px-New_York-Style_Pizza.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_York-Style_Pizza.png/300px-New_York-Style_Pizza.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_York-Style_Pizza.png/400px-New_York-Style_Pizza.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="397" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93style_pizza" title="New York–style pizza">New York–style pizza</a> served at a pizzeria in New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Giordanos_stuffed_pizza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicago-style deep-dish pizza from the original Giordano's location"><img alt="Chicago-style deep-dish pizza from the original Giordano's location" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Giordanos_stuffed_pizza.jpg/200px-Giordanos_stuffed_pizza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Giordanos_stuffed_pizza.jpg/300px-Giordanos_stuffed_pizza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Giordanos_stuffed_pizza.jpg/400px-Giordanos_stuffed_pizza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chicago-style_pizza" title="Chicago-style pizza">Chicago-style deep-dish pizza</a> from the original <a href="/wiki/Giordano%27s" title="Giordano's">Giordano's</a> location</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiz_wit%27_Pat.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="A Philly cheesesteak from Pat's King of Steaks in Philadelphia"><img alt="A Philly cheesesteak from Pat's King of Steaks in Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Whiz_wit%27_Pat.gif/155px-Whiz_wit%27_Pat.gif" decoding="async" width="155" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Whiz_wit%27_Pat.gif/233px-Whiz_wit%27_Pat.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Whiz_wit%27_Pat.gif/311px-Whiz_wit%27_Pat.gif 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Philly_cheesesteak" class="mw-redirect" title="Philly cheesesteak">Philly cheesesteak</a> from Pat's King of Steaks in Philadelphia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Keylimepiecut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Key lime pie is from Key West, Florida."><img alt="Key lime pie is from Key West, Florida." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Keylimepiecut.jpg/200px-Keylimepiecut.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Keylimepiecut.jpg/300px-Keylimepiecut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Keylimepiecut.jpg/400px-Keylimepiecut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Key lime pie is from <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribs_in_a_barbecue_%22pit%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memphis-style barbecue"><img alt="Memphis-style barbecue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ribs_in_a_barbecue_%22pit%22.jpg/200px-Ribs_in_a_barbecue_%22pit%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ribs_in_a_barbecue_%22pit%22.jpg/300px-Ribs_in_a_barbecue_%22pit%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ribs_in_a_barbecue_%22pit%22.jpg/400px-Ribs_in_a_barbecue_%22pit%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Memphis-style_barbecue" title="Memphis-style barbecue">Memphis-style barbecue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chez_Panisse_pizza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="California-style pizza"><img alt="California-style pizza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chez_Panisse_pizza.jpg/200px-Chez_Panisse_pizza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chez_Panisse_pizza.jpg/300px-Chez_Panisse_pizza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chez_Panisse_pizza.jpg/400px-Chez_Panisse_pizza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/California-style_pizza" title="California-style pizza">California-style pizza</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New York–style cheesecake"><img alt="New York–style cheesecake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg/200px-Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg/300px-Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg/400px-Carnegie_Deli_Strawberry_Cheesecake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">New York–style cheesecake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago-style_hot_dog_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicago-style hot dog"><img alt="Chicago-style hot dog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chicago-style_hot_dog_2.jpg/200px-Chicago-style_hot_dog_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chicago-style_hot_dog_2.jpg/300px-Chicago-style_hot_dog_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chicago-style_hot_dog_2.jpg/400px-Chicago-style_hot_dog_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chicago-style hot dog</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bostoncreampie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston cream pie"><img alt="Boston cream pie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bostoncreampie.jpg/200px-Bostoncreampie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bostoncreampie.jpg/300px-Bostoncreampie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bostoncreampie.jpg/400px-Bostoncreampie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="538" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boston cream pie</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese_ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cheese ball"><img alt="Cheese ball" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cheese_ball.jpg/170px-Cheese_ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cheese_ball.jpg/255px-Cheese_ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cheese_ball.jpg/340px-Cheese_ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cheese_ball_(hors_d%27oeuvre)" title="Cheese ball (hors d'oeuvre)">Cheese ball</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity-specific_and_immigrant_influence">Ethnicity-specific and immigrant influence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_cuisine&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2008) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fried_Fish_and_French_Fries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fried_Fish_and_French_Fries.jpg/220px-Fried_Fish_and_French_Fries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fried_Fish_and_French_Fries.jpg/330px-Fried_Fish_and_French_Fries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fried_Fish_and_French_Fries.jpg/440px-Fried_Fish_and_French_Fries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California</figcaption></figure> The influence of ethnicity-specific cuisines like <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a> was present in the United States by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. There are recipes for Chilean meat pies, chicken <a href="/wiki/Chop_suey" title="Chop suey">chop suey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chow_mein" title="Chow mein">chow mein</a>, Mexican pork pastries and Italian meatballs going back to at least the 1930s, but many of the recipes were Anglicized and they appeared relatively infrequently compared to Northern European recipes.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> 19th-century cookbooks bear evidence of diverse influences with some including recipes like Indian pickle, Italian pork and various curries. 19th-century literature shows knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American cuisines</a>, and foreign cookbooks continued to grow more detailed through World War I including recipes like Peruvian chicken, Mexican <a href="/wiki/Enchilada" title="Enchilada">enchiladas</a>, Chilean <a href="/wiki/Corn_pudding" title="Corn pudding">corn pudding</a> and Hindustan chicken curry.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Louise Rice, author of Dainty Dishes from Foreign Lands describes the recipes in her book as "not wholly vegetarian" though noting at the time of publication in 1911 that most of the recipes would likely be new to average American cooks and likely contain higher proportions of vegetables to meat. She includes Italian pasta recipes like macaroni in milk, soups and <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polentas</a> and German recipes like liver <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a> called <a href="/wiki/Leberkn%C3%B6del" title="Leberknödel">Leberknödel</a> and a variation of <a href="/wiki/Sauerbraten" title="Sauerbraten">Sauerbraten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The demand for ethnic foods in the United States reflects the nation's changing diversity as well as its development over time. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Restaurant_Association" title="National Restaurant Association">National Restaurant Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <blockquote> Restaurant industry sales are expected to reach a record high of $476 billion in 2005, an increase of 4.9 percent over 2004... Driven by consumer demand, the ethnic food market reached record sales in 2002, and has emerged as the fastest growing category in the food and beverage product sector, according to USBX Advisory Services. Minorities in the U.S. spend a combined $142 billion on food and by 2010, America's ethnic population is expected to grow by 40 percent. </blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koreantacos1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Koreantacos1.jpg/250px-Koreantacos1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Koreantacos1.jpg/375px-Koreantacos1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Koreantacos1.jpg/500px-Koreantacos1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Korean_tacos" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean tacos">Korean tacos</a> from the "Seoul on Wheels" truck in San Francisco</figcaption></figure> A movement began during the 1980s among popular leading chefs to reclaim America's ethnic foods within its regional traditions, where these trends originated. One of the earliest was <a href="/wiki/Paul_Prudhomme" title="Paul Prudhomme">Paul Prudhomme</a>, who in 1984 began the introduction of his influential cookbook, Paul Prodhomme's Louisiana Kitchen, by describing the over 200-year history of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Creole</a> and Cajun cooking; he aims to "preserve and expand the Louisiana tradition."<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Prodhomme's success quickly inspired other chefs. Norman Van Aken embraced a Floridian type cuisine fused with many ethnic and globalized elements in his Feast of Sunlight cookbook in 1988. California became swept up in the movement, then seemingly started to lead the trend itself, in, for example, the popular restaurant <a href="/wiki/Chez_Panisse" title="Chez Panisse">Chez Panisse</a> in Berkeley. Examples of the Chez Panisse phenomenon, chefs who embraced a new globalized cuisine, were celebrity chefs like Jeremiah Tower and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Puck" title="Wolfgang Puck">Wolfgang Puck</a>, both former colleagues at the restaurant. Puck went on to describe his belief in contemporary, new style American cuisine in the introduction to The Wolfgang Puck Cookbook: <blockquote> Another major breakthrough, whose originators were once thought to be crazy, is the mixing of ethnic cuisines. It is not at all uncommon to find raw fish listed next to tortillas on the same menu. Ethnic crossovers also occur when distinct elements meet in a single recipe. This country is, after all, a huge melting pot. Why should its cooking not illustrate the American transformation of diversity into unity?<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> </blockquote> Puck's former colleague, Jeremiah Tower became synonymous with <a href="/wiki/California_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="California Cuisine">California Cuisine</a> and the overall American <a href="/wiki/Culinary_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary revolution">culinary revolution</a>. Meanwhile, the restaurant that inspired both Puck and Tower became a distinguished establishment, popularizing its so called "mantra" in its book by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bertolli" title="Paul Bertolli">Paul Bertolli</a> and owner <a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a>, Chez Panisse Cooking, in 1988. Published well after the restaurants' founding in 1971, this new cookbook from the restaurant seemed to perfect the idea and philosophy that had developed over the years. The book embraced America's natural bounty, specifically that of California, while containing recipes that reflected Bertoli and Waters' appreciation of both northern Italian and French style foods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_ethnic_influences">Early ethnic influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CornmealProducts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CornmealProducts.jpg/220px-CornmealProducts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CornmealProducts.jpg/330px-CornmealProducts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CornmealProducts.jpg/440px-CornmealProducts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican food">Mexican food</a> tailored for the mainstream American market usually is different from <a href="/wiki/Mexican_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican food">Mexican food</a> typically served in Mexico.</figcaption></figure> While the earliest cuisine of the United States was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native Americans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">thirteen colonies</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">antebellum South</a>, the overall culture of the nation, its <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a> and the growing <a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">culinary arts</a> became ever more influenced by its changing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> mix and <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrant</a> patterns from the 18th and 19th centuries unto the present. Some of the ethnic groups that continued to influence the cuisine were here in prior years; others arrived more numerously during "The Great <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic Migration">Transatlantic Migration</a>" (of 1870–1914) or other <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migrations</a>. Some of the ethnic influences could be found across the nation after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_continental_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States continental expansion">continental expansion</a> for most of the 19th century. Ethnic influences already in the nation at that time would include the following groups and their respective cuisines: <ul><li>Select nationalities of Europe and the respective developments from <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">early modern European cuisine</a> of the colonial age: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="British-Americans">British-Americans</a> and on-going developments in <a href="/wiki/New_England_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England cuisine">New England cuisine</a>, the national traditions founded in the cuisine of the original thirteen colonies, The Cuisine of the Southern United States, and many aspects of other regional cuisine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American">Spanish Americans</a> and early modern <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish cuisine</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Basque-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque-American">Basque-Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque cuisine</a>.</li> <li>Early <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine">Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French Americans</a> and their <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> regional identities such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole cuisine</a>. Louisiana Creole (also called French Créole) refers to native-born people of the New Orleans area who are descended from the Colonial French and Spanish settlers of Colonial French Louisiana, before it became part of the United States in 1803 with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The various ethnicities originating from the early <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American cuisine</a>, and North American cuisine: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American cuisine</a>; as well as related regional cuisines: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a> (regional Texas and Mexican fusion)</li> <li>Some aspects of "<a href="/wiki/Southwestern_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern cuisine">Southwestern cuisine</a>".</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, and now ethnically tied to the <a href="/wiki/Pueblos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblos">Pueblos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispanos of New Mexico</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_ethnic_and_immigrant_influence">Later ethnic and immigrant influence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortune_cookie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fortune_cookie.jpg/220px-Fortune_cookie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fortune_cookie.jpg/330px-Fortune_cookie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fortune_cookie.jpg/440px-Fortune_cookie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Fortune cookies were invented in the United States and are of Japanese origin but are popular in American Chinese cuisine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oyster_pail_takeout_box_(2558467231).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oyster_pail_takeout_box_%282558467231%29.jpg/220px-Oyster_pail_takeout_box_%282558467231%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oyster_pail_takeout_box_%282558467231%29.jpg/330px-Oyster_pail_takeout_box_%282558467231%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Oyster_pail_takeout_box_%282558467231%29.jpg/440px-Oyster_pail_takeout_box_%282558467231%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Chinese takeout</figcaption></figure> Mass migrations of immigrants to the United States came over time. Historians identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 to 1860, in which some five million <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a>, and others from <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">northwestern Europe</a> came to the United States; one from 1865 to 1890, in which some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled; and a third from 1890 to 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a> (many <a href="/wiki/Austrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian people">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian people">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian people">Romanian</a>) settled in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Together with earlier arrivals to the United States (including the indigenous Native Americans, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> who came to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>; and early colonial migrants from Europe), these new waves of immigrants had a profound impact on national or regional cuisine. Some of these more prominent groups include the following: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab American">Arab Americans</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese American">Lebanese Americans</a> (the largest ethnic Arab group in the United States)—<a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican American">Dominican Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean cuisine</a> in Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Denver, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino-American_cuisine" title="Filipino-American cuisine">Filipino-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, although descended from Germans, arrived earlier than the bulk of German migrants and have distinct culinary traditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek American">Greek Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian American">Haitian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian American">Hungarian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>, with influences on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian cuisine">Hawaiian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish cuisine</a>, with particular influence on <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City#NYC_Eastern_European_Jewish_Cuisine" title="Cuisine of New York City">New York City cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian American">Lithuanian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan American">Nicaraguan American</a>—<a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani American">Pakistani Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">Polish Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish cuisine</a>, with particular impact on <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian American">Polynesian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian cuisine">Hawaiian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese American">Portuguese Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian American">Romanian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian American">Russian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian cuisine</a>, with particular impact on <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran American">Salvadoran Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish American">Scottish Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai American">Thai Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish American">Turkish Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indian American">West Indian Americans</a>—<a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidad and Tobago cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahamian_cuisine" title="Bahamian cuisine">Bahamian cuisine</a></li></ul></div> <blockquote>Italian, Mexican and Chinese (Cantonese) cuisines have indeed joined the mainstream. These three cuisines have become so ingrained in the American culture that they are no longer foreign to the American palate. According to the study, more than nine out of 10 consumers are familiar with and have tried these foods, and about half report eating them frequently. The research also indicates that Italian, Mexican and Chinese (Cantonese) have become so adapted to such an extent that "authenticity" is no longer a concern to customers.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> </blockquote> Contributions from these ethnic foods have become as common as traditional "American" fares such as hot dogs, hamburgers, beef <a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">steak</a>, which are derived from <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Chicken-fried_steak" title="Chicken-fried steak">chicken-fried steak</a>, for example, is a variation on German <a href="/wiki/Schnitzel" title="Schnitzel">schnitzel</a>), cherry pie, <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshakes</a>, fried chicken (Fried chicken is of <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> influence), <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr_Pepper" title="Dr Pepper">Dr Pepper</a> and so on. Nowadays, Americans also have a ubiquitous consumption of foods like <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">tacos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burrito" title="Burrito">burritos</a> to "<a href="/wiki/General_Tso%27s_chicken" title="General Tso's chicken">General Tso's chicken</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">fortune cookies</a>. Fascination with these and other ethnic foods may also vary with region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_popular_foods">Other popular foods</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fast_food">Fast food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fast_food#United_States" title="Fast food">Fast food § United States</a></div> The United States has a large fast food industry. Major American fast food chains include <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendy%27s" title="Wendy's">Wendy's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s" title="Domino's">Domino's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut" title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popeyes" title="Popeyes">Popeyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taco_Bell" title="Taco Bell">Taco Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arby%27s" title="Arby's">Arby's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Castle_(restaurant)" title="White Castle (restaurant)">White Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/In-N-Out_Burger" title="In-N-Out Burger">In-N-Out Burger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Drive-In" title="Sonic Drive-In">Sonic Drive-In</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chick-fil-A" title="Chick-fil-A">Chick-fil-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church%27s_Chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Church's Chicken">Church's Chicken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raising_Cane%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising Cane's">Raising Cane's</a>, among numerous other multinational, national, regional, and local chains. Traditional American fast food items are hamburgers, french fries, breaded chicken, and pizza, though several chains also offer items from different cuisines modified for American palates, such as tacos, pasta, and stir-fry. Many American fast food chains have expanded abroad to other countries, typically offering standard American fare alongside items adapted to appeal to regional tastes within their markets.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desserts_2">Desserts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana_pudding,_homemade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Banana_pudding%2C_homemade.jpg/220px-Banana_pudding%2C_homemade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Banana_pudding%2C_homemade.jpg/330px-Banana_pudding%2C_homemade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Banana_pudding%2C_homemade.jpg/440px-Banana_pudding%2C_homemade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banana_pudding" title="Banana pudding">Banana pudding</a></figcaption></figure> A classic American dessert is <a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">apple pie</a>. Some other famous American desserts are <a href="/wiki/Banana_split" title="Banana split">banana split</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_cream_pie" title="Boston cream pie">Boston cream pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_lime_pie" title="Key lime pie">key lime pie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bananas_foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas foster">bananas foster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Other famous American desserts are <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate chip cookies">chocolate chip cookies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">pecan pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot_cake" title="Carrot cake">carrot cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana_pudding" title="Banana pudding">banana pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%27more" title="S'more">S'more</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white_cookie" title="Black and white cookie">black and white cookies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">pumpkin pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_cake" title="Coconut cake">coconut cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funnel_cake" title="Funnel cake">funnel cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">brownies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">red velvet cake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influential_figures_and_American_cuisine_on_television">Influential figures and American cuisine on television</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chefs" title="List of chefs">List of chefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Culinary_Institute_of_America_alumni" title="List of Culinary Institute of America alumni">List of Culinary Institute of America alumni</a></div> American <a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">chefs</a> have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. Some important 19th-century American chefs include <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ranhofer" title="Charles Ranhofer">Charles Ranhofer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delmonico%27s_Restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmonico's Restaurant">Delmonico's Restaurant</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, and Bob Payton, who is credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Later, chefs Charles Scotto, Louis Pacquet, John Massironi were founded the American Culinary Federation in 1930, taking after similar organizations across Europe. In the 1940s, Chef James Beard hosted the first nationally televised cooking show I Love to Eat. His name is also carried by the foundation and prestigious cooking award recognizing excellence in the American cooking community.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Since Beard, many chefs and cooking personalities have taken to television, and the success of the <a href="/wiki/Cooking_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking Channel">Cooking Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a> have contributed to the popularity of American cuisine. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angel and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FTfbs-235">[235]</a> The American Culinary community has grown due to both restaurants and media, through the work of many talented chefs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influential_figures">Influential figures</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chef_Thomas_Keller_(4202807186).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chef_Thomas_Keller_%284202807186%29.jpg/220px-Chef_Thomas_Keller_%284202807186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chef_Thomas_Keller_%284202807186%29.jpg/330px-Chef_Thomas_Keller_%284202807186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chef_Thomas_Keller_%284202807186%29.jpg/440px-Chef_Thomas_Keller_%284202807186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keller" title="Thomas Keller">Thomas Keller</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_French_Laundry" title="The French Laundry">The French Laundry</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culinary_Institute_of_America_(276631101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Culinary_Institute_of_America_%28276631101%29.jpg/220px-Culinary_Institute_of_America_%28276631101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Culinary_Institute_of_America_%28276631101%29.jpg/330px-Culinary_Institute_of_America_%28276631101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Culinary_Institute_of_America_%28276631101%29.jpg/440px-Culinary_Institute_of_America_%28276631101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Culinary Institute of America</figcaption></figure> Notable American restaurant chefs include <a href="/wiki/Samin_Nosrat" title="Samin Nosrat">Samin Nosrat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salt,_Fat,_Acid,_Heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat">Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keller" title="Thomas Keller">Thomas Keller</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_French_Laundry" title="The French Laundry">The French Laundry</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Trotter" title="Charlie Trotter">Charlie Trotter</a> (Trotter's), <a href="/wiki/Grant_Achatz" title="Grant Achatz">Grant Achatz</a> (Alinea), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Portale" title="Alfred Portale">Alfred Portale</a> (Portale), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Prudhomme" title="Paul Prudhomme">Paul Prudhomme</a> (K-Paul's), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bertolli" title="Paul Bertolli">Paul Bertolli</a> (Oliveto), <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Waxman" title="Jonathan Waxman">Jonathan Waxman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barbuto_(restaurant)" title="Barbuto (restaurant)">Barbuto</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Peel_(chef)" title="Mark Peel (chef)">Mark Peel</a> (Campanile), <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stitt" title="Frank Stitt">Frank Stitt</a> (Bottega), <a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a> (Chez Panisse), <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Puck" title="Wolfgang Puck">Wolfgang Puck</a> (Spago), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Connell_(chef)" title="Patrick O'Connell (chef)">Patrick O'Connell</a> (The Inn), Eric Ripert (Le Bernardin), <a href="/wiki/Todd_English" title="Todd English">Todd English</a> (Olives) and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain" title="Anthony Bourdain">Anthony Bourdain</a> (Les Halles). Many of these chefs have received much critical acclaim, as Keller, Achatz, Ripert and O'Connell have all received three <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin stars</a>, the highest distinction which a restaurant can be given. Keller was given this award for <a href="/wiki/The_French_Laundry" title="The French Laundry">The French Laundry</a>, Achatz for <a href="/wiki/Alinea_(restaurant)" title="Alinea (restaurant)">Alinea</a>, Ripert for <a href="/wiki/Le_Bernardin" title="Le Bernardin">Le Bernardin</a> and O'Connell for <a href="/wiki/The_Inn_at_Little_Washington" title="The Inn at Little Washington">The Inn at Little Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Celebrity chefs have also helped to expand the culinary arts into popular culture, with chefs such as <a href="/wiki/David_Chang" title="David Chang">David Chang</a> (Chef's Table), <a href="/wiki/Alton_Brown" title="Alton Brown">Alton Brown</a> (Iron Chef America), <a href="/wiki/Emeril_Lagasse" title="Emeril Lagasse">Emeril Lagasse</a> (Emeril Live), <a href="/wiki/Cat_Cora" title="Cat Cora">Cat Cora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Chef_America" title="Iron Chef America">Iron Chef America</a>), Erik Davidson (Phat Erik's), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Symon" title="Michael Symon">Michael Symon</a> (The Chew), <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Flay" title="Bobby Flay">Bobby Flay</a> (Beat Bobby Flay), <a href="/wiki/Ina_Garten" title="Ina Garten">Ina Garten</a> (Barefoot Contessa) and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fieri" title="Guy Fieri">Guy Fieri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diners,_Drive-ins_and_Dives" class="mw-redirect" title="Diners, Drive-ins and Dives">Diners, Drive-ins and Dives</a>).<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Many of these celebrity chefs, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Chang" title="David Chang">David Chang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emeril_Lagasse" title="Emeril Lagasse">Emeril Lagasse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Flay" title="Bobby Flay">Bobby Flay</a> began their careers in restaurants before branching out into television. The shows have a wide variety of formats, including cooking competitions, such as Iron Chef, documentaries, such as Anthony Bourdain's <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain:_Parts_Unknown" title="Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown">Parts Unknown</a>, shows that take a look into restaurants, as <a href="/wiki/Chef%27s_Table" title="Chef's Table">Chef's Table</a> does, and shows that teach cooking. The success of food television specifically in the United States has helped American Cuisine grow around the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_cuisine_chefs">Regional cuisine chefs</h3></div> Regional chefs are emerging as localized celebrity chefs with growing broader appeal, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Merriman" title="Peter Merriman">Peter Merriman</a> (Hawaii Regional Cuisine), <a href="/wiki/Roy_Choi" title="Roy Choi">Roy Choi</a> (Korean American Cuisine), <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Traunfeld" title="Jerry Traunfeld">Jerry Traunfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Wong" title="Alan Wong">Alan Wong</a> (Pacific Rim cuisine), <a href="/wiki/Rick_Bayless" title="Rick Bayless">Rick Bayless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Soto-Innes" title="Daniela Soto-Innes">Daniela Soto-Innes</a> (traditional <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a> with modern interpretations), Norman Van Aken (New World Cuisine – fusion Latin, Caribbean, Asian, African and American), and Mark Miller (American Southwest cuisine). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Cuisine of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">American wine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional">Regional</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Cuisine of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Minnesota" title="Cuisine of Minnesota">Cuisine of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">Cuisine of New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">Cuisine of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine of the Southern United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Atlanta" title="Cuisine of Atlanta">Cuisine of Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Houston" title="Cuisine of Houston">Cuisine of Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kentucky" title="Cuisine of Kentucky">Cuisine of Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tex-Mex cuisine">Tex-Mex cuisine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic">Ethnic</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican cuisine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_on_the_Hog:_How_African_American_Cuisine_Transformed_America" title="High on the Hog: How African American Cuisine Transformed America">High on the Hog: How African American Cuisine Transformed America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Cuisine of Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_desserts" title="List of American desserts">List of American desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_breads" title="List of American breads">List of American breads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_in_American_cuisine" title="Bread in American cuisine">Bread in American cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_foods" title="List of American foods">List of American foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_regional_and_fusion_cuisines" title="List of American regional and fusion cuisines">List of American regional and fusion cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_breakfast_foods" title="List of American breakfast foods">List of American breakfast foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_cuisine" title="Tlingit cuisine">Tlingit cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guam#Cuisine" title="Culture of Guam">Culture of Guam § Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_tea_culture" title="American tea culture">American tea culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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NYMag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211002448/http://nymag.com/listings/bar/mcsorleys/">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2015. 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Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Food+Timeline&rft.atitle=The+Food+Timeline%3A+school+lunch+history&rft.aulast=Olver&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodtimeline.org%2Ffoodschools.html%23princeton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskin2014" class="citation news cs1">Moskin, Julia (May 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/dining/everything-new-is-old-again.html?_r=0">"Everything New Is Old Again : The New Golden Age of Jewish-American Deli Food"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408072352/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/dining/everything-new-is-old-again.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Everything+New+Is+Old+Again+%3A+The+New+Golden+Age+of+Jewish-American+Deli+Food&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft.aulast=Moskin&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F28%2Fdining%2Feverything-new-is-old-again.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf">"Global Power City Index 2009"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved June 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Power+City+Index+2009&rft.pub=The+Mori+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mori-m-foundation.or.jp%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fproject%2F6%2Fpdf%2FGPCI2009_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607141909/http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners/">"The World's 50 Best Restaurants"</a>. The World's 50 Best Restaurants. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners/">the original</a> on June 7, 2013. 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Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Was+He+the+Eggman%3F&rft.date=2007-04-08&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F08%2Fnyregion%2Fthecity%2F08eggs.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Waldorf_-_Astoria_Hotel-121"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Waldorf_-_Astoria_Hotel_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historichotels.org/hotels-resorts/the-waldorf-astoria-hotel/history.php">"The Waldorf – Astoria Hotel"</a>. 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Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sips+From+a+Cider+Spree+in+New+York+State&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2Ftravel%2Fsips-from-a-cider-spree-in-new-york-state.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philly.thedrinknation.com/articles/read/9052-Spirits-Review-Dads-Hat-Rye">"Spirits Review: Dad's Hat Rye"</a>. 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HISTORY.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116105257/http://www.history.com/topics/u-s-immigration-before-1965">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Immigration+Before+1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fu-s-immigration-before-1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228150927/http://www.tenement.org/encyclopedia/lower_orchard.htm">"Lower East Side Tenement Museum"</a>. Tenement.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenement.org/encyclopedia/lower_orchard.htm">the original</a> on February 28, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+East+Side+Tenement+Museum&rft.pub=Tenement.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tenement.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Flower_orchard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyhistory.org/blog/index.php/2008/03/the-jewish-quarter-of-philadelphia/">"The Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia"</a>. PhillyHistory Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106031012/http://www.phillyhistory.org/blog/index.php/2008/03/the-jewish-quarter-of-philadelphia/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhillyHistory+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Quarter+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyhistory.org%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2F2008%2F03%2Fthe-jewish-quarter-of-philadelphia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106035726/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/4624796/dutch-apple-pie">"Dutch Apple Pie"</a>. Myfoxny.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfoxny.com/story/4624796/dutch-apple-pie">the original</a> on January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Apple+Pie&rft.pub=Myfoxny.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfoxny.com%2Fstory%2F4624796%2Fdutch-apple-pie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culinarylore.com/food-history:where-does-coleslaw-come-from">"Where Does Coleslaw Come From and What is the Origin of the Term? - CulinaryLore.com"</a>. Culinarylore.com. May 20, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104104933/http://www.culinarylore.com/food-history:where-does-coleslaw-come-from">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Does+Coleslaw+Come+From+and+What+is+the+Origin+of+the+Term%3F+-+CulinaryLore.com&rft.pub=Culinarylore.com&rft.date=2012-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culinarylore.com%2Ffood-history%3Awhere-does-coleslaw-come-from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> See entries for <a href="/wiki/Oliebol" title="Oliebol">oliebol</a> and oliekoek in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_Gomes_CassidyJoan_Houston_Hall1985" class="citation book cs1">Frederic Gomes Cassidy; Joan Houston Hall (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01arie">Dictionary of American Regional English: I-O</a>. Harvard UP. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer01arie/page/874">874</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20519-2"><bdi>978-0-674-20519-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Regional+English%3A+I-O&rft.pages=874&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-20519-2&rft.au=Frederic+Gomes+Cassidy&rft.au=Joan+Houston+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofamer01arie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oysterguide.com/maps/">"Map of Oyster Regions of North America – The Oyster Guide"</a>. Oysterguide.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111161745/http://www.oysterguide.com/maps/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+Oyster+Regions+of+North+America+%E2%80%93+The+Oyster+Guide&rft.pub=Oysterguide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oysterguide.com%2Fmaps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grownyc.org/greenmarket/farmers">"Our Farmers and Producers – GrowNYC"</a>. Grownyc.org. August 14, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117052313/http://www.grownyc.org/greenmarket/farmers">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Farmers+and+Producers+%E2%80%93+GrowNYC&rft.pub=Grownyc.org&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grownyc.org%2Fgreenmarket%2Ffarmers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327022217/http://gothamist.com/2012/12/18/chestnuts_roasting_on_an_open_stree.php">"Some Street Cart Vendors Still Delivering On Seasonal Tradition Of Roasting Chestnuts"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gothamcenter.org/1/post/2016/07/cant-they-be-separated-italian-immigrants-and-irish-workers-in-gilded-age-new-york.html">the original</a> on September 26, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+GOTHAM+CENTER+FOR+NEW+YORK+CITY+HISTORY&rft.atitle=%22Can%27t+They+Be+Separated%3F%22+Italian+Immigrants+and+Irish+Workers+in+Gilded+Age+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gothamcenter.org%2F1%2Fpost%2F2016%2F07%2Fcant-they-be-separated-italian-immigrants-and-irish-workers-in-gilded-age-new-york.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/resources/titles/80140100204190/extras/9780801448041_intro.pdf">"The Irish Waterfront"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/resources/titles/80140100204190/extras/9780801448041_intro.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Waterfront&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fresources%2Ftitles%2F80140100204190%2Fextras%2F9780801448041_intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1851" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Hugh (January 1, 1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2Y_AQAAMAAJ&q=hang+apple+from+ceiling+scotland&pg=PA69">Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland</a>. 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Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813327396" title="Special:BookSources/9780813327396"><bdi>9780813327396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Foreign+Food%3A+The+American+Diet+in+Time+and+Place&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780813327396&rft.aulast=Pillsbury&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoforeignfoodame00pill_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterfield,_James_D.1993" class="citation book cs1">Porterfield, James D. (1993). Dining by Rail: The History and Recipes of America's Golden Age of Railroad Cuisine. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18711-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18711-4"><bdi>0-312-18711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dining+by+Rail%3A+The+History+and+Recipes+of+America%27s+Golden+Age+of+Railroad+Cuisine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-312-18711-4&rft.au=Porterfield%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProdhomme1984" class="citation book cs1">Prodhomme, Paul (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chefpaulprudhomm00prud_2">Paul Prodhomme's Louisiana Kitchen</a>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-02847-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-02847-0"><bdi>0-688-02847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Prodhomme%27s+Louisiana+Kitchen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-688-02847-0&rft.aulast=Prodhomme&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchefpaulprudhomm00prud_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuck1986" class="citation book cs1">Puck, Wolfgang (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolfgangpuckcook00puck">The Wolfgang Puck Cookbook</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394533667" title="Special:BookSources/9780394533667"><bdi>9780394533667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wolfgang+Puck+Cookbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780394533667&rft.aulast=Puck&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwolfgangpuckcook00puck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRootDe_Rochemont1981" class="citation book cs1">Root, Waverly; De Rochemont, Richard (1981). Eating in America: a History. New Jersey: The Ecco Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912946887" title="Special:BookSources/9780912946887"><bdi>9780912946887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+in+America%3A+a+History&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=The+Ecco+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780912946887&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Waverly&rft.au=De+Rochemont%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew F. (2004). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Drink+in+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTower2004" class="citation book cs1">Tower, Jeremiah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiadishwh00towe">California Dish, What I Saw (and cooked) at the American Culinary Revolution</a>. New York: Free Press/Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743228442" title="Special:BookSources/9780743228442"><bdi>9780743228442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Dish%2C+What+I+Saw+%28and+cooked%29+at+the+American+Culinary+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press%2FSimon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780743228442&rft.aulast=Tower&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliforniadishwh00towe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTower1986" class="citation book cs1">Tower, Jeremiah (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeremiahtowersne00towe">New American Classics</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061818783" title="Special:BookSources/9780061818783"><bdi>9780061818783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+American+Classics&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780061818783&rft.aulast=Tower&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeremiahtowersne00towe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Aken1988" class="citation book cs1">Van Aken, Norman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/normanvanakensfe00vana">Feast of Sunlight</a>. New York: Ballantine/Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-34582-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-34582-7"><bdi>0-345-34582-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feast+of+Sunlight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine%2FRandom+House&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-345-34582-7&rft.aulast=Van+Aken&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnormanvanakensfe00vana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Veit, Helen Zoe. Modern Food, Moral Food: Self-Control, Science, and the Rise of Modern American Eating in the Early Twentieth Century (2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2019" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Paul (2019). American Cuisine: And How It Got This Way. <a href="/wiki/Liveright" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright">Liveright</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631494628" title="Special:BookSources/9781631494628"><bdi>9781631494628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cuisine%3A+And+How+It+Got+This+Way&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781631494628&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine of the United States</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/American_cuisine#Q40578" class="extiw" title="voy:American cuisine">American cuisine</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisine_of_the_United_States245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisine_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Cuisine of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisine_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Cuisine of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisine_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisine of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisine_of_the_United_States245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_dishes_of_the_United_States" title="List of regional dishes of the United States">List of regional dishes of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_beverages_of_the_United_States" title="List of regional beverages of the United States">List of regional beverages of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mid-Atlantic_states" title="Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Jersey" title="Cuisine of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Allentown,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_cuisine" title="Appalachian cuisine">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kentucky" title="Cuisine of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li>Louisiana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Orleans" title="Cuisine of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_Texas" title="Barbecue in Texas">Barbecue in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chicago#Food_and_drink" title="Culture of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City-style_barbecue" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City-style barbecue">Kansas City-style barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_North_Dakota" title="Cuisine of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Michigan" title="Cuisine of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Minnesota" title="Cuisine of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ohio" title="Cuisine of Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_chili" title="Cincinnati chili">Cincinnati chili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Omaha" title="Cuisine of Omaha">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_St._Louis" title="Cuisine of St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Wisconsin" title="Cuisine of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">California cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cambodian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cambodian cuisine">American Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino-American_cuisine" title="Filipino-American cuisine">Filipino-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas#Native_American_cuisine_of_North_America" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican (Neomexicano and Pueblo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_cuisine" title="Tlingit cuisine">Tlingit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_foods" title="List of American foods">American foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_breads" title="List of American breads">American breads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_cheeses" title="List of American cheeses">American cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_desserts" title="List of American desserts">American desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_regional_and_fusion_cuisines" title="List of American regional and fusion cuisines">American regional and fusion cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_sandwiches" title="List of American sandwiches">American sandwiches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_breakfast_foods" title="List of American breakfast foods">American breakfast foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="List of foods of the Southern United States">Foods of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_foods_and_dishes" title="List of soul foods and dishes">Soul foods and dishes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Christmas food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_tea" title="Sweet tea">Sweet tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">Root beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cream" title="Egg cream">Egg cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple_(drink)" title="Shirley Temple (drink)">Shirley Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_soda" title="Italian soda">Italian soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_tea_culture" title="American tea culture">American tea culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_cuisine" title="Category:American cuisine">Category: American cuisine</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_American_cuisine352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_cuisine" title="Template:North American cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_cuisine" title="Template talk:North American cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_American_cuisine352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North American cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_cuisine" title="Antigua and Barbuda cuisine">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_cuisine" title="Bahamian cuisine">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_cuisine" title="Costa Rican cuisine">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Grenada#Cuisine" title="Culture of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis cuisine">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cuisine (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aruban_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aruban cuisine (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_cuisine" title="Bermudian cuisine">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonairean_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonairean cuisine (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Island_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="British Virgin Island cuisine">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#Cuisine" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadeloupean cuisine">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinican_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinican cuisine (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Montserrat" title="Cuisine of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemoise_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Barthélemoise cuisine">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Martiner_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Martiner cuisine (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon cuisine (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saban_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saban cuisine (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Eustatius_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Eustatius cuisine (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Maartener_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Maartener cuisine (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Island_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Virgin Island cuisine">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_cuisine" title="Category:North American cuisine">Category: North American cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_cheeses57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_cheeses" title="Template:American cheeses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_cheeses" title="Template talk:American cheeses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_cheeses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American cheeses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_cheeses57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_cheeses" title="List of American cheeses">American cheeses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_(North_America)#Variants" title="Swiss cheese (North America)">Baby Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergenost" title="Bergenost">Bergenost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_cheese" title="Brick cheese">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_curd" title="Cheese curd">Cheese curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby_cheese" title="Colby cheese">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby-Jack" title="Colby-Jack">Colby-Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_cheese" title="Cream cheese">Cream cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_cream_cheese" title="Creole cream cheese">Creole cream cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Isigny" title="D'Isigny">D'Isigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer_cheese" title="Farmer cheese">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_cheese" title="Hoop cheese">Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Fog" title="Humboldt Fog">Humboldt Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunik_cheese" title="Kunik cheese">Kunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liederkranz_cheese" title="Liederkranz cheese">Liederkranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maytag_Blue_cheese" title="Maytag Blue cheese">Maytag Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jack" title="Monterey Jack">Monterey Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muenster_cheese" title="Muenster cheese">Muenster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinconning_cheese" title="Pinconning cheese">Pinconning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hawk_cheese" title="Red Hawk cheese">Red Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_cheese" title="String cheese">String</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_cheese" title="Wisconsin cheese">Wisconsin cheese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles608" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles608" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_cuisine" title="Emilian cuisine">Emilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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