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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metatropic_dysplasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metatropic_dysplasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Metatropic dysplasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metatropic_dysplasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Accommodation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dwarf_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dwarf_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Dwarf sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwarf_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_media_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_media_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Art and media depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_media_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarfism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwergisme" title="Dwergisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dwergisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="قزامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قزامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanismu" title="Nanismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nanismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1rtdan_boy" title="Cırtdan boy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cırtdan boy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="گۆده لیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گۆده لیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বামনত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বামনত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Хипофизарен нанизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипофизарен нанизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuljastost" title="Patuljastost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patuljastost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanisme" title="Nanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanismus" title="Nanismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nanismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corachedd" title="Corachedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corachedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C3%A6rg_(menneske)" title="Dværg (menneske) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dværg (menneske)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinwuchs" title="Kleinwuchs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kleinwuchs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%91" title="Нирё – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нирё" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enanismo" title="Enanismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naneco" title="Naneco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naneco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanismo" title="Nanismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nanismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کوتاه‌قامتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوتاه‌قامتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanisme" title="Nanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanisim" title="Nanisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nanisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhcacht" title="Abhcacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhcacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%9C%EC%86%8C%EC%A6%9D" title="왜소증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왜소증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wada" title="Wada – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="बौनापन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बौनापन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Dwarfism" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerdil" title="Kerdil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerdil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanismo" title="Nanismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nanismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גמדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גמדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಕುಬ್ಜತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಬ್ಜತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нанизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нанизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejnbihost%C3%AE" title="Bejnbihostî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bejnbihostî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanizmas" title="Nanizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nanizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rpe_termet" title="Törpe termet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törpe termet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഹൃസ്വകായത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൃസ്വകായത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="बुटकेपणा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुटकेपणा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="قزامه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قزامه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%BE%D9%91%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="تپّوزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تپّوزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekerdilan" title="Kekerdilan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kekerdilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwerggroei" title="Dwerggroei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dwerggroei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small size of an organism, caused by growth deficiency or genetic mutations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical condition. For the legendary creature, see <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (folklore)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dwarf (disambiguation)">Dwarf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Dwarfism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethan_Crough,_male_dwarf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ethan_Crough%2C_male_dwarf.jpg/250px-Ethan_Crough%2C_male_dwarf.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ethan_Crough%2C_male_dwarf.jpg/375px-Ethan_Crough%2C_male_dwarf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ethan_Crough%2C_male_dwarf.jpg/500px-Ethan_Crough%2C_male_dwarf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A man in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana" title="Columbus, Indiana">Columbus, Indiana</a>, with dwarfism caused by <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">achondroplasia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">medical genetics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Hyposecretion of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Growth hormone deficiency">growth hormone deficiency</a>), <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disorders">genetic disorders</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Dwarfism</b> is a condition of people and animals marked by unusually small size or short stature.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, it is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 147 centimetres (4 ft 10 in), regardless of sex; the average adult height among people with dwarfism is 120 centimetres (4 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-NLM2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLM2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo-symptoms_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-symptoms-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Disproportionate dwarfism</i> is characterized by either <a href="/wiki/Rhizomelia" title="Rhizomelia">short limbs</a> or a short torso. In cases of <i>proportionate dwarfism</i>, both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is usually normal, and most people with it have a nearly normal life expectancy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pau2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pau2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with dwarfism can usually bear children, although there are additional <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnancy risks">risks to the mother and child</a> depending upon the underlying condition. </p><p>The most common and recognizable form of dwarfism in humans (comprising 70% of cases) is <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">achondroplasia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorder</a> whereby the limbs are diminutive.<sup id="cite_ref-Çevik-2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çevik-2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Growth hormone deficiency">Growth hormone deficiency</a> is responsible for most other cases.<sup id="cite_ref-urlDwarfism_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlDwarfism-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many other less common causes. Treatment of the condition depends on the underlying cause. Those with genetic disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasia" title="Osteochondrodysplasia">osteochondrodysplasia</a> can sometimes be treated with surgery or physical therapy. <a href="/wiki/Hormone_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone disorders">Hormone disorders</a> can also be treated with <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_therapy" title="Growth hormone therapy">growth hormone therapy</a> before the child's <a href="/wiki/Growth_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth plate">growth plates</a> fuse. Individual accommodations such as specialized furniture, are often used by people with dwarfism.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14671400_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14671400-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Support_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Support groups">support groups</a> provide services to aid individuals and the <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> they may face.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-treatment_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-treatment-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the medical aspect of the condition there are social aspects. For a person with dwarfism, <a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">height discrimination</a> can lead to ridicule in childhood and discrimination in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-UPenn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPenn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceBlog_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceBlog-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, United States, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and other English-speaking countries, labels that some people with dwarfism accept include <i>dwarf</i> (plural: <i>dwarfs</i>), <i>little person</i> (LP), or <i>person of short stature</i> (see <a href="#Terminology">terminology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-LPA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Midget" title="Midget">midget</a></i> was used to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); however, some now consider this term offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dackelpferd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dackelpferd.jpg/290px-Dackelpferd.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dackelpferd.jpg/435px-Dackelpferd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Dackelpferd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Dwarfism occurs in animals as well as humans; horses can have <a href="/wiki/Achondroplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Achondroplastic">achondroplastic</a> symptoms, as shown here next to a person with dwarfism. All small dog breeds exhibit dwarfism (the standard size of dogs, without interference from humans, is the same as that of the wolves).</figcaption></figure> <p>A defining characteristic of dwarfism is an adult height less than 2.3% of the CDC standard <a href="/wiki/Growth_chart" title="Growth chart">growth charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a wide range of physical characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified by diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not be any complications outside adapting to their size. <a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a> is a common replacement of the term 'dwarfism', especially in a medical context. Short stature is clinically defined as a height within the lowest 2.3% of those in the general population. However, those with mild <a href="/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasia" title="Osteochondrodysplasia">skeletal dysplasias</a> may not be affected by dwarfism. In some cases of untreated <a href="/wiki/Hypochondroplasia" title="Hypochondroplasia">hypochondroplasia</a>, males grow up to 165 cm (5 feet 5 inches). Though that is short in a relative context, it does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts. </p><p>Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by shortened limbs or a shortened torso. In <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">achondroplasia</a> one has an average-sized trunk with short limbs and a larger forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-dwarfism-pbshome_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarfism-pbshome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facial features are often affected and individual body parts may have problems associated with them. <a href="/wiki/Spinal_stenosis" title="Spinal stenosis">Spinal stenosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ear_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear infection">ear infection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a> are common. In case of spinal <a href="/wiki/Dysostosis" title="Dysostosis">dysostosis</a>, one has a small trunk, with average-sized limbs. Proportionate dwarfism is marked by a short torso with short limbs,<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-symptoms_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-symptoms-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus leading to a height that is significantly below average. There may be long periods without any significant growth. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual development">Sexual development</a> is often delayed or impaired into adulthood. This dwarfism type is caused by an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disorder">endocrine disorder</a> and not a skeletal dysplasia. </p><p>Physical effects of malformed bones vary according to the specific disease. Many involve joint pain caused by abnormal bone alignment, or from <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> compression.<sup id="cite_ref-LPA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early degenerative joint disease, exaggerated <a href="/wiki/Lordosis" title="Lordosis">lordosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a>, and constriction of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> or nerve roots can cause pain and disability.<sup id="cite_ref-seattle-dysplasia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattle-dysplasia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduced <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thoracic</a> size can restrict lung growth and reduce pulmonary function. Some forms of dwarfism are associated with disordered function of other organs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, sometimes severely enough to be more of an impairment than the unusual bone growth.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-complications_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-complications-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid5946547_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5946547-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental effects also vary according to the specific underlying syndrome. In most cases of skeletal dysplasia, such as achondroplasia, mental function is not impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-symptoms_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-symptoms-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are syndromes which can affect the cranial structure and growth of the brain, severely impairing mental capacity. Unless the brain is directly affected by the underlying disorder, there is little to no chance of mental impairment that can be attributed to dwarfism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psycho-social limitations of society may be more disabling than the physical symptoms, especially in childhood and adolescence, but people with dwarfism vary greatly in the degree to which social participation and emotional health are affected. </p> <ul><li>Social prejudice against extreme shortness may reduce social and marital opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-{{ISBN|0-8018-8121-8}}_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-{{ISBN|0-8018-8121-8}}-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12884421_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12884421-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Numerous studies have demonstrated reduced employment opportunities. Severe shortness is associated with lower income.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12884421_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12884421-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a> may decline and family relationships may be affected.</li> <li>Extreme shortness (in the 60–90 cm or 2–3 feet range) can, if not accommodated for, interfere with <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activities of daily living</a>, like driving or using countertops built for taller people. Other common attributes of dwarfism such as bowed knees and unusually short fingers can lead to back problems and difficulty in walking and handling objects.</li> <li>Children with dwarfism are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule from classmates. Because dwarfism is relatively uncommon, children may feel isolated from their peers.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-complications_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-complications-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg/170px-Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg/255px-Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg/340px-Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seneb" title="Seneb">Seneb</a>, court official and priest for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> rulers <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a>, with his wife Senetites and their children<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Growth hormone deficiency">growth hormone deficiency</a>, once called <i>pituitary dwarfism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LPA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dwarfism-pbshome_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarfism-pbshome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achondroplasia is responsible for the majority of human dwarfism cases, followed by <a href="/wiki/Spondyloepiphyseal_dysplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia">spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diastrophic_dysplasia" title="Diastrophic dysplasia">diastrophic dysplasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlDwarfism_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlDwarfism-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achondroplasia">Achondroplasia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">Achondroplasia</a></div> <p>The most recognizable and most common form of dwarfism in humans is achondroplasia, which accounts for 70% of dwarfism cases, and occurs in 4 to 15 out of 100,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-Çevik-2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çevik-2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It produces <a href="/wiki/Rhizomelia" title="Rhizomelia">rhizomelic</a> short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's limbs are proportionately shorter than the trunk (abdominal area), with a larger head than average and characteristic facial features. Achondroplasia is an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> disorder caused by the presence of an altered <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> in the genome. If a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal, usually perinatally. Achondroplasia is a mutation in the <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_3" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3">fibroblast growth factor receptor 3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of achondroplasia, this mutation causes FGFR3 to become constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_hormone_deficiency">Growth hormone deficiency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Growth hormone deficiency">Growth hormone deficiency</a></div> <p>Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition in which the body produces insufficient <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>. Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is a <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> which stimulates <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">growth</a> and cell reproduction. If this hormone is lacking, stunted or even halted growth may become apparent. Children with this disorder may grow slowly and puberty may be delayed by several years or indefinitely. Growth hormone deficiency has no single definite cause. It can be caused by mutations of specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland, <a href="/wiki/Turner%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner's syndrome">Turner's syndrome</a>, poor nutrition,<sup id="cite_ref-ghdeficiency_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghdeficiency-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even stress (leading to <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_dwarfism" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic dwarfism">psychogenic dwarfism</a>). <a href="/wiki/Laron_syndrome" title="Laron syndrome">Laron syndrome</a> (growth hormone insensitivity) is another cause. Those with growth hormone issues tend to be proportionate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metatropic_dysplasia">Metatropic dysplasia</h3></div> <p>Metatropic means "changing form" and refers to this form of skeletal dysplasia as there is an abnormality in the growth plates.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeletal changes continue over time and may need surgical intervention to help protect the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_Rared_Dseases_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH_Rared_Dseases-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms starting at birth may be mild or can be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlineplus.gov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlineplus.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are recognizable features in individuals with this genetic disorder. Some are short stature, narrow chest, "facial features such as a prominent forehead, underdevelopment of the upper jaw, cheekbones and eye sockets (midface hypoplasia), and a squared-off jaw."<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_Rared_Dseases_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH_Rared_Dseases-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered a more severe skeletal dysplasia, but is very rare, with the exact number of those affected unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlineplus.gov_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlineplus.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prognosis is largely on a case-by-case basis depending on the severity, and life expectancy may not be impacted unless there are respiratory complications.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <p>Other causes of dwarfism are <a href="/wiki/Spondyloepiphyseal_dysplasia_congenita" title="Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita">spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diastrophic_dysplasia" title="Diastrophic dysplasia">diastrophic dysplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoachondroplasia" title="Pseudoachondroplasia">pseudoachondroplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypochondroplasia" title="Hypochondroplasia">hypochondroplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primordial_dwarfism" title="Primordial dwarfism">primordial dwarfism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome" title="Cockayne syndrome">Cockayne syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kniest_dysplasia" title="Kniest dysplasia">Kniest dysplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta" title="Osteogenesis imperfecta">osteogenesis imperfecta</a> (OI), and <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>. Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also occurs in several of the <a href="/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis" title="Mucopolysaccharidosis">mucopolysaccharidoses</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Lysosomal_storage_disease" title="Lysosomal storage disease">storage disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadotropic_hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism">Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism</a> may cause proportionate, yet temporary, dwarfism. <a href="/wiki/NPR2" title="NPR2">NPR2</a> disproportionate dwarfism was discovered recently and is caused by a mutant gene.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <p>Dwarfism is often diagnosed in childhood on the basis of visible symptoms. A physical examination can usually suffice to diagnose certain types of dwarfism, but <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> and diagnostic imaging may be used to determine the exact condition.<sup id="cite_ref-WrongDiagnosis.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrongDiagnosis.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a person's youth, growth charts that track height can be used to diagnose subtle forms of dwarfism that have no other striking physical characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-urlDwarfism_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlDwarfism-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short stature or stunted growth during youth is usually what brings the condition to medical attention. Skeletal <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">dysplasia</a> is usually suspected because of obvious physical features (e.g., unusual configuration of face or shape of skull), because of an obviously affected parent, or because body measurements (arm span, upper to lower segment ratio) indicate disproportion.<sup id="cite_ref-WrongDiagnosis.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrongDiagnosis.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bone X-rays are often key to diagnosing a specific skeletal dysplasia, but are not the sole diagnostic tool. Most children with suspected skeletal dysplasias are referred to a genetics clinic for diagnostic confirmation and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">genetic counseling</a>. Since about the year 2000, genetic tests for some of the specific disorders have become available.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-diagnosis_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-diagnosis-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During an initial medical evaluation of shortness, the absence of disproportion and other clues listed above usually indicates causes other than bone dysplasias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavinia_Warren_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lavinia_Warren_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-Lavinia_Warren_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lavinia_Warren_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-Lavinia_Warren_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lavinia_Warren_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-Lavinia_Warren_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Warren" title="Lavinia Warren">Lavinia Warren</a>, an actress with <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_dwarfism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary dwarfism">pituitary dwarfism</a> (growth hormone deficiency)</figcaption></figure> <p>In men and women, the sole requirement for being considered a dwarf is having an adult height under 147 cm (4 ft 10 in) and it is almost always sub-classified with respect to the underlying condition that is the cause of the short stature. Dwarfism is usually caused by a genetic variant; achondroplasia is caused by a mutation on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_4" title="Chromosome 4">chromosome 4</a>. If dwarfism is caused by a medical disorder, the person is referred to by the underlying diagnosed disorder. Disorders causing dwarfism are often classified by proportionality. Disproportionate dwarfism describes disorders that cause unusual proportions of the body parts, while proportionate dwarfism results in a generally uniform stunting of the body. </p><p>Disorders that cause dwarfism may be classified according to one of hundreds of names, which are usually permutations of the following roots: </p> <ul><li>location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizomelia" title="Rhizomelia">rhizomelic</a> = root, i.e., bones of the upper arm or thigh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesomelia" title="Mesomelia">mesomelic</a> = middle, i.e., bones of the forearm or lower leg</li> <li>acromelic = end, i.e., bones of hands and feet.</li> <li>micromelic = entire limbs are shortened</li></ul></li> <li>source <ul><li>chondro = of cartilage</li> <li>osteo = of bone</li> <li>spondylo = of the vertebrae</li> <li>plasia = form</li> <li>trophy = growth</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Examples include achondroplasia and <a href="/wiki/Chondrodystrophy" title="Chondrodystrophy">chondrodystrophy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <p>Many types of dwarfism are currently impossible to prevent because they are genetically caused. Genetic conditions that cause dwarfism may be identified with <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a>, by screening for the specific variations that result in the condition. However, due to the number of causes of dwarfism, it may be impossible to determine definitively if a child will be born with dwarfism. Dwarfism resulting from malnutrition or a hormonal abnormality may be treated with an appropriate diet or hormonal therapy. Growth hormone deficiency may be remedied via <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_therapy" title="Growth hormone therapy">injections of human growth hormone (HGH)</a> during early life.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <p>Genetic mutations of most forms of dwarfism caused by bone dysplasia cannot be altered yet, so therapeutic interventions are typically aimed at preventing or reducing pain or physical disability, increasing adult height, or mitigating psychosocial stresses and enhancing social adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-treatment_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-treatment-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms of dwarfism associated with the endocrine system may be treated using <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal therapy">hormonal therapy</a>. If the cause is prepubescent hyposecretion of growth hormone, supplemental growth hormone may correct the abnormality. If the receptor for growth hormone is itself affected, the condition may prove harder to treat. <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism</a> is another possible cause of dwarfism that can be treated through hormonal therapy. Injections of thyroid hormone can mitigate the effects of the condition, but lack of proportion may be permanent. </p><p>Pain and disability may be ameliorated by physical therapy, braces or other orthotic devices, or by surgical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo-treatment_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-treatment-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only simple interventions that increase perceived adult height are dress enhancements, such as shoe lifts or hairstyle. Growth hormone is rarely used for shortness caused by bone dysplasias, since the height benefit is typically small (less than 5 cm [2 in]) and the cost high.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14671400_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14671400-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most effective means of increasing adult height by several inches is <a href="/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis" title="Distraction osteogenesis">distraction osteogenesis</a>, though availability is limited and the cost is high in terms of money, discomfort, and disruption of life. Most people with dwarfism do not choose this option, and it remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-LPA_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For other types of dwarfism, surgical treatment is not possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png/220px-Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png/330px-Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png/440px-Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Comparative illustration from Talbot's 1889 medical treatise named <i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">Degeneracy</a>: its causes, signs and results</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_Dwarves_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Two_V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_Dwarves_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Two_V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_Dwarves_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Two_V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_Dwarves_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Two_V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_Dwarves_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Two_V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_Dwarves_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-Two_V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_Dwarves_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarfs</a> as depicted in a 19th-century edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> poem <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i> (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The appropriate term for describing a person of particularly short stature (or with the genetic condition <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">achondroplasia</a>) has developed euphemistically. </p><p>The noun <i>dwarf</i> stems from <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">dweorg</i>, originally referring to a being from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(Germanic_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (Germanic mythology)">dwarf</a>—that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the word <i>dwarf</i> is contested, and scholars have proposed varying theories about the origins of the being, including that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits or as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Competing etymologies include a basis in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Indo-European</a> root <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">dheur-</i></span> (meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">damage</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), the Indo-European root <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">dhreugh</i></span> (whence modern Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">droom</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">dream</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">bedrog</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">deception</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), and comparisons have been made with the Old Indian <i>dhvaras</i> (a type of demonic being). The being may not have gained associations with small stature until a later period.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK67-68_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK67-68-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms "little person", "LP" and "person of short stature" are the preferred terms of many of those with this disorder, and while some are uncomfortable with "dwarf" it remains a common term in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dwarfism-pbshome_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarfism-pbshome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the plural "dwarfs" as opposed to "dwarves" is generally preferred in the medical context, possibly because the plural "dwarves" was popularized by author <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, describing a race of characters in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> books resembling <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)#Eddic_sources" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Norse dwarfs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Midget" title="Midget">Midget</a>", whose etymology indicates a "tiny biting insect",<sup id="cite_ref-midget-def_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midget-def-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came into prominence in the mid-19th century after <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> used it in her novels <i>Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oldtown_Folks" title="Oldtown Folks">Oldtown Folks</a></i> where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-dwarfism-pbshome_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarfism-pbshome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later some people of short stature considered the word to be offensive because it was the descriptive term applied to <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a>'s dwarfs used for public amusement during the <a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">freak show</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-LPA_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adelson2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelson2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also not considered accurate as it is not a medical term or diagnosis, though it is sometimes used as a slang term to describe those who are particularly short, whether or not they have dwarfism.<sup id="cite_ref-midget-med_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-midget-med-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation">Participation</h3></div> <p>Individuals with dwarfism are capable of actively participating in various aspects of society. They have access to education and sports, and can pursue careers, engaging in a wide range of professions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptance">Acceptance</h3></div> <p>Individuals with dwarfism often face prejudice and stereotypes. Research by Klein (2019) has demonstrated that awareness of the stigmatization of this group can promote full participation in society.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research by Green and Pinter (2018) in the field of humor and social psychology can provide insights to reduce stereotypes and promote a more objective perception.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accommodation">Accommodation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedal_extenders_for_short_statured_individuals_(skeletal_dysplasia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pedal_extenders_for_short_statured_individuals_%28skeletal_dysplasia%29.jpg/220px-Pedal_extenders_for_short_statured_individuals_%28skeletal_dysplasia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pedal_extenders_for_short_statured_individuals_%28skeletal_dysplasia%29.jpg/330px-Pedal_extenders_for_short_statured_individuals_%28skeletal_dysplasia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pedal_extenders_for_short_statured_individuals_%28skeletal_dysplasia%29.jpg/440px-Pedal_extenders_for_short_statured_individuals_%28skeletal_dysplasia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>Pedal extenders for short statured individuals (skeletal dysplasia)</figcaption></figure> <p>In daily life, little people face numerous obstacles because the environment is tailored to average-sized individuals. Some little people can only use ATMs, kitchens, toilets, and sinks with aids. Low stools and step stools play a special role, as they can be used in various ways to bridge the height difference. Stools are also useful as footrests while sitting, as the legs of short people dangle in the air when sitting on an average chair, which can be painful and uncomfortable in the long run and may hinder fine motor skills during work.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To be mobile, some individuals use customized scooters or bicycles, as it can be problematic, depending on the type of short stature, to walk longer distances. With specially adapted vehicles, most individuals of short stature can drive without further hindrances. Generally, pedal extensions and an individually adjusted seat at the correct height are required.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some little people are tall enough to drive without pedal extensions. Usually, patients with skeletal dysplasia with limited mobility can receive allowances or grants for vehicle assistance through <a href="/wiki/Government_Aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Aid">governmental help</a> or rehabilitation providers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwarf_sports">Dwarf sports</h3></div> <p>Dwarfs have support and compete in sport by a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfism_organizations" title="List of dwarfism organizations">organizations</a> nationally and internationally. They are included in some events in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Athletics at the Summer Paralympics">athletics at the Summer Paralympics</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Athletic_Association_of_America" title="Dwarf Athletic Association of America">Dwarf Athletic Association of America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Sports_Association_UK" title="Dwarf Sports Association UK">Dwarf Sports Association UK</a> provide opportunities for dwarfs to compete nationally and internationally in the Americas and Europe, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/World_Dwarf_Games" title="World Dwarf Games">World Dwarf Games</a> (WDG) are a multi-sport event for athletes of short stature. The WDG have been held every four years since 1993 and are the world's largest sporting event exclusively for athletes with dwarfism. The Dwarf Sports Association UK organizes between 5 and 20 events per month for athletes with restricted growth conditions in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, swimming and bicycling are often recommended for people with skeletal dysplasias, since those activities put minimal pressure on the spine.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its early days, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> has had the involvement of dwarf athletes. "<a href="/wiki/Midget_wrestling" title="Midget wrestling">Midget wrestling</a>" had its heyday in the 1950s–'70s, when wrestlers such as <a href="/wiki/Little_Beaver_(wrestler)" title="Little Beaver (wrestler)">Little Beaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Littlebrook" title="Lord Littlebrook">Lord Littlebrook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_Cupid" title="Fuzzy Cupid">Fuzzy Cupid</a> toured North America, and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Low_Low" title="Sky Low Low">Sky Low Low</a> was the first holder of the <a href="/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance" title="National Wrestling Alliance">National Wrestling Alliance</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NWA_World_Midget%27s_Championship" title="NWA World Midget's Championship">World Midget Championship</a>. In the next couple of decades, more wrestlers became prominent in North America including foreign wrestlers like <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Little_Tokyo_(wrestler)" title="Little Tokyo (wrestler)">Little Tokyo</a>. Although the term is seen by some as pejorative, many past and current midget wrestlers including <a href="/wiki/Hornswoggle" title="Hornswoggle">Hornswoggle</a> said they take pride in the term due to its history in the industry and its marketability.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_media_depictions">Art and media depictions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dwarfism" title="Cultural depictions of dwarfism">Cultural depictions of dwarfism</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_dwarfism" title="List of people with dwarfism">List of people with dwarfism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dwarfs_and_pygmies_in_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt">Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_statuette_of_a_woman_with_dwarfism-IMG_4539-white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ivory_statuette_of_a_woman_with_dwarfism-IMG_4539-white.jpg/170px-Ivory_statuette_of_a_woman_with_dwarfism-IMG_4539-white.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ivory_statuette_of_a_woman_with_dwarfism-IMG_4539-white.jpg/255px-Ivory_statuette_of_a_woman_with_dwarfism-IMG_4539-white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ivory_statuette_of_a_woman_with_dwarfism-IMG_4539-white.jpg/340px-Ivory_statuette_of_a_woman_with_dwarfism-IMG_4539-white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>Ivory statuette of a woman with dwarfism, <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Gerzeh culture</a> (Naqada II), in the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a> era</figcaption></figure> <p>In art, literature, and movies, dwarfs are rarely depicted as ordinary people who are very short but rather as a species apart. <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">Novelists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">moviemakers</a> may attach special moral or aesthetic significance to their "apartness" or misshapenness. </p><p>Artistic representations of dwarfism are found on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> vases and other ancient artifacts, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> art in which dwarfs are likely to have been seen as a divine manifestation, with records indicating that they were able to reach high positions in society at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-nunn_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nunn-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavat_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavat Purana">Bhagavat Purana</a></i> devotes nine chapters to the adventures of <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a>, a dwarf avatar of Lord Vishnu. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_%E2%80%93_El_buf%C3%B3n_el_Primo_(Museo_del_Prado,_1644).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_%E2%80%93_El_buf%C3%B3n_el_Primo_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1644%29.jpg/170px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_%E2%80%93_El_buf%C3%B3n_el_Primo_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1644%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_%E2%80%93_El_buf%C3%B3n_el_Primo_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1644%29.jpg/255px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_%E2%80%93_El_buf%C3%B3n_el_Primo_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1644%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_%E2%80%93_El_buf%C3%B3n_el_Primo_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1644%29.jpg/340px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_%E2%80%93_El_buf%C3%B3n_el_Primo_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1644%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Morra" title="Portrait of Sebastián de Morra">The Dwarf Don Sebastián de Morra</a></i>, c. 1644 by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Velázquez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Depictions of dwarfism are also found in European paintings and many illustrations. Many European paintings (especially <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>) of the 16th–19th centuries depict dwarfs by themselves or with others. In the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, it is said that the second born son of the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was a dwarf.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent scholarship has suggested that ancient Egyptians held dwarfs in high esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-dwarfism-egypt_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarfism-egypt-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several important mythological figures of the North American <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> nation are portrayed as dwarfs.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As popular media has become more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs have increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and TV series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)" title="Willow (1988 film)">Willow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Wild_West" title="The Wild Wild West">The Wild Wild West</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(film)" title="The Man with the Golden Gun (film)">The Man with the Golden Gun</a></i> (and later parodied in<i> <a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Powers (film series)">Austin Powers</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Santa" title="Bad Santa">Bad Santa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Son_of_the_Circus" title="A Son of the Circus">A Son of the Circus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_People,_Big_World" title="Little People, Big World">Little People, Big World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Couple" title="The Little Couple">The Little Couple</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> (and its TV adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orator_(film)" title="The Orator (film)">The Orator</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_Bruges" title="In Bruges">In Bruges</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum" title="The Tin Drum">The Tin Drum</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>, the short-lived reality show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Littlest_Groom" title="The Littlest Groom">The Littlest Groom</a></i>, and the films <i><a href="/wiki/The_Station_Agent" title="The Station Agent">The Station Agent</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zero_(2018_film)" title="Zero (2018 film)">Zero</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet" title="Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Pit_Boss_(TV_series)" title="Pit Boss (TV series)">Pit Boss</a></i> features dwarf actor <a href="/wiki/Shorty_Rossi" title="Shorty Rossi">Shorty Rossi</a> and his talent agency, "Shortywood Productions", which Rossi uses to provide funding for his pit bull rescue operation, "Shorty's Rescue". Rossi's three full-time employees, featured in the series, are little people and aspiring actors. In September 2014, Creative Business House along with Donnons Leur Une Chance, created the <a href="/wiki/International_Dwarf_Fashion_Show" title="International Dwarf Fashion Show">International Dwarf Fashion Show</a> to raise awareness and boost self-confidence of people living with dwarfism.<sup id="cite_ref-GLAM_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLAM-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of reality television series on <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime (TV network)">Lifetime</a>, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Women:_LA" title="Little Women: LA">Little Women: LA</a></i> in 2014, focused on showing the lives of women living with dwarfism in various cities around the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfs_and_pygmies_in_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt">Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf-tossing" title="Dwarf-tossing">Dwarf-tossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis%E2%80%93Van_Creveld_syndrome" title="Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome">Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantism" title="Gigantism">Gigantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">Human height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_dwarfism" class="mw-redirect" title="Island dwarfism">Island dwarfism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabaianinha" title="Itabaianinha">Itabaianinha</a>, a city in Brazil historically noted for its dwarf population</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Little_People" title="Kingdom of the Little People">Kingdom of the Little People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laron_syndrome" title="Laron syndrome">Laron syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_dwarfism" title="List of people with dwarfism">List of people with dwarfism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfism_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dwarfism organisations">List of dwarfism organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_verified_shortest_people" title="List of the verified shortest people">List of the verified shortest people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget" title="Midget">Midget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulibrey_nanism" title="Mulibrey nanism">Mulibrey nanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_dwarfism" title="Phyletic dwarfism">Phyletic dwarfism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">Pygmy peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_hamster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dwarf hamster (disambiguation)">Dwarf hamster (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_rabbit" title="Dwarf rabbit">Dwarf rabbit</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Dwarfs+in+ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=140A&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2005-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A797288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16380966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31068&rft.aulast=Kozma&rft.aufirst=Chahira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F112222883%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarfism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trigger, Bruce G., <i>The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660</i> McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0627-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0627-6">0-7735-0627-6</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gulliver's Travels: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts</i>, Palgrave Macmillan 1995 (p. 21). The quote has been misattributed to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, who wrote to Swift in praise of the book just a day earlier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLAM-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GLAM_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark" class="citation news cs1">Stark, Stephanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126052848/http://www.glammonitor.com/2015/dwarf-fashion-show-debut-2580/">"The Dwarf Fashion Show Debuts in New York City"</a>. Glammonitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glammonitor.com/2015/dwarf-fashion-show-debut-2580/">the original</a> on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Dwarf+Fashion+Show+Debuts+in+New+York+City&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glammonitor.com%2F2015%2Fdwarf-fashion-show-debut-2580%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarfism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dwarfism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dwarfism"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Dwarfism</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dwarf" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dwarf">dwarf</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.littlepeopleoftheworld.org/">Little People of the World Organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510232841/https://www.littlepeopleoftheworld.org/">Archived</a> 2021-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Hub for all International Organizations; services/advocacy/know your rights/support]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpaonline.org/">Little People of America</a> (Includes a list of International support groups)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlepeopleofcanada.com/">Little People of Canada</a> (Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://littlepeopleuk.org/">Little People UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsauk.org/">Dwarf Sports Association UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgauk.org/">Restricted Growth Association UK</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194101" class="extiw" title="d:Q194101">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E23.0">E23.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E34.2">E34.2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E45.0">E45.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q77.4">Q77.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=253.3">253.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=259.4">259.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004392">D004392</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb80.htm">80</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001176.htm">001176</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4170007-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dwarfism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040186">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nanisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120390932">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nanisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120390932">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575784">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nanismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1221285&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565470705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarfism&oldid=1274689299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarfism&oldid=1274689299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dwarfism" title="Category:Dwarfism">Dwarfism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Growth_disorders" title="Category:Growth disorders">Growth disorders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_height" 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