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Mimikry – Wikipedia
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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klassificering_av_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassificering_av_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Klassificering av mimikry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klassificering_av_mimikry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Klassificering av mimikry</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klassificering_av_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defensiv_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensiv_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Defensiv mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defensiv_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bates_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bates_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Bates mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bates_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historia_kring_Bates_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_kring_Bates_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Historia kring Bates mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_kring_Bates_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aposematism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aposematism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Aposematism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aposematism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pilgiftsgrodan_R._imitator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgiftsgrodan_R._imitator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2.1</span> <span>Pilgiftsgrodan <i>R. imitator</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgiftsgrodan_R._imitator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ofullständig_Bates_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ofullständig_Bates_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Ofullständig Bates mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ofullständig_Bates_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akustisk_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akustisk_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>Akustisk mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akustisk_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Müllers_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Müllers_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Müllers mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Müllers_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakgrund_kring_Müllers_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrund_kring_Müllers_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Bakgrund kring Müllers mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrund_kring_Müllers_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mertens_mimikry_(Emsleys_mimikry)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mertens_mimikry_(Emsleys_mimikry)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Mertens mimikry (Emsleys mimikry)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mertens_mimikry_(Emsleys_mimikry)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilberts_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilberts_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Gilberts mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilberts_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vavilovs_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vavilovs_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Vavilovs mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vavilovs_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pouyannes_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pouyannes_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Pouyannes mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pouyannes_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wasmanns_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wasmanns_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Wasmanns mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wasmanns_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browers_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browers_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.8</span> <span>Browers mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browers_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakers_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakers_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.9</span> <span>Bakers mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakers_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dodsons_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dodsons_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.10</span> <span>Dodsons mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dodsons_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggressiv_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggressiv_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Aggressiv mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggressiv_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peckhams_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peckhams_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Peckhams mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peckhams_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Häckningsparasitism_(Kirbys_mimikry)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Häckningsparasitism_(Kirbys_mimikry)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Häckningsparasitism (Kirbys mimikry)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Häckningsparasitism_(Kirbys_mimikry)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioluminiscens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioluminiscens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Bioluminiscens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioluminiscens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wickler-Eisners_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wickler-Eisners_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Wickler-Eisners mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wickler-Eisners_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemisk_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemisk_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kemisk mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemisk_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Automimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spela_död" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spela_död"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Spela död</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spela_död-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Specialfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myrmimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myrmimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Myrmimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myrmimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Den_härmande_bläckfisken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Den_härmande_bläckfisken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Den härmande bläckfisken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Den_härmande_bläckfisken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Den_härmande_lianen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Den_härmande_lianen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Den härmande lianen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Den_härmande_lianen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oklassificerade_former_av_mimikry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oklassificerade_former_av_mimikry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Oklassificerade former av mimikry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oklassificerade_former_av_mimikry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mimikryns_fylogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mimikryns_fylogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mimikryns fylogeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mimikryns_fylogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymologi_och_stavning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymologi_och_stavning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymologi och stavning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologi_och_stavning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bildgalleri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bildgalleri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bildgalleri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bildgalleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mimikry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 53 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1" title="تنكر – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="পতংগৰ অনুকাৰিতা আৰু ছদ্মাবৰণ – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পতংগৰ অনুকাৰিতা আৰু ছদ্মাবৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AD-th%C3%A0i" title="Gí-thài – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gí-thài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мімікрыя – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мімікрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetisme" title="Mimetisme – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mimetisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mimicry" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mimicry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuflimito" title="Kamuflimito – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamuflimito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="تقلید (جانوران) – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقلید (جانوران)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C3%A9tisme" title="Mimétisme – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mimétisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aithris_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Aithris (bitheolaíocht) – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aithris (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrishaght" title="Arrishaght – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arrishaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%83%9C" title="의태 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Միմիկրիա – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միմիկրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अनुहरण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुहरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikrija" title="Mimikrija – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mimikrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="חקיינות בטבע – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חקיינות בטבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიმიკრია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიმიკრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikrija" title="Mimikrija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mimikrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мимикрија – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мимикрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അനുകരണം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemimikan" title="Kemimikan – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemimikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mimicry" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B" title="擬態 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="擬態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikra" title="Mimikra – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mimikra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo" title="Mimetismo – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mimetismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetism" title="Mimetism – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mimetism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мимикрия – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мимикрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mimicry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikrija" title="Mimikrija – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mimikrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мимикрија – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мимикрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikry" title="Mimikry – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mimikry" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri" title="Mimikri – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mimikri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мімікрія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мімікрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFt_ch%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Bắt chước – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắt chước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מימיקרי – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מימיקרי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B" title="擬態 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="擬態" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%80%81" title="拟态 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拟态" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192627#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mimikry" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Mimikry" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rekommenderade_artiklar" title="En eller flera av Wikipedias användare rekommenderar denna artikel på grund av dess goda kvalitet."><img alt="En eller flera av Wikipedias användare rekommenderar denna artikel på grund av dess goda kvalitet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rekommenderad.svg/19px-Rekommenderad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rekommenderad.svg/29px-Rekommenderad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rekommenderad.svg/38px-Rekommenderad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><dl class="noexcerpt dablink"><dd><i>För andra betydelser, se <a href="/wiki/Mimikry_(olika_betydelser)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mimikry (olika betydelser)">Mimikry (olika betydelser)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r52055987">.mw-parser-output .vectortoccolours{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-collapse:separate;padding:5px;font-size:95%}</style> <div class="floatright"> <table class="vectortoccolours" style="margin: .5em 0 .5em 1em; width:260px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#F2E0CE; padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px; font-size:larger;">Mimikry </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:100% !important; padding:0 5px 0 5px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Schwebfliege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schwebfliege.jpg/225px-Schwebfliege.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schwebfliege.jpg/338px-Schwebfliege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Schwebfliege.jpg/450px-Schwebfliege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Flyttblomfluga" title="Flyttblomfluga">Flyttblomfluga</a> som liknar en geting. Blomflugan har en defensiv mimikry av typen Bates mimikry.</div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Beskrivning:</b> Skyddande likhet där en <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> på något sätt imiterar en annan arts utseende</li> <li><b>Huvudtyper:</b> Defensiv mimikry och aggressiv mimikry</li> <li><b>Exempel på kända typer:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bates_mimikry" title="Bates mimikry">Bates mimikry</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllers_mimikry" title="Müllers mimikry">Müllers mimikry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automimikry" title="Automimikry">automimikry</a> etc</li> <li><b>Viktiga begrepp för att läsa artikeln:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adaptiv_f%C3%A4rgteckning" title="Adaptiv färgteckning">Adaptiv färgteckning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fylogeni" title="Fylogeni">fylogeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamouflage" title="Kamouflage">kamouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biologi)" title="Mutualism (biologi)">mutualism</a> och <a href="/wiki/Naturligt_urval" title="Naturligt urval">naturligt urval</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Batesian_mimicry_in_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Batesian_mimicry_in_fish.jpg/250px-Batesian_mimicry_in_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Batesian_mimicry_in_fish.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bates_mimikry" title="Bates mimikry">Bates mimikry</a> hos fisk. Det är arten <i><a href="/wiki/Calloplesiops_altivelis" title="Calloplesiops altivelis">Calloplesiops altivelis</a></i> överst, som ser ut som rovfisken <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnothorax_meleagris" title="Gymnothorax meleagris">Gymnothorax meleagris</a></i> nederst, och som tillhör familjen <a href="/wiki/Mur%C3%A4nor" class="mw-redirect" title="Muränor">muränor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mimikry</b> eller <i>mimicry</i><sup id="cite_ref-SAOB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAOB-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> betyder ungefär "skyddande likhet",<sup id="cite_ref-SAOB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAOB-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NE_om_mimicry_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_om_mimicry-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_om_mimikry-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och är en form av <a href="/wiki/Beteende" title="Beteende">beteende</a> eller utseende utvecklat främst bland mindre <a href="/wiki/Djur" title="Djur">djur</a>, särskilt <a href="/wiki/Insekter" class="mw-redirect" title="Insekter">insekter</a>, där en <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> (<i>mimaren</i><sup id="cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_om_mimikry-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) på något sätt imiterar en annan arts utseende, genom <a href="/wiki/Adaptiv_f%C3%A4rgteckning" title="Adaptiv färgteckning">adaptiv färgteckning</a>, ljud<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_187_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_187-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kemiska signaler eller rörelsemönster.<sup id="cite_ref-SEO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEO-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arten som efterliknas kallas för <i>modell</i><sup id="cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_om_mimikry-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller <i>modellart</i>. Mimikryn ger en selektiv fördel för individen som utvecklat likheten.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalziell_609_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalziell_609-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fenomenet är vanligt inom både djur- och växtriket.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_609_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_609-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_om_mimikry-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanligtvis är det frågan om att härma en art som på något sätt är farlig, för att på så sätt avskräcka <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">rovdjur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_278_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_278-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Blomflugor" title="Blomflugor">blomflugor</a>, där många arter liknar <a href="/wiki/Getingar" title="Getingar">getingar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_on_HF_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_on_HF-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likheten kan gälla utseende, <a href="/wiki/Beteende" title="Beteende">beteende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljud" title="Ljud">ljud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doft" class="mw-redirect" title="Doft">doft</a> eller lokalisering och <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>. Av naturliga skäl återfinns arten med den skyddande likheten i samma miljö som värddjuret.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_519_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_519-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_609_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_609-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mimikry innebär inte <a href="/wiki/Kamouflage" title="Kamouflage">kamouflage</a>, som är försök att smälta in i den omgivande miljön, utan mimikry är härmande av andra djurarter med risk för att synas mer. Det är inte heller samma sak som <a href="/wiki/Konvergent_evolution" title="Konvergent evolution">konvergent utseende</a> som beror på temperaturanpassning, matvanor och liknande.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassificering_av_mimikry">Klassificering av mimikry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Klassificering av mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Klassificering av mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det finns ett antal sätt att indela mimikry, beroende på funktionalitet. Nedan följer några av dessa typer. Observera att typerna ibland överlappar varandra. </p><p>Mimikry indelas i mimikry som har defensiv funktion och mimikry som har aggressiv funktion. Defensiv mimikry är betydligt vanligare.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defensiv_mimikry">Defensiv mimikry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Defensiv mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Defensiv mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De två huvudvarianterna av mimikry, som definierades först, är defensiva former av mimikry och kallas Bates respektive Müllers mimikry. Båda upptäcktes i <a href="/wiki/Sydamerika" title="Sydamerika">Sydamerikas</a> <a href="/wiki/Regnskog" title="Regnskog">regnskogar</a> hos <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rilar" title="Fjärilar">fjärilar</a> som är bytesdjur för <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5glar" title="Fåglar">fåglar</a>. Varianterna är uppkallade efter sina upptäckare, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fritz_M%C3%BCller" title="Fritz Müller">Fritz Müller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Melin_251_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melin_251-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bates_mimikry">Bates mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bates mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bates mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Bates_mimikry" title="Bates mimikry">Bates mimikry</a></dd></dl></div> <p><i>Bates mimikry</i> innebär att en ogiftig och relativt försvarslös art imiterar en giftig, oätlig art eller en som är fullt kapabel att försvara sig.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_335_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_335-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det är den vanligaste formen av mimikry och så pass vanlig att det ofta sätts likhetstecken mellan Bates mimikry och mimikry i allmänhet. Bates mimikry ses också som en motsats till Müllers mimikry där farliga arter finner gemensamt skydd. Det finns dock ingen exakt gräns mellan dessa båda vanliga varianter av mimikry. </p><p>Ofta imiterar den ofarliga arten den farliga med dess varningsfärger – exempelvis starkt gult, rött och svart. Bates mimikry förutsätter att den farliga arten är tillräckligt vanlig i förhållande till imitatören. Den art som uppvisar Bates mimikry kan sägas vara ”ett får i ulvakläder”.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulfstrand_124_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulfstrand_124-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genom sin likhet med den farliga arten får den ofarliga liknande fördel, men utan egentlig kostnad. Den har skydd på den farliga artens bekostnad, men om den blir tillräckligt vanlig spricker skyddet. Då kommer predatorer inte att avskräckas av varningsfärgerna från någon av arterna. Vidare utvecklar predatorerna då en ökande skicklighet att skilja arterna åt. Därför bygger denna form av mimikry på att den art som härmar är mindre vanlig än dess modellart.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulfstrand_124_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulfstrand_124-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bates mimikry är ofta en fråga om grälla varningsfärger eller andra visuella markörer, eftersom mekanismen bygger på predatorns minne av obehagliga upplevelser och det är en fördel om minnet baseras på lätt inpräglade drag. Men den kan även gälla något av de andra sinnena, till exempel genom kemiska eller akustiska signaler.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_335_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_335-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masters_187_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_187-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Nattfj%C3%A4rilar" title="Nattfjärilar">nattfjärilar</a> som sänder ut <a href="/wiki/Ultraljud" title="Ultraljud">ultraljudssignaler</a> som liknar de som oätliga arter sänder ut, vilket skyddar dem från fladdermöss. Det gäller till exempel <a href="/wiki/Spinnmalar" title="Spinnmalar">spinnmalarna</a> inom <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A4kte" title="Släkte">släktet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Yponomeuta" title="Yponomeuta">Yponomeuta</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-O’Reilly_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O’Reilly_-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och flertalet arter inom familjen <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rnspinnare" title="Björnspinnare">björnspinnare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber_9331-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ett alternativ som förekommer är att den härmande arten utvecklar en skyddande likhet med flera andra arter, genom så kallad <a href="/wiki/Polymorfism_(biologi)" title="Polymorfism (biologi)">polymorfism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_493_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford_493-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ford_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford_-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_66_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson_66-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett exempel på detta är <a href="/wiki/Narrbuskev%C3%A4xter" title="Narrbuskeväxter">narrbuskeväxten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Boquila_trifoliata" title="Boquila trifoliata">Boquila trifoliata</a></i> i <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><sup id="cite_ref-physorg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (se bildgalleriet). Lianen <i>B. trifoliolata</i> växer olika på olika värdträds stammar för att försvåra för växtätare men får dessutom blad som överensstämmer med värdväxtens.<sup id="cite_ref-Gianoli_984_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gianoli_984-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till skillnad från många andra växter kan lianen med sitt bladverk efterlikna många olika trädarter och är vidare inte parasit på värdträdet.<sup id="cite_ref-Pannell_R357_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pannell_R357-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Huvuddelen av arter som utövar Bates mimikry är insekter.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_66_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson_66-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Historia_kring_Bates_mimikry">Historia kring Bates mimikry</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia kring Bates mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia kring Bates mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Heliconius_hecale_2_Richard_Bartz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heliconius_hecale_2_Richard_Bartz.jpg/190px-Heliconius_hecale_2_Richard_Bartz.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heliconius_hecale_2_Richard_Bartz.jpg/285px-Heliconius_hecale_2_Richard_Bartz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Heliconius_hecale_2_Richard_Bartz.jpg/380px-Heliconius_hecale_2_Richard_Bartz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rlemorfj%C3%A4rilar" title="Pärlemorfjärilar">Pärlemorfjäril</a> av arten <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius_hecale" title="Heliconius hecale">Heliconius hecale</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry Walter Bates var en brittisk upptäcktsresande och zoolog som studerade <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rilar" title="Fjärilar">fjärilar</a> vid <a href="/wiki/Amazonfloden" title="Amazonfloden">Amazonfloden</a>. I sina fältstudier samlade han in närapå 100 arter från underfamiljerna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ithomiinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ithomiinae [inte skriven än]">Ithomiinae</a> och <a href="/wiki/Heliconiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiinae">Heliconiinae</a>, och dessutom exemplar av tusentals andra insektsarter. När han sorterade fjärilarna i grupper efter utseende, uppmärksammade han att fjärilar som ytligt sett liknade varandra, vid närmare betraktelse kunde uppvisa stora <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologiska</a> skillnader. I november 1861, kort efter sin återkomst till England, beskrev han sin teori om orsaken till detta vid <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>. Teorin publicerades i tidskriften <i>Transactions of the Linnaean Society</i> under titeln 'Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley'.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1862_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1862-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bates utvecklade senare sin teori i <i>The Naturalist on the River Amazons</i>, med undertiteln <i>A Record of the Adventures, Habits of Animals, Sketches of Brazilian and Indian Life, and Aspects of Nature under the Equator, during Eleven Years of Travel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1863_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1863-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorin blev på sin tid rejält omdiskuterad, främst eftersom den stödde <a href="/wiki/Darwins_evolutionsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwins evolutionsteori">Darwins evolutionsteori</a> som lanserats internationellt endast fyra år tidigare.<sup id="cite_ref-Maran_1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maran_1-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bates lade fram hypotesen att det snarlika utseendet berodde på arternas gradvisa anpassning som skydd mot angrepp från predatorer. Han hade noterat att vissa arter uppvisade iögonfallande färger, som om de ville locka predatorerna att äta dem. Han menade att dessa fjärilar var oätliga och att insektsätande arter hade lärt sig att undvika dem. Därmed skulle andra arter som inte var vare sig oätliga eller giftiga men som härmade deras utseenden själva undgå angrepp.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1863_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1863-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Denna förklaring passade bra ihop med nya rön om <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> som lanserats av <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> och <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maran_327_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maran_327-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motståndet var stort från antievolutionister. Begreppet "mimicry" hade dessutom fram till 1850 använts enbart om människor. Nu fick det en ny användning och eftersom Bates myntade begreppet för den allra vanligaste formen av mimikry, har han fått ge namn åt varianten, Bates mimikry. Emellertid hann Bates själv, under sin levnad, beskriva flera andra varianter av mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Aposematism">Aposematism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Aposematism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Aposematism"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg/250px-R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg/375px-R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg/500px-R._imitator_Chazuta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ranitomeya_imitator" title="Ranitomeya imitator">Ranitomeya imitator</a></i> är en <a href="/wiki/Pilgiftsgrodor" title="Pilgiftsgrodor">pilgiftsgroda</a>, som på ett tydligt sätt illustrerar aposematism och den är en mellanform av Bates och Müllers mimikry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aposematism är ett begrepp som lanserades på 1870-talet<sup id="cite_ref-Poulton_339_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulton_339-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marek_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och som framför allt avser <a href="/wiki/Adaptiv_f%C3%A4rgteckning" title="Adaptiv färgteckning">adaptiv färgteckning</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_384_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_384-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> när en <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> genom sitt utseende visar upp sina farliga egenskaper för att skrämma bort <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predatorer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_12792_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos_12792-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det kan förutom färger vara frågan om ljud<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_187_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_187-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lukt eller annat som är lätt igenkännbart.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisner_476_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner_476-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varningsfärger, som till exempel <a href="/wiki/Geting" class="mw-redirect" title="Geting">getingars</a> svart- och gulrandiga bakkropp, eller <a href="/wiki/Korallorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Korallorm">korallormens</a> färgstarka ränder är tydliga exempel.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_12792_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos_12792-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eftersom de flesta arter har åtminstone någon predator som vill äta dem, har det utvecklats många system för skydd.<sup id="cite_ref-Marek_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aposematism är här motsatsen till <a href="/wiki/Kamouflage" title="Kamouflage">kamouflage</a>. Även många växter och svampar skyltar med sin farlighet genom starka färger eller odörer. Emellertid finns det kostnader med aposematismen. Till exempel kan det vara så att några predatorer avskräcks, medan andra tål gifterna eller den otrevliga smaken. Då blir aposematismen kontraproduktiv. Till och med om alla rovdjur borde avskräckas, kan varningssignalerna bli farliga för bytesdjuren, eftersom de röjer sig själva och därmed kan bli uppätna om predatorerna inte lär sig att undvika dem tillräckligt väl. Därför förekommer ofta kamouflage och aposematism i kombination.<sup id="cite_ref-Marek_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>När väl predatorerna har lärt sig att sky djuret som uppvisar varningssignaler, blir resultatet att samma eller liknande signaler kan uppstå bland andra arter. Så har Bates mimikry utvecklats.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulfstrand_124_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulfstrand_124-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidigare har man tänkt sig att bytesdjuret utvecklat mimikryn.<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_1863_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_1863-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta synsätt har reviderats sedan 1860-talet. I stället kan förhållandet evolutionsbiologiskt beskrivas så att det är rovdjurens predation som har gjort att en viss form av mimikry har utvecklats.<sup id="cite_ref-Länsstyrelserna_30_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Länsstyrelserna_30-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Endler_319_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endler_319-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Pilgiftsgrodan_R._imitator">Pilgiftsgrodan <i>R. imitator</i></h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Pilgiftsgrodan R. imitator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Pilgiftsgrodan R. imitator"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Ranitomeya_imitator" title="Ranitomeya imitator">Ranitomeya imitator</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Det finns ungefär 170 arter av <a href="/wiki/Pilgiftsgrodor" title="Pilgiftsgrodor">pilgiftsgrodor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_117_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant_117-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMoNH_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMoNH-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pough_92_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough_92-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flertalet signalerar sin giftighet med starka varningsfärger. Arten <i><a href="/wiki/Ranitomeya_imitator" title="Ranitomeya imitator">Ranitomeya imitator</a></i> tillhör de mindre giftiga och kan därför sägas varna för sitt gift, samtidigt som den döljer sig bland andra, betydligt giftigare pilgiftsgrodor.<sup id="cite_ref-Tegner_2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tegner_2-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arten förekommer i ovanligt många <a href="/wiki/Polymorfism_(biologi)" title="Polymorfism (biologi)">morfer</a> och har därför varit föremål för forskning kring predatorns roll för att skapa aposematiska mönster.<sup id="cite_ref-Toledo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toledo_-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genom att exponera starkt åtskilda morfer av pilgiftsgrodan och studera hur rovdjuren reagerat, har man kunnat fastslå att den främmande morfen attackeras upp till fyra gånger så ofta, vilket stärker teorin om predatorns roll för utvecklingen av mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Toledo_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toledo_-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ofullständig_Bates_mimikry"><span id="Ofullst.C3.A4ndig_Bates_mimikry"></span>Ofullständig Bates mimikry</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ofullständig Bates mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ofullständig Bates mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En flitigt studerad form av mimikry gäller Bates mimikry när den skyddande likheten är ofullständig eller rentav dålig. Det finns gott om teorier om orsaken.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1842_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1842-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den allra vanligaste är att det är en pågående selektion, som fortfarande utvecklas.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway_411_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway_411-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En annan teori är att det rör sig om en evolutionär process som uppstår hos vissa arter som är bytesdjur för predatorer med olika bytesval, vilket resulterar i ett utseende som är en kombination av flera arter<sup id="cite_ref-Edmunds_459_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds_459-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och en tredje är att predatorerna kan ha en annan varseblivning än den som de forskare som betraktar mimikryn har.<sup id="cite_ref-Dittrich_195_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittrich_195-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FoF_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoF-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ytterligare teorier är att den ofullständiga mimikryn kan förvirra rovdjuret,<sup id="cite_ref-Howse_111_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howse_111-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller att det är fråga om inavel som har försämrat förmågan att fullända mimikryn.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnstone_524_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnstone_524-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det kan också vara fråga om att mimikryn inte ger tillräcklig fördel för att andra fördelar ska selekteras bort, som till exempel termoreglering och kamouflagefärgning,<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_1955_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper_1955-47"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller att vissa delar av mimikryn är väsentliga för överlevnaden, medan andra inte är det.<sup id="cite_ref-Kikuchi_830_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kikuchi_830-48"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slutligen finns teorin att modellen utvecklas och att arten som utvecklar mimikry inte riktigt "hinner med", utan hela tiden ligger steget efter.<sup id="cite_ref-RESoL_2005_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RESoL_2005-49"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Akustisk_mimikry">Akustisk mimikry</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Akustisk mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Akustisk mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Även om visuell mimikry är vanligast, förekommer även akustisk mimikry hos arter med Bates mimikry och också med Müllers mimikry. Predatorer identifierar ibland sina byten utifrån ljudet, varför den formen av skyddande likhet är fullt logisk<sup id="cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber_9331-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och vanlig.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_187_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_187-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Fladderm%C3%B6ss" title="Fladdermöss">fladdermöss</a> som använder ultraljud för att upptäcka sina byten.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawkins_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawkins-50"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det finns potentiella byten som är oätliga för fladdermössen och att frambringa ett aposematiskt ultraljud blir då den akustiska motsvarigheten till visuella varningsfärger. Fladdermöss lär sig undvika vissa arter av oätliga <a href="/wiki/Nattfj%C3%A4rilar" title="Nattfjärilar">nattfjärilar</a>, vilket evolutionärt gjort att andra arter med liknande ultraljud inte blir jagade.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber_9331-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Müllers_mimikry"><span id="M.C3.BCllers_mimikry"></span>Müllers mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Müllers mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Müllers mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllers_mimikry" title="Müllers mimikry">Müllers mimikry</a></dd></dl></div> <p><i>Müllers mimikry</i> innebär att två arter som båda är giftiga eller oätliga liknar varandra. Detta förklaras av att varje individ av predatorerna måste lära sig vilka bytesdjur som är ätliga genom att smaka på några, vilket betyder en viss "kostnad" även för en oätlig art. Denna "kostnad" minskar om flera oätliga arter delar på samma varningssignaler och därmed liknar varandra.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_341_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer_341-51"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bates hade uppmärksammat också detta fenomen, men kunde inte ge någon förklaring till det. Det kunde däremot den tyske naturforskaren <a href="/wiki/Fritz_M%C3%BCller" title="Fritz Müller">Fritz Müller</a>: ”Om två arter sammanblandades av ett rovdjur, var det större chans att individer av båda arterna skulle överleva”, menade Müller 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller_54_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller_54-52"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muller_20_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller_20-53"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Müllers mimikry är unik på flera sätt. Främst för att båda arterna har fördel av mimikryn, vilket gör att den kan betecknas som ett slags <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biologi)" title="Mutualism (biologi)">mutualism</a>. Men även tredje part, det vill säga rovdjuret, har nytta av fenomenet, trots att det blir lurat.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-54"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maran_329_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maran_329-55"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vidare kan de två arterna finnas i en gradlös skala från ofarliga till dödligt giftiga, vilket gör att Bates mimikry gradvis glider över i Müllers mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Huheey_86_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huheey_86-56"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dessutom kan en art uppvisa Bates mimikry gentemot ett rovdjur och Müllers mimikry gentemot ett annat.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_40_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_40-57"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bakgrund_kring_Müllers_mimikry"><span id="Bakgrund_kring_M.C3.BCllers_mimikry"></span>Bakgrund kring Müllers mimikry</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bakgrund kring Müllers mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bakgrund kring Müllers mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Praktfjärilen <i><a href="/wiki/Limenitis_archippus" title="Limenitis archippus">Limenitis archippus</a></i> är förvillande lik den illasmakande <a href="/wiki/Monark_(fj%C3%A4ril)" title="Monark (fjäril)">monarkfjärilen</a>. Länge sågs det som ett bra exempel på Bates mimikry. På 1990-talet upptäcktes emellertid att också <i>L. archippus</i> smakar illa och att det alltså handlar om Müllers mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower_497_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_497-58"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Att förstå mekanismerna med Müllers mimikry är omöjligt, om man inte först förstår <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematismen</a> – varningssignalerna. Predatorer lär sig delvis instinktivt att undvika bytesdjur med aposematiska signaler,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_759_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_759-59"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men lär sig oftare från erfarenhet.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_144_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_144-60"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predatorn lär sig lättare att undvika det skadliga eller oätliga bytesdjuret. Utvecklingen av mimikry kommer här att ske mellan motpolerna aposematism och kamouflage, beroende på vilket som är gynnsammare för bytesdjuret. </p><p>Motpolerna är inte oförenliga utan kan ibland samverka för att kamouflera bytesdjuret som ett rovdjur, men för att göra det synligt och aposematiskt för ett annat. Ännu vanligare är att bytesdjuret är dolt till dess att det känner sig hotat och då visar varningssignalerna. På det viset kan det utnyttja fördelarna med båda strategierna på bästa sätt. Strategierna kan se olika ut under ett djurs utvecklingsstadier. <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5lfj%C3%A4ril" title="Kålfjäril">Kålfjärilen</a> är aposematisk som larv, men utvecklar Müllers mimikry som <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">imago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feltwell_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feltwell-61"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Att många olika varningssignaler används av rovdjurets bytesarter är till nackdel för alla parter. Men här verkar den evolutionära processen till bytesdjurens fördel. En ofarlig bytesart som liknar en annan farligare art kommer att ha större sannolikhet att inte bli uppäten när predatorn gör sina bytesval, och får därmed större chans att föra sina gener vidare. Detta resulterar i selektion vilken fungerar på exakt samma sätt vare sig man studerar Bates mimikry eller Müllers mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_40_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_40-57"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det var så Müller förklarade “Bates paradox” på 1870-talet: Det är inte en art som utnyttjar och lurar en annan; det är ett <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biologi)" title="Mutualism (biologi)">mutualistiskt förhållande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_116_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton_116-62"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mertens_mimikry_(Emsleys_mimikry)"><span id="Mertens_mimikry_.28Emsleys_mimikry.29"></span>Mertens mimikry (Emsleys mimikry)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Mertens mimikry (Emsleys mimikry)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Mertens mimikry (Emsleys mimikry)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r46404281/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Micrurus_tener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/201px-Micrurus_tener.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/302px-Micrurus_tener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/402px-Micrurus_tener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg/183px-Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg/275px-Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg/366px-Lampropeltis_triangulum_annulata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Korallormen <i><a href="/wiki/Micrurus_tener" title="Micrurus tener">Micrurus tener</a></i> (vänster) och <i><a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis_triangulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampropeltis triangulum">Lampropeltis triangulum annulata</a></i> (höger), kännetecknas av Mertens mimikry.</div></div></div></div> <p><i>Mertens mimikry</i> eller <i>Emsleys mimikry</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> behandlar ett ovanligt fenomen som innebär att en dödligt giftig art efterliknar en mindre farlig. Denna form av ”skyddande likhet” föreslogs först av den amerikanske professorn Michael G. Emsley, som en förklaring till <a href="/wiki/Korallormar" title="Korallormar">korallormars</a> mimikry i den <a href="/wiki/Nya_v%C3%A4rlden" title="Nya världen">nya världen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_663_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley_663-63"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorin utvecklades 1965 av den tyske biologen Wolfgang Wickler.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_519_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_519-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han namngav mimikryn efter den tyske herpetologen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mertens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Mertens [inte skriven än]">Robert Mertens</a>, som varit tio år före Emsley med att beskriva fenomenet.<sup id="cite_ref-Mertens_541_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mertens_541-64"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fenomenet är svårare att förstå sig på än andra former av mimikry. Det forskarna så småningom har kommit fram till är att en predator som dör för att den blir lurad av mimikryn, knappast kan lära sig av sitt misstag. Därför borde ett tillräckligt giftigt bytesdjur ha fördel av att kamouflera sig i stället för att efterlikna en annan ofarligare art och därmed exponera sig. Emellertid, om det finns någon art som är farlig, men inte dödlig, och också <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematisk</a>, det vill säga har varningsfärger, kan den dödligt farliga arten ibland tjäna på att ha en ”skyddande likhet”, i stället för ett kamouflage, som predatorer kan genomskåda. Mertens mimikry utvecklas alltså när en sådan likhet leder till högre selektion än ett genomfört kamouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrows_443_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrows_443-65"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gilberts_mimikry">Gilberts mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Gilberts mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Gilberts mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Passiflora_edulis_flavicarpa2450667926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Passiflora_edulis_flavicarpa2450667926.jpg/250px-Passiflora_edulis_flavicarpa2450667926.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Passiflora_edulis_flavicarpa2450667926.jpg/375px-Passiflora_edulis_flavicarpa2450667926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Passiflora_edulis_flavicarpa2450667926.jpg/500px-Passiflora_edulis_flavicarpa2450667926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Passionsfrukt" title="Passionsfrukt">Maracujan</a> eller purpurgrenadillen, (<i>P. edulis </i>f.<i> flavicarpa</i>), en <a href="/wiki/Form_(biologi)" title="Form (biologi)">form</a> inom släktet <i>Passiflora</i>. Ett exempel på Gilberts mimikry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vid Gilberts mimikry lurar värden bort <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasiten</a>, och bytesdjuret predatorn genom att uppnå en ”skyddande likhet”. Denna form av mimikry har fått sitt namn efter den amerikanske ekologen Lawrence E. Gilbert, som beskrev fenomenet på 1970-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_210_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_210-66"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beskrivningen gällde <a href="/wiki/Passionsblomssl%C3%A4ktet" title="Passionsblomssläktet">passionsblomssläktet</a> (<i>Passiflora</i>) som har giftiga blad för att skydda sig. Larver till praktfjärilar av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> kan äta bladen, eftersom de har ett <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzym</a> som bryter ner giftet. Emellertid har växterna utväxter som påminner om <i>Heliconius</i>-fjärilarnas kläckningsfärdiga ägg. De falska äggen får fjärilarna att välja andra äggläggningsplatser.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallet_159_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallet_159-67"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De flesta arter av <i>Heliconius</i> har larver som är <a href="/wiki/Kannibalism" title="Kannibalism">kannibalistiska</a>, varför ägg som läggs i närheten av äldre ägg inte har någon god prognos att nå kläckning. Vidare innehåller de ”falska äggen” <a href="/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar">nektar</a> som lockar till sig <a href="/wiki/Myror" title="Myror">myror</a> och <a href="/wiki/Getingar" title="Getingar">getingar</a>, som har fjärilslarverna som bytesdjur.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-68"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vavilovs_mimikry">Vavilovs mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vavilovs mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vavilovs mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Vavilovs_mimikry" title="Vavilovs mimikry">Vavilovs mimikry</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Bland <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xt" class="mw-redirect" title="Växt">växter</a> förekommer också ett antal olika typer av mimikry. Vissa <a href="/wiki/Ogr%C3%A4s" title="Ogräs">ogräs</a> har till exempel en förmåga att genom naturligt urval börja likna odlade växter, vilket gör dem svårare att rensa bort.<sup id="cite_ref-Vavilov_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vavilov-69"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_255_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett_255-70"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vavilovs mimikry förutsätter tre faktorer, förutom <i>modellen</i> och <i>mimikry-växten</i> också en <i>operator</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEO-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiens_365_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiens_365-71"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operatorn kan vara människan, något djur eller en maskin.<sup id="cite_ref-McElroy_207_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElroy_207-72"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den här varianten av mimikry har fått sitt namn efter den ryske botanikern och genetikern <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Vavilov" title="Nikolaj Vavilov">Nikolaj Vavilov</a>, som först beskrev den.<sup id="cite_ref-Vavilov_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vavilov-69"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5g" title="Råg">råg</a>, som från början var ett ogräs som utvecklade en skyddande likhet med <a href="/wiki/Vete" title="Vete">vete</a>, så framgångsrikt att det utvecklades till ett nytt sädesslag.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Problems_..._73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Problems_...-73"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vavilovs mimikry är en aggressiv mimikry, som är av parasiterande karaktär, men om arterna kan reproducera sig tillsammans kan det bli <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biologi)" title="Mutualism (biologi)">mutualistiskt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pouyannes_mimikry">Pouyannes mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Pouyannes mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Pouyannes mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ophrys_insectifera_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ophrys_insectifera_flower.jpg/190px-Ophrys_insectifera_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ophrys_insectifera_flower.jpg/285px-Ophrys_insectifera_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ophrys_insectifera_flower.jpg/380px-Ophrys_insectifera_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flugblomster" title="Flugblomster">Flugblomster</a>, ett svenskt exempel på Pouyannes mimikry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pouyannes mimikry, eller pseudo-kopulation,<sup id="cite_ref-Pseudo-C_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pseudo-C-74"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> är en form av mimikry som bara förekommer hos växter. Den har fått sitt namn från den franske botanikern Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som först beskrev fenomenet 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-Pouyanne_29_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouyanne_29-75"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inom <a href="/wiki/Orkid%C3%A9er" title="Orkidéer">orkidésläktet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophrys">Ophrys</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vereecken_7484_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vereecken_7484-76"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna variant av mimikry innebär att en växt på olika sätt imiterar en insekt för att insekten ska pollinera växten. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flugblomster" title="Flugblomster">Flugblomster</a> (<i>Ophrys insectifera</i>) har en mycket specialiserad blomma, med formen och doften hos en insektshona.<sup id="cite_ref-vanderPijl_129_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPijl_129-77"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flugblomstret lockar till sig <a href="/wiki/Steklar" title="Steklar">stekelhanar</a> av släktena <a href="/wiki/Gorytes" title="Gorytes">Gorytes</a> och <a href="/wiki/Argogorytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Argogorytes">Argogorytes</a>, i Norden enbart stekeln <i><a href="/wiki/Argogorytes_mystaceus" title="Argogorytes mystaceus">Argogorytes mystaceus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hjorth_381_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hjorth_381-78"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson_204_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson_204-79"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det var den svenske entomologen <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Kullenberg" title="Bertil Kullenberg">Bertil Kullenberg</a>, som på 1950-talet upptäckte att flugblomstret utsöndrar samma doftämnen som stekelns honor, men i ännu starkare doser. Därför lockar de till sig hannar från stora avstånd. Hannarna tas emot av en blomläpp som starkt påminner om en stekelhona, som doftar stekelhona, och där till och med behåringens fördelning på blomläppen överensstämmer med utseendet på honornas rygg. Blommorna lockar hanarna att kopulera med dem, varvid orkidéns pollen fastnar på stekelns huvud och förs vidare. På det sättet hjälper hanarna ofrivilligt till att pollinera blomman. Flugblomstret har rentav anpassat blomningstiden till hanarnas födelse, som inträffar tre veckor tidigare än honornas – och minskar på detta sätt också konkurrensen från de äkta honorna.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritterhausen_22_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritterhausen_22-80"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I Norden finns en art av flugblomster, som beskrivs ovan men i Europa och Nordafrika finns ett flertal ytterligare arter, varav flera har samma variant av mimikry, men med särdrag hos varje art beträffande utseende och sätt att locka insekter. Några exempel på andra flugblomster med tydlig Pouyannes mimikry är:<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson-81"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spegel-ofrys" class="mw-redirect" title="Spegel-ofrys">spegel-ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys vernixia</i>), <a href="/wiki/Gul_ofrys" title="Gul ofrys">gul ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys lutea</i>), <a href="/wiki/Brun_ofrys" title="Brun ofrys">brun ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys fusca</i>), <a href="/wiki/Spindel-ofrys" title="Spindel-ofrys">spindel-ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys sphegodes</i>), <a href="/wiki/Parnassos_ofrys" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnassos ofrys">parnassos ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys spruneri</i>), <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4stsko-ofrys" title="Hästsko-ofrys">hästsko-ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys ferrum-equinum</i>), <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5gel-ofrys" class="mw-redirect" title="Fågel-ofrys">fågel-ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys scolopax</i>), <a href="/wiki/Prakt-ofrys" title="Prakt-ofrys">prakt-ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys tenthredinifera</i>), <a href="/wiki/Bi-ofrys" title="Bi-ofrys">bi-ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys apifera</i>) och <a href="/wiki/Humle-ofrys" title="Humle-ofrys">humle-ofrys</a> (<i>Ophrys bombyliflora</i>). </p><p>Kostnaden för de lurade insekterna kan tyckas liten, men en studie av det australiska orkidésläktet <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptostylis" title="Cryptostylis">Cryptostylis</a></i>, som har en liknande mimikry som flugblomstren, har visat att insekterna kan slösa stora mängder sperma.<sup id="cite_ref-Run_247_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Run_247-82"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det kan därför i vissa fall bli frågan om antagonistisk <a href="/wiki/Samevolution" title="Samevolution">samevolution</a>, där insekterna blir allt skickligare på att känna igen sina honor och orkideerna allt skickligare på att härmas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaskett_E206_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaskett_E206-83"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Förutom efterliknande av insektens form är mimikryn ofta kemisk och taktil för att lyckas.<sup id="cite_ref-vanderPijl_129_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPijl_129-77"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gervasi_6023_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervasi_6023-84"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schiestl_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiestl-85"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wasmanns_mimikry">Wasmanns mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Wasmanns mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Wasmanns mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg/250px-Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg/375px-Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg/500px-Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>En art av syrsesläktet <i><a href="/wiki/Macroxiphus" title="Macroxiphus">Macroxiphus</a></i>, i det stadium när den liknar en myra. Ett exempel på Wasmanns mimikry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wasmanns mimikry gäller skyddande likhet där en art är inneboende hos en annan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hölldobler_511_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hölldobler_511-86"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det är frågan om en skyddande likhet som inte är aggressiv.<sup id="cite_ref-Folkerts_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkerts-87"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collembola_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collembola-88"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chow_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow_-89"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den är relativt vanligt bland samhällsbyggande insekter som myror, termiter, bin och getingar.<sup id="cite_ref-Chow_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow_-89"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mimikryn har lånat sitt namn av den österrikiske entomologen och jesuitprästen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wasmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Wasmann [inte skriven än]">Erich Wasmann</a>, som först beskrev fenomenet 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Capinera_2400_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capinera_2400-90"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melin_261_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melin_261-91"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I myrsamhällen är fenomenet så vanligt att Wasmann kunde upprätta en lista på 1 177 arter som är gäster i olika myrsamhällen.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasmann_231_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasmann_231-92"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det rörde sig om <a href="/wiki/Flugor" title="Flugor">flugor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skalbaggar" title="Skalbaggar">skalbaggar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrsor" title="Syrsor">syrsor</a>, fjärilar, <a href="/wiki/Apterygota" title="Apterygota">fjällborstsvansar</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5ngfotingar" title="Mångfotingar">mångfotingar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A5suggor_och_t%C3%A5ngl%C3%B6ss" title="Gråsuggor och tånglöss">gråsuggor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sniglar" title="Sniglar">sniglar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvalster" title="Kvalster">kvalster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bladl%C3%B6ss" title="Bladlöss">bladlöss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ldl%C3%B6ss" title="Sköldlöss">sköldlöss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Getingar" title="Getingar">getingar</a> och till och med <a href="/wiki/Ormar" title="Ormar">ormar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasmann_231_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasmann_231-92"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arter med detta beteende kallas <a href="/wiki/Myrmekofil" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekofil">myrmekofila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KronaurPierce_208_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KronaurPierce_208-93"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Browers_mimikry">Browers mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Browers mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Browers mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Caterpillar_2000px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Caterpillar_2000px.jpg/250px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Caterpillar_2000px.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Caterpillar_2000px.jpg/375px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Caterpillar_2000px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Caterpillar_2000px.jpg/500px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Caterpillar_2000px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Larv av <a href="/wiki/Monarkfj%C3%A4ril" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarkfjäril">monarkfjäril</a>. Exempel på Browers mimikry. Larverna varierar i giftighetsgrad beroende på <a href="/wiki/Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet">diet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Browers mimikry<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> handlar om en skyddande likhet inom arten. Varianten har hämtat sitt namn från de amerikanska evolutionszoologerna Lincoln Pierson Brower och Jane Van Zandt Brower<sup id="cite_ref-Brower_69_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_69-94"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brower_893_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_893-95"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som beskrev fenomenet först.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower_22_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_22-96"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Browers mimikry är ett specialfall av Bates mimikry såtillvida att det inte är en annan art som härmas, utan den egna. Denna form av mimikry förekommer bland arter som är välsmakande bytesdjur, men där graden av smaklighet och oätlighet varierar. Ett typexempel återfinns bland praktfjärilar av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Danaus" title="Danaus">Danaus</a></i>, bland annat <a href="/wiki/Monark_(fj%C3%A4ril)" title="Monark (fjäril)">monarkfjärilen</a> och <i><a href="/wiki/Danaus_gilippus" title="Danaus gilippus">Danaus gilippus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower_712_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_712-97"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larverna livnär sig på växter av släktet <a href="/wiki/Siden%C3%B6rtssl%C3%A4ktet" title="Sidenörtssläktet">sidenört</a>, vars giftighet varierar avsevärt.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_230_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson_230-98"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zalucki_81_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zalucki_81-99"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giftet från värdplantan magasineras och fjärilen har kvar det till och med som <a href="/wiki/Imago" title="Imago">fullt utbildad</a> fjäril. Giftnivån varierar mellan individerna, beroende på vilka blad larven ätit. I detta falla skyddas alltså fjärilar som inte är giftiga, på grund av den exakta likheten med andra individer av samma art, som är starkt giftiga.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_230_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson_230-98"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arter som är <a href="/wiki/Dimorfism" title="Dimorfism">dimorfa</a> skyddas inte på samma sätt, men det finns observationer av apor, där apan skyr även det andra könet av en fjäril, efter att ha tuggat på en giftig eller illasmakande fjäril. Det gäller observationer av <a href="/wiki/Mandrill" title="Mandrill">mandrill</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> där en apa regelbundet åt hanar av en fjärilsart i familjen <a href="/wiki/Tandspinnare" title="Tandspinnare">tandspinnare</a>. Efter att ha ätit en giftig fjärilshona, slutade mandrillen att äta även hannar, fastän utseende skiljer sig påtagligt.<sup id="cite_ref-Bigot_521_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bigot_521-100"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bakers_mimikry">Bakers mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bakers mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bakers mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lobelia_cardinalis_-_Cardinal_Flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lobelia_cardinalis_-_Cardinal_Flower.jpg/190px-Lobelia_cardinalis_-_Cardinal_Flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lobelia_cardinalis_-_Cardinal_Flower.jpg/285px-Lobelia_cardinalis_-_Cardinal_Flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lobelia_cardinalis_-_Cardinal_Flower.jpg/380px-Lobelia_cardinalis_-_Cardinal_Flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="2979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Klockv%C3%A4xter" title="Klockväxter">Klockväxten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lobelia_cardinalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobelia cardinalis">Lobelia cardinalis</a></i> lockar <a href="/wiki/Kolibrier" title="Kolibrier">kolibrier</a> utan att producera <a href="/wiki/Nektar" title="Nektar">nektar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakers mimikry är också en skyddande likhet inom samma art. Det har sitt namn efter den engelske naturvetaren och växtfysiologen Herbert George Baker. Hos växter kan honblommor efterlikna hanblommor av samma art och lura pollinerare på belöningen.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_79_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett_79-101"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanblommorna innehåller nektar som belöning, men det gör inte honblommorna.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_123_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_123-102"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fenomenet är vanligt hos många arter av <a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a>, en familj av <a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%A5hj%C3%A4rtbladiga_v%C3%A4xter" title="Tvåhjärtbladiga växter">tvåhjärtbladiga växter</a>, som framför allt växer i tropiska regioner av <a href="/wiki/Centralamerika" title="Centralamerika">Central-</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sydamerika" title="Sydamerika">Sydamerika</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bawa_467_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bawa_467-103"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB-104"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till växtfamiljen räknas bland annat <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smets_582_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smets_582-105"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett annat exempel är arterna <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Begonia_involucrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begonia involucrata [inte skriven än]">Begonia involucrata</a></i> och <i><a href="/wiki/Begonia_cucullata" title="Begonia cucullata">Begonia cucullata</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-de_Avila_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Avila_-106"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inom <a href="/wiki/Begoniasl%C3%A4ktet" title="Begoniasläktet">begoniasläktet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_122_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_122-107"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dodsons_mimikry">Dodsons mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Dodsons mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Dodsons mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dodsons mimikry är uppkallad efter den amerikanske botanikern och taxonomen Calaway Homer Dodson.<sup id="cite_ref-Dafni_259_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dafni_259-108"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Också den gäller reproduktiv mimikry hos växter, men där är skilda arter inblandade.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodson_133_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodson_133-109"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Här imiterar växten modellartens utseende för att lura <a href="/wiki/Pollinat%C3%B6r" title="Pollinatör">pollinatörer</a> att besöka blomman, fastän den inte ger någon belöning i form av nektar. Den efterliknar en annan art som ger belöning.<sup id="cite_ref-Janzen_244_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janzen_244-110"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orkidéarten <i><a href="/wiki/Epidendrum_ibaguense" title="Epidendrum ibaguense">Epidendrum ibaguense</a></i>, som har sin utbredning i <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franska_Guyana" title="Franska Guyana">Franska Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> och norra <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Janzen_244_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janzen_244-110"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> har blommor som starkt liknar blommorna hos arterna <a href="/wiki/Eldkrona" title="Eldkrona">eldkrona</a> och <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6d_siden%C3%B6rt" title="Röd sidenört">röd sidenört</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyden_135_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyden_135-111"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>E. ibaguense</i> pollineras av monarkfjärilar och förmodligen också kolibrier.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyden_135_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyden_135-111"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kullenberg_1_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kullenberg_1-112"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggressiv_mimikry">Aggressiv mimikry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Aggressiv mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Aggressiv mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aggressiv mimikry är i stort sett motsatsen till vad mimikry bokstavligen betyder, det vill säga ”skyddande likhet”.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM-113"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Här efterliknar predatorn sina bytesdjur för att exempelvis ha lättare att komma nära bytet.<sup id="cite_ref-GilbertC_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilbertC-114"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggressiv mimikry är inte lika vanlig som den defensiva, vilket på intet sätt betyder att den är ovanlig. Även den aggressiva mimikryn är därför indelad i ett flertal varianter.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett välkänt exempel är <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k" title="Gök">göken</a> som gömmer sina ägg i andra fågelarters bon.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM-113"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ericson_8_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ericson_8-115"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peckhams_mimikry">Peckhams mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Peckhams mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Peckhams mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Humpback_anglerfish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/250px-Humpback_anglerfish.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/375px-Humpback_anglerfish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/500px-Humpback_anglerfish.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Melanocetus_johnsonii" title="Melanocetus johnsonii">Melanocetus johnsonii</a></i> utgör exempel på Peckhams mimikry. Läs mer om den under rubriken bioluminiscens.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peckhams mimikry eller Bates-Wallaces mimikry är en variant av aggressiv mimikry. Här efterliknar predatorn sina bytesdjur för att ha lättare att komma nära bytena.<sup id="cite_ref-Immelmann_186_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immelmann_186-116"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett känt exempel är <a href="/wiki/Krabbspindlar" title="Krabbspindlar">krabbspindeln</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Phrynarachne_decipiens" title="Phrynarachne decipiens">Phrynarachne decipiens</a></i> som jagar vissa arter av nattfjärilar. Spindeln har körtlar på bakkroppen som utsöndrar feromoner som motsvarar nattfjärilarnas. Fjärilshannarna lockas till spindeln av feromonerna i tron att de ska uppvakta honor och blir lätta byten.<sup id="cite_ref-Brisbane_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brisbane-117"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mimikryn har kallats Peckhams mimikry efter de amerikanska taxonomerna George Williams Peckham och Elizabeth Maria Gifford Peckham.<sup id="cite_ref-Peckham_61_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peckham_61-118"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peckham_1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peckham_1-119"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den kallas också Bates-Wallace mimikry när den är tydligt bipolär,<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> det vill säga innefattar enbart två arter. Det namnet refererar till den brittiske zoologen som först beskrev mimikry, Henry Walter Bates<sup id="cite_ref-Bates_495_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates_495-120"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, och den brittiske naturhistorikern <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_45_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_45-121"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honor av <a href="/wiki/Bolaspindlar" title="Bolaspindlar">bolaspindlar</a>, tillhörande det sydamerikanska släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Mastophora" title="Mastophora">Mastophora</a></i>, har utvecklat könsferomoner som lockar hanmyggor. Varje art i släktet verkar ha specialiserat sig på en särskild bytesart inom familjen fjärilsmyggor, <a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychodidae">Psychodidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhard_143_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhard_143-122"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolaspindlarna har fått sitt namn av att vuxna spindlar kastar en klibbig boll som sitter fast i en spindeltråd, som den fångar in mygghannarna med.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeargan_266_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeargan_266-123"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På 1960-talet studerade den amerikanske entomologen James E. Lloyd <a href="/wiki/Eldflugor" title="Eldflugor">eldflugehonor</a> av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Photuris" title="Photuris">Photuris</a></i>. Dessa skickar ut samma sorts ljussignaler som honor av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Photinus" title="Photinus">Photinus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_653_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_653-124"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM-113"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det lockar till sig hanar som blir byte<sup id="cite_ref-Eisner_9723_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner_9723-125"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och också ger honorna det värdefulla ämnet <a href="/wiki/Lucibufagin" title="Lucibufagin">lucibufagin</a> som gör dem oätliga för predatorer.<sup id="cite_ref-Segelken_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segelken-126"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leisch_5_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leisch_5-127"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vidare studier visade att hannar av flera släkten, bland annat också <i><a href="/wiki/Pyractomena" title="Pyractomena">Pyractomena</a></i> luras av dessa signaler. De flyger till en förväntad parning, blir infångade och uppätna.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_452_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_452-128"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Häckningsparasitism_(Kirbys_mimikry)"><span id="H.C3.A4ckningsparasitism_.28Kirbys_mimikry.29"></span>Häckningsparasitism (Kirbys mimikry)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitt: Häckningsparasitism (Kirbys mimikry)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Häckningsparasitism (Kirbys mimikry)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ckningsparasitism" title="Häckningsparasitism">Häckningsparasitism</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/190px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/285px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/380px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>En snart flygfärdig <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k" title="Gök">gökunge</a> utfodras av en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6rs%C3%A5ngare" title="Rörsångare">rörsångare</a>. Ett typiskt exempel på häckningsparasitism.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ckningsparasitism" title="Häckningsparasitism">Häckningsparasitism</a> är också en form av mimikry, där den art som parasiterar härmar sin värd.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det förekommer hos <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5glar" title="Fåglar">fåglar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insekter" class="mw-redirect" title="Insekter">insekter</a> och även vissa fiskarter. Häckningsparasitism innebär att honan lägger sitt ägg i en annan individs bo och överlåter ruvning och uppfödning åt värden. Den mest kända häckningsparasitismen utövas av arter inom familjen <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kar" title="Gökar">gökar</a>. </p><p>Pasteur kallade den här formen av mimikry för Kirbys mimikry efter den engelske entomologen <a href="/wiki/William_Kirby" title="William Kirby">William Kirby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_69_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_69-129"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eftersom parasitismen riskerar värdarten utvecklar den ofta, men inte alltid, ett alltmer utvecklat igenkännande, parallellt med att den parasiterande arten utvecklar en allt bättre mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_338_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne_338-130"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein_481_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein_481-131"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det förekommer häckningsparasitism både inom arter (intraspecifik parasitism) och mellan arter (interspecifik parasitism). <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k" title="Gök">Göken</a> (<i>Cuculus canorus</i>) har en parasitism som är interspecifik och inriktad på ett specifikt antal <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4ttingar" title="Tättingar">tättingarter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ericson_8_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ericson_8-115"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andra fågelfamiljer där det förekommer häckningsparasitism är <a href="/wiki/Honungsg%C3%B6kar" class="mw-redirect" title="Honungsgökar">honungsgökar</a> (Indicatoridae) samt vissa <a href="/wiki/%C3%84nkor" title="Änkor">änkor</a> (Viduidae) och <a href="/wiki/Trupialer" title="Trupialer">trupialer</a> (Icteridae). Fenomenet beskrevs redan 1678 av <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> då han beskrev göken, i sin bok <i>The Ornithology of Francis Willughby</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-132"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alla arter inom släktet <a href="/wiki/Kostarar" title="Kostarar">kostarar</a> (<i>Molothrus</i>) är häckningsparasiter. Den <a href="/wiki/Brunhuvad_kostare" title="Brunhuvad kostare">brunhuvade kostaren</a> har konstaterats lägga ägg i så många som 220 olika fågelarters bon, främst hos tättingar men även hos kolibrier och <a href="/wiki/Rovf%C3%A5glar" title="Rovfåglar">rovfåglar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_225_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_225-133"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ortega_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega_-134"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till skillnad från gökens anpassas inte utseende på kostararnas ägg efter utseendet hos värdartens ägg. Vissa arter känner igen äggen och stöter antingen ut dem eller överger boet.<sup id="cite_ref-Ortega_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega_-134"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kozlovic_253_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozlovic_253-135"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andra arter matar sina ungar med föda som kostarar inte kan leva på. Men drygt 140 arter har dokumenterats med att föda upp unga kostarar på deras egna ungars bekostnad.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaramillo_382_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaramillo_382-136"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honor av brunhuvad kostare kan lägga upp till 36 ägg under en häckningssäsong.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_225_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_225-133"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intraspecifik parasitism har i ekologiska studier under slutet av 1900-talet visat sig vara mycket mer utbredd än man tidigare trott. År 2001 sammanställdes en lista i den ornitologiska tidskriften <i>Ibis</i> där man summerade att fenomenet hade konstaterats hos 236 arter.<sup id="cite_ref-Yom-Tov_133_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yom-Tov_133-137"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inomartsparasitism verkar öka möjligheten till häckningsframgång, varför den för arten som helhet kan anses gynnsam även om resultatet för den enskilda individen blir parasitism. Till skillnad från arter som ägnar sig åt utomartsparasitism så brukar den inomartsparasiterande honan även själv ruva en kull, varför parasiterandet ökar möjligheten till häckningsframgång.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson_22_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson_22-138"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bland häckningsparasiterande insekter kan nämnas <a href="/wiki/Murarbin_(Osmia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murarbin (Osmia)">murarbiet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Osmia_cornifrons" title="Osmia cornifrons">Osmia cornifrons</a></i>. Honan kan tränga in i bon hos andra honor av samma art, förstöra ägget och ersätta det med sitt eget.<sup id="cite_ref-PS_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS-139"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Da-Yong_275_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Da-Yong_275-140"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bioluminiscens">Bioluminiscens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bioluminiscens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bioluminiscens"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Bioluminiscens" title="Bioluminiscens">Bioluminiscens</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Bioluminiscens betecknar produktionen och utsändandet av ljus hos levande <a href="/wiki/Organismer" class="mw-redirect" title="Organismer">organismer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEbio_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEbio-141"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioluminiscens förekommer som aggressiv mimikry för att locka till sig byte, men också som defensiv mimikry. </p><p>Denna form av mimikry används av många <a href="/wiki/Djuphavsfiskar" title="Djuphavsfiskar">djuphavsfiskar</a>, till exempel <a href="/wiki/Djuphavsmarulkar" title="Djuphavsmarulkar">djuphavsmarulkar</a>, en underordning av <a href="/wiki/Marulkartade_fiskar" title="Marulkartade fiskar">marulkarna</a> (Lophiiformes). En maskliknade flik med lysorgan sitter på ett "metspö" på huvudet och genom att vifta med denna lockar den till sig byten inom räckhåll för den stora munnen.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_829_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_829-142"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cigarrhaj" title="Cigarrhaj">Cigarrhajen</a>, livnär sig i stor utsträckning på att bita stycken ur större fiskar. Dess undersida är täckt av lysorgan med undantag för en mörk halskrage. Denna mörka krage tros fungera som lockbete genom att den ser ut som silhuetten av en liten fisk för större rovfiskar nedanför.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookicutter_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookicutter-143"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellater" title="Dinoflagellater">Dinoflagellater</a>, som är små <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, använder möjligen bioluminiscens som försvar mot <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predatorer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEbio_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEbio-141"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De lyser upp när de störs och gör på så sätt angriparen synlig för rovdjur högre upp i <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4ringskedja" title="Näringskedja">näringskedjan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haddock_443_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddock_443-144"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En sydamerikansk <a href="/wiki/Kackerlacka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kackerlacka">kackerlacka</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lucihormetica" title="Lucihormetica">Lucihormetica luckae</a></i>, använder sig av bioluminiscens i försvarssyfte för att efterlikna giftiga <a href="/wiki/Skalbaggar" title="Skalbaggar">skalbaggar</a> av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophorus">Pyrophorus</a></i>. Detta sistnämnda är ett exempel på bioluminiscens som defensiv mimikry av typen Bates mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Naturwissenschaften_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naturwissenschaften-145"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wickler-Eisners_mimikry">Wickler-Eisners mimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitt: Wickler-Eisners mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=23" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Wickler-Eisners mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/250px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/375px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/500px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Två <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5_putsarfisk" title="Blå putsarfisk">blå putsarfiskar</a> putsar en <i><a href="/wiki/Epinephelus_tukula" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephelus tukula">Epinephelus tukula</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det är inte alltid som den aggressiva mimikryn strävar efter att locka byten. Predatorer kan ha avsevärd fördel bara av att inte bli identifierad som en sådan. </p><p>En ganska vanlig variant har fått namnet Wickler-Eisners mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rovdjuret liknar en annan art som uppvisar ett <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biologi)" title="Mutualism (biologi)">gynnsamt förhållande</a> till bytesdjuret. Andra gånger efterliknar predatorn eller parasiten någon art som åtminstone inte innebär något hot mot bytesdjuret. </p><p>Ett exempel på Wickler-Eisners mimikry är en art av <a href="/wiki/Putsarfisk" title="Putsarfisk">putsarfisk</a> och dess modell – även om modellen i detta fall har stor nackdel av putsarfiskens mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheney_10_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheney_10-146"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fujisawa_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujisawa-147"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putsarfiskar hjälper många arter genom att äta parasiter och putsa bort död hud varför de släpps in på livet. Vissa arter släpper till och med in putsarfiskarna i mun och svalg för att bli av med parasiter.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingins_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingins_-148"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emellertid har den <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5_putsarfisk" title="Blå putsarfisk">blå putsarfisken</a>, (<i>Labroides dimidiatus</i>), en art som utövar aggressiv mimikry. Det är <i><a href="/wiki/Aspidontus_tractus" title="Aspidontus tractus">Aspidontus tractus</a></i>, en fiskart som tillhör familjen <a href="/wiki/Slemfiskar" title="Slemfiskar">slemfiskar</a> (Blenniidae).<sup id="cite_ref-Kuwamura_22_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuwamura_22-149"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. tractus</i> ser likadan ut, både till storlek och färg och utför till och med samma slags “dans” som den blå putsarfisken. Den utför dock inget putsande och befriar inte fiskar från några parasiter. Den ser tvärtom bara till att komma tillräckligt nära för att slita loss en bit kött och fly sin väg.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_473_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_473-150"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheney_85_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheney_85-151"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det här har gjort <a href="/wiki/Havsabborrfiskar" title="Havsabborrfiskar">havsabborrfiskar</a> av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Epinephelus" title="Epinephelus">Epinephelus</a></i> mer observanta på vilka putsarfiskar de släpper i sin närhet, men <i>A. tractus</i> har samtidigt blivit alltmer lik sin modellart och kan till och med uppvisa samma slags regionala skillnader som den blå putsarfisken.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_473_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_473-150"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observationer tyder på att havsabborrfiskarna lär upp sig av sina misstag, så att <i>A. tractus</i> huvudsakligen får inrikta sig på <a href="/wiki/Juvenil" title="Juvenil">juvenila</a> fiskar.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_299_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall_299-152"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemisk_mimikry">Kemisk mimikry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kemisk mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=24" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kemisk mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kemisk mimikry är svårare att observera än visuell mimikry men verkar vara relativt vanlig.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes-153"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den är i regel att betrakta som aggressiv mimikry och utvecklas hos predatorer för att lura sina byten, men den kan också var ett sätt för bytesdjur att dölja sig för predatorer. Oavsett vilken är det fråga om en extrem specialisering.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes-153"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automimikry">Automimikry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Redigera avsnitt: Automimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=25" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Automimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Automimikry" title="Automimikry">Automimikry</a></dd></dl></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r46404281/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_2.jpg/119px-Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_2.jpg/179px-Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_2.jpg/238px-Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_1.jpg/115px-Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_1.jpg/173px-Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_1.jpg/230px-Glaucidium_californicum_Verdi_Sierra_Pines_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Till vänster ses en <a href="/wiki/Trollsparvuggla" title="Trollsparvuggla">trollsparvuggla</a> (<i>Glaucidium californicum</i>), som visar sina ögonfläckar i nacken vilket är ett exempel på automimikry. Till höger ses samma uggla framifrån.</div></div></div></div> <p>Automimikry eller självmimikry, är skyddande likheter som uppstår inom samma art. Det finns ett antal varianter beskrivna av vetenskapen.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower_11_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_11-154"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_176_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton_176-155"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En variant är när en individs kroppsdelar liknar varandra. En del arter av ormar har en stjärt som starkt påminner om huvudet. När de backar från ett rovdjur kan de då vända stjärten till, vilket ökar chansen att fly utan dödliga skador.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_183_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham_183-156"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På ett liknande sätt kan fiskar ha ögonliknande fläckar vid stjärten. Denna form av automimikry har också dokumenterats hos en rad insektsarter. </p><p>Ett annat exempel på automimikry hos insekter är arter som blir giftiga när de livnär sig på vissa växter, men som annars är ofarliga att äta.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower_1349_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_1349-157"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Några arter beskrivs under <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Browers_mimikry">Browers mimikry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Svennungsen_2055_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svennungsen_2055-158"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spela_död"><span id="Spela_d.C3.B6d"></span>Spela död</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Redigera avsnitt: Spela död" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=26" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Spela död"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Tonisk_immobilitet" title="Tonisk immobilitet">Tonisk immobilitet</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Opossum2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Opossum2.jpg/250px-Opossum2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Opossum2.jpg/375px-Opossum2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Opossum2.jpg/500px-Opossum2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Pungråtta som spelar död.</figcaption></figure> <p>Att <b>spela död</b> eller att <b>se död ut</b> (thanatopsis) är en variant av automimikry som uppvisas för att förvirra predatorer. Den kan förekomma både som defensiv mimikry och som aggressiv mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Djuret som spelar dött blir orörligt och stelt och djurets normala reaktioner på stimuli som beröring, trubbas av kraftigt eller uteblir. Beteendet avskräcker predatorer som bara äter byten som de själva har fångat och dödat, till exempel <a href="/wiki/Kattdjur" title="Kattdjur">kattdjur</a>. Georges Pasteur klassificerade fenomenet som en sorts automimikry, där djuret härmade sig själv som dött.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han gav därför fenomenet namnet <i>thanatosis</i>, vilket är en latinisering av det grekiska substantivet θανάτωσις, och refererar till den grekiska dödsguden <a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">thanatos</a>. På senare tid har fenomenet oftare benämnts "<i>thanatopsis</i>" (från grekiskans: opsis, "syn, vy").<sup id="cite_ref-riveredge_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riveredge-159"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialfall">Specialfall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Redigera avsnitt: Specialfall" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=27" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Specialfall"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myrmimikry">Myrmimikry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Redigera avsnitt: Myrmimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=28" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Myrmimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Myrmimikry" title="Myrmimikry">Myrmimikry</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Myrmimikry är en samlingsbeteckning där den skyddande likheten uppnås genom att djuren liknar myror. Detta kan ske genom Bates mimikry, aggressiv mimikry, Wasmanns mimikry och <a href="/wiki/Taktil" title="Taktil">taktil</a> mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur_169-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Stackmyrespindel" title="Stackmyrespindel">stackmyrespindeln</a> (<i>Myrmarachne formicaria</i>) som utöver kroppsform och utseende även har övertagit stackmyrornas rörelsemönster för att inte uppmärksammas när den rör sig i myrstackens närhet.<sup id="cite_ref-rsp_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsp-160"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Den_härmande_bläckfisken"><span id="Den_h.C3.A4rmande_bl.C3.A4ckfisken"></span>Den härmande bläckfisken</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Redigera avsnitt: Den härmande bläckfisken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=29" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Den härmande bläckfisken"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mimic_Octopus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mimic_Octopus_2.jpg/190px-Mimic_Octopus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mimic_Octopus_2.jpg/285px-Mimic_Octopus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mimic_Octopus_2.jpg/380px-Mimic_Octopus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>"Den härmande bläckfisken" <i><a href="/wiki/Thaumoctopus_mimicus" title="Thaumoctopus mimicus">Thaumoctopus mimicus</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bläckfisken <i><a href="/wiki/Thaumoctopus_mimicus" title="Thaumoctopus mimicus">Thaumoctopus mimicus</a></i>, som ibland kallas ”Den härmande bläckfisken”, upptäcktes på 1990-talet i havet utanför <a href="/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien">Indonesien</a> och <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Den kan sägas vara ett mycket speciellt fall vad gäller mimikry. </p><p>De flesta bläckfiskar är kända för att kunna ändra sin hudfärg och struktur för att smälta in i den omgivande bakgrunden. Den härmande bläckfisken har <a href="/wiki/Kromatofor" title="Kromatofor">kromatoforer</a> för att förändra sin färg och har dessutom förmågan att efterhärma inte bara formen på föremål, utan även formen på och beteendet hos en del djur.<sup id="cite_ref-Maculay_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maculay-161"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den härmande bläckfisken är den enda kända vattenlevande arten som kan imitera en mängd olika havsdjurs beteenden. Den kan som enda art välja mellan olika former för att anpassa sig efter den fiende den möter.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-162"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bland de arter som bläckfisken härmar kan nämnas<sup id="cite_ref-EOL_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL-163"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterois" title="Pterois">Drakfiskar av släktet <i>Pterois</i></a> – När bläckfisken ändrar färg till bruna och vita ränder och formar sina armar så att de ser ut som ryggfenor, lurar den rovdjur som lärt sig att undvika de dödligt giftiga drakfiskarna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havsormar" title="Havsormar">Havsormar</a> – När bläckfisken attackeras kan den gömma sig i håligheter och låta två av armarna sticka ut i olika riktningar. Vad som blir kvar i rovdjurets åsyn är ett långt smalt djur med vita och svarta band längs kroppen. Många rovdjur skyr de dödligt giftiga havsormarna och lämnar därför bläckfisken i fred.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plattfiskar" title="Plattfiskar">Plattfiskar</a> – Bläckfisken härmar såväl formen som sättet att simma, hastigheten och ofta också färgerna. Den härmar plattfiskar i öppen terräng, där dess kamouflage annars lätt skulle avslöjas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa_(zoologi)" title="Medusa (zoologi)">Medusan</a> – Bläckfisken härmar manetens rörelser och simmar mot ytan för att också härma dess beteende.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Den_härmande_lianen"><span id="Den_h.C3.A4rmande_lianen"></span>Den härmande lianen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Redigera avsnitt: Den härmande lianen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=30" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Den härmande lianen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Boquila_trifoliata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boquila_trifoliata.jpg/190px-Boquila_trifoliata.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boquila_trifoliata.jpg/285px-Boquila_trifoliata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boquila_trifoliata.jpg/380px-Boquila_trifoliata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Lianen <i>Boquila trifoliata</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lianen <i><a href="/wiki/Boquila_trifoliata" title="Boquila trifoliata">Boquila trifoliata</a></i>, som förekommer i <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> och <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sydamerika" title="Sydamerika">Sydamerika</a>, anpassar utseendet på sina blad så att de liknar bladen på det träd som bär upp lianen. Samma individ av lian kan klättra över träd av olika arter och anpassa bladformen efter varje art. Forskning pågår för att försöka förklara mekanismen för hur detta sker.<sup id="cite_ref-Gianoli_984_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gianoli_984-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Young_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_-164"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklassificerade_former_av_mimikry">Oklassificerade former av mimikry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Redigera avsnitt: Oklassificerade former av mimikry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=31" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Oklassificerade former av mimikry"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ctenomorphodes_chronus_%26_Match.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ctenomorphodes_chronus_%26_Match.jpg/250px-Ctenomorphodes_chronus_%26_Match.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ctenomorphodes_chronus_%26_Match.jpg/375px-Ctenomorphodes_chronus_%26_Match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ctenomorphodes_chronus_%26_Match.jpg/500px-Ctenomorphodes_chronus_%26_Match.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenomorpha_marginipennis" title="Ctenomorpha marginipennis">Ctenomorpha marginipennis</a></i> som liknar en <a href="/wiki/Eukalyptussl%C3%A4ktet" title="Eukalyptussläktet">kvist av eukalyptusträdet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vissa former av mimikry har varit svåra att klassificera. Fjärilar av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Caligo" title="Caligo">Caligo</a></i> i familjen <a href="/wiki/Praktfj%C3%A4rilar" title="Praktfjärilar">praktfjärilar</a> har ögonfläckar på vingarna, vilka därmed påminner om ansiktet hos <a href="/wiki/Ugglor" title="Ugglor">ugglor</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/Jorduggla" title="Jorduggla">jordugglor</a> och <a href="/wiki/Cholibadv%C3%A4rguv" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholibadvärguv">cholibadvärguvar</a>. Detta kan lura fjärilens predatorer bland ödlor och fåglar (se bild i <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bildgalleri">bildgalleriet</a>). Såtillvida har ögonfläckarna kommit att klassificeras som en form av Bates mimikry. Emellertid finns studier som indikerar att det som avskräcker fjärilens predatorer inte är ögonfläckarna i sig, utan snarare den iögonfallande kontrasten i mönstren.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_525_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_525-165"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ett annat exempel är mimikryn hos svamparten <i><a href="/wiki/Monilinia_vaccinii-corymbosi" title="Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi">Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Batra_1011_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batra_1011-166"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svampen infekterar bladen hos vissa arter av blåbär i <a href="/wiki/Odonsl%C3%A4ktet" title="Odonsläktet">odonsläktet</a> och får dem att avge en sockerartad avsöndring, som innehåller både <a href="/wiki/Glukos" title="Glukos">glukos</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fruktos" title="Fruktos">fruktos</a>. Blandningen påminner om nektar och drar till sig pollinerande insekter trots att bladen för blotta ögat inte ser ut som blommor. Men infektionen får också bladen att avge <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolett_ljus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolett ljus">ultraviolett ljus</a> i våglängderna 300–400 nm, vilket är samma våglängder som blåbärets blommor avger. Svampinfektionen skapar också mumifierade, oätliga blåbär där den kan övervintra tills den kan infektera nya plantor. Här är det svampen som har nytta av mimikryn, medan bladen utför mimikryn. Fenomenet påminner om automimikry, men plantan drar ingen som helst fördel av mimikryn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mimikryns_fylogeni">Mimikryns <a href="/wiki/Fylogeni" title="Fylogeni">fylogeni</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Redigera avsnitt: Mimikryns fylogeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=32" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Mimikryns fylogeni"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teorierna om hur mimikry utvecklas över tid finns beskrivet redan i tidigare avsnitt, bland annat om <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ofullständig_Bates_mimikry">ofullständig mimikry</a>. Från att ha varit flitigt ifrågasatt under Darwins livstid har mimikryn kommit att bli accepterad som en evolutionär anpassning. </p><p>Den rysk-amerikanske författaren och fjärilssamlaren <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> menade att det <a href="/wiki/Naturligt_urval" title="Naturligt urval">naturliga urvalet</a> kanske kunde stabilisera en mimikry som redan fanns, men inte nödvändigtvis skapa den. I enlighet med den teorin kunde insekters mimikry, som till exempel mimikryn hos <a href="/wiki/Monark_(fj%C3%A4ril)" title="Monark (fjäril)">monarkfjärilen</a> och <i><a href="/wiki/Limenitis_archippus" title="Limenitis archippus">Limenitis archippus</a></i>, vara fråga om en likartad process hos båda arterna som gjorde sannolikheten stor att de skulle komma att likna varandra.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_177_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_177-167"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den mest accepterade vetenskapliga teorin kring mimikryns utveckling hos fjärilar är en tvåstegshypotes. Första steget inbegriper mutationer av gener som påverkar utseendet i stort. Det andra steget består i en selektion av gener med mindre <a href="/wiki/Fenotyp" title="Fenotyp">fenotypiska</a> effekter som leder till en allt större likhet. Teorin stöds av <a href="/wiki/Empiri" title="Empiri">empiriska</a> bevis som tyder på att det bara finns några få mutationer som kan ge stora fenotypiska effekter, medan det finns många andra som ger smärre effekt. Även datorsimuleringar har gett stöd för hypotesen att det finns en supergen inblandad kring fjärilars färgmönster.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmgren_145_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmgren_145-168"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vid Müllers mimikry utvecklas ett gemensamt utseende hos arter med ett gott ursprungligt skydd, för att dela på den ”kostnad” som det innebär att predatorer först ska lära sig känna igen arten. Det klassiska exempel som Fritz Müller beskrev gällde <i>Heliconius</i>-fjärilar, som finns avbildade i bildgalleriet. Det finns 54 arter av det oätliga släktet, med över 700 fenotyper. Arterna uppvisar inte bara fenotypiska likheter, utan också likheter i beteende och preferenser beträffande miljöer.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallet_159_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallet_159-67"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joron_203_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joron_203-169"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det är också accepterat av det är predatorernas beteende som driver fram mimikryn.<sup id="cite_ref-Länsstyrelserna_30_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Länsstyrelserna_30-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Endler_319_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endler_319-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det har visats genom såväl datorsimuleringar som rena matematiska modeller<sup id="cite_ref-Franks_191_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franks_191-170"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och jämförande studier. Det som fortfarande fattas är fältexperiment som i detalj kan visa hur selektionen av fenotyper går till.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruxton_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruxton-171"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_247_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_247-172"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologi_och_stavning">Etymologi och stavning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Redigera avsnitt: Etymologi och stavning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=33" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Etymologi och stavning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I engelskan finns ordet <i>mimicry</i> dokumenterat från 1637.<sup id="cite_ref-Websters_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Websters-173"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Där härleds det till det grekiska adjektivet μιμητικός (<i>mimētikos</i>), "imiterande", "härmande", "efterliknande”, från verbet μιμεῖσθαι (<i>mimeisthai</i>), "att imitera". Ursprungligen skapades ordet för att beskriva människor och först från 1861 kom det att användas i nuvarande betydelse.<sup id="cite_ref-Eonline_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eonline-174"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det var i sin nuvarande betydelse ordet inlånades till svenska språket, det vill säga ”förklädnad” med zoologisk betoning.<sup id="cite_ref-SAOB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAOB-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I svenska språket finns ordet dokumenterat från 1877<sup id="cite_ref-KB3_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KB3-175"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, med stavningen mimicry, inlånat från engelskan. Med försvenskad stavning, mimikry, finns ordet dokumenterat från 1897<sup id="cite_ref-KB4_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KB4-176"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Den gamla inlånade stavningen dyker fortfarande upp och i <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a> från 1944 sågs mimicry som huvudvariant<sup id="cite_ref-SAOB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAOB-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordlista" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska Akademiens ordlista">Svenska Akademiens ordlista</a> och <a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a> förordar mimikry, som ett etablerat svenskt ord, där mimicry anges som alternativ stavning.<sup id="cite_ref-SAOL_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAOL-177"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NE_om_mimicry_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_om_mimicry-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_om_mimikry-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bildgalleri">Bildgalleri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bildgalleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=34" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bildgalleri"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1215px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Batesplate_ArM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plansch av Bates föreställande Bates mimikry mellan Dismorphia-arter (rad 1 och 3) och olika arter i släktgruppen Ithomiini, inom familjen Nymphalidae (rad 2 och 4)."><img alt="Plansch av Bates föreställande Bates mimikry mellan Dismorphia-arter (rad 1 och 3) och olika arter i släktgruppen Ithomiini, inom familjen Nymphalidae (rad 2 och 4)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/200px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/300px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/400px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plansch av Bates föreställande Bates mimikry mellan <i><a href="/wiki/Dismorphia" title="Dismorphia">Dismorphia</a></i>-arter (rad 1 och 3) och olika arter i släktgruppen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ithomiini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ithomiini [inte skriven än]">Ithomiini</a>, inom familjen <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a> (rad 2 och 4).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bates i Amazonas, en illustration ur The naturalist on the river Amazonas (1862)."><img alt="Bates i Amazonas, en illustration ur The naturalist on the river Amazonas (1862)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png/120px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png/180px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png/240px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="3748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Bates</a> i Amazonas, en illustration ur <i>The naturalist on the river Amazonas</i> (1862).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Heliconius_mimicry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fjärilar av släktet Heliconius från nya världens tropiker är ett klassiskt exempel på Müllers mimikry, där utseendet avskräcker för att fjärilen smakar illa."><img alt="Fjärilar av släktet Heliconius från nya världens tropiker är ett klassiskt exempel på Müllers mimikry, där utseendet avskräcker för att fjärilen smakar illa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/191px-Heliconius_mimicry.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/287px-Heliconius_mimicry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Heliconius_mimicry.png/383px-Heliconius_mimicry.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2107" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fjärilar av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Heliconius" title="Heliconius">Heliconius</a></i> från nya världens tropiker är ett klassiskt exempel på Müllers mimikry, där utseendet avskräcker för att fjärilen smakar illa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Uroplatus_ebenaui_3_cutted.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geckoödlan Uroplatus ebenaui, endemisk för Madagaskar."><img alt="Geckoödlan Uroplatus ebenaui, endemisk för Madagaskar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Uroplatus_ebenaui_3_cutted.jpg/191px-Uroplatus_ebenaui_3_cutted.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Uroplatus_ebenaui_3_cutted.jpg/286px-Uroplatus_ebenaui_3_cutted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Uroplatus_ebenaui_3_cutted.jpg/381px-Uroplatus_ebenaui_3_cutted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geckoödlan <i><a href="/wiki/Uroplatus_ebenaui" title="Uroplatus ebenaui">Uroplatus ebenaui</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemisk</a> för <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Floral_resemblance_of_Stigmaphyllon_and_Oncidiinae_-_rspb.2013.0960-F1.large.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Likhet mellan blomman hos en art av släktet Stigmaphyllon och orkidé i gruppen Oncidiinae."><img alt="Likhet mellan blomman hos en art av släktet Stigmaphyllon och orkidé i gruppen Oncidiinae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Floral_resemblance_of_Stigmaphyllon_and_Oncidiinae_-_rspb.2013.0960-F1.large.jpeg/200px-Floral_resemblance_of_Stigmaphyllon_and_Oncidiinae_-_rspb.2013.0960-F1.large.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Floral_resemblance_of_Stigmaphyllon_and_Oncidiinae_-_rspb.2013.0960-F1.large.jpeg/300px-Floral_resemblance_of_Stigmaphyllon_and_Oncidiinae_-_rspb.2013.0960-F1.large.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Floral_resemblance_of_Stigmaphyllon_and_Oncidiinae_-_rspb.2013.0960-F1.large.jpeg/400px-Floral_resemblance_of_Stigmaphyllon_and_Oncidiinae_-_rspb.2013.0960-F1.large.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Likhet mellan blomman hos en art av släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Stigmaphyllon" title="Stigmaphyllon">Stigmaphyllon</a></i> och orkidé i gruppen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncidiinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oncidiinae [inte skriven än]">Oncidiinae</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaetodon capistratus, art i familjen fjärilsfiskar vars stjärt lurar predatorer att tro att det är ett huvud, vilket är en form av automimikry."><img alt="Chaetodon capistratus, art i familjen fjärilsfiskar vars stjärt lurar predatorer att tro att det är ett huvud, vilket är en form av automimikry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg/164px-Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg/247px-Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg/329px-Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Chaetodon_capistratus" title="Chaetodon capistratus">Chaetodon capistratus</a></i>, art i familjen <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rilsfiskar" title="Fjärilsfiskar">fjärilsfiskar</a> vars stjärt lurar predatorer att tro att det är ett huvud, vilket är en form av automimikry.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Caligo_martia_(ventre).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Praktfjärilen Caligo martia med sina karaktäristiska ögonfläckar på vingarna."><img alt="Praktfjärilen Caligo martia med sina karaktäristiska ögonfläckar på vingarna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Caligo_martia_%28ventre%29.jpg/200px-Caligo_martia_%28ventre%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Caligo_martia_%28ventre%29.jpg/300px-Caligo_martia_%28ventre%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Caligo_martia_%28ventre%29.jpg/400px-Caligo_martia_%28ventre%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4518" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Praktfjärilen <i><a href="/wiki/Caligo_martia" title="Caligo martia">Caligo martia</a></i> med sina karaktäristiska ögonfläckar på vingarna.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fyra bon av rörsångare inom släktet Acrocephalus, som alla innehåller varsitt större gökägg."><img alt="Fyra bon av rörsångare inom släktet Acrocephalus, som alla innehåller varsitt större gökägg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/195px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/292px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/389px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fyra bon av <a href="/wiki/Acrocephalidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrocephalidae">rörsångare</a> inom släktet <i><a href="/wiki/Acrocephalus" title="Acrocephalus">Acrocephalus</a></i>, som alla innehåller varsitt större gökägg.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Avena-sativa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Havre var ett ogräs som utvecklades genom Vavilovs mimikry."><img alt="Havre var ett ogräs som utvecklades genom Vavilovs mimikry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Avena-sativa.jpg/200px-Avena-sativa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Avena-sativa.jpg/300px-Avena-sativa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Avena-sativa.jpg/400px-Avena-sativa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Havre" title="Havre">Havre</a> var ett ogräs som utvecklades genom Vavilovs mimikry.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:FinnBirdMimic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bates mimikry hos fåglar: Indisk hökgök och rovfågeln shikra som är dess modellart."><img alt="Bates mimikry hos fåglar: Indisk hökgök och rovfågeln shikra som är dess modellart." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FinnBirdMimic.jpg/158px-FinnBirdMimic.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FinnBirdMimic.jpg/237px-FinnBirdMimic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FinnBirdMimic.jpg/315px-FinnBirdMimic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bates mimikry hos fåglar: <a href="/wiki/Indisk_h%C3%B6kg%C3%B6k" title="Indisk hökgök">Indisk hökgök</a> och rovfågeln <a href="/wiki/Shikra" title="Shikra">shikra</a> som är dess modellart.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Boquila_trifoliata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narrbuskeväxten och lianen Boquila trifoliata efterliknar bladen på ett antal trädarter."><img alt="Narrbuskeväxten och lianen Boquila trifoliata efterliknar bladen på ett antal trädarter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boquila_trifoliata.jpg/159px-Boquila_trifoliata.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boquila_trifoliata.jpg/238px-Boquila_trifoliata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boquila_trifoliata.jpg/317px-Boquila_trifoliata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narrbuskev%C3%A4xter" title="Narrbuskeväxter">Narrbuskeväxten</a> och lianen <i><a href="/wiki/Boquila_trifoliata" title="Boquila trifoliata">Boquila trifoliata</a></i> efterliknar bladen på ett antal trädarter.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cycnia_teneraPCCP20030807-2447B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Björnspinnaren Cycnia tenera smakar illa och sänder ut ultraljud som en aposematisk signal. Arter inom familjen mott (Pyralidae), som inte smakar ett dugg illa, sänder ut ett liknande ultraljud. Detta är ett exempel på akustisk mimikry.[17]"><img alt="Björnspinnaren Cycnia tenera smakar illa och sänder ut ultraljud som en aposematisk signal. Arter inom familjen mott (Pyralidae), som inte smakar ett dugg illa, sänder ut ett liknande ultraljud. Detta är ett exempel på akustisk mimikry.[17]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cycnia_teneraPCCP20030807-2447B.jpg/176px-Cycnia_teneraPCCP20030807-2447B.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cycnia_teneraPCCP20030807-2447B.jpg/264px-Cycnia_teneraPCCP20030807-2447B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cycnia_teneraPCCP20030807-2447B.jpg/352px-Cycnia_teneraPCCP20030807-2447B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rnspinnare" title="Björnspinnare">Björnspinnaren</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cycnia_tenera" title="Cycnia tenera">Cycnia tenera</a></i> smakar illa och sänder ut ultraljud som en aposematisk signal. Arter inom familjen <a href="/wiki/Mott_(insekt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mott (insekt)">mott</a> (Pyralidae), som inte smakar ett dugg illa, sänder ut ett liknande ultraljud. Detta är ett exempel på akustisk mimikry.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber_9331-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=35" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulturell_mimikry" title="Kulturell mimikry">Kulturell mimikry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimikry_hos_v%C3%A4xter" title="Mimikry hos växter">Mimikry hos växter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A4r_mimicry" title="Molekylär mimicry">Molekylär mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetik" title="Biomimetik">Biomimetik</a>, teknik där människor efterliknar förebilder i biologiskt liv i naturen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftonfj%C3%A4rilar" title="Aftonfjärilar">Aftonfjärilar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=36" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=37" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SAOB-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-SAOB_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAOB_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAOB_1-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAOB_1-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">Svenska Akademiens ordbok</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=Mimicry">Mimicry</a> </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE_om_mimicry-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-NE_om_mimicry_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_om_mimicry_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mimicry">”Mimicry”</a>. <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mimicry">http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mimicry</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimicry&rft.atitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fmimicry&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE_om_mimikry-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_om_mimikry_3-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mimikry">”Mimikry”</a>. <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mimikry">http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/mimikry</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 december 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimikry&rft.atitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fmimikry&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters_187-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Masters_187_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_187_4-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_187_4-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_187_4-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasters1979">Masters 1979</a>, s. 187–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEO-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-SEO_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEO_5-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFMaran,_Timo">Maran, Timo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semioticon.com/seo/M/mimicry.html">”Mimicry”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Semiotics Encyclopedia Online</span></i>. E. J. Pratt Library, Victoria College, University of Toronto<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.semioticon.com/seo/M/mimicry.html">http://www.semioticon.com/seo/M/mimicry.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimicry&rft.atitle=Semiotics+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.aulast=Maran%2C+Timo&rft.au=Maran%2C+Timo&rft.pub=E.+J.+Pratt+Library%2C+Victoria+College%2C+University+of+Toronto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semioticon.com%2Fseo%2FM%2Fmimicry.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalziell_609-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Dalziell_609_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalziell_och_Welbergen2016">Dalziell och Welbergen 2016</a>, s. 609–619.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickler_609-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_609_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_609_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickler1968">Wickler 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica-8">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_8-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_8-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383252/mimicry">”Mimicry”</a>. <i><span>Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383252/mimicry">http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383252/mimicry</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimicry&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F383252%2Fmimicry&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_278-9"><a href="#cite_ref-King_278_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2006">King 2006</a>, s. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_on_HF-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_on_HF_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/273341/hover-fly">”Hover fly”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span></i>. 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/273341/hover-fly">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/273341/hover-fly</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hover+fly&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F273341%2Fhover-fly&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickler_519-11">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_519_11-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_519_11-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickler1965">Wickler 1965</a>, s. 519–521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasteur_169-12">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-8"><small>i</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-9"><small>j</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-10"><small>k</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-11"><small>l</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-12"><small>m</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-13"><small>n</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_169_12-14"><small>o</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasteur1982">Pasteur 1982</a>, s. 169–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melin_251-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Melin_251_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelin1918">Melin 1918</a>, s. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE_335-14">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-NE_335_14-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_335_14-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNationalencyklopedin1993">Nationalencyklopedin 1993</a>, s. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulfstrand_124-15">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Ulfstrand_124_15-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulfstrand_124_15-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulfstrand_124_15-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUlfstrand2008">Ulfstrand 2008</a>, s. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O’Reilly_-16"><a href="#cite_ref-O’Reilly_16-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO’ReillyAgassizNeilHoldereid2019">O’Reilly et al. 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber_9331-17">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber_9331_17-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarberConner_2007">Barber & Conner 2007</a>, s. 9331–9334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford_493-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Ford_493_18-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord_1940">Ford 1940</a>, s. 493–513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford_-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Ford_19-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord_1965">Ford 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson_66-20">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_66_20-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_66_20-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutchinson1965">Hutchinson 1965</a>, s. 66–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physorg-21"><a href="#cite_ref-physorg_21-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFYirka,_Bob2014">Yirka, Bob (28 april 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2014-04-vine-mimic-multiple-hosts.html">”Researchers Discover Vine That Is Able to Mimic Multiple Hosts”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Phys.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://phys.org/news/2014-04-vine-mimic-multiple-hosts.html">https://phys.org/news/2014-04-vine-mimic-multiple-hosts.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Researchers+Discover+Vine+That+Is+Able+to+Mimic+Multiple+Hosts&rft.atitle=Phys.org&rft.aulast=Yirka%2C+Bob&rft.au=Yirka%2C+Bob&rft.date=28+april+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2014-04-vine-mimic-multiple-hosts.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gianoli_984-22">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Gianoli_984_22-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gianoli_984_22-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGianoliCarrasco-Urra2014">Gianoli & Carrasco-Urra 2014</a>, s. 984–987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pannell_R357-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Pannell_R357_23-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPannell2014">Pannell 2014</a>, s. R357-R359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates_1862-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1862_24-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates1862">Bates 1862</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates_1863-25">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1863_25-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1863_25-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bates_1863_25-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates1863">Bates 1863</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maran_1-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Maran_1_26-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaran2001">Maran 2001</a>, s. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maran_327-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Maran_327_27-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaran2001">Maran 2001</a>, s. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poulton_339-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Poulton_339_28-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoulton1890">Poulton 1890</a>, s. 339–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marek-29">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Marek_29-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marek_29-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marek_29-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFMarek,_Paul">Marek, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708081153/http://www.apheloria.org/Paul_Marek/Aposematism.html">”Aposematism”</a> (på engelska). Apheloria. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apheloria.org/Paul_Marek/Aposematism.html">originalet</a> den 8 juli 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708081153/http://www.apheloria.org/Paul_Marek/Aposematism.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20170708081153/http://www.apheloria.org/Paul_Marek/Aposematism.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aposematism&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Marek%2C+Paul&rft.au=Marek%2C+Paul&rft.pub=Apheloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170708081153%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.apheloria.org%2FPaul_Marek%2FAposematism.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace_384-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_384_30-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1877">Wallace 1877</a>, s. 384–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santos_12792-31">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Santos_12792_31-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos_12792_31-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSantos,_Coloma,_Cannatella2003">Santos, Coloma, Cannatella 2003</a>, s. 12792–12797.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisner_476-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisner_476_32-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner,_Grant1981">Eisner, Grant 1981</a>, s. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Länsstyrelserna_30-33">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Länsstyrelserna_30_33-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Länsstyrelserna_30_33-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLänsstyrelserna2018">Länsstyrelserna 2018</a>, s. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endler_319-34">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Endler_319_34-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endler_319_34-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndler1978">Endler 1978</a>, s. 319–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant_117-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_117_35-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2006">Grant 2006</a>, s. 117–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMoNH-36"><a href="#cite_ref-AMoNH_36-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=Dendrobatidae&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&författareity=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment=">”Amphibian Species of the World”</a> (på engelska). The American Museum of Natural History<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=Dendrobatidae&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&författareity=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment=">http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=Dendrobatidae&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&författareity=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment=</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Amphibian+Species+of+the+World&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.amnh.org%2Fherpetology%2Famphibia%2Fnames.php%3Ftaxon%3D%26family%3DDendrobatidae%26subfamily%3D%26genus%3D%26commname%3D%26f%C3%B6rfattareity%3D%26year%3D%26geo%3D0%26dist%3D%26comment%3D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pough_92-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Pough_92_37-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoughAndrewsCadleCrump2004">Pough et al. 2004</a>, s. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tegner_2-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Tegner_2_38-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_Tegnér2012">Tegnér 2012</a>, s. 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toledo_-39">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Toledo_39-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toledo_39-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_Toledo2009">Toledo 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1842-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1842_40-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor_2016">Taylor 2016</a>, s. 1842.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holloway_411-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Holloway_411_41-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_HollowayGilbertBrandt2002">Holloway, Gilbert & Brandt 2002</a>, s. 411–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmunds_459-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Edmunds_459_42-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_Edmunds2000">Edmunds 2000</a>, s. 459–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dittrich_195-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Dittrich_195_43-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_DittrichGilbertGreenMcGregorGrewock">Dittrich et al. Grewock</a>, s. 195–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoF-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FoF_44-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFKazemi2014">Kazemi, Baharan (11 april 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022193637/http://www.forskning.se/nyheterfakta/nyheter/pressmeddelanden/daligharmningkangeframgang.5.477ed180144e0fbb087929.html">”Dålig härmning kan ge framgång”</a>. <i><span>forskning.se</span></i>. Forskning och Framsteg. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forskning.se/nyheterfakta/nyheter/pressmeddelanden/daligharmningkangeframgang.5.477ed180144e0fbb087929.html">originalet</a> den 22 oktober 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022193637/http://www.forskning.se/nyheterfakta/nyheter/pressmeddelanden/daligharmningkangeframgang.5.477ed180144e0fbb087929.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20141022193637/http://www.forskning.se/nyheterfakta/nyheter/pressmeddelanden/daligharmningkangeframgang.5.477ed180144e0fbb087929.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=D%C3%A5lig+h%C3%A4rmning+kan+ge+framg%C3%A5ng&rft.atitle=forskning.se&rft.aulast=Kazemi&rft.aufirst=Baharan&rft.au=Kazemi%2C+Baharan&rft.date=11+april+2014&rft.pub=Forskning+och+Framsteg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141022193637%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.forskning.se%2Fnyheterfakta%2Fnyheter%2Fpressmeddelanden%2Fdaligharmningkangeframgang.5.477ed180144e0fbb087929.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howse_111-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Howse_111_45-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_HowseAllen1994">Howse & Allen 1994</a>, s. 111–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnstone_524-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnstone_524_46-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_Johnstone2002">Johnstone 2002</a>, s. 524–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper_1955-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_1955_47-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_HarperPfennig2007">Harper & Pfennig 2007</a>, s. 1955–1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kikuchi_830-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Kikuchi_830_48-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKikuchiPfennig2010">Kikuchi & Pfennig 2010</a>, s. 830–834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RESoL_2005-49"><a href="#cite_ref-RESoL_2005_49-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_RESoL2005">RESoL 2005</a>, s. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawkins-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins_50-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_Dawkins1986">Dawkins 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer_341-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_341_51-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyer2006">Meyer 2006</a>, s. e341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_54-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_54_52-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1878">Müller 1878</a>, s. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_20-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_20_53-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1879">Müller 1879</a>, s. 20–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-54"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_54-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFFlannery,_T._F.2007">Flannery, T. F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117280/community-ecology">”Community ecology: Mimicry complexes”</a>. <i><span>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117280/community-ecology">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117280/community-ecology</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 september 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Community+ecology%3A+Mimicry+complexes&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.aulast=Flannery%2C+T.+F.&rft.au=Flannery%2C+T.+F.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9117280%2Fcommunity-ecology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maran_329-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Maran_329_55-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaran2001">Maran 2001</a>, s. 329–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huheey_86-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Huheey_86_56-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuheey1976">Huheey 1976</a>, s. 86–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes_40-57">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_40_57-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_40_57-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbes2009">Forbes 2009</a>, s. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_497-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_497_58-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowerRitland1991">Brower & Ritland 1991</a>, s. 497–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_759-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_759_59-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1975">Smith 1975</a>, s. 759–760.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_144-60"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_144_60-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica1998">Encyclopaedia Britannica 1998</a>, s. 144–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feltwell-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Feltwell_61-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeltwell1982">Feltwell 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruxton_116-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruxton_116_62-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuxtonSherratSpeed2004">Ruxton, Sherrat & Speed 2004</a>, s. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley_663-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_663_63-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley1966">Emsley 1966</a>, s. 663–664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mertens_541-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Mertens_541_64-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMertens1956">Mertens 1956</a>, s. 541–576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrows_443-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrows_443_65-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrows2000">Barrows 2000</a>, s. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert_210-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_210_66-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1975">Gilbert 1975</a>, s. 210–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallet_159-67">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Mallet_159_67-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallet_159_67-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalletGilbert1995">Mallet & Gilbert 1995</a>, s. 159–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_68-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1996">Campbell 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vavilov-69">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Vavilov_69-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vavilov_69-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVavilov1951">Vavilov 1951</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett_255-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_255_70-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1983">Barrett 1983</a>, s. 255–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiens_365-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiens_365_71-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiens1978">Wiens 1978</a>, s. 365–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McElroy_207-72"><a href="#cite_ref-McElroy_207_72-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcElroy2014">McElroy 2014</a>, s. 207–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Problems_...-73"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Problems_..._73-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFN._I._Vavilov1931">N. I. Vavilov (1931) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/vavilov.htm">The Problem of the Origin of the World's Agriculture in the Light of the Latest Investigations</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/vavilov.htm">https://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/vavilov.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 maj 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+the+Origin+of+the+World%27s+Agriculture+in+the+Light+of+the+Latest+Investigations&rft.aulast=N.+I.+Vavilov&rft.au=N.+I.+Vavilov&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fscience%2Fessays%2Fvavilov.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pseudo-C-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Pseudo-C_74-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFLinde">Linde, Tore Lien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082912/http://www.skyrail.com.au/news/2378-mimicry-in-the-rainforests-of-the-wet-tropics">”Mimicry in the Rainforest of the Wet Tropics”</a>. <i><span>Skyrail Rainforest Cableway</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyrail.com.au/news/2378-mimicry-in-the-rainforests-of-the-wet-tropics">originalet</a> den 6 oktober 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082912/http://www.skyrail.com.au/news/2378-mimicry-in-the-rainforests-of-the-wet-tropics">https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082912/http://www.skyrail.com.au/news/2378-mimicry-in-the-rainforests-of-the-wet-tropics</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimicry+in+the+Rainforest+of+the+Wet+Tropics&rft.atitle=Skyrail+Rainforest+Cableway&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=Tore+Lien&rft.au=Linde%2C+Tore+Lien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141006082912%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyrail.com.au%2Fnews%2F2378-mimicry-in-the-rainforests-of-the-wet-tropics&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pouyanne_29-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Pouyanne_29_75-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPouyanne_och_Correvon1916">Pouyanne och Correvon 1916</a>, s. 29–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vereecken_7484-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Vereecken_7484_76-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVereecken_och_Schiestl2008">Vereecken och Schiestl 2008</a>, s. 7484–7488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanderPijl_129-77">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-vanderPijl_129_77-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPijl_129_77-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Pijl_och_Dodson1966">van der Pijl och Dodson 1966</a>, s. 129–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hjorth_381-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Hjorth_381_78-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHjorth2003">Hjorth 2003</a>, s. 381–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilsson_204-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson_204_79-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1987">Nilsson 1987</a>, s. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritterhausen_22-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Ritterhausen_22_80-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitterhausenRitterhausen2000">Ritterhausen & Ritterhausen 2000</a>, s. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilsson-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson_81-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNilsson1987">Nilsson 1987</a>, s. 204–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Run_247-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Run_247_82-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunChenChangChia1988">Run et al. 1988</a>, s. 247–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaskett_E206-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaskett_E206_83-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaskett,_Winnick_och_Herberstein2008">Gaskett, Winnick och Herberstein 2008</a>, s. E206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gervasi_6023-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Gervasi_6023_84-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGervasiSelosseSauveFranckeVereecken">Gervasi et al. Vereecken</a>, s. 6023–6034.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiestl-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Schiestl_85-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFFlorian_P_Schiestl,_Salvatore_Cozzolino">Florian P Schiestl, Salvatore Cozzolino (februari 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5626055_Evolution_of_sexual_mimicry_in_the_orchid_subtribe_orchidinae_The_role_of_preadaptations_in_the_attraction_of_male_bees_as_pollinators">”Evolution of sexual mimicry in the orchid subtribe orchidinae: The role of preadaptations in the attraction of male bees as pollinators”</a> (på engelska). <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i> 8 (1) (27). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-8-27">10.1186/1471-2148-8-27</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5626055_Evolution_of_sexual_mimicry_in_the_orchid_subtribe_orchidinae_The_role_of_preadaptations_in_the_attraction_of_male_bees_as_pollinators">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5626055_Evolution_of_sexual_mimicry_in_the_orchid_subtribe_orchidinae_The_role_of_preadaptations_in_the_attraction_of_male_bees_as_pollinators</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+sexual+mimicry+in+the+orchid+subtribe+orchidinae%3A+The+role+of+preadaptations+in+the+attraction+of+male+bees+as+pollinators&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.aulast=Florian+P+Schiestl%2C+Salvatore+Cozzolino&rft.au=Florian+P+Schiestl%2C+Salvatore+Cozzolino&rft.date=februari+2008&rft.volume=8+%281%29&rft.issue=27&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1471-2148-8-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F5626055_Evolution_of_sexual_mimicry_in_the_orchid_subtribe_orchidinae_The_role_of_preadaptations_in_the_attraction_of_male_bees_as_pollinators&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hölldobler_511-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Hölldobler_511_86-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölldoblerWilsonWilson1990">Hölldobler, Wilson & Wilson 1990</a>, s. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folkerts-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Folkerts_87-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFFrans_Janssens">Frans Janssens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collembola.org/publicat/mimicry.htm">”Mimicry”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>collembola.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.collembola.org/publicat/mimicry.htm">https://www.collembola.org/publicat/mimicry.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimicry&rft.atitle=collembola.org&rft.aulast=Frans+Janssens&rft.au=Frans+Janssens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collembola.org%2Fpublicat%2Fmimicry.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collembola-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Collembola_88-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430000922/http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/3030/folkerts/mimicry.pdf">”V. Mimicry”</a> (på engelska). Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/3030/folkerts/mimicry.pdf">originalet</a> den 30 april 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430000922/http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/3030/folkerts/mimicry.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20160430000922/http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/3030/folkerts/mimicry.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=V.+Mimicry&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160430000922%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburn.edu%2Facademic%2Fclasses%2Fbiol%2F3030%2Ffolkerts%2Fmimicry.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chow_-89">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Chow_89-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chow_89-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChowGuptaNicolsonSastry2008">Chow et al. 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capinera_2400-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Capinera_2400_90-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapinera2008">Capinera 2008</a>, s. 2400–2401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melin_261-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Melin_261_91-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelin1918">Melin 1918</a>, s. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasmann_231-92">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Wasmann_231_92-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasmann_231_92-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWasmann1894">Wasmann 1894</a>, s. 231–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KronaurPierce_208-93"><a href="#cite_ref-KronaurPierce_208_93-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKronaur_och_Pierce2011">Kronaur och Pierce 2011</a>, s. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_69-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_69_94-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrower1970">Brower 1970</a>, s. 69–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_893-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_893_95-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrower_och_Van_Brower1967">Brower och Van Brower 1967</a>, s. 893–898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_22-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_22_96-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrower1969">Brower 1969</a>, s. 22–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_712-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_712_97-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrower1972">Brower 1972</a>, s. 712–713.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson_230-98">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_230_98-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_230_98-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1973">Erickson 1973</a>, s. 230–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zalucki_81-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Zalucki_81_99-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaluckiBrower1992">Zalucki & Brower 1992</a>, s. 81–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bigot_521-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Bigot_521_100-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigotJouventin1974">Bigot & Jouventin 1974</a>, s. 521–543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett_79-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_79_101-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_Barrett1987">Barrett 1987</a>, s. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_123-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_123_102-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonSchiestl2016">Johnson & Schiestl 2016</a>, s. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bawa_467-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Bawa_467_103-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBawa1980">Bawa 1980</a>, s. 467–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB-104"><a href="#cite_ref-WB_104-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018044127/http://beatsbydrdre-a.net/Mimicry_of_flowers.html">”Mimicry of flowers”</a> (på engelska). Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beatsbydrdre-a.net/Mimicry_of_flowers.html">originalet</a> den 18 oktober 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018044127/http://beatsbydrdre-a.net/Mimicry_of_flowers.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20191018044127/http://beatsbydrdre-a.net/Mimicry_of_flowers.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimicry+of+flowers&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20191018044127%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbeatsbydrdre-a.net%2FMimicry_of_flowers.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smets_582-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Smets_582_105-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF_SmetsRonse_De_Craene2011">Smets & Ronse De Craene 2011</a>, s. 582-598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Avila_-106"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Avila_106-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_AvilaSantos_OlequesMarciniakRibeiro2017">de Avila et al. 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_122-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_122_107-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonSchiestl2016">Johnson & Schiestl 2016</a>, s. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dafni_259-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Dafni_259_108-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDafni1984">Dafni 1984</a>, s. 259–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodson_133-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodson_133_109-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson1961">Dodson 1961</a>, s. 133–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janzen_244-110">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Janzen_244_110-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janzen_244_110-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanzen2018">Janzen 2018</a>, s. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyden_135-111">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Boyden_135_111-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyden_135_111-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyden1980">Boyden 1980</a>, s. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kullenberg_1-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Kullenberg_1_112-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKullenberg1961">Kullenberg 1961</a>, s. 1–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM-113">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM_113-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM_113-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_on_AM_113-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/aggressive-mimicry">”Aggressive mimicry”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/aggressive-mimicry">https://www.britannica.com/science/aggressive-mimicry</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aggressive+mimicry&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Faggressive-mimicry&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GilbertC-114"><a href="#cite_ref-GilbertC_114-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFJames_Gilbert">James Gilbert (27 januari 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/secrets-of-the-orchid-mantis-revealed-it-doesnt-mimic-an-orchid-after-all-36715">”Secrets of the orchid mantis revealed – it doesn’t mimic an orchid after all”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>The Conversion</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theconversation.com/secrets-of-the-orchid-mantis-revealed-it-doesnt-mimic-an-orchid-after-all-36715">http://theconversation.com/secrets-of-the-orchid-mantis-revealed-it-doesnt-mimic-an-orchid-after-all-36715</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+orchid+mantis+revealed+%E2%80%93+it+doesn%E2%80%99t+mimic+an+orchid+after+all&rft.atitle=The+Conversion&rft.aulast=James+Gilbert&rft.au=James+Gilbert&rft.date=27+januari+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fsecrets-of-the-orchid-mantis-revealed-it-doesnt-mimic-an-orchid-after-all-36715&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ericson_8-115">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Ericson_8_115-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ericson_8_115-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEricsonSjögren2000">Ericson & Sjögren 2000</a>, s. 8–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immelmann_186-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Immelmann_186_116-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImmelmann1989">Immelmann 1989</a>, s. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisbane-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Brisbane_117-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_insects/Mimicry.htm">”Mimicry, Camouflage and Deceptive Behavior”</a>. <i><span>Brisbane Insects and Spiders Home Page</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_insects/Mimicry.htm">http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_insects/Mimicry.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimicry%2C+Camouflage+and+Deceptive+Behavior&rft.atitle=Brisbane+Insects+and+Spiders+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbaneinsects.com%2Fbrisbane_insects%2FMimicry.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peckham_61-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Peckham_61_118-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckham1889">Peckham 1889</a>, s. 61–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peckham_1-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Peckham_1_119-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckhamPeckham1892">Peckham & Peckham 1892</a>, s. 1–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates_495-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Bates_495_120-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates1862">Bates 1862</a>, s. 495–566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace_45-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_45_121-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1870">Wallace 1870</a>, s. 45–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberhard_143-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Eberhard_143_122-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEberhard1980">Eberhard 1980</a>, s. 143–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeargan_266-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Yeargan_266_123-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYearganQuate1996">Yeargan & Quate 1996</a>, s. 266–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd_653-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_653_124-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd_1965">Lloyd 1965</a>, s. 653–654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisner_9723-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisner_9723_125-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisnerGoetzHillSmedleyMeinwald">Eisner et al. Meinwald</a>, s. 9723–9728.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segelken-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Segelken_126-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFSegelken">Segelken, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cornell.edu/stories/1997/09/cornell-biologists-report-mimicry-and-murder-night">”Lured and liquidated, gullible male fireflies supply 'femmes fatales' with a lifesaving chemical | Cornell Chronicle”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>news.cornell.edu</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.cornell.edu/stories/1997/09/cornell-biologists-report-mimicry-and-murder-night">http://news.cornell.edu/stories/1997/09/cornell-biologists-report-mimicry-and-murder-night</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lured+and+liquidated%2C+gullible+male+fireflies+supply+%27femmes+fatales%27+with+a+lifesaving+chemical+%7C+Cornell+Chronicle&rft.atitle=news.cornell.edu&rft.aulast=Segelken&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Segelken%2C+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cornell.edu%2Fstories%2F1997%2F09%2Fcornell-biologists-report-mimicry-and-murder-night&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leisch_5-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Leisch_5_127-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeisch2018">Leisch 2018</a>, s. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd_452-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_452_128-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd_1975">Lloyd 1975</a>, s. 452–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_69-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_69_129-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirbySpence1823">Kirby & Spence 1823</a>, s. 69–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne_338-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Payne_338_130-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1997">Payne 1997</a>, s. 338–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothstein_481-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothstein_481_131-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothstein1990">Rothstein 1990</a>, s. 481–508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_132-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1678">Ray 1678</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_225-133">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_225_133-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_225_133-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedmanKiff1985">Friedman & Kiff 1985</a>, s. 225–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortega_-134">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Ortega_134-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortega_134-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrtega1998">Ortega 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozlovic_253-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Kozlovic_253_135-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKozlovicKnaptonBarlow1996">Kozlovic, Knapton & Barlow 1996</a>, s. 253–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaramillo_382-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaramillo_382_136-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaramilloBurke1999">Jaramillo & Burke 1999</a>, s. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yom-Tov_133-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Yom-Tov_133_137-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYom-Tov2001">Yom-Tov 2001</a>, s. 133–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilsson_22-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson_22_138-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNilsson2001">Nilsson 2001</a>, s. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS-139"><a href="#cite_ref-PS_139-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMatthew_I._McKinney_&_Yong-Lak_Park2009">Matthew I. McKinney & Yong-Lak Park (27 januari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/814097/">”Nesting Activity and Behavior of <i>Osmia cornifrons</i> (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Elucidated Using Videography”</a> (på engelska). <i>Psyche</i> 2012. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F814097">10.1155/2012/814097</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/814097/">http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/814097/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nesting+Activity+and+Behavior+of+%27%27Osmia+cornifrons%27%27+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Megachilidae%29+Elucidated+Using+Videography&rft.jtitle=Psyche&rft.aulast=Matthew+I.+McKinney+%26+Yong-Lak+Park&rft.au=Matthew+I.+McKinney+%26+Yong-Lak+Park&rft.date=27+januari+2012&rft.volume=2012&rft_id=info:doi/10.1155%2F2012%2F814097&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fpsyche%2F2012%2F814097%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Da-Yong_275-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Da-Yong_275_140-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDa-YongLong-Shi2001">Da-Yong & Long-Shi 2001</a>, s. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEbio-141">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-NEbio_141-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEbio_141-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFLars_Olof_Björn">Lars Olof Björn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/bioluminiscens">”Bioluminiscens”</a>. <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin</span></i>. Bokförlaget Bra böcker AB, Höganäs<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/bioluminiscens">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/bioluminiscens</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bioluminiscens&rft.atitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft.aulast=Lars+Olof+Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Lars+Olof+Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.pub=Bokf%C3%B6rlaget+Bra+b%C3%B6cker+AB%2C+H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fbioluminiscens&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_829-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Young_829_142-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung1983">Young 1983</a>, s. 829–845.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cookicutter-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Cookicutter_143-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/deepsea-cookiecutter.htm">”The Cookiecutter Shark”</a>. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/deepsea-cookiecutter.htm">http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/deepsea-cookiecutter.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Cookiecutter+Shark&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=ReefQuest+Centre+for+Shark+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elasmo-research.org%2Feducation%2Fecology%2Fdeepsea-cookiecutter.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddock_443-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Haddock_443_144-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaddockMolineCase2010">Haddock, Moline & Case 2010</a>, s. 443–493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naturwissenschaften-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Naturwissenschaften_145-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPeter_Vršanský,_Dušan_Chorvát,_Ingo_Fritzsche,_Miroslav_Hain,_Robert_Ševčík">Peter Vršanský, Dušan Chorvát, Ingo Fritzsche, Miroslav Hain, Robert Ševčík (5 augusti 2012). <i><span>Light-mimicking cockroaches indicate tertiary origin of recent terrestrial luminescence</span></i>. "99". sid. 739-749<span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light-mimicking+cockroaches+indicate+tertiary+origin+of+recent+terrestrial+luminescence&rft.aulast=Peter+Vr%C5%A1ansk%C3%BD%2C+Du%C5%A1an+Chorv%C3%A1t%2C+Ingo+Fritzsche%2C+Miroslav+Hain%2C+Robert+%C5%A0ev%C4%8D%C3%ADk&rft.au=Peter+Vr%C5%A1ansk%C3%BD%2C+Du%C5%A1an+Chorv%C3%A1t%2C+Ingo+Fritzsche%2C+Miroslav+Hain%2C+Robert+%C5%A0ev%C4%8D%C3%ADk&rft.date=5+augusti+2012&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B739-749&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheney_10-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Cheney_10_146-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheney2012">Cheney 2012</a>, s. 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fujisawa-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Fujisawa_147-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFMisaki_Fujisawa,_Yoichi_Sakai,_Tetsuo_Kuwamura2018">Misaki Fujisawa, Yoichi Sakai, Tetsuo Kuwamura (19 april 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.12743">”Aggressive mimicry of the cleaner wrasse by Aspidontus taeniatus functions mainly for small blennies”</a> (på engelska). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Feth.12743">10.1111/eth.12743</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.12743">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.12743</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aggressive+mimicry+of+the+cleaner+wrasse+by+Aspidontus+taeniatus+functions+mainly+for+small+blennies&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Misaki+Fujisawa%2C+Yoichi+Sakai%2C+Tetsuo+Kuwamura&rft.au=Misaki+Fujisawa%2C+Yoichi+Sakai%2C+Tetsuo+Kuwamura&rft.date=19+april+2018&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Feth.12743&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Feth.12743&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingins_-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Gingins_148-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingins2013">Gingins 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuwamura_22-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuwamura_22_149-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuwamura1983">Kuwamura 1983</a>, s. 22–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickler_473-150">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_473_150-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_473_150-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickler1966">Wickler 1966</a>, s. 473–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheney_85-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Cheney_85_151-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheney2014">Cheney 2014</a>, s. 85–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall_299-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Randall_299_152-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandall2005">Randall 2005</a>, s. 299–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes-153">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_153-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_153-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFK._F._Haynes">K. F. Haynes (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C06/E6-52-02-04.pdf">CHEMICAL ECOLOGY – Chemical Mimicry</a></i>. UNESCO<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C06/E6-52-02-04.pdf">https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C06/E6-52-02-04.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CHEMICAL+ECOLOGY+%E2%80%93+Chemical+Mimicry&rft.aulast=K.+F.+Haynes&rft.au=K.+F.+Haynes&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eolss.net%2FSample-Chapters%2FC06%2FE6-52-02-04.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_11-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_11_154-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrower1967">Brower 1967</a>, s. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruxton_176-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruxton_176_155-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuxtonSherrattCoppingerGlazier1968">Ruxton et al. 1968</a>, s. 176–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham_183-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Graham_183_156-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2018">Graham 2018</a>, s. 183, 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_1349-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_1349_157-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowerRyersonCoppingerGlazier1968">Brower et al. 1968</a>, s. 1349–1351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svennungsen_2055-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Svennungsen_2055_158-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSvennungsenHolen2007">Svennungsen & Holen 2007</a>, s. 2055–2063.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riveredge-159"><a href="#cite_ref-riveredge_159-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023045458/https://www.riveredgenaturecenter.org/news/page/25/">”Slender lizard beetles”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Riveredge nature center</span></i>. 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Läst 23 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Slender+lizard+beetles&rft.atitle=Riveredge+nature+center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20191023045458%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.riveredgenaturecenter.org%2Fnews%2Fpage%2F25%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsp-160"><a href="#cite_ref-rsp_160-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPaul_S._Shamble,_Ron_R._Hoy,_Itai_Cohen,_Tsevi_Beatus">Paul S. Shamble, Ron R. Hoy, Itai Cohen, Tsevi Beatus (12 juli 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.0308">”Walking like an ant: a quantitative and experimental approach to understanding locomotor mimicry in the jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria”</a> (på engelska). <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i> 284. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2017.0308">10.1098/rspb.2017.0308</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.0308">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.0308</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Walking+like+an+ant%3A+a+quantitative+and+experimental+approach+to+understanding+locomotor+mimicry+in+the+jumping+spider+Myrmarachne+formicaria&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.aulast=Paul+S.+Shamble%2C+Ron+R.+Hoy%2C+Itai+Cohen%2C+Tsevi+Beatus&rft.au=Paul+S.+Shamble%2C+Ron+R.+Hoy%2C+Itai+Cohen%2C+Tsevi+Beatus&rft.date=12+juli+2017&rft.volume=284&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2017.0308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2017.0308&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maculay-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Maculay_161-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFMaculay,_G.">Maculay, G. (6 januari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dive-the-world.com/creatures-mimic-octopus.php">”Mimic Octopus Creature Feature – Diving with Mimics”</a>. <i><span>Dive The World</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dive-the-world.com/creatures-mimic-octopus.php">http://www.dive-the-world.com/creatures-mimic-octopus.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mimic+Octopus+Creature+Feature+%E2%80%93+Diving+with+Mimics&rft.atitle=Dive+The+World&rft.aulast=Maculay%2C+G.&rft.au=Maculay%2C+G.&rft.date=6+januari+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dive-the-world.com%2Fcreatures-mimic-octopus.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmon-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Harmon_162-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHarmon,_K.">Harmon, K. (21 februari 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/octopus-chronicles/2013/03/21/mimic-octopus-makes-home-on-great-barrier-reef/">”Mimic Octopus Makes Home on Great Barrier Reef”</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/octopus-chronicles/2013/03/21/mimic-octopus-makes-home-on-great-barrier-reef/">http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/octopus-chronicles/2013/03/21/mimic-octopus-makes-home-on-great-barrier-reef/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mimic+Octopus+Makes+Home+on+Great+Barrier+Reef&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Harmon%2C+K.&rft.au=Harmon%2C+K.&rft.date=21+februari+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Foctopus-chronicles%2F2013%2F03%2F21%2Fmimic-octopus-makes-home-on-great-barrier-reef%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOL-163"><a href="#cite_ref-EOL_163-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.org/pages/3100227/overview">”Thaumoctopus mimicus — Overview Mimic Octopus”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>EOL – Encyclopedia of Life</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://eol.org/pages/3100227/overview">http://eol.org/pages/3100227/overview</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Thaumoctopus+mimicus+%E2%80%94+Overview+Mimic+Octopus&rft.atitle=EOL+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feol.org%2Fpages%2F3100227%2Foverview&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Young_164-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2014">Young 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens_525-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_525_165-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevensHardmanStubbins2007">Stevens, Hardman & Stubbins 2007</a>, s. 525–531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batra_1011-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Batra_1011_166-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatraBatra1985">Batra & Batra 1985</a>, s. 1011–1013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_177-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_177_167-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2002">Alexander 2002</a>, s. 177–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmgren_145-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmgren_145_168-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmgrenEnquist1999">Holmgren & Enquist 1999</a>, s. 145–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joron_203-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Joron_203_169-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoron2011">Joron 2011</a>, s. 203–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franks_191-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Franks_191_170-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranksNoble2004">Franks & Noble 2004</a>, s. 191–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruxton-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruxton_171-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuxtonSherratSpeed2004">Ruxton, Sherrat & Speed 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner_247-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_247_172-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnerKearneyExton1984">Turner, Kearney & Exton 1984</a>, s. 247–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Websters-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Websters_173-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> (på engelska) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.se/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA789&lpg=PA789&dq=Mimicry+1637&source=bl&ots=3aTeB7YiW2&sig=yXgvRavePI-Q7KxSZpRmJKtSSYY&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=pjMqVNuEEJbmas6YgrgD&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Mimicry%201637&f=false">Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Eleventh Edition</a></i>. Merriam-Webster. 2004. sid. 789. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-87-779809-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-87-779809-5">ISBN 978-0-87-779809-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.se/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA789&lpg=PA789&dq=Mimicry+1637&source=bl&ots=3aTeB7YiW2&sig=yXgvRavePI-Q7KxSZpRmJKtSSYY&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=pjMqVNuEEJbmas6YgrgD&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Mimicry%201637&f=false">http://books.google.se/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA789&lpg=PA789&dq=Mimicry+1637&source=bl&ots=3aTeB7YiW2&sig=yXgvRavePI-Q7KxSZpRmJKtSSYY&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=pjMqVNuEEJbmas6YgrgD&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Mimicry%201637&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 september 2014</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Dictionary%3A+Eleventh+Edition&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B789&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.isbn=978-0-87-779809-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAnheeIPcAEC%26pg%3DPA789%26lpg%3DPA789%26dq%3DMimicry%2B1637%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D3aTeB7YiW2%26sig%3DyXgvRavePI-Q7KxSZpRmJKtSSYY%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DpjMqVNuEEJbmas6YgrgD%26ved%3D0CDwQ6AEwAg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMimicry%25201637%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eonline-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Eonline_174-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper">Douglas Harper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=mimicry&searchmode=none">”Online Etymology Dictionary”</a> (på engelska)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=mimicry&searchmode=none">http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=mimicry&searchmode=none</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 september 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Douglas+Harper&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dmimicry%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KB3-175"><a href="#cite_ref-KB3_175-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidningar.kb.se/4112678/1877-05-15/edition/0/part/1/page/3/?q=mimicry&from=1877-01-01&to=1877-12-31">”Aftonbladet (1877-05-15) sid 3”</a>. <i><span>Kungliga bibliotekets arkiv</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tidningar.kb.se/4112678/1877-05-15/edition/0/part/1/page/3/?q=mimicry&from=1877-01-01&to=1877-12-31">https://tidningar.kb.se/4112678/1877-05-15/edition/0/part/1/page/3/?q=mimicry&from=1877-01-01&to=1877-12-31</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aftonbladet+%281877-05-15%29+sid+3&rft.atitle=Kungliga+bibliotekets+arkiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidningar.kb.se%2F4112678%2F1877-05-15%2Fedition%2F0%2Fpart%2F1%2Fpage%2F3%2F%3Fq%3Dmimicry%26from%3D1877-01-01%26to%3D1877-12-31&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KB4-176"><a href="#cite_ref-KB4_176-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidningar.kb.se/1767385/1897-04-03/edition/0/part/1/page/6/?q=mimikry&from=1897-01-01&to=1897-12-31">”Svenska Dagbladet (1897-04-03) sid 6”</a>. <i><span>Kungliga bibliotekets arkiv</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tidningar.kb.se/1767385/1897-04-03/edition/0/part/1/page/6/?q=mimikry&from=1897-01-01&to=1897-12-31">https://tidningar.kb.se/1767385/1897-04-03/edition/0/part/1/page/6/?q=mimikry&from=1897-01-01&to=1897-12-31</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Svenska+Dagbladet+%281897-04-03%29+sid+6&rft.atitle=Kungliga+bibliotekets+arkiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidningar.kb.se%2F1767385%2F1897-04-03%2Fedition%2F0%2Fpart%2F1%2Fpage%2F6%2F%3Fq%3Dmimikry%26from%3D1897-01-01%26to%3D1897-12-31&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAOL-177"><a href="#cite_ref-SAOL_177-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademien" title="Svenska Akademien">Svenska Akademiens</a> ordböcker (<a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordlista_%C3%B6ver_svenska_spr%C3%A5ket" title="Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket">SAOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svensk_ordbok_utgiven_av_Svenska_Akademien" title="Svensk ordbok utgiven av Svenska Akademien">SO</a> och <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordbok" title="Svenska Akademiens ordbok">SAOB</a>) på Svenska.se: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svenska.se/tre/?sok=Mimikry">Mimikry</a></cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=38" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFAlexander,_Victoria_N.2002">Alexander, Victoria N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nabokov_studies/summary/v007/7.alexander.html">”Nabokov, Teleology and Insect Mimicry”</a>. <i>Nabokov Studies</i> 7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fnab.2010.0004">10.1353/nab.2010.0004</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nabokov_studies/summary/v007/7.alexander.html">http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nabokov_studies/summary/v007/7.alexander.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nabokov%2C+Teleology+and+Insect+Mimicry&rft.jtitle=Nabokov+Studies&rft.aulast=Alexander%2C+Victoria+N.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Victoria+N.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353%2Fnab.2010.0004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fnabokov_studies%2Fsummary%2Fv007%2F7.alexander.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFRubem_Samuel_de_Avila,_Jr,_Suiane_Santos_Oleques,_Brisa_Marciniak,_José_Ricardo_I_Ribeiro">Rubem Samuel de Avila, Jr, Suiane Santos Oleques, Brisa Marciniak, José Ricardo I Ribeiro (november 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/aobpla/article/9/6/plx044/4443137">”Effects of model-mimic frequency on insect visitation and plant reproduction in a self-mimicry pollination system”</a> (på engelska). <i>AoB Plants</i> 9 (6 sid=). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Faobpla%2Fplx044">10.1093/aobpla/plx044</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/aobpla/article/9/6/plx044/4443137">https://academic.oup.com/aobpla/article/9/6/plx044/4443137</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+model-mimic+frequency+on+insect+visitation+and+plant+reproduction+in+a+self-mimicry+pollination+system&rft.jtitle=AoB+Plants&rft.aulast=Rubem+Samuel+de+Avila%2C+Jr%2C+Suiane+Santos+Oleques%2C+Brisa+Marciniak%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Ricardo+I+Ribeiro&rft.au=Rubem+Samuel+de+Avila%2C+Jr%2C+Suiane+Santos+Oleques%2C+Brisa+Marciniak%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Ricardo+I+Ribeiro&rft.date=november+2017&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6+sid%3D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Faobpla%2Fplx044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Faobpla%2Farticle%2F9%2F6%2Fplx044%2F4443137&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBarber,_J._R.;_Conner,_W._E.2007">Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890494">”Acoustic mimicry in a predator prey interaction”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> 104 (22). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0703627104">10.1073/pnas.0703627104</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517637?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17517637">PMID 17517637</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Acoustic+mimicry+in+a+predator+prey+interaction&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Barber%2C+J.+R.%3B+Conner%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Barber%2C+J.+R.%3B+Conner%2C+W.+E.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=22&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0703627104&rft_id=info:pmid/17517637&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBarrett1983">Barrett, S. (1983). ”Crop Mimicry in Weeds” (på engelska). <i>Economic Botany</i> 37 (3). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858881">10.1007/BF02858881</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crop+Mimicry+in+Weeds&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+S.&rft.date=1983&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02858881&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBarrett,_Spencer_C.H.">Barrett, Spencer C.H. (september 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/BarrettLab/pdf/schb_54.pdf">”Mimicry in plants”</a> (på engelska). <i>Scientific American</i> 255 (9)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/BarrettLab/pdf/schb_54.pdf">http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/BarrettLab/pdf/schb_54.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mimicry+in+plants&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Barrett%2C+Spencer+C.H.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Spencer+C.H.&rft.date=september+1987&rft.volume=255&rft.issue=9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flabs.eeb.utoronto.ca%2FBarrettLab%2Fpdf%2Fschb_54.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFEdward_M._Barrows2000">Edward M. 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-14-20039-47-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-14-20039-47-4">ISBN 978-14-20039-47-4</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=MFlc5iN6ynAC&pg=PA443&lpg=PA443&dq=merten+mimicry&source=bl&ots=AeAqL_XSAm&sig=ACfU3U2pM-AwiegO7G--wiD7A28RhnC1qg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL8vv6upflAhUEAxAIHRuvDJEQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=merten%20mimicry&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=MFlc5iN6ynAC&pg=PA443&lpg=PA443&dq=merten+mimicry&source=bl&ots=AeAqL_XSAm&sig=ACfU3U2pM-AwiegO7G--wiD7A28RhnC1qg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL8vv6upflAhUEAxAIHRuvDJEQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=merten%20mimicry&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1972). ”Ecological chemistry of the palatability-cardiac glycoside spectrum in Monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, and Asclepias milkweeds” (på engelska). <i>American Zoologist</i> (12).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ecological+chemistry+of+the+palatability-cardiac+glycoside+spectrum+in+Monarch+butterflies%2C+Danaus+plexippus%2C+and+Asclepias+milkweeds&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.aulast=Brower%2C+L.+P.&rft.au=Brower%2C+L.+P.&rft.date=1972&rft.issue=12&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBrower,_L._P.;_D._Ritland">Brower, L. P.; D. Ritland (11 april 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v350/n6318/abs/350497a0.htm">”The viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic”</a> (på engelska). <i>Nature</i> 350 (6318): sid. 497–498. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F350497a0">10.1038/350497a0</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v350/n6318/abs/350497a0.htm">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v350/n6318/abs/350497a0.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Benjamin Cummings, New York. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-8053-1957-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-8053-1957-3">ISBN 0-8053-1957-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+%284th+edition%29%2C+kapitel+50&rft.aulast=Campbell%2C+N.+A&rft.au=Campbell%2C+N.+A&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings%2C+New+York&rft.isbn=0-8053-1957-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFCorrevon_H_och_Pouyanne_M1916">Correvon H och Pouyanne M (1916). ”A curious case of mimicry in Ophrys”. <i>J Soc Nat Horticult (Frankrike)</i> (4).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+curious+case+of+mimicry+in+Ophrys&rft.jtitle=J+Soc+Nat+Horticult+%28Frankrike%29&rft.aulast=Correvon+H+och+Pouyanne+M&rft.au=Correvon+H+och+Pouyanne+M&rft.date=1916&rft.issue=4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFKaren_L._Cheney">Karen L. Cheney (23 februari 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0687">”Cleaner wrasse mimics inflict higher costs on their models when they are more aggressive towards signal receivers”</a> (på engelska). <i>Biological Letters</i> 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0687">10.1098/rsbl.2011.0687</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0687">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0687</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cleaner+wrasse+mimics+inflict+higher+costs+on+their+models+when+they+are+more+aggressive+towards+signal+receivers&rft.jtitle=Biological+Letters&rft.aulast=Karen+L.+Cheney&rft.au=Karen+L.+Cheney&rft.date=23+februari+2012&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.0687&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFCheney2014">Cheney, Karen L. (2014). ”Geographical variation in the benefits obtained by a coral reef fish mimic” (på engelska). <i>Animal Behaviour</i> 88. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2013.11.006">10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.006</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geographical+variation+in+the+benefits+obtained+by+a+coral+reef+fish+mimic&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rft.au=Cheney%2C+Karen+L.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=88&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2013.11.006&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFDalziellWelbergen">Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A. 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Capinera (red.) (2008) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA2400&lpg=PA2400&dq=wasmannian+mimicry&source=bl&ots=VYFkNxoKQU&sig=ACfU3U0JSSn_2dzzcTd5uet6OIeK4G7HQw&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjij7u-9J_lAhVS6KYKHYkNDsU4ChDoATAEegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=wasmannian%20mimicry&f=false">Encyclopedia of Entomology</a></i>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-14-02062-42-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-14-02062-42-1">ISBN 978-14-02062-42-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA2400&lpg=PA2400&dq=wasmannian+mimicry&source=bl&ots=VYFkNxoKQU&sig=ACfU3U0JSSn_2dzzcTd5uet6OIeK4G7HQw&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjij7u-9J_lAhVS6KYKHYkNDsU4ChDoATAEegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=wasmannian%20mimicry&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA2400&lpg=PA2400&dq=wasmannian+mimicry&source=bl&ots=VYFkNxoKQU&sig=ACfU3U0JSSn_2dzzcTd5uet6OIeK4G7HQw&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjij7u-9J_lAhVS6KYKHYkNDsU4ChDoATAEegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=wasmannian%20mimicry&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Long-Shi (2007). ”The activity of wild and orchard Osmia cornifrons” (på engelska). <i>Chinese Bulletin of Entomology</i> 44.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+activity+of+wild+and+orchard+Osmia+cornifrons&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Bulletin+of+Entomology&rft.aulast=J.+Da-Yong%2C+L.+Long-Shi&rft.au=J.+Da-Yong%2C+L.+Long-Shi&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=44&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFDavie,_P._S.;_Franklin,_C._E.;_Grigg,_G._C.1993">Davie, P. S.; Franklin, C. E.; Grigg, G. C. (1993). <i><span>Blood pressure and heart rate during tonic immobility in the black tipped reef shark, </span></i>Carcharhinus melanoptera<i></i>. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-300-17896-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-300-17896-8">ISBN 978-0-300-17896-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dazzled+and+Deceived%3A+Mimicry+and+Camouflage&rft.aulast=Forbes%2C+Peter&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Peter&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17896-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFFord,_E._B.1940">Ford, E. B. (1940) (på engelska). <i><span>Polymorphism and Taxonomy</span></i>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1761/20130553.full.pdf+html">”Power and temptation cause shifts between exploitation and cooperation in a cleaner wrasse mutualism”</a> (på engelska). <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> 280. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.0553">10.1098/rspb.2013.0553</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1761/20130553.full.pdf+html">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1761/20130553.full.pdf+html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Power+and+temptation+cause+shifts+between+exploitation+and+cooperation+in+a+cleaner+wrasse+mutualism&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.aulast=Gingins%2C+S.&rft.au=Gingins%2C+S.&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=280&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.0553&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F280%2F1761%2F20130553.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFGrant,_T.,_Frost,_D._R.,_Caldwell,_J._P.,_Gagliardo,_R.,_Haddad,_C._F._B.,_Kok,_P._J._R.,_Means,_D._B.,_Noonan,_B._P.,_Schargel,_W._E.,_Wheeler,_W._C.2006">Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, D. B., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. E., Wheeler, W. C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5803/1/B299.pdf">”Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae)”</a> (på engelska). <i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i> 299. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29299%5B1%3APSODFA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5803/1/B299.pdf">http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5803/1/B299.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+systematics+of+dart-poison+frogs+and+their+relatives+%28Amphibia%3A+Athesphatanura%3A+Dendrobatidae%29&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.aulast=Grant%2C+T.%2C+Frost%2C+D.+R.%2C+Caldwell%2C+J.+P.%2C+Gagliardo%2C+R.%2C+Haddad%2C+C.+F.+B.%2C+Kok%2C+P.+J.+R.%2C+Means%2C+D.+B.%2C+Noonan%2C+B.+P.%2C+Schargel%2C+W.+E.%2C+Wheeler%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Grant%2C+T.%2C+Frost%2C+D.+R.%2C+Caldwell%2C+J.+P.%2C+Gagliardo%2C+R.%2C+Haddad%2C+C.+F.+B.%2C+Kok%2C+P.+J.+R.%2C+Means%2C+D.+B.%2C+Noonan%2C+B.+P.%2C+Schargel%2C+W.+E.%2C+Wheeler%2C+W.+C.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=299&rft_id=info:doi/10.1206%2F0003-0090%282006%29299%5B1%3APSODFA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2246%2F5803%2F1%2FB299.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGraham">Graham, Sean P. (18 februari 2018) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9n9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT319">American Snakes</a></i>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-4214-2360-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-4214-2360-9">ISBN 978-1-4214-2360-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9n9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT319">https://books.google.com/books?id=9n9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT319</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Snakes&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Sean+P.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Sean+P.&rft.date=18+februari+2018&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-2360-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9n9DDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT319&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHaddock,_Steven_H.D.;_Moline,M.A.;_Case,_J.F2010">Haddock, Steven H.D.; Moline,M.A.; Case, J.F (2010). ”Bioluminescence in the sea” (på engelska). <i>Annual Review of Marine Science</i> 2. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-marine-120308-081028">10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bioluminescence+in+the+sea&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Marine+Science&rft.aulast=Haddock%2C+Steven+H.D.%3B+Moline%2CM.A.%3B+Case%2C+J.F&rft.au=Haddock%2C+Steven+H.D.%3B+Moline%2CM.A.%3B+Case%2C+J.F&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev-marine-120308-081028&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHarper,_GR;_Pfennig,_DW2007">Harper, GR; Pfennig, DW (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275182">”Mimicry on the edge: Why do mimics vary in resemblance to their model in different parts of their geographical range?”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> 274 (1621). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0558">10.1098/rspb.2007.0558</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mimicry+on+the+edge%3A+Why+do+mimics+vary+in+resemblance+to+their+model+in+different+parts+of+their+geographical+range%3F&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.aulast=Harper%2C+GR%3B+Pfennig%2C+DW&rft.au=Harper%2C+GR%3B+Pfennig%2C+DW&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=1621&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0558&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHennig,_C._W.;_W._P._Dunlap1978">Hennig, C. W.; W. P. Dunlap (1978). ”Tonic immobility in Anolis carolinensis: Effects of time and conditions of captivity”. <i>Behavioral Biology</i> 23 (1).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tonic+immobility+in+Anolis+carolinensis%3A+Effects+of+time+and+conditions+of+captivity&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Biology&rft.aulast=Hennig%2C+C.+W.%3B+W.+P.+Dunlap&rft.au=Hennig%2C+C.+W.%3B+W.+P.+Dunlap&rft.date=1978&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHenningsen,_A._D.1994">Henningsen, A. D. (1994). ”Tonic immobility in 12 elasmobranchs - use as an aid in captive husbandry”. <i>Zoo Biology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fzoo.1430130406">10.1002/zoo.1430130406</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tonic+immobility+in+12+elasmobranchs+-+use+as+an+aid+in+captive+husbandry&rft.jtitle=Zoo+Biology&rft.aulast=Henningsen%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=Henningsen%2C+A.+D.&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fzoo.1430130406&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHjorth,_Ingemar2003">Hjorth, Ingemar (2003). <i><span>Ekologi – för miljöns skull</span></i>. Liber förlag AB, Stockholm. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-47-05104-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-47-05104-3">ISBN 91-47-05104-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ekologi+%E2%80%93+f%C3%B6r+milj%C3%B6ns+skull&rft.aulast=Hjorth%2C+Ingemar&rft.au=Hjorth%2C+Ingemar&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Liber+f%C3%B6rlag+AB%2C+Stockholm&rft.isbn=91-47-05104-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHolloway,_G.;_Gilbert,_F.;_Brandt,_A.2002">Holloway, G.; Gilbert, F.; Brandt, A. (2002). ”The relationship between mimetic imperfection and phenotypic variation in insect colour patterns”. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> 269 (1489). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1885">10.1098/rspb.2001.1885</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+mimetic+imperfection+and+phenotypic+variation+in+insect+colour+patterns&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.aulast=Holloway%2C+G.%3B+Gilbert%2C+F.%3B+Brandt%2C+A.&rft.au=Holloway%2C+G.%3B+Gilbert%2C+F.%3B+Brandt%2C+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=1489&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2001.1885&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHolmgren,_N._M._A._och_Enquist,_M.1999">Holmgren, N. M. A. och Enquist, M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/biosystems/reading/paper/dynamics.pdf">”Dynamics of mimicry evolution”</a> (PDF). <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i> 66 (2). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1999.tb01880.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01880.x</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/biosystems/reading/paper/dynamics.pdf">http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/biosystems/reading/paper/dynamics.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+mimicry+evolution&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.aulast=Holmgren%2C+N.+M.+A.+och+Enquist%2C+M.&rft.au=Holmgren%2C+N.+M.+A.+och+Enquist%2C+M.&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1999.tb01880.x&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comp.leeds.ac.uk%2Fbiosystems%2Freading%2Fpaper%2Fdynamics.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHowse,_P._E.;_Allen,_J._A.1994">Howse, P. E.; Allen, J. A. (1994). ”Satyric mimicry – the evolution of apparent imperfection”. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> 257 (1349). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1994.0102">10.1098/rspb.1994.0102</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Satyric+mimicry+%E2%80%93+the+evolution+of+apparent+imperfection&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.aulast=Howse%2C+P.+E.%3B+Allen%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Howse%2C+P.+E.%3B+Allen%2C+J.+A.&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=1349&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.1994.0102&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHuheey,_James_E.1976">Huheey, James E. (1976). ”Studies in warning coloration and mimicry VII — Evolutionary consequences of a Batesian–Müllerian spectrum: A model for Müllerian mimicry”. <i>Evolution</i> 30 (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2407675">10.2307/2407675</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+in+warning+coloration+and+mimicry+VII+%E2%80%94+Evolutionary+consequences+of+a+Batesian%E2%80%93M%C3%BCllerian+spectrum%3A+A+model+for+M%C3%BCllerian+mimicry&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.aulast=Huheey%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Huheey%2C+James+E.&rft.date=1976&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2407675&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHutchinson,_George_Evelyn1965">Hutchinson, George Evelyn (1965) (på engelska). <i><span>The evolutionary theater and the evolutionary play</span></i>. Yale University Press, New Haven. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-300005-86-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-300005-86-8">ISBN 978-0-300005-86-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolutionary+theater+and+the+evolutionary+play&rft.aulast=Hutchinson%2C+George+Evelyn&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+George+Evelyn&rft.date=1965&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press%2C+New+Haven&rft.isbn=978-0-300005-86-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFImmelmann,_Klaus1989">Immelmann, Klaus (1989). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.se/books?id=1ySmpkaVzy0C&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=mimicry+peckham&source=bl&ots=AyQWDa32xS&sig=WDQIah3mHosX-DvzYagf4nf_7Us&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=yBUwVKiMOaujygPq5oD4Bw&sqi=2&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=mimicry%20peckham&f=false">A Dictionary of Ethology</a></i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-67-420506-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-67-420506-2">ISBN 978-0-67-420506-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.se/books?id=1ySmpkaVzy0C&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=mimicry+peckham&source=bl&ots=AyQWDa32xS&sig=WDQIah3mHosX-DvzYagf4nf_7Us&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=yBUwVKiMOaujygPq5oD4Bw&sqi=2&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=mimicry%20peckham&f=false">http://books.google.se/books?id=1ySmpkaVzy0C&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=mimicry+peckham&source=bl&ots=AyQWDa32xS&sig=WDQIah3mHosX-DvzYagf4nf_7Us&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=yBUwVKiMOaujygPq5oD4Bw&sqi=2&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=mimicry%20peckham&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 oktober 2014</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ethology&rft.aulast=Immelmann%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Immelmann%2C+Klaus&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-67-420506-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ySmpkaVzy0C%26pg%3DPA186%26lpg%3DPA186%26dq%3Dmimicry%2Bpeckham%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DAyQWDa32xS%26sig%3DWDQIah3mHosX-DvzYagf4nf_7Us%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DyBUwVKiMOaujygPq5oD4Bw%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CE4Q6AEwBQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dmimicry%2520peckham%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBert_Hölldobler,_Edward_O._Wilson,_Edward_O_Wilson1990">Bert Hölldobler, Edward O. Wilson, Edward O Wilson (1990) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=R-7TaridBX0C&pg=PA511&lpg=PA511&dq=wasmannian+mimicry&source=bl&ots=sL2OeeGK1g&sig=ACfU3U16rKwDHabRppAFrpMk-BG-EN-HJg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjij7u-9J_lAhVS6KYKHYkNDsU4ChDoATAFegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=wasmannian%20mimicry&f=false">The Ants</a></i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-06-74040-75-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-06-74040-75-5">ISBN 978-06-74040-75-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=R-7TaridBX0C&pg=PA511&lpg=PA511&dq=wasmannian+mimicry&source=bl&ots=sL2OeeGK1g&sig=ACfU3U16rKwDHabRppAFrpMk-BG-EN-HJg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjij7u-9J_lAhVS6KYKHYkNDsU4ChDoATAFegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=wasmannian%20mimicry&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=R-7TaridBX0C&pg=PA511&lpg=PA511&dq=wasmannian+mimicry&source=bl&ots=sL2OeeGK1g&sig=ACfU3U16rKwDHabRppAFrpMk-BG-EN-HJg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjij7u-9J_lAhVS6KYKHYkNDsU4ChDoATAFegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=wasmannian%20mimicry&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 16 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ants&rft.aulast=Bert+H%C3%B6lldobler%2C+Edward+O.+Wilson%2C+Edward+O+Wilson&rft.au=Bert+H%C3%B6lldobler%2C+Edward+O.+Wilson%2C+Edward+O+Wilson&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-06-74040-75-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR-7TaridBX0C%26pg%3DPA511%26lpg%3DPA511%26dq%3Dwasmannian%2Bmimicry%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DsL2OeeGK1g%26sig%3DACfU3U16rKwDHabRppAFrpMk-BG-EN-HJg%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjij7u-9J_lAhVS6KYKHYkNDsU4ChDoATAFegQICBAB%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dwasmannian%2520mimicry%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFJanzen,_Daniel_H.2018">Janzen, Daniel H. (2018) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=vRN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&dq=Dodson%27s+mimicry+Epidendrum+ibaguense&source=bl&ots=-KZMnGzstF&sig=ACfU3U1wdm2lU7ANYUny0p3dI2gLvJ3Y3w&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI_NSbjqblAhXwBBAIHfayBjsQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Epidendrum%20ibaguense&f=false">Costa Rican Natural History</a></i>. University of Chicago Press<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=vRN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&dq=Dodson%27s+mimicry+Epidendrum+ibaguense&source=bl&ots=-KZMnGzstF&sig=ACfU3U1wdm2lU7ANYUny0p3dI2gLvJ3Y3w&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI_NSbjqblAhXwBBAIHfayBjsQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Epidendrum%20ibaguense&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=vRN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&dq=Dodson%27s+mimicry+Epidendrum+ibaguense&source=bl&ots=-KZMnGzstF&sig=ACfU3U1wdm2lU7ANYUny0p3dI2gLvJ3Y3w&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI_NSbjqblAhXwBBAIHfayBjsQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Epidendrum%20ibaguense&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+Rican+Natural+History&rft.aulast=Janzen%2C+Daniel+H.&rft.au=Janzen%2C+Daniel+H.&rft.date=2018&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRN-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244%26lpg%3DPA244%26dq%3DDodson%2527s%2Bmimicry%2BEpidendrum%2Bibaguense%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D-KZMnGzstF%26sig%3DACfU3U1wdm2lU7ANYUny0p3dI2gLvJ3Y3w%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiI_NSbjqblAhXwBBAIHfayBjsQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DEpidendrum%2520ibaguense%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJaramilloPeter_Burke1999">Jaramillo, Alvaro; Peter Burke (1999) (på engelska). <i><span>New World Blackbirds: The Iceterids</span></i>. London: Christopher Helm. sid. 382</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+World+Blackbirds%3A+The+Iceterids&rft.aulast=Jaramillo&rft.aufirst=Alvaro&rft.au=Jaramillo%2C+Alvaro&rft.au=Peter+Burke&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B382&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSteven_D._Johnson,_Florian_P._Schiestl2016">Steven D. Johnson, Florian P. Schiestl (2016) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=LzVADQAAQBAJ&pg=PT176&lpg=PT176&dq=Bakers+mimicry+Caricaceae&source=bl&ots=SXN4fufYiD&sig=ACfU3U3dx5_K5yQ3Rt8IfxBa1_slx2yivg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6xMaa9KTlAhUeAhAIHVJvDeMQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Caricaceae&f=false">Floral Mimicry</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-01-98732-69-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-01-98732-69-3">ISBN 978-01-98732-69-3</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=LzVADQAAQBAJ&pg=PT176&lpg=PT176&dq=Bakers+mimicry+Caricaceae&source=bl&ots=SXN4fufYiD&sig=ACfU3U3dx5_K5yQ3Rt8IfxBa1_slx2yivg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6xMaa9KTlAhUeAhAIHVJvDeMQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Caricaceae&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=LzVADQAAQBAJ&pg=PT176&lpg=PT176&dq=Bakers+mimicry+Caricaceae&source=bl&ots=SXN4fufYiD&sig=ACfU3U3dx5_K5yQ3Rt8IfxBa1_slx2yivg&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6xMaa9KTlAhUeAhAIHVJvDeMQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Caricaceae&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floral+Mimicry&rft.aulast=Steven+D.+Johnson%2C+Florian+P.+Schiestl&rft.au=Steven+D.+Johnson%2C+Florian+P.+Schiestl&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-01-98732-69-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLzVADQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT176%26lpg%3DPT176%26dq%3DBakers%2Bmimicry%2BCaricaceae%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DSXN4fufYiD%26sig%3DACfU3U3dx5_K5yQ3Rt8IfxBa1_slx2yivg%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj6xMaa9KTlAhUeAhAIHVJvDeMQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DCaricaceae%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFJohnstone,_R._A.2002">Johnstone, R. A. (2002). ”The evolution of inaccurate mimics” (på engelska). <i>Nature</i> 418 (6897). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature00845">10.1038/nature00845</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12152077?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:12152077">PMID 12152077</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+inaccurate+mimics&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Johnstone%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Johnstone%2C+R.+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=418&rft.issue=6897&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature00845&rft_id=info:pmid/12152077&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFJoron,_Mathieu;_Lise_Frezal,_Robert_T._Jones,_Nicola_L._Chamberlain,_Siu_F._Lee,_Christoph_R._Haag,_Annabel_Whibley,_Michel_Becuwe,_Simon_W._Baxter,_Laura_Ferguson,_Paul_A._Wilkinson,_Camilo_Salazar,_Claire_Davidson,_Richard_Clark,_Michael_A._Quail,_Helen_Beasley,_Rebecca_Glithero,_Christine_Lloyd,_Sarah_Sims,_Matthew_C._Jones,_Jane_Rogers,_Chris_D._Jiggins,_Richard_H._French-Constant2011">Joron, Mathieu; Lise Frezal, Robert T. Jones, Nicola L. Chamberlain, Siu F. Lee, Christoph R. Haag, Annabel Whibley, Michel Becuwe, Simon W. Baxter, Laura Ferguson, Paul A. Wilkinson, Camilo Salazar, Claire Davidson, Richard Clark, Michael A. Quail, Helen Beasley, Rebecca Glithero, Christine Lloyd, Sarah Sims, Matthew C. Jones, Jane Rogers, Chris D. Jiggins, Richard H. French-Constant (8 september 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10341.html">”Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry”</a>. <i>Nature</i> 477. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10341">10.1038/nature10341</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10341.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10341.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chromosomal+rearrangements+maintain+a+polymorphic+supergene+controlling+butterfly+mimicry&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Joron%2C+Mathieu%3B+Lise+Frezal%2C+Robert+T.+Jones%2C+Nicola+L.+Chamberlain%2C+Siu+F.+Lee%2C+Christoph+R.+Haag%2C+Annabel+Whibley%2C+Michel+Becuwe%2C+Simon+W.+Baxter%2C+Laura+Ferguson%2C+Paul+A.+Wilkinson%2C+Camilo+Salazar%2C+Claire+Davidson%2C+Richard+Clark%2C+Michael+A.+Quail%2C+Helen+Beasley%2C+Rebecca+Glithero%2C+Christine+Lloyd%2C+Sarah+Sims%2C+Matthew+C.+Jones%2C+Jane+Rogers%2C+Chris+D.+Jiggins%2C+Richard+H.+French-Constant&rft.au=Joron%2C+Mathieu%3B+Lise+Frezal%2C+Robert+T.+Jones%2C+Nicola+L.+Chamberlain%2C+Siu+F.+Lee%2C+Christoph+R.+Haag%2C+Annabel+Whibley%2C+Michel+Becuwe%2C+Simon+W.+Baxter%2C+Laura+Ferguson%2C+Paul+A.+Wilkinson%2C+Camilo+Salazar%2C+Claire+Davidson%2C+Richard+Clark%2C+Michael+A.+Quail%2C+Helen+Beasley%2C+Rebecca+Glithero%2C+Christine+Lloyd%2C+Sarah+Sims%2C+Matthew+C.+Jones%2C+Jane+Rogers%2C+Chris+D.+Jiggins%2C+Richard+H.+French-Constant&rft.date=8+september+2011&rft.volume=477&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature10341&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv477%2Fn7363%2Ffull%2Fnature10341.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKing,_R._C.;_W._D._Stansfield,_P._K._Mulligan2006">King, R. C.; W. D. Stansfield, P. K. Mulligan (2006) (på engelska). <i><span>A dictionary of genetics (7:e upplagan)</span></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-530762-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-530762-7">ISBN 978-0-19-530762-7</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+genetics+%287%3Ae+upplagan%29&rft.aulast=King%2C+R.+C.%3B+W.+D.+Stansfield%2C+P.+K.+Mulligan&rft.au=King%2C+R.+C.%3B+W.+D.+Stansfield%2C+P.+K.+Mulligan&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530762-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFKikuchiPfennig">Kikuchi, David W.; Pfennig, David W. (december 2010). ”Predator Cognition Permits Imperfect Coral Snake Mimicry” (på engelska). <i>The American Naturalist</i> 176 (6). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F657041">10.1086/657041</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950143?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:20950143">PMID 20950143</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Predator+Cognition+Permits+Imperfect+Coral+Snake+Mimicry&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.aulast=Kikuchi&rft.aufirst=David%26nbsp%3BW.&rft.au=Kikuchi%2C+David%26nbsp%3BW.&rft.au=Pfennig%2C+David+W.&rft.date=december+2010&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=6&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F657041&rft_id=info:pmid/20950143&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKirby,_William;_William_Spence1823">Kirby, William; William Spence (1823). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OgA7AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=introduction+to+entomology+kirby+spence">An Introduction to Entomology, volume 2 (3:e upplagan)</a></i>. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, London<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OgA7AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=introduction+to+entomology+kirby+spence">http://books.google.com/books?id=OgA7AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=introduction+to+entomology+kirby+spence</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2014</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Entomology%2C+volume+2+%283%3Ae+upplagan%29&rft.aulast=Kirby%2C+William%3B+William+Spence&rft.au=Kirby%2C+William%3B+William+Spence&rft.date=1823&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme+%26+Brown%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgA7AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP9%26dq%3Dintroduction%2Bto%2Bentomology%2Bkirby%2Bspence&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFKozlovicKnaptonBarlow1996">Kozlovic, Daniel R.; Knapton, Richard W.; Barlow, Jon C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v098n02/p0253-p0258.pdf">”Unsuitability of the House Finch as a Host of the Brown-Headed Cowbird”</a> (på engelska). <i>The Condor</i> 96 (2). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1369143">10.2307/1369143</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v098n02/p0253-p0258.pdf">http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v098n02/p0253-p0258.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unsuitability+of+the+House+Finch+as+a+Host+of+the+Brown-Headed+Cowbird&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.aulast=Kozlovic&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft.au=Kozlovic%2C+Daniel+R.&rft.au=Knapton%2C+Richard+W.&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Jon+C.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F1369143&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv098n02%2Fp0253-p0258.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFKronauer,_Daniel_J.C._och_Naomi_E._Pierce2011">Kronauer, Daniel J.C. och Naomi E. Pierce (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201191012/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/publications/pdfs/2011_Kronauer_and_Pierce.pdf">”Myrmecophiles”</a>. <i>Current Biology</i> 21 (6): sid. 208-209. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/publications/pdfs/2011_Kronauer_and_Pierce.pdf">originalet</a> den 1 december 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201191012/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/publications/pdfs/2011_Kronauer_and_Pierce.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20141201191012/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/publications/pdfs/2011_Kronauer_and_Pierce.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 september 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Myrmecophiles&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.aulast=Kronauer%2C+Daniel+J.C.+och+Naomi+E.+Pierce&rft.au=Kronauer%2C+Daniel+J.C.+och+Naomi+E.+Pierce&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B208-209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141201191012%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeb.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fpierce%2Fpublications%2Fpdfs%2F2011_Kronauer_and_Pierce.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201191012/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/publications/pdfs/2011_Kronauer_and_Pierce.pdf">Arkiverad</a> 1 december 2014 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFKullenberg,_Bertil_B.1961">Kullenberg, Bertil B. 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Länsstyrelsen i Västerbotten<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/download/18.4e0415ee166afb593241fe77/1542790537498/Rovdjur%20i%20norra%20Sverige.pdf">https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/download/18.4e0415ee166afb593241fe77/1542790537498/Rovdjur%20i%20norra%20Sverige.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://84a69b9b8cf67b1fcf87220d0dabdda34414436b-www.googledrive.com/host/0B0PLtJjhTxnkZDAzOGQxY2EtOTIzOS00ZjlkLWJhYmMtYWYzY2QwYmQ2ZjFi/Books/E/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%20%2831%20Volumes%29/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%201918.pdf">originalet</a> den 6 oktober 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071734/https://84a69b9b8cf67b1fcf87220d0dabdda34414436b-www.googledrive.com/host/0B0PLtJjhTxnkZDAzOGQxY2EtOTIzOS00ZjlkLWJhYmMtYWYzY2QwYmQ2ZjFi/Books/E/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%20%2831%20Volumes%29/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%201918.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071734/https://84a69b9b8cf67b1fcf87220d0dabdda34414436b-www.googledrive.com/host/0B0PLtJjhTxnkZDAzOGQxY2EtOTIzOS00ZjlkLWJhYmMtYWYzY2QwYmQ2ZjFi/Books/E/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%20%2831%20Volumes%29/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%201918.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 september 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=N%C3%A5gra+tankar+om+mimicry+och+skyddande+likhet+med+st%C3%B6d+av+dipterologiska+studier&rft.jtitle=Entomologisk+tidskrift&rft.aulast=Melin%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Melin%2C+Douglas&rft.date=1918&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20141006071734%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2F84a69b9b8cf67b1fcf87220d0dabdda34414436b-www.googledrive.com%2Fhost%2F0B0PLtJjhTxnkZDAzOGQxY2EtOTIzOS00ZjlkLWJhYmMtYWYzY2QwYmQ2ZjFi%2FBooks%2FE%2FENTOMOLOGISK%2520TIDSKRIFT%2520%252831%2520Volumes%2529%2FENTOMOLOGISK%2520TIDSKRIFT%25201918.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071734/https://84a69b9b8cf67b1fcf87220d0dabdda34414436b-www.googledrive.com/host/0B0PLtJjhTxnkZDAzOGQxY2EtOTIzOS00ZjlkLWJhYmMtYWYzY2QwYmQ2ZjFi/Books/E/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%20%2831%20Volumes%29/ENTOMOLOGISK%20TIDSKRIFT%201918.pdf">Arkiverad</a> 6 oktober 2014 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMertens,_Robert1956">Mertens, Robert (1956). ”Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen” (på tyska). <i>Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik</i> 84.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Das+Problem+der+Mimikry+bei+Korallenschlangen&rft.jtitle=Zoologische+Jahrbuecher+Systematik&rft.aulast=Mertens%2C+Robert&rft.au=Mertens%2C+Robert&rft.date=1956&rft.volume=84&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMeyer,_Axel">Meyer, Axel (17 oktober 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040341">”Repeating patterns of mimicry”</a> (på engelska). <i>PLoS Biology</i> 4 (10). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040341">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17048984?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17048984">PMID 17048984</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1617347">1617347</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040341">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040341</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Repeating+patterns+of+mimicry&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&rft.aulast=Meyer%2C+Axel&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Axel&rft.date=17+oktober+2006&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040341&rft_id=info:pmid/17048984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosbiology.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.0040341&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMüller,_Fritz1878">Müller, Fritz (1878). ”Über die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen” (på tyska). <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger</i> 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Vortheile+der+Mimicry+bei+Schmetterlingen&rft.jtitle=Zoologischer+Anzeiger&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller%2C+Fritz&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Fritz&rft.date=1878&rft.volume=1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMüller,_Fritz1879">Müller, Fritz (1879). ”Ituna<i> and </i>Thyridia<i>; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies. (i översättning av R. Meldola)” (på engelska). </i>Proclamations of the Entomological Society of London<i> 1879.</i></cite><i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ituna%27%27+and+%27%27Thyridia%27%27%3B+a+remarkable+case+of+mimicry+in+butterflies.+%28i+%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttning+av+R.+Meldola%29&rft.jtitle=Proclamations+of+the+Entomological+Society+of+London&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller%2C+Fritz&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Fritz&rft.date=1879&rft.volume=1879&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></i></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin del 13 - Mimikry</span></i>. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7024-619-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7024-619-X">ISBN 91-7024-619-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin+del+13+-+Mimikry&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=91-7024-619-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin del 14 – Nordamerikansk opossum</span></i>. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7024-619-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7024-619-X">ISBN 91-7024-619-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin+del+14+%E2%80%93+Nordamerikansk+opossum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=91-7024-619-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFNilsson,_Lennart2001">Nilsson, Lennart (2001). ”Många fåglar gör som göken”. <i>Vår Fågelvärld</i> 60 (4).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=M%C3%A5nga+f%C3%A5glar+g%C3%B6r+som+g%C3%B6ken&rft.jtitle=V%C3%A5r+F%C3%A5gelv%C3%A4rld&rft.aulast=Nilsson%2C+Lennart&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Lennart&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFNilsson,_Sven1987">Nilsson, Sven (1987). <i><span>Orkidéer - Europas vildväxande arter</span></i>. Wahlström & Widstrand. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-46-15422-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-46-15422-1">ISBN 91-46-15422-1</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orkid%C3%A9er+-+Europas+vildv%C3%A4xande+arter&rft.aulast=Nilsson%2C+Sven&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Sven&rft.date=1987&rft.pub=Wahlstr%C3%B6m+%26+Widstrand&rft.isbn=91-46-15422-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFO’Reilly,_Liam_J.;_David_J._L._Agassiz,_Thomas_R._Neil,_Marc_W._Holderied">O’Reilly, Liam J.; David J. L. Agassiz, Thomas R. Neil, Marc W. Holderied (5 februari 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37812-z">”Deaf moths employ acoustic Müllerian mimicry against bats using wingbeat-powered tymbals”</a> (på engelska). <i>Scientific Reports</i> 9 (1444)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37812-z">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37812-z</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deaf+moths+employ+acoustic+M%C3%BCllerian+mimicry+against+bats+using+wingbeat-powered+tymbals&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Reilly%2C+Liam+J.%3B+David+J.+L.+Agassiz%2C+Thomas+R.+Neil%2C+Marc+W.+Holderied&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Reilly%2C+Liam+J.%3B+David+J.+L.+Agassiz%2C+Thomas+R.+Neil%2C+Marc+W.+Holderied&rft.date=5+februari+2019&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1444&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-018-37812-z&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFOrtega,_C.P.1998">Ortega, C.P. (1998) (på engelska). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0816515271" title="Special:Bokkällor/0816515271">ISBN 0816515271</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.aulast=Ortega%2C+C.P.&rft.au=Ortega%2C+C.P.&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press%2C+Tucson&rft.isbn=0816515271&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPannell">Pannell, John R.. ”Leaf Mimicry: Chameleon-like Leaves in a Patagonian Vine” (på engelska). <i>Current Biology</i> 24 (9). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.066">10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.066</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leaf+Mimicry%3A+Chameleon-like+Leaves+in+a+Patagonian+Vine&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.aulast=Pannell&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Pannell%2C+John+R.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.066&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPasteur,_G.1982">Pasteur, G. (1982). ”A classificatory review of mimicry systems”. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i> 13. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.13.110182.001125">10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+classificatory+review+of+mimicry+systems&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.aulast=Pasteur%2C+G.&rft.au=Pasteur%2C+G.&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.13.110182.001125&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFPayne1997">Payne, Robert B. (1997). ”Avian brood parasitism” (på engelska). <i><span>Host-parasite evolution: General principles and avian models</span></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-854892-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-854892-8">ISBN 978-0-19-854892-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Avian+brood+parasitism&rft.atitle=Host-parasite+evolution%3A+General+principles+and+avian+models&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.au=Payne%2C+Robert+B.&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854892-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal">”Protective resemblances of spiders” (på engelska). <i>Occasional Papers of Natural History Society of Wisconsin</i> 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protective+resemblances+of+spiders&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+of+Natural+History+Society+of+Wisconsin&rft.volume=1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal">”Ant-like spiders of the family Attidae” (på engelska). <i>Occasional Papers of Natural History Society of Wisconsin</i> 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ant-like+spiders+of+the+family+Attidae&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+of+Natural+History+Society+of+Wisconsin&rft.volume=2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFvan_der_Pijl,_Leendert;_Calaway_H._Dodson1966">van der Pijl, Leendert; Calaway H. Dodson (1966) (på engelska). <i><span>Orchid Flowers: Their Pollination and Evolution (Kapitel 11, Mimicry and Deception)</span></i>. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables. sid. 129–141. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-87024-069-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-87024-069-2">ISBN 0-87024-069-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/310489511">310489511</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchid+Flowers%3A+Their+Pollination+and+Evolution+%28Kapitel+11%2C+Mimicry+and+Deception%29&rft.aulast=van+der+Pijl%2C+Leendert%3B+Calaway+H.+Dodson&rft.au=van+der+Pijl%2C+Leendert%3B+Calaway+H.+Dodson&rft.date=1966&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B129%E2%80%93141&rft.pub=University+of+Miami+Press%2C+Coral+Gables&rft_id=info:oclcnum/310489511&rft.isbn=0-87024-069-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFPough,_F._H.Andrews,_Robin_M.Cadle,_John_E.Crump,_Martha_L.2004">Pough, F. H.; Andrews, Robin M.; Cadle, John E.; Crump, Martha L. (2004) (på engelska). <i><span>Herpetology</span></i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-13-100849-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-13-100849-6">ISBN 978-0-13-100849-6</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herpetology&rft.aulast=Pough%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Pough%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Robin+M.&rft.au=Cadle%2C+John+E.&rft.au=Crump%2C+Martha+L.&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Pearson%2FPrentice+Hall&rft.isbn=978-0-13-100849-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFPoulton,_Edward_Bagnall1890">Poulton, Edward Bagnall (1890) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/edward-bagnall-poulton/the-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala/1-the-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala.shtml">The Colours of Animals, their meaning and use, especially considered in the case of insects</a></i>. Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, London<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/edward-bagnall-poulton/the-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala/1-the-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala.shtml">http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/edward-bagnall-poulton/the-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala/1-the-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colours+of+Animals%2C+their+meaning+and+use%2C+especially+considered+in+the+case+of+insects&rft.aulast=Poulton%2C+Edward+Bagnall&rft.au=Poulton%2C+Edward+Bagnall&rft.date=1890&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench+%26+Tr%C3%BCbner%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebooksread.com%2Fauthors-eng%2Fedward-bagnall-poulton%2Fthe-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala%2F1-the-colours-of-animals-their-meaning-and-use-especially-considered-in-the-case-ala.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPrestrude,_A.M._and_Crawford,_F.T.1970">Prestrude, A.M. and Crawford, F.T. (1970). ”Tonic immobility in the lizard, iguana iguana.”. <i>Animal Behaviour</i> 18 (2).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tonic+immobility+in+the+lizard%2C+iguana+iguana.&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.aulast=Prestrude%2C+A.M.+and+Crawford%2C+F.T.&rft.au=Prestrude%2C+A.M.+and+Crawford%2C+F.T.&rft.date=1970&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFRandall2005">Randall, John E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.3/299.pdf">”A Review of Mimicry in Marine Fishes”</a> (på engelska). <i>Zoological Studies</i> 44 (3)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.3/299.pdf">http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.3/299.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Mimicry+in+Marine+Fishes&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Studies&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Randall%2C+John+E.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzoolstud.sinica.edu.tw%2FJournals%2F44.3%2F299.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRay,_John1678">Ray, John (1678). <i><span>The Ornithology of Francis Willughby</span></i>. John Martyn, London</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ornithology+of+Francis+Willughby&rft.aulast=Ray%2C+John&rft.au=Ray%2C+John&rft.date=1678&rft.pub=John+Martyn%2C+London&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRitterhausen,_Wilma_och_Brian2000">Ritterhausen, Wilma och Brian (2000). <i><span>Orkidé - drömmen om evig skönhet</span></i>. Albert Bonniers Förlag. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-0-057180-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-0-057180-6">ISBN 91-0-057180-6</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orkid%C3%A9+-+dr%C3%B6mmen+om+evig+sk%C3%B6nhet&rft.aulast=Ritterhausen%2C+Wilma+och+Brian&rft.au=Ritterhausen%2C+Wilma+och+Brian&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Albert+Bonniers+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.isbn=91-0-057180-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRESoL_(Royal_Entomological_Society_of_London_(red._Mark_Fellowes,_Graham_Holloway,_Jens_Rolff2005">RESoL (Royal Entomological Society of London (red. Mark Fellowes, Graham Holloway, Jens Rolff (2005) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=hS9V81dl1FEC&pg=PA233&dq=Bates+mimicry+mostly+insects&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ3O61w4_lAhWr1aYKHb7wDm8Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Bates%20mimicry%20mostly%20insects&f=false">Insect Evolutionary Ecology: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 22nd Symposium</a></i>. CABI. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-845931-40-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-845931-40-7">ISBN 978-1-845931-40-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=hS9V81dl1FEC&pg=PA233&dq=Bates+mimicry+mostly+insects&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ3O61w4_lAhWr1aYKHb7wDm8Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Bates%20mimicry%20mostly%20insects&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=hS9V81dl1FEC&pg=PA233&dq=Bates+mimicry+mostly+insects&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ3O61w4_lAhWr1aYKHb7wDm8Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Bates%20mimicry%20mostly%20insects&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Evolutionary+Ecology%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Entomological+Society%27s+22nd+Symposium&rft.aulast=RESoL+%28Royal+Entomological+Society+of+London+%28red.+Mark+Fellowes%2C+Graham+Holloway%2C+Jens+Rolff&rft.au=RESoL+%28Royal+Entomological+Society+of+London+%28red.+Mark+Fellowes%2C+Graham+Holloway%2C+Jens+Rolff&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=CABI&rft.isbn=978-1-845931-40-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhS9V81dl1FEC%26pg%3DPA233%26dq%3DBates%2Bmimicry%2Bmostly%2Binsects%26hl%3Dsv%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjQ3O61w4_lAhWr1aYKHb7wDm8Q6AEIMDAB%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBates%2520mimicry%2520mostly%2520insects%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFLouis_P._Ronse_De_Craene,_Erik_F_Smets">Louis P. Ronse De Craene, Erik F Smets (februari 2011). ”The floral development and anatomy of Carica papaya (Caricaceae)” (på engelska). <i>Canadian Journal of Botany</i> 77 (4). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fb99-026">10.1139/b99-026</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+floral+development+and+anatomy+of+Carica+papaya+%28Caricaceae%29&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Botany&rft.aulast=Louis+P.+Ronse+De+Craene%2C+Erik+F+Smets&rft.au=Louis+P.+Ronse+De+Craene%2C+Erik+F+Smets&rft.date=februari+2011&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft_id=info:doi/10.1139%2Fb99-026&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFRothstein1990">Rothstein, Stephen I. (1990). ”A Model System for Coevolution: Avian Brood Parasitism” (på engelska). <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i> 21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.21.1.481">10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.21.1.481</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Model+System+for+Coevolution%3A+Avian+Brood+Parasitism&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Stephen+I.&rft.au=Rothstein%2C+Stephen+I.&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=21&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.21.1.481&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal">”Mating behaviour and reproductive cycle of <i>Archaster typicus</i> (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)” (på engelska). <i>Marine Biology</i> 99 (2). 1988. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00391987">10.1007/BF00391987</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0025-3162">0025-3162</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mating+behaviour+and+reproductive+cycle+of+%27%27Archaster+typicus%27%27+%28Echinodermata%3A+Asteroidea%29&rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00391987&rft.issn=0025-3162&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRuxton,_Graeme_D.Sherratt,_T._N.Speed,_M._P.">Ruxton, Graeme D.; Sherratt, T. N.; Speed, M. P. (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P38SDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">Avoiding Attack: the Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals, and Mimicry</a></i>. Oxford University Press<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P38SDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">https://books.google.com/books?id=P38SDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 oktober 2019</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avoiding+Attack%3A+the+Evolutionary+Ecology+of+Crypsis%2C+Warning+Signals%2C+and+Mimicry&rft.aulast=Ruxton%2C+Graeme+D.&rft.au=Ruxton%2C+Graeme+D.&rft.au=Sherratt%2C+T.+N.&rft.au=Speed%2C+M.+P.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP38SDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFSantos,_J.C.;_Coloma,_Luis_A.;_Cannatella,_D.C.2003">Santos, J.C.; Coloma, Luis A.; Cannatella, D.C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240697">”Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs”</a> (på engelska). <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 100 (22). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2133521100">10.1073/pnas.2133521100</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14555763?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:14555763">PMID 14555763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multiple%2C+recurring+origins+of+aposematism+and+diet+specialization+in+poison+frogs&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Santos%2C+J.C.%3B+Coloma%2C+Luis+A.%3B+Cannatella%2C+D.C.&rft.au=Santos%2C+J.C.%3B+Coloma%2C+Luis+A.%3B+Cannatella%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=22&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.2133521100&rft_id=info:pmid/14555763&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFSmith,_S._M.1975">Smith, S. M. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17795249">”Innate Recognition of Coral Snake Pattern by a Possible Avian Predator”</a> (på engelska). <i>Science</i> 187 (4178). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.187.4178.759">10.1126/science.187.4178.759</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17795249?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17795249">PMID 17795249</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17795249">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17795249</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 29 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Innate+Recognition+of+Coral+Snake+Pattern+by+a+Possible+Avian+Predator&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Smith%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+S.+M.&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=4178&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.187.4178.759&rft_id=info:pmid/17795249&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F17795249&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFStevens,_Martin;_Chloe_J._Hardman,_Claire_L._Stubbins">Stevens, Martin; Chloe J. Hardman, Claire L. Stubbins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/3/525">”Conspicuousness, not eye mimicry, makes <i>eyespots</i> effective antipredator signals”</a> (på engelska). <i>Behavioral Ecology</i> 19. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farm162">10.1093/beheco/arm162</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/3/525">http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/3/525</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conspicuousness%2C+not+eye+mimicry%2C+makes+%27%27eyespots%27%27+effective+antipredator+signals&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.aulast=Stevens%2C+Martin%3B+Chloe+J.+Hardman%2C+Claire+L.+Stubbins&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Martin%3B+Chloe+J.+Hardman%2C+Claire+L.+Stubbins&rft.volume=19&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farm162&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeheco.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F19%2F3%2F525&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFSvennungsen,_Thomas_Owens_&_Holen,_Øistein_Haugsten">Svennungsen, Thomas Owens & Holen, Øistein Haugsten (22 augusti 2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1621/2055.full?sid=1bfd6e47-b895-4a5e-8c34-c5a3ac0b7ff9">The evolutionary stability of automimicry</a></i>. "274". <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0456">10.1098/rspb.2007.0456</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1621/2055.full?sid=1bfd6e47-b895-4a5e-8c34-c5a3ac0b7ff9">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1621/2055.full?sid=1bfd6e47-b895-4a5e-8c34-c5a3ac0b7ff9</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolutionary+stability+of+automimicry&rft.aulast=Svennungsen%2C+Thomas+Owens+%26+Holen%2C+%C3%98istein+Haugsten&rft.au=Svennungsen%2C+Thomas+Owens+%26+Holen%2C+%C3%98istein+Haugsten&rft.date=22+augusti+2007&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=1621&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0456&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F274%2F1621%2F2055.full%3Fsid%3D1bfd6e47-b895-4a5e-8c34-c5a3ac0b7ff9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Svenska akademiens ordlista över svenska språket – mimikry</span></i> (13. uppl.). Stockholm: Svenska akademien. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/10001497">10001497</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9172274190" title="Special:Bokkällor/9172274190">ISBN 9172274190</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenska+akademiens+ordlista+%C3%B6ver+svenska+spr%C3%A5ket+%E2%80%93+mimikry&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=13.+uppl.&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Svenska+akademien&rft.isbn=9172274190&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFChristopher_H._Taylor,_Tom_Reader,_Francis_Gilbert">Christopher H. Taylor, Tom Reader, Francis Gilbert (16 november 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310327485_Why_many_Batesian_mimics_are_inaccurate_evidence_from_hoverfly_colour_patterns">”Why many Batesian mimics are inaccurate: evidence from hoverfly colour patterns”</a> (på engelska). <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i> 283. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2016.1585">10.1098/rspb.2016.1585</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310327485_Why_many_Batesian_mimics_are_inaccurate_evidence_from_hoverfly_colour_patterns">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310327485_Why_many_Batesian_mimics_are_inaccurate_evidence_from_hoverfly_colour_patterns</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 oktober 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+many+Batesian+mimics+are+inaccurate%3A+evidence+from+hoverfly+colour+patterns&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.aulast=Christopher+H.+Taylor%2C+Tom+Reader%2C+Francis+Gilbert&rft.au=Christopher+H.+Taylor%2C+Tom+Reader%2C+Francis+Gilbert&rft.date=16+november+2016&rft.volume=283&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2016.1585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F310327485_Why_many_Batesian_mimics_are_inaccurate_evidence_from_hoverfly_colour_patterns&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFTegnér,_Fredrik2012">Tegnér, Fredrik (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clamator.its.uu.se/uploader/271/VT12-11-Tegner-Fredrik-arbete.pdf">Monogami och gemensam yngelvårdnad hos pilgiftsgrodor av släktet Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae)</a></i>. Uppsala Universitet<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://clamator.its.uu.se/uploader/271/VT12-11-Tegner-Fredrik-arbete.pdf">http://clamator.its.uu.se/uploader/271/VT12-11-Tegner-Fredrik-arbete.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 oktober 2014</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monogami+och+gemensam+yngelv%C3%A5rdnad+hos+pilgiftsgrodor+av+sl%C3%A4ktet+Ranitomeya+%28Amphibia%3A+Dendrobatidae%29&rft.aulast=Tegn%C3%A9r%2C+Fredrik&rft.au=Tegn%C3%A9r%2C+Fredrik&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=Uppsala+Universitet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclamator.its.uu.se%2Fuploader%2F271%2FVT12-11-Tegner-Fredrik-arbete.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFToledo,_L._F.;_C._F._B._Haddad2009">Toledo, L. F.; C. F. B. 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(1990). ”Induction and duration of tonic immobility in the lemon shark, <i>Negaprion brevirostris</i>”. <i>Fish Physiology and Biochemistry</i> 8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Induction+and+duration+of+tonic+immobility+in+the+lemon+shark%2C+%27%27Negaprion+brevirostris%27%27&rft.jtitle=Fish+Physiology+and+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Watsky%2C+M.+A.+och+Gruber%2C+S.H.&rft.au=Watsky%2C+M.+A.+och+Gruber%2C+S.H.&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFWhitman,_P._A.;Marshall,_J._A.;_Keller,_E._C._Jr.1986">Whitman, P. A.;Marshall, J. A.; Keller, E. C. 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Quate (1996). ”Juvenile bolas spiders attract psychodid flies” (på engelska). <i>Oecologia</i> 106 (2). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00328607">10.1007/BF00328607</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Juvenile+bolas+spiders+attract+psychodid+flies&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.aulast=Yeargan%2C+K.+V.%3B+L.+W.+Quate&rft.au=Yeargan%2C+K.+V.%3B+L.+W.+Quate&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00328607&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFYom-Toy,_Yoram2001">Yom-Toy, Yoram (2001). ”An Updated list and some comments on the occurance of intraspecifik nest parasitism in birds” (på engelska). <i>Ibis</i> 143.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Updated+list+and+some+comments+on+the+occurance+of+intraspecifik+nest+parasitism+in+birds&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.aulast=Yom-Toy%2C+Yoram&rft.au=Yom-Toy%2C+Yoram&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=143&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFYoung,_Ed">Young, Ed (24 april 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/24/the-most-versatile-impressionist-in-the-forest/">”Not Exactly Rocket Science: The Most Versatile Impressionist In the Forest”</a> (på engelska). <i>National Geographic</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/24/the-most-versatile-impressionist-in-the-forest/">http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/24/the-most-versatile-impressionist-in-the-forest/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Not+Exactly+Rocket+Science%3A+The+Most+Versatile+Impressionist+In+the+Forest&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.aulast=Young%2C+Ed&rft.au=Young%2C+Ed&rft.date=24+april+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphenomena.nationalgeographic.com%2F2014%2F04%2F24%2Fthe-most-versatile-impressionist-in-the-forest%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFYoung,_Richard_Edward1983">Young, Richard Edward (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1983/00000033/00000004/art00003">”Oceanic Bioluminescence: an Overview of General Functions”</a> (på engelska). <i>Bulletin of Marine Science</i> (University of Miami) 33 (4)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1983/00000033/00000004/art00003">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1983/00000033/00000004/art00003</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 oktober 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oceanic+Bioluminescence%3A+an+Overview+of+General+Functions&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Marine+Science&rft.aulast=Young%2C+Richard+Edward&rft.au=Young%2C+Richard+Edward&rft.date=1983&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pub=University+of+Miami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fumrsmas%2Fbullmar%2F1983%2F00000033%2F00000004%2Fart00003&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFZalucki,_M._P.,_Brower,_L._P.1992">Zalucki, M. P., Brower, L. P. (1992). ”Survival of first instar larvae of Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content of Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae)” (på engelska). <i>Chemoecology</i> (3).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Survival+of+first+instar+larvae+of+Danaus+plexippus+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Danainae%29+in+relation+to+cardiac+glycoside+and+latex+content+of+Asclepias+humistrata+%28Asclepiadaceae%29&rft.jtitle=Chemoecology&rft.aulast=Zalucki%2C+M.+P.%2C+Brower%2C+L.+P.&rft.au=Zalucki%2C+M.+P.%2C+Brower%2C+L.+P.&rft.date=1992&rft.issue=3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mimikry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimikry&action=edit&section=39" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S353.htm">Alfred Russel Wallace: <i>Dr. Fritz Müller on Some Difficult Cases of Mimicry</i></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mimicry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mimicry">mimikry</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mimicry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mimicry">Bilder & media</a></div></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title 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style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85085457">sh85085457</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4169992-0">4169992-0</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119468230">cb119468230</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119468230">(data)</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Nationella_parlamentsbiblioteket" title="Nationella parlamentsbiblioteket">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562498">00562498</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Tjeckiska_nationalbiblioteket" title="Tjeckiska nationalbiblioteket">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph234836&CON_LNG=ENG">ph234836</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐864bbfd546‐bm2gx Cached time: 20241130081505 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] 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