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<span>Development of doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prussia_and_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussia_and_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Prussia and German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussia_and_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_doctrine_and_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_doctrine_and_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship between doctrine and strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_doctrine_and_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_doctrine_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_doctrine_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military doctrine by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_doctrine_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military doctrine by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_doctrine_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategic_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Strategic doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Tactical doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Russia and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>Key concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Department_of_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Department_of_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3</span> <span>United States Department of Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Department_of_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3.1</span> <span>United States Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3.2</span> <span>United States Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3.3</span> <span>United States Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Marine_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Marine_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3.4</span> <span>United States Marine Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Marine_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Coast_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Coast_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.3.5</span> <span>United States Coast Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Coast_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SFR_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SFR_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>SFR Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SFR_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_Defense_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_Defense_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.1</span> <span>Territorial Defense Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_Defense_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military doctrine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عقيدة عسكرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقيدة عسكرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռազմական վարդապետութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռազմական վարդապետութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ваенная дактрына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваенная дактрына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Военна доктрина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военна доктрина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вăрçă доктрини – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрçă доктрини" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rdoktrin" title="Militärdoktrin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Militärdoktrin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jaline_doktriin" title="Sõjaline doktriin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjaline doktriin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_militar" title="Doctrina militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doctrina militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="دکترین نظامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دکترین نظامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_militaire" title="Doctrine militaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doctrine militaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC_%EA%B5%90%EB%A6%AC" title="군사 교리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군사 교리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ռազմական դոկտրին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռազմական դոկտրին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="सैनिक सिद्धान्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैनिक सिद्धान्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_doktrina" title="Vojna doktrina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojna doktrina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottrina_militare" title="Dottrina militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dottrina militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דוקטרינה צבאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוקטרינה צבאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სამხედრო დოქტრინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხედრო დოქტრინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Әскери доктрина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әскери доктрина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C4%81r%C4%81_doktr%C4%ABna" title="Militārā doktrīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Militārā doktrīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonai_doktr%C3%ADna" title="Katonai doktrína – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katonai doktrína" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktrin_ketenteraan" title="Doktrin ketenteraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Doktrin ketenteraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E9%97%98%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" title="戦闘教義 – 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">Right of self-defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Military doctrine</b> is the expression of how <a href="/wiki/Military_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Military force">military forces</a> contribute to <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaigns</a>, major <a href="/wiki/Military_operation#Military_operations_2" title="Military operation">operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Engagement_(military)" title="Engagement (military)">engagements</a>. A military <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> outlines what military means should be used, how forces should be structured, where forces should be deployed, and the modes of cooperation between types of forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Joint doctrine" refers to the doctrines shared and aligned by multinational forces or joint service operations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three broad categories of military doctrines: (1) Offensive doctrines aim to <i>punish</i> an adversary, (2) Defensive doctrines aim to <i>deny</i> an adversary, and (3) <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrent</a> doctrines aim to <i>disarm</i> an adversary. Different military doctrines have different implications for world politics. For example, offensive doctrines tend to lead to arms races and conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_doctrine">Defining doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Defining doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s definition of doctrine, used unaltered by many member nations, is:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENSA201383_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSA201383-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fundamental principles by which the military forces guide their actions in support of objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgement in application.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1998 the Canadian Army stated:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Military doctrine is a formal expression of military knowledge and thought, that the army accepts as being relevant at a given time, which covers the nature of conflict, the preparation of the army for conflict, and the method of engaging in conflict to achieve success ... it is descriptive rather than prescriptive, requiring judgement in application. It does not establish dogma or provide a checklist of procedures, but is rather an authoritative guide, describing how the army thinks about fighting, not how to fight. As such it attempts to be definitive enough to guide military activity, yet versatile enough to accommodate a wide variety of situations.</p></blockquote> <p>A U.S. Air Force Air University staff study in 1948 defined military doctrine functionally as "those concepts, principles, policies, tactics, techniques, practices, and procedures which are essential to efficiency in organizing, training, equipping, and employing its tactical and service units".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A U.S. Army essay written in 2016 similarly defined military doctrine as "consist[ing] of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs)".<sup id="cite_ref-spencer16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spencer16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sheffield_(historian)" title="Gary Sheffield (historian)">Gary Sheffield</a> of the Defence Studies Department of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>/<a href="/wiki/JSCSC" class="mw-redirect" title="JSCSC">JSCSC</a> quoted <a href="/wiki/J_F_C_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="J F C Fuller">J F C Fuller</a>'s 1923 definition of doctrine as the "central idea of an army".<sup id="cite_ref-sheffield05_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheffield05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965 the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <i>Dictionary of Basic Military Terms</i> defined military doctrine as "a state's officially accepted system of scientifically founded views on the nature of modern wars and the use of the armed forces in them. ... Military doctrine has two aspects: social-political and military-technical."<sup id="cite_ref-soviet65_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soviet65-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social-political side "encompasses all questions concerning methodology, economic, and social bases, the political goals of war. It is the defining and the more stable side." The other side, the military-technical, must accord with the political goals. It includes the "creation of military structure, technical equipping of the armed forces, their training, definition of forms and means of conducting operations and war as a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-beleyev84_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beleyev84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_doctrine">Development of doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the development of separate doctrinal publications, many nations expressed their military philosophy through regulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Field Service Regulations were issued by the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> in 1909, 1917, 1923, 1930, and 1935. Similar publications under various names were subsequently published. Formal British Military Doctrine was first published in 1988 and in 1996 became British Defence Doctrine applicable throughout the armed forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of military doctrine in France came about in the aftermath of the nation's defeat during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Prussian war">Franco-Prussian war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_guerre" title="École supérieure de guerre">École supérieure de guerre</a>, under the direction of its commandant, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, began developing a consistent doctrine for handling armies, corps, and divisions. Foch's 1906 work, <i>Des principes de la guerre</i> (translated by <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> as <i>The Principles of War</i>) expressed this doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussia_and_German_Empire">Prussia and German Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prussia and German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian doctrine was published as <i>Regulations for the Instruction of the Troops in Field Service and the Exercises of the larger Units of the 17th June, 1870</i>. The doctrine was revised in 1887 and published in English in 1893 as <i>The Order of Field Service of the German Army</i>, by Karl Kaltenborn und Stachau, and once again in 1908 as <i>Felddienst Ordnung</i> ("Field Service Regulations"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soviet doctrine was greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/M._V._Frunze" class="mw-redirect" title="M. V. Frunze">M. V. Frunze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beleyev84_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beleyev84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the period between the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, doctrine was defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> in "<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_Field_Manuals#Field_Service_Regulations" title="List of United States Army Field Manuals">Field Service Regulations</a>". In addition, many officers wrote military manuals that were printed by private publishers, such as Hardee's Tactics, used by both <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> and Union forces. General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> wrote a cavalry manual, <i>Regulations and Instructions for the Field Service of the U.S. Cavalry,</i> in 1862. </p><p>The General Staff became responsible for writing Field Service Regulations. They were published in 1908, were revised in 1913 and again in 1914 based on experiences of European powers in the first months of the war. </p><p>As late as 1941 U.S. Army doctrine was published in <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_Field_Manuals#Field_Service_Regulations" title="List of United States Army Field Manuals">Field Service Regulations – Operations</a></i>. This designation was dropped and replaced by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Manuals" title="United States Army Field Manuals">U.S. Army Field Manuals (FM)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_between_doctrine_and_strategy">Relationship between doctrine and strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship between doctrine and strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Military strategy</a></div> <p>Military doctrine is a key component of grand strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NATO's definition of strategy is "presenting the manner in which military power should be developed and applied to achieve national objectives or those of a group of nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENSA2013136_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSA2013136-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official definition of strategy by the United States Department of Defense is: "Strategy is a prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the instruments of national power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve national or multinational objectives."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military strategy provides the rationale for military operations. Field Marshal Viscount <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Brooke">Alan Brooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> and co-chairman of the Anglo-US <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a> Committee for most of the Second World War, described the art of military strategy as: "to derive from the [policy] aim a series of military objectives to be achieved: to assess these objectives as to the military requirements they create, and the pre-conditions which the achievement of each is likely to necessitate: to measure available and potential resources against the requirements and to chart from this process a coherent pattern of priorities and a rational course of action."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, doctrine seeks to provide a common conceptual framework for a military service: </p> <ul><li>what the service perceives itself to be ("Who are we?")</li> <li>what its mission is ("What do we do?")</li> <li>how the mission is to be carried out ("How do we do that?")</li> <li>how the mission has been carried out in history ("How did we do that in the past?")</li> <li>other questions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the same way, doctrine is neither operations nor tactics. It serves as a conceptual framework uniting all three levels of warfare. </p><p>Doctrine reflects the judgments of professional military officers, and to a lesser but important extent <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian leaders</a>, about what is and is not militarily possible and necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factors to consider include: </p> <ul><li>military technology</li> <li>national geography</li> <li>the capabilities of adversaries</li> <li>the capability of one's own organization<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_doctrine_by_country">Military doctrine by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military doctrine by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Chinese</a> military doctrine is influenced by a number of sources including an indigenous classical military tradition characterized by strategists such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> and modern strategists such as <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, along with Western and Soviet influences. One distinctive characteristic of Chinese military science is that it places emphasis on the relationship between the military and society and views military force as merely one part of an overarching <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>. </p><p>According to French newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, the Chinese nuclear doctrine is to maintain a nuclear force allowing it to deter and respond to a nuclear attack. However, new evolutions show that China could allow use of its nuclear arsenal in more situations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_2">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the French military, as part of its movements to increase professionalism, emphasized officer training at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="École de Guerre">École de Guerre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, as an instructor, argued against the concept of a commander moving units without informing subordinates of his intentions. In doing so, a common doctrine served as a point of training. </p> <blockquote><p>We have then, a doctrine. All the brains have been limbered up and regard all questions from an identical point of view. The fundamental idea of the problem being known, each one will solve the problem in his own fashion, and these thousand fashions, we may very well be sure, will act to direct all their efforts to a common objective.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Prior to WWI, France had an offensive military doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of WWI, France adopted a defensive military doctrine where the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> played a central role in its deterrence of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mission-type_tactics" title="Mission-type tactics">Mission-type tactics</a></div> <p>Prior to WWI, Germany had an offensive military doctrine exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany also devoted considerable resources to building a fleet of battleships, which provoked fears among European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, Germany deployed an operational strategy sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> in its offensives against Poland and France. </p><p>German military doctrine incorporates the concept of <i>Auftragstaktik</i> (Mission-type tactics), which can be seen as a doctrine within which formal rules can be selectively suspended in order to overcome "friction". Carl von Clausewitz stated that "Everything in war is very simple but the simplest thing is difficult". Problems will occur with misplaced communications, troops going to the wrong location, delays caused by weather, etc., and it is the duty of the commander to do his best to overcome them. Auftragstaktik encourages commanders to exhibit initiative, flexibility and improvisation while in command.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current combat doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> is based on the effective combined utilization of holding formations and strike formations. In the case of an attack, the holding formations would contain the enemy and strike formations would counter-attack to neutralize enemy forces. In the case of an Indian attack, the holding formations would pin enemy forces down whilst the strike formations attack at a point of Indian choosing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India's nuclear doctrine follows the policy of credible minimum <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_first_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="No first strike">No first strike</a>, No use of nuclear weapons on Non-nuclear states and Massive nuclear retaliation in case deterrence fails.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India has recently adopted a new war doctrine known as "<a href="/wiki/Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start</a>" and its military has conducted exercises several times since then based on this doctrine. "Cold Start" involves joint operations between India's three services and integrated battle groups for offensive operations. A key component is the preparation of India's forces to be able to quickly mobilize and take offensive actions without crossing the enemy's nuclear-use threshold. A leaked US diplomatic cable disclosed that it was intended to be taken off the shelf and implemented within a 72-hour period during a crisis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces#Doctrine" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces § Doctrine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strategic_doctrine">Strategic doctrine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Strategic doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Israel's military doctrine is formed by its small size and lack of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">strategic depth</a>. To compensate, it relies on <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a>, including through a presumed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">nuclear weapons arsenal</a>. It tries to overcome its quantitative disadvantage by staying qualitatively superior.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its doctrine is based on a strategy of defense but is operationally offensive, by <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive war">pre-empting</a> enemy threats and securing a quick, decisive victory if deterrence fails. Israel maintains a heightened state of readiness, advanced <a href="/wiki/Early_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Early warning">early warning</a> systems, and a robust <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> capability to ensure attackers cannot take advantage of Israel's lack of strategic depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadeh1997_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadeh1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early warning and speedy victory is also desired because the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Reserve_duty_(Israel)" title="Reserve duty (Israel)">reservists</a> during major wars; lengthy mobilization of reservists is costly to the Israeli economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahana2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahana2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli doctrine is constructed with the assumption that Israel would be largely self-sufficient in its war-fighting, without nearby allies to assist.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadeh1997_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadeh1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel's emphasis on operational offense was espoused by its first prime minister, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, as early as 1948 (during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab–Israeli war">1948 Arab–Israeli war</a>): </p> <blockquote><p>If [the Arabs] attack us as they did this time, we shall transfer the war to the gates of their country. ... We do not intend to conduct ... a static defensive war at the venue where we were attacked. If they attack us again, in the future, we want the war to be waged not in our country, but in the enemy's country, and we want to be not on the defensive but on the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Ramatkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramatkal">Chief of the IDF Staff</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, offered a similar explanation for Israel's pre-emptive beginning to the war: </p> <blockquote><p>The basic philosophy of Israel was not to initiate war, unless an <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">act of war</a> was carried out against us. We then lived within the lines prior to the Six-Day War, lines that gave no depth to Israel—and therefore, Israel was in a need, whenever there would be a war, to go immediately on the <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a>—to carry the war to the enemy's land.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactical_doctrine">Tactical doctrine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tactical doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> command has been decentralized since the early days of the state, with junior commanders receiving broad authority within the context of <a href="/wiki/Mission-type_tactics" title="Mission-type tactics">mission-type orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli junior officer training has emphasized the need to make quick decisions in battle to prepare them appropriately for <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russia and the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Military doctrine of Russia</a></div> <p>The Soviet meaning of military doctrine was very different from U.S. military usage of the term. Soviet Minister of Defence Marshal <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a> defined it in 1975 as "a system of views on the nature of war and methods of waging it, and on the preparation of the country and army for war, officially adopted in a given state and its armed forces".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Soviet times, theorists emphasised both the political and "military-technical" sides of military doctrine, while from the Soviet point of view, Westerners ignored the political side. However, the political side of Soviet military doctrine, Western commentators Harriet F Scott and William Scott said, "best explained Soviet moves in the international arena".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet (and contemporary Russian) doctrine emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined-arms</a> warfare as well as <a href="/wiki/Operation_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation (military)">operational</a> warfare. It emphasizes the initiation of military hostilities at a time, date, and location of its choosing on terms of its choosing and the extensive preparation of the battlespace for operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Former Soviet/Russian doctrine sacrifices tactical flexibility and adaptability for strategic and operational flexibility and adaptability; tactical personnel are trained as relatively inflexible executors of specific, detailed orders, while the operational-strategic level of Russian military doctrine is where most innovation takes place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Soviet response to problems of nuclear strategy began with classified publications. However, by 1962, with the publication in the <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Vasily Sokolovsky</a>'s volume, <i>Military Strategy</i>, the Soviets laid out their officially endorsed thoughts on the matter, and their ideas on how to cope with nuclear conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (February 2012)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s and early 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate Party (Sweden)">Moderate Party</a>–led governments transformed the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Swedish Armed Forces</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> posture of defence to one of participation in international operations. The assumption was that Sweden's homeland would face minimal external threats. Supreme Commander <a href="/wiki/Sverker_G%C3%B6ranson" title="Sverker Göranson">Sverker Göranson</a> estimates that as of 2014, Swedish forces could resist a limited enemy attack for only one week.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolander_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolander-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> has stirred debate within Sweden that a return to significant defensive forces and a closer alliance with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> is necessary in the wake of Russia's actions in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolander_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolander-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 7th of March 2024, Sweden has joined NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some 280 years the British Army did not have a formal 'Military Doctrine', although a huge number of publications dealing with tactics, operations and administration had been produced. However, during his tenure as Chief of the General Staff (1985–89) <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall" title="Nigel Bagnall">General Sir Nigel Bagnall</a> directed that British Military Doctrine was to be prepared, and tasked Colonel (later General) <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Granville-Chapman" title="Timothy Granville-Chapman">Timothy Granville-Chapman</a> (an artillery officer who had been his Military Assistant in Headquarters 1st British Corps) to prepare it. The first edition of British Military Doctrine (BMD) was published in 1988. It led to the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force developing their own maritime and air-power doctrines. However, in 1996 the first edition of British Defence Doctrine (BDD) was published, drawing heavily on the BMD. The Army adopted BDD as their Military Doctrine. The fourth edition of BDD was published in 2011; it uses the NATO definition of doctrine. </p><p>NATO underpins the defence of the UK and its Allies, while also providing deployable expeditionary capabilities to support and defend UK interests further afield. However, until recently, most NATO doctrine has been mirrored by equivalent, but different, national Joint Doctrines. This has often caused a dilemma for UK Armed Forces committed to operations as part of a NATO-based coalition. </p><p>In 2012, the Chief of Defence Staff and Permanent Undersecretary for Defence issued direction on how the UK contribution to NATO could be improved, stating that 'We should use NATO doctrine wherever we can, and ensure coherence of UK doctrine with NATO wherever we cannot.' </p><p>The 2014 edition of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/jdp-0-01-fourth-edition-british-defence-doctrine">Joint Doctrine Publication (JDP) 0-01 UK Defence Doctrine</a> reflects this change in policy. </p><p>However, the British Army had formal publications for a long time, and these amounted to its doctrine. <i>Field Service Regulations</i> (FSR), on the Prussian pattern, were published in 1906 and with amendments and replacement editions lasted into the Second World War. They required each arm and service to produce their own specific publications to give effect to FSR. After the Second World War FSR were replaced by various series of manuals, again with specific training pamphlets for each arm and service. These deal with operational and tactical matters. </p><p>The current capstone publication for the army is Army Doctrine Publication <i>Operations</i> alongside maritime and air-power equivalents and joint warfare publications all under the umbrella of BDD. The four layers constituting "land doctrine" are summarised as: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FDB67DF9-5835-47FD-897D-CA82C17EC7A5/0/20111130jdp001_bdd_Ed4.pdf">British Defence Doctrine</a> – provides philosophy</li> <li>Joint (and Allied) Operational Doctrine and Capstone Environmental Doctrine (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/MicroSite/DCDC/OurPublications/JDWP/Jdp01Campaigning.htm">JDP 01 Joint Operations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414103142/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/MicroSite/DCDC/OurPublications/JDWP/Jdp01Campaigning.htm">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/ajp1/AJP-01-D.pdf">AJP-01 Allied Joint Operations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815175004/http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/ajp1/AJP-01-D.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/MicroSite/DCDC/OurPublications/JDWP/ArmyDoctrinePublicationadpOperations.htm">ADP Operations</a> – provides principles</li> <li>Joint Functional and Thematic Doctrine such as JDP 5-00 Campaign Planning and JDP 3-40 Security and Stabalisation provide doctrine on specific areas or themes. JDP 5-00(<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/56AAAE6B-0728-4D10-A6AB-DBBE30B957B8/0/JDP5002ndEdCh1web.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414105400/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/56AAAE6B-0728-4D10-A6AB-DBBE30B957B8/0/JDP5002ndEdCh1web.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) JDP 3-40(<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C403A6C7-E72C-445E-8246-D11002D7A852/0/20091201jdp_40UDCDCIMAPPS.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516150544/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C403A6C7-E72C-445E-8246-D11002D7A852/0/20091201jdp_40UDCDCIMAPPS.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>Army Field Manual (two volumes) – provides practices</li> <li>Land component handbooks and special to arm publications – provide procedures</li></ul> <p>The <i>Army Field Manual</i> comprises Volumes 1 (Combined Arms Operations) in 12 parts led by "Formation Tactics" and "Battlegroup Tactics", and Volume 2 (Operations in Specific Environments) in 6 parts (desert, urban, etc.). </p><p>BDD is divided into two parts: "Defence Context" and "Military Doctrine". Defence Context deals with two matters. First, the relationship between Defence policy and military strategy, and—while highlighting the utility of force – emphasizes the importance of addressing security issues through a comprehensive, rather than an exclusively military, approach. Second it expounds the Nature of and the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of War">Principles of War</a>, the three Levels of Warfare (Strategic, Operational and Tactical) and its evolving character. The ten Principles of War are a refined and extended version of those that appeared in FSR between the two world wars and based on the work of <a href="/wiki/JFC_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="JFC Fuller">JFC Fuller</a>. </p><p>The Military Doctrine states that it comprises national Joint Doctrine, Higher Level Environmental Doctrine, Tactical Doctrine, Allied Doctrine and doctrine adopted or adapted from ad hoc coalition partners. The part deals with three matters. First it describes the likely employment of the British Armed Forces in pursuit of Defence policy aims and objectives. Next it explains the three components of fighting power (conceptual, physical and moral components) and the criticality of the operating context to its effective application. Finally it describes the British approach to the conduct of military operations—"the British way of war". This includes mission command, the manoeuvrist approach and a warfighting ethos that requires accepting risks. </p><p>The BDD is linked to a variety of unclassified policy documents such as Defence White Papers and Strategic Defence Reviews, as well as classified Strategic Planning Guidance. The current, 2011, edition of BDD is underpinned by recent developmental and conceptual publications such as <i>The DCDC Global Strategic Trends Programme 2007–2036</i> and <i>The High Level Operational Conceptual Framework</i>, which comprises specific army, navy and air force publications.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> invests Congress with the powers to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States and to raise and support armies. <a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10 of the United States Code</a> states what Congress expects the Army, in conjunction with the other Services, to accomplish. This includes: Preserve the peace and security and provide for the defense of the United States, its territories and possessions, and any areas it occupies; Support national policies; Implement national objectives; Overcome any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Key_concepts">Key concepts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Key concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most modern US doctrine is based around the concept of <b><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">power projection</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Full spectrum operations">full spectrum operations</a></b>, which combine offensive, defensive, and stability or civil support operations simultaneously as part of an interdependent joint or combined force to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. They employ synchronized action—lethal and nonlethal—proportional to the mission and informed by a thorough understanding of all dimensions of the operational environment. </p><p>Offensive operations defeat and destroy enemy forces, and seize terrain, resources, and population centers. They impose the commander's will on the enemy. Defensive operations defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations. </p><p>Stability operations encompass various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted abroad to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. Civil support operations are support tasks and missions to homeland civil authorities for domestic emergencies, and for designated law enforcement and other activities. This includes operations dealing with the consequences of natural or manmade disasters, accidents, and incidents within the homeland. </p><p>Under President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> it was stated that the US armed forces should be able to fight <a href="/wiki/Two-front_war" title="Two-front war">two</a>—at one point, two-and-a-half—wars at the same time. This was defined to mean a war in Europe against the Soviet Union, a war in Asia against China or North Korea, and a "half-war" as well—in other words, a "small" war in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> took office in 1969, he altered the formula to state that the United States should be able to fight one-and-a-half wars simultaneously. </p><p>This doctrine remained in place until 1989–90, when President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> ordered the "Base Force" study which forecast a substantial cut in the military budget, an end to the Soviet Union's global threat, and the possible beginning of new regional threats. In 1993, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> ordered a "Bottom-Up Review", based on which a strategy called "win-hold-win" was declared—enough forces to win one war while holding off the enemy in another conflict, then moving on to win it after the first war is over. The final draft was changed to read that the United States must be able to win two "major regional conflicts" simultaneously. </p><p>The current strategic doctrine, which Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> issued in his Quadrennial Defense Review of early 2001 (before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>), is a package of U.S. military requirements known as 1-4-2-1. The first 1 refers to defending the US homeland. The 4 refers to deterring hostilities in four key regions of the world. The 2 means the US armed forces must have the strength to win swiftly in two near-simultaneous conflicts in those regions. The final 1 means that the US forces must win one of those conflicts "decisively". </p><p>The general policy objectives are to (1) assure allies and friends; (2) dissuade future military competition, (3) deter threats and coercion against U.S. interests, and (4) if deterrence fails, decisively defeat any adversary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_Department_of_Defense">United States Department of Defense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States Department of Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> publishes Joint Publications which state all-services doctrine. The current basic doctrinal publication is Joint Publication 3-0, "Doctrine for <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">Joint Operations</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, publishes current USAF doctrine. The lead agency for developing Air Force doctrine is the LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education; the Air Staff International Standardization Office works on multinational standardization, such as NATO Standardization Agreements (<a href="/wiki/STANAG" class="mw-redirect" title="STANAG">STANAGs</a>), and agreements between the American, British, Canadian, and Australian Armies and Navies (<a href="/wiki/ABCA_Armies" class="mw-redirect" title="ABCA Armies">ABCA</a>) that affect the Air Force. Currently the basic Air Force doctrinal documents are the 10-series of Air Force publications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States_Army">United States Army</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Training_and_Doctrine_Command" title="United States Army Training and Doctrine Command">United States Army Training and Doctrine Command</a> (TRADOC) is responsible for developing Army doctrine. TRADOC was developed early in the 1970s as a response to the American Army's difficulties in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and is one of the reforms that improved Army professionalism. Currently the capstone Army doctrinal document is Army Doctrine Publication 3-0, Unified Land Operations (published October 2011). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States_Navy">United States Navy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Naval Warfare Development Command (NWDC) Doctrine Department coordinates development, publication, and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> doctrine. Currently the basic unclassified naval doctrinal documents are Naval Doctrine Publications 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. NWDC is also the United States Navy lead for NATO and multinational maritime doctrine and operational standardization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States_Marine_Corps">United States Marine Corps</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States Marine Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC) has responsibility for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> doctrine. The capstone doctrinal document is <i>Warfighting</i> (MCDP1),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with MCDP's 1-1, 1–2, and 1–3 (Strategy, Campaigning, and Tactics, respectively). MCDP 1-0 (Marine Corps Operations) translates the philosophical-based capstone/keystone publications into operational doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States_Coast_Guard">United States Coast Guard</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States Coast Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>, published Coast Guard Publication 1, <i>U.S. Coast Guard: America's Maritime Guardian</i>, which is the source of USCG doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SFR_Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: SFR Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the passing of the National Defense Law of 1969, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> adopted a <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> military doctrine named <i>Total National Defense</i> or <i>Total People's Defense</i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Total_National_Defense"><a href="#endnote_Total_National_Defense">[b]</a></sup>. It was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Liberation_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Liberation War">Yugoslav People's Liberation War</a> against the fascist occupiers and their collaborators in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and was designed to allow Yugoslavia to maintain or eventually reestablish its <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> status should an invasion occur. According to it, <i>any citizen who resists an aggressor is a member of the armed forces</i>, thus the whole population could be turned into a monolithic resistance army. </p><p>Starting from the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> education, over <a href="/wiki/High_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="High schools">high schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>, organizations and companies, the authorities prepared the entire population to contest an eventual occupation of the country and finally to liberate it. For this purpose, the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense Forces</a> (TO) would be formed to mobilize the population in case of an aggression. The combat readiness of the TO meant that the steps of organization and training could be bypassed after the start of hostilities. The TO would supplement the regular <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a>, giving it greater defensive depth and an armed local population ready to support combat actions. Large numbers of armed civilians would increase the cost of an invasion to a potential aggressor. </p><p>The most likely scenario in the doctrine being used was a general war between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In such a situation, Yugoslavia would remain non-aligned, and it would not accept foreign troops of either alliance on its territory. The doctrine recognized the likelihood that one side or the other might try to seize Yugoslav territory as a <a href="/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">forward staging area</a>, to ensure <a href="/wiki/Line_of_communication" title="Line of communication">lines of communication</a> or simply to deny the territory to enemy forces. Such action would be considered aggression and would be resisted. Regardless of ideology, the occupiers would be considered Yugoslavia's enemy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territorial_Defense_Forces">Territorial Defense Forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Territorial Defense Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense Forces</a> (TO) were formed in 1969 as an integral part of the Yugoslav <i>Total National Defense</i> doctrine. The TO forces consisted of able-bodied civilian males and females. Between 1 and 3 million Yugoslavs between the ages of 15 and 65 would fight under TO command as irregular or <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> forces in wartime. In peacetime, however, about 860,000 TO troops were involved in <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">military training</a> and other activities. </p><p>The TO concept focused on small, lightly armed <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> units fighting defensive actions on a familiar local terrain. A typical unit was a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (military)">company</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Detachment_(military)" title="Detachment (military)">detachment</a>. More than 2000 communes, factories, and other enterprises organized such units, which would fight in their home areas, maintaining local defense production essential to the overall war effort. The TO also included some larger, more heavily equipped units with wider operational responsibilities. The TO <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> operated in regional areas with <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiaircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiaircraft">antiaircraft</a> guns and some <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured vehicles</a>. Using their mobility and tactical initiative, these units would attempt to alleviate the pressure of enemy armored columns and <a href="/wiki/Air_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strikes">air strikes</a> on smaller TO units. In the coastal regions, TO units had naval missions. They operated some <a href="/wiki/Gunboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunboats">gunboats</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a> operations. They were organized to defend strategic coastal areas and naval facilities against enemy <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious landing">amphibious landings</a> and raids. They also trained some <a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">divers</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a>. </p><p>The TO was helped by the fact that most of its citizen-<a href="/wiki/Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a> were one-time JNA <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscripts</a> who had completed their term of compulsory <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>. However, TO <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">recruitment</a> was somewhat limited by the army's desire to include as many recently released conscripts as possible in its own <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">military reserve</a>. Other sources of TO manpower lacked prior military service and required extensive <a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">basic training</a>. </p><p>The TO organisation was highly decentralized and independent. TO units were organized and funded by the governments in each of the Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">constituent republics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational level of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Military strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_doctrine" title="Foreign policy doctrine">Foreign policy doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPosen1984" class="citation book cs1">Posen, Barry (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L23Na8YRPpwC"><i>The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1633-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-1633-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Military+Doctrine%3A+France%2C+Britain%2C+and+Germany+Between+the+World+Wars&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1633-0&rft.aulast=Posen&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL23Na8YRPpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NATO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815175004/http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/ajp1/AJP-01-D.pdf">Allied Joint Doctrine</a>, Allied Joint Publication (AJP)-01(D), Preface, published December 2010, archived 15 August 2022, accessed 2 January 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENSA201383-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENSA201383_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNSA2013">NSA 2013</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canada Department of National Defence. <i>The Conduct of Land Operations</i> B-GL-300-001/FP-000, 1998: iv–v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evaluation Division, Air University. "To Analyze the USAF Publications System for Producing Manuals", staff study, 13 July 1948, quoted in Futrell, Robert Frank. <i>Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force</i>, 1907–1960. December 1989, Air University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spencer16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spencer16_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2016" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, John (21 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825105556/https://mwi.usma.edu/what-is-army-doctrine/">"What is Army Doctrine?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_War_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern War Institute">Modern War Institute</a></i>. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+War+Institute&rft.atitle=What+is+Army+Doctrine%3F&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmwi.usma.edu%2Fwhat-is-army-doctrine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheffield05-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sheffield05_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Sheffield, 'Doctrine & Command in the British Army, A Historical Overview', Army Doctrine Publication Land Operations, DGD&D, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, May 2005, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soviet65-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soviet65_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moscow: Voenizdat, 1965, quoted in Odom, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beleyev84-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beleyev84_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beleyev84_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Beleyev, "The Military-Theoretical Heritage of <a href="/wiki/M._V._Frunze" class="mw-redirect" title="M. V. Frunze">M. V. Frunze</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a></i> (Red Star), November 4, 1984, quoted in Odom, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobs12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacobs12_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Walter Darnell (2012). <i>Frunze: The Soviet Clausewitz 1885–1925</i>. 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Location 1044.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott and Scott, 1979, pp. 37, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rolander-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rolander_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolander_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolander2014" class="citation news cs1">Rolander, Nicolas (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304554004579422572239271130">"Sweden Mulls "Doctrine Shift" in Defense After Russian Incursion in Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Sweden+Mulls+%22Doctrine+Shift%22+in+Defense+After+Russian+Incursion+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=Rolander&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304554004579422572239271130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNATO2024" class="citation web cs1">NATO (28 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/nl/natohq/topics_52535.htm">"Relations with Sweden"</a>. <i>NATO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.grc.usmcu.edu&rft.atitle=LibApps+Login+%40+Library+of+the+Marine+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.grc.usmcu.edu%2Fcontent.php%3Fpid%3D234141%26sid%3D1938041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChapman2009" class="citation cs2">Chapman, Bert (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra_tLsLiq4QC"><i>Military Doctrine: A Reference Handbook</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313352331" title="Special:BookSources/9780313352331"><bdi>9780313352331</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Doctrine%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780313352331&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra_tLsLiq4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Austin Long. <i>The Soul of Armies: Counterinsurgency Doctrine and Military Culture in the US and UK</i>. Ithaca–London: Cornell University Press, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNSA2013" class="citation cs2">NSA, (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY) (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/Other_Pubs/aap6.pdf"><i>AAP-6(V) NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718224533/http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/Other_Pubs/aap6.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AAP-6%28V%29+NATO+Glossary+of+Terms+and+Definitions&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=NSA&rft.aufirst=%28NATO+STANDARDIZATION+AGENCY%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcs.mil%2FPortals%2F36%2FDocuments%2FDoctrine%2FOther_Pubs%2Faap6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Christopher P. Twomey. <i>The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations</i>. Ithaca–London: Cornell University Press, 2010.</li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li>Robert M. Cassidy. <i>Peacekeeping in the Abyss: British and American Peacekeeping Doctrine and Practice after the Cold War</i>. Westport, CT–London: Praeger, 2004.</li> <li>Aaron P. Jackson. <i>The Roots of Military Doctrine: Change and Continuity in Understanding the Practice of Warfare</i>. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2013.</li> <li>Elizabeth Kier. <i>Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine between the Wars</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998 (reprint 2017).</li> <li>Matthias Strohn. <i>The German Army and the Defence of the Reich: Military Doctrine and the Conduct of the Defensive Battle 1918-1939</i>, 2nd revised edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Soviet</dt></dl> <ul><li>Willard C. Frank and Philip S. Gillette, eds. <i>Soviet Military Doctrine from Lenin to Gorbachev, 1915-1991</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992.</li> <li>Raymond L. Garthoff. <i>Deterrence and the Revolution in Soviet Military Doctrine</i>. Brookings Institution Press, 1990.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdom1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Odom" class="mw-redirect" title="William Odom">Odom, William E.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20043776">"Soviet Military Doctrine"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20043776">10.2307/20043776</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20043776">20043776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Soviet+Military+Doctrine&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20043776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20043776%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Odom&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20043776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harriet Fast Scott and William F. Scott. <i>The Armed Forces of the USSR</i>. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1979.</li> <li>Harriet Fast Scott and William F. Scott. <i>Soviet Military Doctrine: Continuity, Formulation, and Dissemination</i>. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1989.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_doctrine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_doctrines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military doctrines">Military doctrines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102143605/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jpcapstonepubs.htm">Joint Electronic Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/development-concepts-and-doctrine-centre">UK Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508222733/https://www.nwdc.navy.mil/">Navy Warfare Development Command</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508222733/https://www.nwdc.navy.mil/">NWDC</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/man/doctrine.htm">Military Analysis Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990224234147/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awcgate.htm">Air War College</a> accessed September 27, 2006 – literally thousands of online texts and links to off-site sources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dod.mil/pubs/qdr2001.pdf">Quadrennial Defense Review Report. September 30, 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225004328/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/qdr2001.pdf">Archived</a> December 25, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-ir.info/?p=1136">US Military Doctrine since the Cold War</a> accessed June 24, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2122010/">Fred Kaplan "The Doctrine Gap. Reality vs. the Pentagon's new strategy."</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/washington/15military.html">Pentagon Rethinking Old Doctrine on 2 Wars</a>- The New York Times, March 14, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1523/STIDS_2015_T01_Morosoff_etal.pdf">Joint Doctrine Ontology: A Benchmark for Military Information Systems Interoperability</a>, Semantic Technology for Intelligence, Defense and Security, 2015</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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