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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historical development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Iron Age origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_Age_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Viking Age expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianisation_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianisation_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Christianisation and decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianisation_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Christian_survivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Christian_survivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Post-Christian survivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Christian_survivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localised_and_ancestral_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localised_and_ancestral_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Localised and ancestral deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localised_and_ancestral_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_beings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_beings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other beings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_beings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Cosmology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Afterlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultic_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultic_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultic practice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultic_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultic practice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultic_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Religious rituals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Sacrifice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Deposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rites_of_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rites_of_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Rites of passage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rites_of_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysticism,_magic,_animism_and_shamanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysticism,_magic,_animism_and_shamanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mysticism, magic, animism and shamanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysticism,_magic,_animism_and_shamanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religious sites </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_sites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious sites subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outdoor_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Outdoor rites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Temples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priests_and_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priests_and_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Priests and kings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priests_and_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Iconography and imagery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanticism,_aesthetics,_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism,_aesthetics,_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Romanticism, aesthetics, and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism,_aesthetics,_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Scholarly study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Old Norse religion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="الدين الإسكندنافي القديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين الإسكندنافي القديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismu_n%C3%B3rdicu" title="Paganismu nórdicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paganismu nórdicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relijion_norzhek" title="Relijion norzhek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Relijion norzhek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_n%C3%B2rdic" title="Paganisme nòrdic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paganisme nòrdic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seversk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD" title="Severské náboženství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severské náboženství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordisk_religion" title="Nordisk religion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordisk religion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordgermanische_Religion" title="Nordgermanische Religion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordgermanische Religion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo_n%C3%B3rdico" title="Paganismo nórdico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paganismo nórdico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordia_religio" title="Nordia religio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordia religio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آیین نورس‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین نورس‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_nordique_ancienne" title="Religion nordique ancienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion nordique ancienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ganachd_Lochlannach" title="Pàganachd Lochlannach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàganachd Lochlannach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo_n%C3%B3rdico" title="Paganismo nórdico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paganismo nórdico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_Nordik" title="Paganisme Nordik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paganisme Nordik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica_religione_norrena" title="Antica religione norrena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antica religione norrena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norr%C3%B8n_religion" title="Norrøn religion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norrøn religion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norr%C3%B8n_religion" title="Norrøn religion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Norrøn religion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_n%C3%B3rdica" title="Religião nórdica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião nórdica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древнескандинавская религия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнескандинавская религия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizmi_nordik" title="Paganizmi nordik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paganizmi nordik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staronordijska_religija" title="Staronordijska religija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Staronordijska religija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Старонордијска религија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Старонордијска религија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaavinen_muinaisusko" title="Skandinaavinen muinaisusko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skandinaavinen muinaisusko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornnordisk_religion" title="Fornnordisk religion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fornnordisk religion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Давньоскандинавська релігія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоскандинавська релігія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="北欧多神教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北欧多神教" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Historical religious tradition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Norse religion" redirects here. For religions in present-day Norway, see <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion in Norway</a>. For the country's national church, see <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>. For the body of myths belonging to the North Germanic peoples, see <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>. For the modern revival, see <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thor%27s_hammer,_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/260px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/390px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg/520px-Thor%27s_hammer%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a> pendants were the Old Norse Religion's equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> during the later <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Norsemen" title="Category:Norsemen">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/200px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/300px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg/400px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Extent of <a href="/wiki/Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse language">Norse language</a> in CE 900: Western Norse in red and Eastern Norse in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Norse religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Gods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel (mythological being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Cosmology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel (location)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muspelheim" title="Muspelheim">Muspelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yggdrasill">Yggdrasill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Rituals and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">Vé (shrine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress (Germanic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erilaz" title="Erilaz">Erilaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_kingship" title="Germanic kingship">Germanic kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">Leidang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Medieval Scandinavian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithing_pole" title="Nithing pole">Nithing pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">Norse clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#d6dbbe; font-size:110%; text-align:left;color: var(--color-base)">Sources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norse history and culture">WikiProject Norse history and culture</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_people_sidebar" title="Template:Norse people sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_people_sidebar" title="Template talk:Norse people sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_people_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse people sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg/220px-Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg/330px-Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg/440px-Three_kings_or_three_gods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Three figures on the <a href="/wiki/Skog_tapestry" title="Skog tapestry">Skog tapestry</a>; they have been interpreted as the Norse gods <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> (one eye), <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> (hammer in hand) and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>.</figcaption></figure> Old Norse religion, also known as Norse paganism, is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic religion</a> which developed during the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a> period, when the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic peoples</a> separated into a distinct branch of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. It was replaced by Christianity and forgotten during the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianisation of Scandinavia</a>. Scholars reconstruct aspects of North Germanic Religion by <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a>, and records left by North Germanic peoples, such as <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runic inscriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>, a distinctly North Germanic extension of the runic alphabet. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> works dated to the 13th-century record <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, a component of North Germanic religion. Old Norse religion was <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, entailing a belief in <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">various gods and goddesses</a>. These deities in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> were divided into two groups, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, who in some sources were said to have engaged in an ancient war until realizing that they were equally powerful. Among the most widespread deities were the gods <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>. This world was inhabited also by various other mythological races, including <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jötnar">jötnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">land-wights</a>. Norse cosmology revolved around a <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, with various realms existing alongside that of humans, named <a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a>. These include multiple afterlife realms, several of which are controlled by a particular deity. Transmitted through oral culture rather than through codified texts, Old Norse religion focused heavily on ritual practice, with kings and chiefs playing a central role in carrying out public acts of sacrifice. Various cultic spaces were used; initially, outdoor spaces such as groves and lakes were typically selected, but after the third century CE cult houses seem to also have been purposely built for ritual activity, although they were never widespread. Norse society also contained practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a>, a form of sorcery that some scholars describe as <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a>. Various forms of burial were conducted, including both inhumation and cremation, typically accompanied by a variety of grave goods. Throughout its history, varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">trans-cultural diffusion</a> occurred among neighbouring peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sami_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami religion">Sami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finns</a>. By the 12th century, Old Norse religion had been replaced by Christianity, with elements continuing into <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a>. A revival of interest in Old Norse religion occurred amid the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticist movement</a> of the 19th century, during which it inspired a range of artworks. Academic research into the subject began in the early 19th century, initially influenced by the pervasive romanticist sentiment. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The archaeologist Anders Andrén noted that "Old Norse religion" is "the conventional name" applied to the pre-Christian religions of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> See for instance<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> other terms used by scholarly sources include "pre-Christian Norse religion",<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> "Norse religion",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> "Norse paganism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201116-5">[5]</a> "Nordic paganism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois19998-6">[6]</a> "Scandinavian paganism",<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> "Scandinavian heathenism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1967190-8">[8]</a> "Scandinavian religion",<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> "Northern paganism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011856-10">[10]</a> "Northern heathenism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199014-11">[11]</a> "North Germanic religion",<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> or "North Germanic paganism".<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a> This Old Norse religion can be seen as part of a broader <a href="/wiki/Germanic_religion_(aboriginal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic religion (aboriginal)">Germanic religion</a> found across <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">linguistically Germanic</a> Europe; of the different forms of this Germanic religion, that of the Old Norse is the best-documented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011846-16">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/250px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/375px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Viking_Expansion.svg/500px-Viking_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Map reflecting the extent of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> settlement and activity in Europe</figcaption></figure> Rooted in ritual practice and oral tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011846-16">[12]</a> Old Norse religion was fully integrated with other aspects of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> life, including subsistence, warfare, and social interactions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008212-17">[13]</a> Open codifications of Old Norse beliefs were either rare or non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199942-18">[14]</a> The practitioners of this belief system themselves had no term meaning "religion", which was only introduced with Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200612-19">[15]</a> Following Christianity's arrival, Old Norse terms that were used for the pre-Christian systems were forn sið ("old custom") or heiðinn sið ("heathen custom"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200612-19">[15]</a> terms which suggest an emphasis on rituals, actions, and behaviours rather than belief itself.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> The earliest known usage of the Old Norse term heiðinn is in the poem <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l" title="Hákonarmál">Hákonarmál</a>; its uses here indicates that the arrival of Christianity has generated consciousness of Old Norse religion as a distinct religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011105-21">[17]</a> Old Norse religion has been classed as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> and as a "non-doctrinal community religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008212-17">[13]</a> It varied across time, in different regions and locales, and according to social differences.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> This variation is partly due to its transmission through oral culture rather than codified texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén201416-24">[20]</a> For this reason, the archaeologists Andrén, Kristina Jennbert, and Catharina Raudvere stated that "pre-Christian Norse religion is not a uniform or stable category",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200613-25">[21]</a> while the scholar Karen Bek-Pedersen noted that the "Old Norse belief system should probably be conceived of in the plural, as several systems".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBek-Pedersen201110-26">[22]</a> The historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> stated that it would have ranged from manifestations of "complex symbolism" to "the simple folk-beliefs of the less sophisticated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199016-27">[23]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, the Norse likely regarded themselves as a more or less unified entity through their shared Germanic language, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199918-28">[24]</a> The scholar of Scandinavian studies Thomas A. DuBois said Old Norse religion and other pre-Christian belief systems in Northern Europe must be viewed as "not as isolated, mutually exclusive language-bound entities, but as broad concepts shared across cultural and linguistic lines, conditioned by similar ecological factors and protracted economic and cultural ties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois19997-29">[25]</a> During this period, the Norse interacted closely with other ethnocultural and linguistic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sámi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Balto-Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a>, and various speakers of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199910-30">[26]</a> Economic, marital, and religious exchange occurred between the Norse and many of these other groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199910-30">[26]</a> Enslaved individuals from the British Isles were common throughout the Nordic world during the Viking Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199922-31">[27]</a> Different elements of Old Norse religion had different origins and histories; some aspects may derive from deep into prehistory, others only emerging following the encounter with Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200614-32">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a>'s words, present-day knowledge of Old Norse religion contains "vast gaps", and we must be cautious and avoid "bas[ing] wild assumptions on isolated details".<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavian_textual_sources">Scandinavian textual sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scandinavian textual sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg/170px-Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg/255px-Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg/340px-Snorre_Sturluson-Christian_Krohg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century depiction of <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></figcaption></figure> A few <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic inscriptions</a> with religious content survive from Scandinavia, particularly asking <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> to hallow or protect a <a href="/wiki/Rune_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune stone">memorial stone</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20119-34">[30]</a> carving his <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">hammer</a> on the stone also served this function.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197582–83-35">[31]</a> In contrast to the few runic fragments, a considerable body of literary and historical sources survive in Old Norse manuscripts using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, all of which were created after the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianisation of Scandinavia</a>, the majority in Iceland. The first extensive <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> textual source for the Old Norse Religion was the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a>. Some of the poetic sources, in particular, the Poetic Edda and <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poetry, may have been originally composed by heathens, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a> contains both information on heathen mysticism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197511-36">[32]</a> and what <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Dronke" title="Ursula Dronke">Ursula Dronke</a> referred to as "a round-up of ritual obligations".<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> In addition there is information about pagan beliefs and practices in the <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>, which include both historical sagas such as <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a>, recounting the settlement and early history of Iceland, and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">sagas of Icelanders</a> concerning Icelandic individuals and groups; there are also more or less fantastical <a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">legendary sagas</a>. Many skaldic verses are preserved in sagas. Of the originally heathen works, we cannot know what changes took place either during oral transmission or as a result of their being recorded by Christians;<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201110-39">[35]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">sagas of Icelanders</a>, in particular, are now regarded by most scholars as more or less <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a> rather than as detailed historical records.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> A large amount of mythological poetry has undoubtedly been lost.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> One important written source is Snorri's <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a>, which incorporates a manual of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> for the use of poets in constructing kennings; it also includes numerous citations, some of them the only record of lost poems,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197522–23-42">[38]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0%C3%B3lfr_of_Hvinir" title="Þjóðólfr of Hvinir">Þjóðólfr of Hvinir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Haustl%C3%B6ng" title="Haustlöng">Haustlöng</a>. Snorri's <a href="/wiki/Prologue_(Prose_Edda)" title="Prologue (Prose Edda)">Prologue</a> <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">eumerises</a> the Æsir as <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a>, deriving Æsir from Asia, and some scholars have suspected that many of the stories that we only have from him are also derived from Christian medieval culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197524-43">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Scandinavian_textual_sources">Non-Scandinavian textual sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-Scandinavian textual sources">edit</a>]</div> Additional sources remain by non-Scandinavians writing in languages other than Old Norse. The first non-Scandinavian textual source for the Old Norse Religion was <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' book, the <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>, which dates back to around 100 CE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201127-44">[40]</a> and describes religious practices of several <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, but has little coverage of Scandinavia. In the Middle Ages, several Christian commentators also wrote about Scandinavian paganism, mostly from a hostile perspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201127-44">[40]</a> The best known of these are <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a> (History of the Bishops of Hamburg), written between 1066 and 1072, which includes an account of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">temple at Uppsala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201128-46">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>' 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a> (History of the Danes), which includes versions of Norse myths and some material on pagan religious practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201128–29-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> In addition, Muslim Arabs wrote accounts of Norse people they encountered, the best known of which is <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a>'s 10th-century Risala, an account of <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Volga Viking</a> traders that includes a detailed description of a <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre19758-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_and_toponymic_evidence">Archaeological and toponymic evidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaeological and toponymic evidence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracteate_from_Funen,_Denmark_(DR_BR42).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/220px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/330px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/440px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a> interpreted as depicting Odin riding his 8 legged horse Sleipnir</figcaption></figure> Since the literary evidence that represents Old Norse sources were recorded by Christians, archaeological evidence, especially of religious sites and burials is of great importance, particularly as a source of information on Norse religion before the conversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20112,_4-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> Many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a>—including settlement locations, artefacts and buildings—may cast light on beliefs, and archaeological evidence regarding religious practices indicates chronological, geographic and class differences far greater than are suggested by the surviving texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200613-25">[21]</a> Place names are an additional source of evidence. Theophoric place names, including instances where a pair of deity names occur near, provide an indication of the importance of the religion of those deities in different areas, dating back to before our earliest written sources. The toponymic evidence shows considerable regional variation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre19752–3-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201161-53">[49]</a> and some deities, such as <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hörn">Hǫrn</a>, occur more frequently,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre19752–3-52">[48]</a> than <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> place-names occur, in other locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._46-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201161-53">[49]</a> Some place-names contain elements indicating that they were sites of religious activity: those formed with -<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">vé</a>, -<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">hörgr</a>, and -<a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a>, words for religious sites of various kinds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201160-55">[51]</a> and also likely those formed with -akr or -vin, words for "field", when coupled with the name of a deity. <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Olsen" title="Magnus Olsen">Magnus Olsen</a> developed a typology of such place names in Norway, from which he posited a development in pagan worship from groves and fields toward the use of temple buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._60-56">[52]</a> Personal names are also a source of information on the popularity of certain deities; for example, Thor's name was an element in the names of both men and women, particularly in Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois19995-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_origins">Iron Age origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron Age origins">edit</a>]</div> Andrén described Old Norse religion as a "cultural patchwork" which emerged under a wide range of influences from earlier Scandinavian religions. It may have had links to <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>: while the putatively solar-oriented belief system of Bronze Age Scandinavia is believed to have died out around 500 BCE, several Bronze Age motifs—such as the wheel cross—reappear in later <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age contexts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011856-10">[10]</a> It is often regarded as having developed from earlier religious belief systems found among the Germanic Iron Age peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201153,_79-58">[54]</a> The Germanic languages likely emerged in the first millennium BCE in present-day Denmark or northern Germany, after which they spread; several of the deities in Old Norse religion have parallels among other Germanic societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre19756-59">[55]</a> The Scandinavian Iron Age began around 500 to 400 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow20023-60">[56]</a> Archaeological evidence is particularly important for understanding these early periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201154-61">[57]</a> Accounts from this time were produced by Tacitus; according to the scholar <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Turville-Petre" title="Gabriel Turville-Petre">Gabriel Turville-Petre</a>, Tacitus' observations "help to explain" later Old Norse religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre19757-62">[58]</a> Tacitus described the Germanic peoples as having priests, open-air sacred sites, and seasonal sacrifices and feasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201158-63">[59]</a> Tacitus notes that the Germanic peoples were polytheistic and <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">mentions some of their deities trying to perceive them through Roman equivalents, so Romans could try to understand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201154–55-64">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_Age_expansion">Viking Age expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Viking Age expansion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roseberry_topping_north_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Roseberry_topping_north_side.jpg/330px-Roseberry_topping_north_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Roseberry_topping_north_side.jpg/495px-Roseberry_topping_north_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Roseberry_topping_north_side.jpg/660px-Roseberry_topping_north_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Roseberry Topping in Yorkshire, Northern England. After Scandinavian settlement in the area, the site became known by the Old Norse name Óðinsberg, meaning 'Mountain of Óðinn'</figcaption></figure> During the Viking Age, Norse people left Scandinavia and settled elsewhere throughout <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>. Some of these areas, such as Iceland, the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, were hardly populated, whereas other areas, such as England, Southwest Wales, Scotland, the Western Isles, Isle of Man, and Ireland, were already heavily populated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199920–21-65">[61]</a> In the 870s, Norwegian settlers left their homeland and <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">colonized Iceland</a>, bringing their belief system with them.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Place-name evidence suggests that Thor was the most popular god on the island,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011108-67">[63]</a> although there are also saga accounts of devotés of Freyr in Iceland,<a href="#cite_note-Sundqvist87+-68">[64]</a> including a "priest of Freyr" in the later <a href="/wiki/Hrafnkels_saga" title="Hrafnkels saga">Hrafnkels saga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> There are no place-names connected to Odin on the island.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Unlike other Nordic societies, Iceland lacked a monarchy and thus a centralising authority which could enforce religious adherence;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011182-71">[67]</a> there were both Old Norse and Christian communities from the time of its first settlement.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> Scandinavian settlers brought Old Norse religion to Britain in the latter decades of the ninth century.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Several British place-names indicate possible religious sites;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJesch201119–20-74">[70]</a> for instance, <a href="/wiki/Roseberry_Topping" title="Roseberry Topping">Roseberry Topping</a> in North Yorkshire was known as Othensberg in the twelfth century, a name deriving from the Old Norse Óðinsberg ("Hill of Óðin").<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Several place-names also contain Old Norse references to religious entities, such as alfr, skratii, and troll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeaney1970120-76">[72]</a> The English church found itself in need of conducting a new conversion process to Christianise this incoming population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly199636-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianisation_and_decline">Christianisation and decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianisation and decline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></div> The Nordic world first encountered Christianity through its settlements in the already Christian British Isles and through trade contacts with the eastern Christians in <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999154-78">[74]</a> By the time Christianity arrived in Scandinavia it was already the accepted religion across most of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998151-79">[75]</a> It is not well understood how the Christian institutions converted these Scandinavian settlers, in part due to a lack of textual descriptions of this conversion process equivalent to Bede's description of the earlier Anglo-Saxon conversion.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> However, it appears that the Scandinavian migrants had converted to Christianity within the first few decades of their arrival.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPluskowski2011774-81">[77]</a> After Christian missionaries from the British Isles—including figures like <a href="/wiki/St_Willibrord" class="mw-redirect" title="St Willibrord">St Willibrord</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="St Boniface">St Boniface</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Willehad" title="Willehad">Willehad</a>—had travelled to parts of northern Europe in the eighth century,<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> pushed for Christianisation in Denmark, with <a href="/wiki/Ebbo_of_Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebbo of Rheims">Ebbo of Rheims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halitgar" title="Halitgar">Halitgar of Cambrai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Willeric_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Willeric of Bremen">Willeric of Bremen</a> proselytizing in the kingdom during the ninth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998135-83">[79]</a> The Danish king <a href="/wiki/Harald_Klak" title="Harald Klak">Harald Klak</a> converted (826), likely to secure his political alliance with <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> against his rivals for the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998135–36-84">[80]</a> The Danish monarchy reverted to Old Norse religion under <a href="/wiki/Horik_II" title="Horik II">Horik II</a> (854 – c. 867).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998140-85">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DR_290_S%C3%B6vestad_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DR_290_S%C3%B6vestad_1.jpg/200px-DR_290_S%C3%B6vestad_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DR_290_S%C3%B6vestad_1.jpg/300px-DR_290_S%C3%B6vestad_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DR_290_S%C3%B6vestad_1.jpg/400px-DR_290_S%C3%B6vestad_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The Viking Age <a href="/wiki/Image_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Image stone">image stone</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6vestad_Runestones#Sövestad_1" title="Sövestad Runestones">Sövestad 1</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a> depicts a man carrying a cross.</figcaption></figure> The Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Hákon the Good</a> had converted to Christianity while in England. On returning to Norway, he kept his faith largely private but encouraged Christian priests to preach among the population; some pagans were angered and—according to <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a>—three churches built near Trondheim were burned down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201199–100-86">[82]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Greycloak" title="Harald Greycloak">Harald Greycloak</a>, was also a Christian but similarly had little success in converting the Norwegian population to his religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011123–24-87">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a> later became the de facto ruler of Norway, and although he agreed to be baptised under pressure from the Danish king and allowed Christians to preach in the kingdom, he enthusiastically supported pagan sacrificial customs, asserting the superiority of the traditional deities and encouraging Christians to return to their veneration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011128–30-88">[84]</a> His reign (975–995) saw the emergence of a "state paganism", an official ideology which bound together Norwegian identity with pagan identity and rallied support behind Haakon's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011141-89">[85]</a> Haakon was killed in 995 and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a>, the next king, took power and enthusiastically promoted Christianity; he forced high-status Norwegians to convert, destroyed temples, and killed those he called 'sorcerers'.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Sweden was the last Scandinavian country to officially convert;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998151-79">[75]</a> although little is known about the process of Christianisation, it is known that the Swedish kings had converted by the early 11th century and that the country was fully Christian by the early 12th.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow20027,_9-91">[87]</a> Olaf Tryggvason sent a <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> missionary, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eangbrandr" title="Þangbrandr">Þangbrandr</a>, to Iceland. Many Icelanders were angered by Þangbrandr's proselytising, and he was <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlawed</a> after killing several poets who insulted him.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> Animosity between Christians and pagans on the island grew, and at the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> in 998 both sides blasphemed each other's gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011188-93">[89]</a> In an attempt to preserve unity, at the Althing in 999, an agreement was reached that the Icelandic law would be based on Christian principles, albeit with concessions to the pagan community. Private, albeit not public, pagan sacrifices and rites were to remain legal.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Across Germanic Europe, conversion to Christianity was closely connected to social ties; mass conversion was the norm, rather than individual conversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998176-95">[91]</a> A primary motivation for kings converting was the desire for support from Christian rulers, whether as money, imperial sanction, or military support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998176-95">[91]</a> Christian missionaries found it difficult convincing Norse people that the two belief systems were mutually exclusive;<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> the polytheistic nature of Old Norse religion allowed its practitioners to accept <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> as one god among many.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> The encounter with Christianity could also stimulate new and innovative expressions of pagan culture, for instance through influencing various pagan myths.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> As with other Germanic societies, syncretisation between incoming and traditional belief systems took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998168-99">[95]</a> For those living in isolated areas, pre-Christian beliefs likely survived longer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998179-100">[96]</a> while others continued as survivals in folklore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECusack1998179-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Christian_survivals">Post-Christian survivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Christian survivals">edit</a>]</div> By the 12th century, Christianity was firmly established across Northwestern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199023-101">[97]</a> For two centuries, Scandinavian ecclesiastics continued to condemn paganism, although it is unclear whether it still constituted a viable alternative to Christian dominance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011193-102">[98]</a> These writers often presented paganism as being based on deceit or delusion;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011178-103">[99]</a> some stated that the Old Norse gods had been humans falsely euhemerised as deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011201,_208-104">[100]</a> Old Norse mythological stories survived in oral culture for at least two centuries, being recorded in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011191-105">[101]</a> How this mythology was passed down is unclear; it is possible that pockets of pagans retained their belief system throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, or that it had survived as a cultural artefact passed down by Christians who retained the stories while rejecting any literal belief in them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011191-105">[101]</a> The historian Judith Jesch suggested that following Christianisation, there remained a "cultural paganism", the re-use of pre-Christian myth "in certain cultural and social contexts" that are officially Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJesch200457-106">[102]</a> For instance, Old Norse mythological themes and motifs appear in poetry composed for the court of <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>, an eleventh-century Christian <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian" title="Anglo-Scandinavian">Anglo-Scandinavian</a> king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJesch200457–59-107">[103]</a> Saxo is the earliest medieval figure to take a revived interest in the pre-Christian beliefs of his ancestors, doing so not out of a desire to revive their faith but out of historical interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011207-108">[104]</a> Snorri was also part of this revived interest, examining pagan myths from his perspective as a cultural historian and mythographer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011208,_219-109">[105]</a> As a result, Norse mythology "long outlasted any worship of or belief in the gods it depicts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue20086-110">[106]</a> There remained, however, remnants of Norse pagan rituals for centuries after Christianity became the dominant religion in Scandinavia (see <a href="/wiki/Trollkyrka" title="Trollkyrka">Trollkyrka</a>). Old Norse gods continued to appear in Swedish folklore up until the early 20th century. There are documented accounts of encounters with both Thor and Odin, along with a belief in Freja's power over fertility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchön2004169–179-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, stories of the Norse deities, is preserved in <a href="/wiki/Eddic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddic poetry">Eddic poetry</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>'s guide for <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a>. Depictions of some of these stories can be found on <a href="/wiki/Picture_stone" title="Picture stone">picture stones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> and in other visual records including some early Christian crosses, which attests to how widely known they were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201181-112">[108]</a> The myths were transmitted purely orally until the end of the period, and were subject to variation; one key poem, "Vǫluspá", is preserved in two variant versions in different manuscripts,<a href="#cite_note-113">[e]</a> and Snorri's retelling of the myths sometimes varies from the other textual sources that are preserved.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> There was no single authoritative version of a particular myth, and variation over time and from place to place is presumed, rather than "a single unified body of thought".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200819-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011207-108">[104]</a> In particular, there may have been influences from interactions with other peoples, including northern Slavs, Finns, and Anglo-Saxons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue20088-116">[111]</a> and Christian mythology exerted an increasing influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200819-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011171-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deities">Deities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardre_Odin_Sleipnir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ardre_Odin_Sleipnir.jpg/220px-Ardre_Odin_Sleipnir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ardre_Odin_Sleipnir.jpg/330px-Ardre_Odin_Sleipnir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Ardre_Odin_Sleipnir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Odin riding on his horse <a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></figcaption></figure> Old Norse religion was <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, with many anthropomorphic gods and goddesses, who express human emotions and in some cases are married and have children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201179,_228-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200823–24-119">[114]</a> One god, <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a>, is said in the myths to have died. Archaeological evidence on the worship of particular gods is sparse, although placenames may also indicate locations where they were venerated. For some gods, particularly <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200867-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011151-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._265-122">[117]</a> there is no evidence of worship; however, this may be changed by new archaeological discoveries. Regions, communities, and social classes likely varied in the gods they venerated more or at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201162–63-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199959-124">[119]</a> There are also accounts in sagas of individuals who devoted themselves to a single deity,<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> described as a fulltrúi or vinr (confidant, friend) as seen in <a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a>'s reference to his relationship with Odin in his "<a href="/wiki/Sonatorrek" title="Sonatorrek">Sonatorrek</a>", a tenth-century skaldic poem for example.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> This practice has been interpreted as heathen past influenced by the Christian cult of the saints. Although our literary sources are all relatively late, there are also indications of change over time. Norse mythological sources, particularly Snorri and "Vǫluspá", differentiate between two groups of deities, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, who fought <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Æsir-Vanir war">a war</a> during which the Vanir broke down the walls of the Æsir's stronghold, <a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a>, and eventually made peace utilizing a truce and the exchange of hostages. Some <a href="/wiki/Mythography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythography">mythographers</a> have suggested that this myth was based on recollection of a conflict in Scandinavia between adherents of different belief systems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200827-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordland196967-128">[123]</a> Major deities among the Æsir include <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> (who is often referred to in literary texts as Asa-Thor), <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a>. Very few Vanir are named in the sources: <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njǫrðr</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>, and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>; according to Snorri all of these could be called Vanaguð (Vanir-god), and Freyja also Vanadís (Vanir-<a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">dís</a>).<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> The status of <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> within the pantheon is problematic, and according to "<a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a>" and "Vǫluspá" and Snorri's explanation, he is imprisoned beneath the earth until <a href="/wiki/Ragnarok" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnarok">Ragnarok</a>, when he will fight against the gods. As far back as 1889 <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Bugge" title="Sophus Bugge">Sophus Bugge</a> suggested this was the inspiration for the myth of <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Some of the goddesses—<a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a> are <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jötnar">jötnar</a> origins. The general Old Norse word for the goddesses is Ásynjur, which is properly the feminine of Æsir. An old word for goddess may be <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">dís</a>, which is preserved as the name of a group of female supernatural beings.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localised_and_ancestral_deities">Localised and ancestral deities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Localised and ancestral deities">edit</a>]</div> Ancestral deities were common among Finno-Ugric peoples and remained a strong presence among the Finns and Sámi after Christianisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199946-132">[127]</a> Ancestor veneration may have played a part in the private religious practices of Norse people in their farmsteads and villages;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199947-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> in the 10th century, Norwegian pagans attempted to encourage the Christian king Haakon to take part in an offering to the gods by inviting him to drink a toast to the ancestors alongside several named deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199947-133">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa</a> appear to have been personal or family goddesses venerated by <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a>, a late pagan ruler of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> There are also likely to have been local and family fertility cults; there is one reported example from pagan Norway in the family cult of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Völsi">Vǫlsi</a>, where a deity called Mǫrnir is invoked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_2,_p._284-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975256–57-137">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_beings">Other beings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other beings">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a> are female figures who determine individuals' fate. Snorri describes them as a group of three, but he and other sources also allude to larger groups of Norns who decide the fate of newborns.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> It is uncertain whether they were worshipped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970272-139">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">landvættir</a>, spirits of the land, were thought to inhabit certain rocks, waterfalls, mountains, and trees, and offerings were made to them.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> For many, they may have been more important in daily life than the gods.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> Texts also mention various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Elf#Mythological_texts" title="Elf">elves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarfs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fylgjur" class="mw-redirect" title="Fylgjur">Fylgjur</a>, guardian spirits, generally female, were associated with individuals and families. <a href="/wiki/Hamingjur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamingjur">Hamingjur</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">dísir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swanmaiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanmaiden">swanmaidens</a> are female supernatural figures of uncertain stature within the belief system; the dísir may have functioned as <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary goddesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a> were associated with the myths concerning Odin, and also occur in heroic poetry such as the Helgi lays, where they are depicted as princesses who assist and marry heroes.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._273–74-144">[139]</a> Conflict with the jötnar and gýgjar (often glossed as <a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">giants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giantess" title="Giantess">giantesses</a> respectively) is a frequent motif in the mythology.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> They are described as both the ancestors and enemies of the gods.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Gods marry gýgjar but jötnar's attempts to couple with goddesses are repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue2008232-147">[142]</a> Most scholars believe the jötnar were not worshipped, although this has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinsland1986212–13-148">[143]</a> The Eddic jötnar have parallels with their later folkloric counterparts, although unlike them they have much wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cosmology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></div> Several accounts of the Old Norse cosmogony, or creation myth, appear in surviving textual sources, but there is no evidence that these were certainly produced in the pre-Christian period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue2008116-150">[145]</a> It is possible that they were developed during the encounter with Christianity, as pagans sought to establish a creation myth complex enough to rival that of Christianity;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200816-151">[146]</a> these accounts could also be the result of Christian missionaries interpreting certain elements and tales found in the Old Norse culture and presenting them to be creation myths and a cosmogony, parallel to <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">that of the Bible</a>, in part to aid the Old Norse in the understanding of the new Christian religion through the use of native elements as a means to facilitate conversion (a common practice employed by missionaries to ease the conversion of people from different cultures across the globe. See <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a>). According to the account in Völuspá, the universe was initially a void known as <a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a>. There then appeared a jötunn, <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a>, and after him the gods, who lifted the earth out of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200813-152">[147]</a> A different account is provided in <a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a>, which describes that the world is made from the components of Ymir's body: the earth from his flesh, the mountains from his bones, the sky from his skull, and the sea from his blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200813-152">[147]</a> Grímnismál also describes the world being fashioned from Ymir's corpse, although adds the detail that the jötnar emerged from a spring known as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200814-153">[148]</a> In Snorri's <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a>, it is again stated that the Old Norse cosmogony began with a belief in Ginnungagap, the void. From this emerged two realms, the icy, misty <a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a> and the fire-filled <a href="/wiki/Muspell" class="mw-redirect" title="Muspell">Muspell</a>, the latter ruled over by fire-jötunn, <a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue2008114–15-154">[149]</a> A river produced by these realms coagulated to form Ymir, while a cow known as <a href="/wiki/Audumbla" class="mw-redirect" title="Audumbla">Audumbla</a> then appeared to provide him with milk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200815-155">[150]</a> Audumbla licked a block of ice to free <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Buri</a>, whose son <a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Bor</a> married a gýgr named <a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200816-151">[146]</a> Some of the features of this myth, such as the cow Audumbla, are of unclear provenance; Snorri does not specify where he obtained these details as he did for other parts of the myths, and it may be that these were his inventions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200816-151">[146]</a> Völuspá portrays <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a> as a giant ash tree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200817–18-156">[151]</a> Grímnismál claims that the deities meet beneath Yggdrasil daily to pass judgement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200818-157">[152]</a> It also claims that a serpent gnaws at its roots while a deer grazes from its higher branches; a squirrel runs between the two animals, exchanging messages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200818-157">[152]</a> Grímnismál also claims that Yggdrasil has three roots; under one resides the goddess Hel, under another the frost-þursar, and under the third humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200818-157">[152]</a> Snorri also relates that Hel and the frost-þursar live under two of the roots but places the gods, rather than humanity, under the third root.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200818-157">[152]</a> The term Yggr means "the terrifier" and is a synonym for Oðinn, while drasill was a poetic word for a horse; "Yggdrasil" thereby means "Oðinn's Steed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200817-158">[153]</a> This idea of a cosmic tree has parallels with those from various other societies, and may reflect part of a common Indo-European heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008215-159">[154]</a> The Ragnarok story survives in its fullest exposition in Völuspá, although elements can also be seen in earlier poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011157–58-160">[155]</a> The Ragnarok story suggests that the idea of an inescapable fate pervaded Norse worldviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011163-161">[156]</a> There is much evidence that Völuspá was influenced by Christian belief,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011165-162">[157]</a> and it is also possible that the theme of conflict being followed by a better future—as reflected in the Ragnarok story—perhaps reflected the period of conflict between paganism and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011164-163">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afterlife">Afterlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Afterlife">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg/440px-R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Description of the <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Rök runestone</a></figcaption></figure> Old Nordic religion had several fully developed ideas about death and the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20114-164">[159]</a> Snorri refers to multiple realms which welcome the dead;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199979-165">[160]</a> although his descriptions reflect a likely Christian influence, the idea of a plurality of other worlds is likely pre-Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199981-166">[161]</a> Unlike Christianity, Old Norse religion does not appear to have adhered to the belief that moral concerns impacted an individual's afterlife destination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011212-167">[162]</a> Warriors who died in battle became the <a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a> and were taken to Oðinn's hall, Valhalla. There they waited until Ragnarok when they would fight alongside the Æsir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199989-168">[163]</a> According to the poem <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a>, Valhalla had 540 doors and a wolf stood outside its western door, while an eagle flew overhead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011107-169">[164]</a> In that poem, it is also claimed that a boar named <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a> is eaten every day and that a goat named <a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r%C3%BAn" title="Heiðrún">Heiðrún</a> stands atop the hall's roof producing an endless supply of mead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011107-169">[164]</a> It is unclear how widespread a belief in Valhalla was in Norse society; it may have been a literary creation designed to meet the ruling class' aspirations since the idea of deceased warriors owing military service to Oðinn parallels the social structure between warriors and their lord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011105–06-170">[165]</a> There is no archaeological evidence clearly alluding to a belief in Valhalla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201178-171">[166]</a> According to Snorri, while one-half of the slain go to Valhalla, the others go to Frejya's hall, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a>, and those who die from disease or old age go to a realm known as <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a>;<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> it was here that Baldr went after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199979-165">[160]</a> The concept of Hel as an afterlife location never appears in pagan-era skaldic poetry, where "Hel" always references the eponymous goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011119-173">[168]</a> Snorri also mentions the possibility of the dead reaching the hall of <a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a>, or the hall of <a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201180-174">[169]</a> Various sagas and the Eddic poem <a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_II" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana II">Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</a> refer to the dead residing in their graves, where they remain conscious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199977-175">[170]</a> In these thirteenth century sources, ghosts (<a href="/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr">Draugr</a>) are capable of haunting the living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199985-176">[171]</a> In both Laxdæla Saga and Eyrbyggja Saga, connections are drawn between pagan burials and hauntings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199987–88-177">[172]</a> In mythological accounts, the deity most closely associated with death is Oðinn. In particular, he is connected with death by hanging; this is apparent in Hávamál, a poem found in the Poetic Edda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201175-178">[173]</a> In stanza 138 of Hávamál, Oðinn describes his self-sacrifice, in which he hangs himself on Yggdrasill, the world tree, for nine nights, to attain wisdom and magical powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201176-179">[174]</a> In the late Gautreks Saga, King Víkarr is hanged and then punctured by a spear; his executioner says "Now I give you to Oðinn".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201176-179">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultic_practice">Cultic practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultic practice">edit</a>]</div> Textual accounts suggest a spectrum of rituals, from large public events to more frequent private and family rites, which would have been interwoven with daily life.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._108-181">[176]</a> However, written sources are vague about Norse rituals, and many are invisible to us now even with the assistance of archaeology.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Sources mention some rituals addressed to particular deities, but the understanding of the relationship between Old Norse ritual and myth remains speculative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross199413-184">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_rituals">Religious rituals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religious rituals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sacrifice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ofring,_Bork_vikingehavn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ofring%2C_Bork_vikingehavn.jpg/220px-Ofring%2C_Bork_vikingehavn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ofring%2C_Bork_vikingehavn.jpg/330px-Ofring%2C_Bork_vikingehavn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ofring%2C_Bork_vikingehavn.jpg/440px-Ofring%2C_Bork_vikingehavn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a food offering after a Viking Age <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blót</a></figcaption></figure> The primary religious ritual in Norse religion appears to have been sacrifice, or <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blót</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201170-185">[180]</a> Many texts, both Old Norse and others refer to sacrifices. The <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_H%C3%A1kon_the_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="Saga of Hákon the Good">Saga of Hákon the Good</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a> states that there were obligatory blóts, at which animals were slaughtered and their blood, called hlaut, sprinkled on the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altars</a> and the inside and outside walls of the <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">temple</a>, and ritual toasts were drunk during the ensuing sacrificial feast; the cups were passed over the fire and they and the food were consecrated with a ritual gesture by the chieftain; King Hákon, a Christian, was forced to participate but made the sign of the cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975251-186">[181]</a> The description of the temple at Uppsala in Adam of Bremen's History includes an account of a festival every nine years at which nine males of every kind of animal were sacrificed and the bodies hung in the temple <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">grove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244-187">[182]</a> There may have been many methods of sacrifice: several textual accounts refer to the body or head of the slaughtered animal being hung on a pole or tree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1967193-188">[183]</a> In addition to seasonal festivals, an animal blót could take place, for example, before duels, after the conclusion of business between traders, before sailing to ensure favourable winds, and at funerals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012195-189">[184]</a> Remains of animals from many species have been found in graves from the Old Norse period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012196-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> and Ibn Fadlan's account of a ship burial includes the sacrifice of a dog, draft animals, cows, a rooster and a hen as well as that of a servant girl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975273-192">[187]</a> In the Eddic poem "<a href="/wiki/Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Hyndluljóð">Hyndluljóð</a>", <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> expresses appreciation for the many sacrifices of oxen made to her by her acolyte, Óttar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975239-193">[188]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hrafnkels_saga" title="Hrafnkels saga">Hrafnkels saga</a>, Hrafnkell is called Freysgoði for his many sacrifices to <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sundqvist87+-68">[64]</a> There may also be markers by which we can distinguish sacrifices to Odin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201171-195">[190]</a> who was associated with <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975255-196">[191]</a> and some texts particularly associate the ritual killing of a boar with sacrifices to Freyr;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975255-196">[191]</a> but in general, archaeology is unable to identify the deity to whom a sacrifice was made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201171-195">[190]</a> The texts frequently allude to <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>. Temple wells in which people were sacrificially drowned are mentioned in Adam of Bremen's account of Uppsala<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975245–46-197">[192]</a> and in Icelandic sagas, where they are called blótkelda or blótgrǫf,<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> and Adam of Bremen also states that human victims were included among those hanging in the trees at Uppsala.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gautreks_saga" title="Gautreks saga">Gautreks saga</a>, people sacrifice themselves during a famine by jumping off cliffs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975254-200">[195]</a> and both the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Norwegi%C3%A6" title="Historia Norwegiæ">Historia Norwegiæ</a> and Heimskringla refer to the willing death of King <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3maldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dómaldi">Dómaldi</a> as a sacrifice after bad harvests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975253-201">[196]</a> Mentions of people being "sentenced to sacrifice" and of the "wrath of the gods" against criminals suggest a sacral meaning for the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._414-202">[197]</a> in Landnamabók the method of execution is given as having the back broken on a rock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975254-200">[195]</a> It is possible that some of the <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">bog bodies</a> recovered from peat bogs in northern Germany and Denmark and dated to the Iron Age were human sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Such a practice may have been connected to the execution of criminals or of <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._849-204">[199]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> also states that such type of execution was used as a punishment for "the coward, the unwarlike and the man stained with abominable vices" for the reason that these were considered "infamies that ought to be buried out of sight";<a href="#cite_note-205">[f]</a> on the other hand, some textual mentions of a person being "offered" to a deity, such as a king offering his son, may refer to a non-sacrificial "dedication".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._415-206">[200]</a> Archaeological evidence supports Ibn Fadlan's report of funerary human sacrifice: in various cases, the burial of someone who died of natural causes is accompanied by another who died a violent death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201171-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> For example, at <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a> a decapitated young man was placed atop an older man buried with weapons, and at Gerdrup, near <a href="/wiki/Roskilde" title="Roskilde">Roskilde</a>, a woman was buried alongside a man whose neck had been broken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201172-208">[202]</a> Many of the details of Ibn Fadlan's account are born out by archaeology;<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201173-210">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue200867-120">[115]</a> and it is possible that those elements which are not visible in the archaeological evidence—such as the sexual encounters—are also accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201173-210">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deposition">Deposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deposition">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Wetland_deposits_in_Scandinavia" title="Wetland deposits in Scandinavia">Deposition of artefacts in wetlands</a> was a practice in Scandinavia during many periods of prehistory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink200196-211">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._853-213">[207]</a> In the early centuries of the Common Era, huge numbers of destroyed weapons were placed in wetlands: mostly spears and swords, but also shields, tools, and other equipment. Beginning in the 5th century, the nature of the wetland deposits changed; in Scandinavia, <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibulae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a> were placed in or beside wetlands from the 5th to the mid-6th centuries, and again beginning in the late 8th century,<a href="#cite_note-Lund51-214">[208]</a> when weapons, as well as jewellery, coins and tools, again began to be deposited, the practice lasting until the early 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Lund51-214">[208]</a> This practice extended to non-Scandinavian areas inhabited by Norse people; for example in Britain, a sword, tools, and the bones of cattle, horses and dogs were deposited under a jetty or bridge over the <a href="/wiki/River_Hull" title="River Hull">River Hull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2013328-215">[209]</a> The precise purposes of such depositions are unclear.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is harder to find ritualised deposits on dry land. However, at Lunda (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">grove</a>") near <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s" title="Strängnäs">Strängnäs</a> in Södermanland, archaeological evidence has been found at a hill of presumably ritual activity from the 2nd century BCE until the 10th century CE, including deposition of unburnt beads, knives and arrowheads from the 7th to the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén110-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._853-213">[207]</a> Also during excavations at the church in <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Frösö">Frösö</a>, bones of bear, elk, red deer, pigs, cattle, and either sheep or goats were found surrounding a birch tree, having been deposited in the 9th or 10th century; the tree likely had sacrificial associations and perhaps represented Yggdrasill.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén110-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rites_of_passage">Rites of passage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rites of passage">edit</a>]</div> A child was accepted into the family via a ritual of sprinkling with water (Old Norse ausa vatni) which is mentioned in two Eddic poems, "<a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADgs%C3%BEula" title="Rígsþula">Rígsþula</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a>", and was afterwards given a name.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> The child was frequently named after a dead relative, since there was a traditional belief in <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_in_North_Germanic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebirth in North Germanic religion">rebirth</a>, particularly in the family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._181–83-219">[213]</a> Old Norse sources also describe rituals for <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a> (the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Gula%C3%BEing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulaþing">Gulaþing</a> Law directs the adoptive father, followed by the adoptive child, then all other relatives, to step in turn into a specially made leather shoe) and <a href="/wiki/Blood_brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood brotherhood">blood brotherhood</a> (a ritual standing on the bare earth under a specially cut strip of grass, called a jarðarmen).<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> Weddings occur in Icelandic family sagas. The Old Norse word brúðhlaup has cognates in many other Germanic languages and means "bride run"; it has been suggested that this indicates a tradition of bride-stealing, but other scholars including <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">Jan de Vries</a> interpreted it as indicating a rite of passage conveying the bride from her birth family to that of her new husband.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> The bride wore a linen veil or headdress; this is mentioned in the Eddic poem "<a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADgs%C3%BEula" title="Rígsþula">Rígsþula</a>".<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> Freyr and Thor are each associated with weddings in some literary sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._187-223">[217]</a> In Adam of Bremen's account of the pagan <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">temple at Uppsala</a>, offerings are said to be made to Fricco (presumably Freyr) on the occasion of marriages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244-187">[182]</a> and in the Eddic poem "<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymskvi%C3%B0a" title="Þrymskviða">Þrymskviða</a>", Thor recovers his hammer when it is laid in his disguised lap in a ritual consecration of the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197581-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> "Þrymskviða" also mentions the goddess <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a> as consecrating marriages; Snorri Sturluson states in <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a> that she hears the vows men and women make to each other, but her name probably means "beloved" rather than being etymologically connected to Old Norse várar, "vows".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_2,_p._327-226">[220]</a> Burial of the dead is the Norse rite of passage about which we have most archaeological evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén855-227">[221]</a> There is considerable variation in burial practices, both spatially and chronologically, which suggests a lack of dogma about funerary rites.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén855-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199971-228">[222]</a> Both cremations and inhumations are found throughout Scandinavia,<a href="#cite_note-Andrén855-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rúnar-229">[223]</a> but in Viking Age Iceland there were inhumations but, with one possible exception, no cremations.<a href="#cite_note-Rúnar-229">[223]</a> The dead are found buried in pits, wooden coffins or chambers, boats, or stone cists; cremated remains have been found next to the funeral pyre, buried in a pit, in a pot or keg, and scattered across the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén855-227">[221]</a> Most burials have been found in cemeteries, but solitary graves are not unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén855-227">[221]</a> Some grave sites were left unmarked, others memorialised with standing stones or <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">burial mounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén855-227">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osebergskipet_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Osebergskipet_2016.jpg/220px-Osebergskipet_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Osebergskipet_2016.jpg/330px-Osebergskipet_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Osebergskipet_2016.jpg/440px-Osebergskipet_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4547" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg ship">Oseberg ship</a> contained the bodies of two women and was buried beneath an earthen mound.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a> feature in both inhumation and cremation burials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199972-230">[224]</a> These often consist of animal remains; for instance, in Icelandic pagan graves, the remains of dogs and horses are the most common grave goods.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> In many cases, the grave goods and other features of the grave reflect social stratification, particularly in the cemeteries at <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market towns</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaupang" title="Kaupang">Kaupang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199972-230">[224]</a> In other cases, such as in Iceland, cemeteries show very little evidence of it.<a href="#cite_note-Rúnar-229">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a> is a form of elite inhumation attested both in the archaeological record and in Ibn Fadlan's written account. Excavated examples include the <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg ship">Oseberg ship</a> burial near <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a> in Norway, another at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klinta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klinta (page does not exist)">Klinta</a> on <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201174-232">[226]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> ship burial in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199973-233">[227]</a> A boat burial at <a href="/wiki/Kaupang" title="Kaupang">Kaupang</a> in Norway contained a man, woman, and baby lying adjacent to each other alongside the remains of a horse and dismembered dog. The body of a second woman in the stern was adorned with weapons, jewellery, a bronze cauldron, and a metal staff; archaeologists have suggested that she may have been a sorceress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201174-232">[226]</a> In certain areas of the Nordic world, namely coastal Norway and the Atlantic colonies, smaller boat burials are sufficiently common to indicate it was no longer only an elite custom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199973-233">[227]</a> Ship burial is also mentioned twice in the Old Norse literary-mythic corpus. A passage in Snorri Sturluson's <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynglinga Saga">Ynglinga Saga</a> states that Odin—whom he presents as a human king later mistaken for a deity—instituted laws that the dead would be burned on a pyre with their possessions, and burial mounds or memorial stones erected for the most notable men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199980-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201174–75-235">[229]</a> Also in his Prose Edda, the god Baldr is burned on a pyre on his ship, <a href="/wiki/Hringhorni" title="Hringhorni">Hringhorni</a>, which is launched out to sea with the aid of the gýgr <a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a>; Snorri wrote after the Christianisation of Iceland, but drew on <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Alfr_Uggason" title="Úlfr Uggason">Úlfr Uggason</a>'s skaldic poem "<a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAsdr%C3%A1pa" title="Húsdrápa">Húsdrápa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mysticism,_magic,_animism_and_shamanism">Mysticism, magic, animism and shamanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mysticism, magic, animism and shamanism">edit</a>]</div> The myth preserved in the Eddic poem "<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a>" of Odin hanging for nine nights on Yggdrasill, sacrificing himself to secure knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> and other wisdom in what resembles an initiatory rite,<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> is evidence of mysticism in Old Norse religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197511,_48–50-239">[233]</a> The gods were associated with two distinct forms of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>. In "Hávamál" and elsewhere, Odin is particularly associated with the runes and with <a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">galdr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197564–65-241">[235]</a> Charms, often associated with the runes, were a central part of the treatment of disease in both humans and livestock in Old Norse society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999104-242">[236]</a> In contrast <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">seiðr</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Spæ">spæ</a>, which could involve both magic and <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999123-243">[237]</a> were practised mostly by women, known as <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">vǫlur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A6kona" class="mw-redirect" title="Spækona">spæ-wives</a>, often in a communal gathering at a client's request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999123-243">[237]</a> 9th- and 10th-century female graves containing iron staffs and grave goods have been identified on this basis as those of seiðr practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._855-244">[238]</a> Seiðr was associated with the Vanic goddess Freyja; according to a euhemerized account in <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a>, she taught seiðr to the Æsir,<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> but it involved so much <a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">ergi</a> ("unmanliness, effeminacy") that other than Odin himself, its use was reserved for priestesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197565-246">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999136-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._332-248">[242]</a> There are, however, mentions of male seiðr workers, including elsewhere in Heimskringla, where they are condemned for their perversion.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> In Old Norse literature, practitioners of seiðr are sometimes described as foreigners, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> or Finns or in rarer cases from the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999128-250">[244]</a> Practitioners such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a> appealed to spirit helpers for assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999123-243">[237]</a> Many scholars have pointed to this and other similarities between what is reported of seiðr and spæ ceremonies and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Dag_Str%C3%B6mb%C3%A4ck" title="Dag Strömbäck">Dag Strömbäck</a> regarded it as a borrowing from Sami or Balto-Finnic shamanic traditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999129-252">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003117–18-253">[247]</a> but there are also differences from the recorded practices of Sami <a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">noaidi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999130-254">[248]</a> Since the 19th century, some scholars have sought to interpret other aspects of Old Norse religion itself by comparison with shamanism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003117-255">[249]</a> for example, Odin's self-sacrifice on the World Tree has been compared to Finno-Ugric shamanic practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197550-256">[250]</a> However, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">Jan de Vries</a> regarded seiðr as an indigenous shamanic development among the Norse,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003119-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._330–33-258">[252]</a> and the applicability of shamanism as a framework for interpreting Old Norse practices, even seiðr, is disputed by some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._849-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003123-259">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_sites">Religious sites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religious sites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helgafell_%C3%AD_Helgafellssveit_0460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Helgafell_%C3%AD_Helgafellssveit_0460.jpg/220px-Helgafell_%C3%AD_Helgafellssveit_0460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Helgafell_%C3%AD_Helgafellssveit_0460.jpg/330px-Helgafell_%C3%AD_Helgafellssveit_0460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Helgafell_%C3%AD_Helgafellssveit_0460.jpg/440px-Helgafell_%C3%AD_Helgafellssveit_0460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helgafell_(Sveitarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_Stykkish%C3%B3lmur)" title="Helgafell (Sveitarfélagið Stykkishólmur)">Helgafell</a>, a mountain in western Iceland, is presented in the Icelandic sagas as being sacred to Thor.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outdoor_rites">Outdoor rites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Outdoor rites">edit</a>]</div> Religious practices often took place outdoors. For example, at Hove in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a>, Norway, offerings were placed at a row of posts bearing images of gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerend2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailschristianization00bereagen139_124]-260">[254]</a> Terms particularly associated with outdoor worship are <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">vé</a> (shrine) and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">hörgr</a> (cairn or stone <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>). Many place names contain these elements in association with the name of a deity, and for example at Lilla Ullevi (compounded with the name of the god <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a>) in Bro parish, <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, Sweden, archaeologists have found a stone-covered ritual area at which offerings including silver objects, rings, and a meat fork had been deposited.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> Place-name evidence suggests that cultic practices might also take place at many different kinds of sites, including fields and meadows (vangr, vin), <a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">rivers, lakes and bogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">groves</a> (lundr) and individual trees, and rocks.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._108-181">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975237–38-262">[256]</a> Some Icelandic sagas mention sacred places. In both <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>, members of a family who particularly worshipped Thor are said to have passed after death into the mountain <a href="/wiki/Helgafell_(Sveitarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_Stykkish%C3%B3lmur)" title="Helgafell (Sveitarfélagið Stykkishólmur)">Helgafell</a> (holy mountain), which was not to be defiled by bloodshed or excrement or even to be looked at without washing first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199976-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink2001100-264">[258]</a> Mountain worship is also mentioned in Landnámabók as an old Norwegian tradition to which <a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Auðr the Deepminded</a>'s family reverted after she died; the scholar <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> regarded it as associated particularly with the worship of Thor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199976-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> In <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADga-Gl%C3%BAms_saga" title="Víga-Glúms saga">Víga-Glúms saga</a>, the field Vitazgjafi (certain giver) is associated with <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> and similarly not to be defiled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197569,_165–66-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> The scholar Stefan Brink has argued that one can speak of a "mythical and sacral geography" in pre-Christian Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink200177-268">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Temples">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_mounds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_mounds.JPG/440px-Royal_mounds.JPG" decoding="async" width="440" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_mounds.JPG/660px-Royal_mounds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_mounds.JPG/880px-Royal_mounds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Royal burial mounds and church at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>, where Adam of Bremen described a large <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">temple</a></figcaption></figure> Several of the sagas refer to cult houses or temples, generally called in Old Norse by the term <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">hof</a>. There are detailed descriptions of large temples, including a separate area with images of gods and the sprinkling of sacrificial blood using twigs like the Christian use of the <a href="/wiki/Aspergillum" title="Aspergillum">aspergillum</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kjalnesinga_saga" title="Kjalnesinga saga">Kjalnesinga saga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a>; <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri</a>'s description of <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blót</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a> adds more details about the blood sprinkling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._382,_389,_409–10-269">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>'s 11th-century Latin history describes at length a great <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">temple at Uppsala</a> at which human sacrifices regularly took place, and containing statues of Thor, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wotan</a> and Frikko (presumably <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>); a <a href="/wiki/Scholion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholion">scholion</a> adds the detail that a golden chain hung from the eaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244–45-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simek-Uppsala-271">[265]</a> These details appear exaggerated and probably indebted to Christian churches, and in the case of Uppsala to the Biblical description of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon's temple">Solomon's temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._382,_389,_409–10-269">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244–45-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simek-Uppsala-271">[265]</a> Based on the dearth of archaeological evidence for dedicated cult houses, particularly under early church buildings in Scandinavia, where they were expected to be found, and additionally on <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' statement in <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a> that the Germanic tribes did not confine their deities to buildings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201169-272">[266]</a> many scholars have believed hofs to be largely a Christian idea of pre-Christian practice. In 1966, based on the results of a comprehensive archaeological survey of most of Scandinavia, the Danish archaeologist Olaf Olsen proposed the model of the "temple farm": that rather than the hof being a dedicated building, a large <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouse</a>, especially that of the most prominent farmer in the district, served as the location for community cultic celebrations when required.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> Since Olsen's survey, however, archaeological evidence of temple buildings has come to light in Scandinavia. Although <a href="/wiki/Sune_Lindqvist" title="Sune Lindqvist">Sune Lindqvist</a>'s interpretation of post holes which he found under the church at Gamla Uppsala as the remains of an almost square building with a high roof was wishful thinking,<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> excavations nearby in the 1990s uncovered both a settlement and a long building which may have been either a longhouse used seasonally as a cult house or a dedicated hof.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> The building site at Hofstaðir, near <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDvatn" title="Mývatn">Mývatn</a> in Iceland, which was a particular focus of Olsen's work, has since been re-excavated and the layout of the building and further discoveries of the remains of ritually slaughtered animals now suggest that it was a cult house until ritually abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucasMcGovern20077–30-277">[271]</a> Other buildings that have been interpreted as cult houses have been found at Borg in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>, Lunda in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201170-185">[180]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uppakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppakra">Uppakra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Andrén854-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012199-279">[273]</a> Remains of one pagan temple have so far been found under a medieval church, at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6re" title="Mære">Mære</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nord-Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Nord-Trøndelag">Nord-Trøndelag</a>, Norway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerend2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailschristianization00bereagen139_124]-260">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> In Norway, the word hof appears to have replaced older terms referring to outdoor cult sites during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975243-281">[275]</a> it has been suggested that the use of cult buildings was introduced into Scandinavia starting in the 3rd century based on the Christian churches then proliferating in the Roman Empire, as part of a range of political and religious changes that Nordic society was then experiencing.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén_p._855-244">[238]</a> Some of the cult houses which have been found are located within what archaeologists call "central places": settlements with various religious, political, judicial, and mercantile functions.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrén854-278">[272]</a> A number of these central places have place-names with cultic associations, such as <a href="/wiki/Gudme" title="Gudme">Gudme</a> (home of gods), <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4" title="Vä">Vä</a> (vé), and <a href="/wiki/Helg%C3%B6" title="Helgö">Helgö</a> (holy island).<a href="#cite_note-Andrén854-278">[272]</a> Some archaeologists have argued that they were designed to mirror Old Norse cosmology, thus connecting ritual practices with wider worldviews.<a href="#cite_note-Andrén854-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priests_and_kings">Priests and kings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Priests and kings">edit</a>]</div> There is no evidence of a professional priesthood among the Norse, and rather cultic activities were carried out by members of the community who also had other social functions and positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008217-284">[278]</a> In Old Norse society, religious authority was harnessed to secular authority; there was no separation between economic, political, and symbolic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> Both the Norwegian kings' sagas and Adam of Bremen's account claim that kings and chieftains played a prominent role in cultic sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008217-284">[278]</a> In medieval Iceland, the <a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">goði</a> was a social role that combined religious, political, and judicial functions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008217-284">[278]</a> responsible for serving as a chieftain in the district, negotiating legal disputes, and maintaining order among his þingmenn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199966-286">[280]</a> Most evidence suggests that public cultic activity was largely the preserve of high-status males in Old Norse society.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> However, there are exceptions. The Landnámabók refers to two women holding the position of gyðja, both of whom were members of local chiefly families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199966-286">[280]</a> In Ibn Fadlan's account of the Rus, he describes an elder woman known as the "Angel of Death" who oversaw a funerary ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201174-232">[226]</a> Among scholars, there has been much debate as to whether <a href="/wiki/Sacral_kingship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral kingship">sacral kingship</a> was practised among Old Norse communities, in which the monarch was endowed with a divine status and thus responsible for ensuring that a community's needs were met through supernatural means.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> Evidence for this has been cited from the <a href="/wiki/Ynglingatal" title="Ynglingatal">Ynglingatal</a> poem in which the Swedes kill their king, <a href="/wiki/Domalde" title="Domalde">Domalde</a>, following a famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201192-289">[283]</a> However, interpretations of this event other than sacral kingship are possible; for instance, Domalde may have been killed in a political coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201192-289">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_imagery">Iconography and imagery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Iconography and imagery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mjollnir.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Mjollnir.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a> pendants were worn by Norse pagans during the 9th to 10th centuries. This drawing of a 4.6 cm gold-plated silver Mjolnir pendant was found at Bredsätra in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.</figcaption></figure> The most widespread religious symbol in the Viking Age Old Norse religion was Mjöllnir, the hammer of Thor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201165-290">[284]</a> This symbol first appears in the ninth century and might be a conscious response to the symbolism of the Christian cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200614-32">[28]</a> Although found across the Viking world, Mjöllnir pendants are most commonly found in graves from modern Denmark, south-eastern Sweden, and southern Norway; their wide distribution suggests the particular popularity of Thor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20115-291">[285]</a> When found in inhumation graves, Mjöllnir pendants are more likely to be found in women's graves than men's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201166-292">[286]</a> Earlier examples were made from iron, bronze, or amber,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201165-290">[284]</a> although silver pendants became fashionable in the tenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201165-290">[284]</a> This may have been a response to the growing popularity of Christian cross amulets.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> The two religious symbols may have co-existed closely; one piece of archaeological evidence suggesting that this is the case is a soapstone mould for casting pendants discovered from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treng%C3%A5rden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trengården (page does not exist)">Trengården</a> in Denmark. This mould had space for a Mjöllnir and a crucifix pendant side by side, suggesting that the artisan who produced these pendants catered for both religious communities.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> These have typically been interpreted as a protective symbol, although may also have had associations with fertility, being worn as amulets, good-luck charms, or sources of protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20115,_65–66-295">[289]</a> However, around 10 per cent of those discovered during excavation had been placed on top of cremation urns, suggesting that they had a place in certain funerary rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201166-292">[286]</a> Gods and goddesses were depicted through figurines, pendants, fibulas, and as images on weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851-296">[290]</a> Thor is usually recognised in depictions by his carrying of Mjöllnir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851-296">[290]</a> Iconographic material suggesting other deities are less common than those connected to Thor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201166-292">[286]</a> Some pictorial evidence, most notably that of the picture stones, intersects with the mythologies recorded in later texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20114-164">[159]</a> These picture stones, produced in mainland Scandinavia during the Viking Age, are the earliest known visual depictions of Norse mythological scenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20119-34">[30]</a> It is nevertheless unclear what function these picture-stones had or what they meant to the communities who produced them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20119-34">[30]</a> Oðinn has been identified on various gold bracteates produced from the fifth and sixth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851-296">[290]</a> Some figurines have been interpreted as depictions of deities. The Lindby image from Skåne, Sweden is often interpreted as Oðinn because of its missing eye;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20117-297">[291]</a> the bronze figurine from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyrarland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eyrarland (page does not exist)">Eyrarland</a> in Iceland as Thor because it holds a hammer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20116-298">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4llinge_statuette" title="Rällinge statuette">A bronze figurine from Rällinge</a> in Södermanland has been attributed to Freyr because it has a big phallus, and a silver pendant from <a href="/wiki/Aska_Hundred" title="Aska Hundred">Aska</a> in Östergötland has been seen as Freya because it wears a necklace that could be Brisingamen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851-296">[290]</a> Another image that recurs in Norse artwork from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Valknut" title="Valknut">valknut</a> (the term is modern, not Old Norse).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201177-299">[293]</a> These symbols may have a specific association with Oðinn, because they often accompany images of warriors on picture stones.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanticism,_aesthetics,_and_politics">Romanticism, aesthetics, and politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Romanticism, aesthetics, and politics">edit</a>]</div> During the romanticist movement of the 19th century, various northern Europeans took an increasing interest in Old Norse religion, seeing in it ancient pre-Christian mythology that provided an alternative to the dominant <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a>. As a result, artists featured Norse gods and goddesses in their paintings and sculptures, and their names were applied to streets, squares, journals, and companies throughout parts of northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> The mythological stories derived from Old Norse and other Germanic sources inspired various artists, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, who used these narratives as the basis for his <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> Also inspired by these Old Norse and Germanic tales was <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, who used them in creating <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his legendarium</a>, the fictional universe in which he set novels like <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> During the 1930s and 1940s, elements of Old Norse and other Germanic religions were adopted by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> Since the fall of the Nazis, various right-wing groups continue to use elements of Old Norse and Germanic religion in their symbols, names, and references;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> some <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a> groups, for instance, use Mjöllnir as a symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaecker199989-302">[296]</a> Theories about a shamanic component of Old Norse religion have been adopted by forms of Nordic <a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">neoshamanism</a>; groups practising what they called seiðr was established in Europe and the United States by the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003133–34-303">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_study">Scholarly study</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Scholarly study">edit</a>]</div> Research into Old Norse religion has been interdisciplinary, involving historians, archaeologists, philologists, place-name scholars, literary scholars, and historians of religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> Scholars from different disciplines have tended to take different approaches to the material; for instance, many literary scholars have been highly sceptical about how accurately Old Norse text portrays pre-Christian religion, whereas historians of religion have tended to regard these portrayals as highly accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENäsström1999177–79-304">[298]</a> Interest in Norse mythology was revived in the eighteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199017-305">[299]</a> and scholars turned their attention to it in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> Since this research appeared from the background of European romanticism, many of the scholars operating in the 19th and 20th centuries framed their approach through <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, and were strongly influenced by their interpretations by romantic notions about <a href="/wiki/Nationhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationhood">nationhood</a>, conquest, and religion.<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> Their understanding of cultural interaction was also coloured by 19th-century European colonialism and imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199911-307">[301]</a> Many regarded pre-Christian religion as singular and unchanging, directly equated religion with the nation, and projected modern national borders onto the Viking Age past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199911-307">[301]</a> Due to the use of Old Norse and Germanic iconography by the Nazis, academic research into Old Norse religion reduced heavily following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> Scholarly interest in the subject then revived in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">[295]</a> By the 21st century, Old Norse religion was regarded as one of the best known non-Christian religions from Europe, alongside that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2005105-308">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "As religions and languages often spread at different speeds and cover different areas, the question of the ancientness of religious structures and essential elements of the North Germanic religion is treated separately from the question of language age" (<a href="#CITEREFWalter_de_Gruyter2002">Walter de Gruyter 2002</a>:390) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> "The dying god of North Germanic religion is Baldr, that of the Phoenicians is Ba'al" (<a href="#CITEREFVennemann2012">Vennemann 2012</a>:390) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> "<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kuhn_(Philologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Kuhn (Philologe)">Kuhn</a>'s arguments go back at least to his essay on North Germanic paganism in the early Christian era" (<a href="#CITEREFNilesAmodio1989">Niles & Amodio 1989</a>:25) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> "Genuine sources sources from the time of North Germanic paganism (runic inscriptions, ancient poetry etc.)" (<a href="#CITEREFLönnroth1965">Lönnroth 1965</a>:25) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> In addition to the verses cited in the Prose Edda, which are for the most part close to one of the two. Dronke, The Poetic Edda, Volume 2: Mythological Poems, Oxford: Oxford University, 1997, repr. 2001, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811181-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811181-8">978-0-19-811181-8</a>, pp. 61–62, 68–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> "Traitors and deserters are hanged on trees; the coward, the unwarlike, the man stained with abominable vices, is plunged into the mire of the morass, with a hurdle put over him. This distinction in punishment means that crime, they think, ought, in being punished, to be exposed, while infamy ought to be buried out of sight." (<a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>, chapter XII) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2011">Andrén 2011</a>, p. 846; <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2014">Andrén 2014</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNordland1969">Nordland 1969</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFNäsström1999">Näsström 1999</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFNäsström2003">Näsström 2003</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFHedeager2011">Hedeager 2011</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFJennbert2011">Jennbert 2011</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2005">Andrén 2005</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFAndrénJennbertRaudvere2006">Andrén, Jennbert & Raudvere 2006</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFSteinsland1986">Steinsland 1986</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201116-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201116_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois19998-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois19998_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFJesch2004">Jesch 2004</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFO'Donoghue2008">O'Donoghue 2008</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1967190-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1967190_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpson1967">Simpson 1967</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClunies_Ross1994">Clunies Ross 1994</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2008">Hultgård 2008</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011856-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011856_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011856_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2011">Andrén 2011</a>, p. 856. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199014-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199014_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1990">Davidson 1990</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011846-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011846_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011846_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2011">Andrén 2011</a>, p. 846. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008212-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008212_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008212_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2008">Hultgård 2008</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199942-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199942_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200612-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200612_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrénJennbertRaudvere200612_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrénJennbertRaudvere2006">Andrén, Jennbert & Raudvere 2006</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrénJennbertRaudvere2006">Andrén, Jennbert & Raudvere 2006</a>, p. 12; 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199981-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199981_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011212-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram2011212_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199989-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199989_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011107-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram2011107_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram2011107_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011105–06-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram2011105–06_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, pp. 105–06. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201178-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201178_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 79<a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2011119-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram2011119_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201180-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201180_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199977-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199977_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199985-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199985_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199987–88-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199987–88_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201175-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201175_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201176-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201176_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201176_179-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", pp. 848–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrén_p._108-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._108_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._108_181-1">b</a> Andrén, "Behind 'Heathendom'", p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Jacqueline Simpson</a>, "Some Scandinavian Sacrifices", Folklore 78.3 (1967) 190–202, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", pp. 853, 855. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross199413-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClunies_Ross199413_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClunies_Ross1994">Clunies Ross 1994</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201170-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201170_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201170_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975251-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975251_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1967193-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1967193_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimpson1967">Simpson 1967</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012195-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012195_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagnell2012">Magnell 2012</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012196-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012196_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagnell2012">Magnell 2012</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Davidson, "Human Sacrifice". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975273-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975273_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975239-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975239_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> "Hrafnkel's Saga", tr. Hermann Pálsson, in Hrafnkel's Saga and Other Icelandic Stories, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140442380" title="Special:BookSources/9780140442380">9780140442380</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUQ9iVq0RvoC&q=Frey%27s-Priest">ch. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423125656/https://books.google.com/books?id=jUQ9iVq0RvoC&q=Frey%27s-Priest">Archived</a> 23 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "He loved Frey above all the other gods and gave him a half-share in all his best treasures. ... He became their priest and chieftain, so he was given the nickname Frey's-Priest." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201171-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201171_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201171_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201171_195-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975255-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975255_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975255_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975245–46-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975245–46_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, pp. 245–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kjalnesinga_saga" title="Kjalnesinga saga">Kjalnesinga saga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatnsd%C3%A6la_saga" title="Vatnsdæla saga">Vatnsdæla saga</a>; De Vries Volume 1, p. 410, Turville-Petre, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Davidson, "Human Sacrifice", p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975254-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975254_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975254_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975253-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975253_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._414-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._414_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 1, p. 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Davidson, "Human Sacrifice", p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrén_p._849-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._849_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._849_204-1">b</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", p. 849. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._415-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._415_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 1, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Davidson, "Human Sacrifice", p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201172-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201172_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Ellis Davidson, "Human Sacrifice", p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201173-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201173_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201173_210-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink200196-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrink200196_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrink2001">Brink 2001</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Andrén, "Behind 'Heathendom'", pp. 108–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrén_p._853-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._853_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._853_213-1">b</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", p. 853. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lund51-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lund51_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lund51_214-1">b</a> Julie Lund, (2010). "At the Water's Edge", in Martin Carver, Alex Sanmark, and Sarah Semple, eds., Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-395-4">978-1-84217-395-4</a>, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 49–66. p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2013328-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2013328_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton2013">Hutton 2013</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrén110-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén110_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén110_216-1">b</a> Andrén, "Behind 'Heathendom'", p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", pp. 853–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> De Vries, Volume 1, pp. 178–80. Before the water rite, a child could be rejected; <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> was still permitted under the earliest Christian laws of Norway, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._181–83-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._181–83_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 1, pp. 181–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> De Vries, Volume 1, pp.  184, 208, 294–95; De Vries suggests the jarðarmen ritual is a symbolic death and rebirth. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> De Vries, Volume 1, pp. 185–86. Brúðkaup, "bride-purchase", also occurs in Old Norse, but according to de Vries probably refers to the <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> and hence to gift-giving rather than "purchase" in the modern sense. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> gekk hón und líni; De Vries, Volume 1, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._187-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._187_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 1, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197581-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197581_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clunies_Ross" title="Margaret Clunies Ross">Margaret Clunies Ross</a>, "Reading Þrymskviða", in The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology, ed. Paul Acker and Carolyne Larrington, Routledge medieval casebooks, New York / London: Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815316602" title="Special:BookSources/9780815316602">9780815316602</a>, pp. 177–94, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4bufbA_UpQC&pg=PA181">p. 181</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_2,_p._327-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_2,_p._327_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 2, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrén855-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén855_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén855_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén855_227-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén855_227-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén855_227-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén855_227-5">f</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", p. 855. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199971-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199971_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rúnar-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rúnar_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rúnar_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rúnar_229-2">c</a> Rúnar Leifsson, (2012). "Evolving Traditions: Horse Slaughter as Part of Viking Burial Customs in Iceland", in The Ritual Killing and Burial of Animals: European Perspectives, ed. Aleksander Pluskowski, Oxford: Oxbow, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-444-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-444-9">978-1-84217-444-9</a>, pp. 184–94, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199972-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199972_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199972_230-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Rúnar Leifsson, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201174-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201174_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201174_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201174_232-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199973-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199973_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199973_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199980-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199980_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201174–75-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201174–75_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Gylfaginning, ch. 48; Simek, "Hringhorni", pp. 159–60; "Hyrrokkin", p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Davidson, Gods and Myths, pp. 143–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Simek, "Odin's (self-)sacrifice", p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197511,_48–50-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197511,_48–50_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, pp. 11, 48–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Simek, "Runes", p. 269: "Odin is the god of runic knowledge and of runic magic." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197564–65-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197564–65_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999104-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999104_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999123-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999123_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999123_243-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999123_243-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrén_p._855-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._855_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén_p._855_244-1">b</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", p. 855. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Davidson, Gods and Myths, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197565-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197565_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999136-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999136_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._332-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_p._332_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 1, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Davidson, Gods and Myths, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999128-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999128_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Davidson, "Gods and Myths", p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999129-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999129_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003117–18-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003117–18_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnurbein2003">Schnurbein 2003</a>, pp. 117–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999130-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois1999130_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003117-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003117_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnurbein2003">Schnurbein 2003</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197550-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197550_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003119-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003119_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnurbein2003">Schnurbein 2003</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._330–33-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._330–33_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 1, pp. 330–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003123-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003123_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnurbein2003">Schnurbein 2003</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerend2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailschristianization00bereagen139_124]-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerend2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailschristianization00bereagen139_124]_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerend2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailschristianization00bereagen139_124]_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerend2007">Berend 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianization00bere/age/n139">124</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Sundqvist, An Arena for Higher Powers, pp. 131, 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975237–38-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975237–38_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, pp. 237–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199976-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199976_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199976_263-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink2001100-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrink2001100_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrink2001">Brink 2001</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Ellis</a>, Road to Hel, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197569,_165–66-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre197569,_165–66_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, pp. 69, 165–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Ellis Davidson, Gods and Myths, pp. 101–02. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink200177-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrink200177_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrink2001">Brink 2001</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._382,_389,_409–10-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._382,_389,_409–10_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vries1970Volume_1,_pp._382,_389,_409–10_269-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Vries1970">De Vries 1970</a>, Volume 1, pp. 382, 389, 409–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244–45-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244–45_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975244–45_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, pp. 244–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simek-Uppsala-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simek-Uppsala_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simek-Uppsala_271-1">b</a> Simek, "Uppsala temple", pp. 341–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201169-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201169_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Olsen, English summary p. 285: "[I] suggest that the building of the pagan hof in Iceland was, in fact, identical with the veizluskáli [feasthall] of the large farm: a building in everyday use which on special occasions became the setting for the ritual gatherings of a large number of people." </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Davidson, Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe, p. 32: "the hall of a farmhouse used for communal religious feasts, perhaps that of the goði or leading man of the district who would preside over such gatherings." </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlsen1966">Olsen 1966</a>, pp. 127–42; English summary is at <a href="#CITEREFOlsen1966">Olsen 1966</a>, pp. 282–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Richard Bradley, Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe, London/New York: Routledge, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34550-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34550-2">0-415-34550-2</a>, pp. 43–44, citing Neil S. Price, The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, Doctoral thesis, Aun 31, Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789150616262" title="Special:BookSources/9789150616262">9789150616262</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucasMcGovern20077–30-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucasMcGovern20077–30_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucasMcGovern2007">Lucas & McGovern 2007</a>, pp. 7–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrén854-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén854_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén854_278-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén854_278-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrén854_278-3">d</a> Andrén, "Old Norse and Germanic Religion", p. 854. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012199-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnell2012199_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagnell2012">Magnell 2012</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Davidson, Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975243-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1975243_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1975">Turville-Petre 1975</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Hedeager, "Scandinavian 'Central Places'", p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Hedeager, "Scandinavian 'Central Places'", pp. 5, 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008217-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008217_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008217_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgård2008217_284-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgård2008">Hultgård 2008</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHedeager2002">Hedeager 2002</a>, p. 5 <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199966-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199966_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199966_286-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 92 <a href="#CITEREFPriceMortimer2014">Price & Mortimer 2014</a>, pp. 517–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201192-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201192_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201192_289-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201165-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201165_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201165_290-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201165_290-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20115-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram20115_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201166-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201166_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201166_292-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201166_292-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 159; <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 159; <a href="#CITEREFO'Donoghue2008">O'Donoghue 2008</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20115,_65–66-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram20115,_65–66_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, pp. 5, 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851_296-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851_296-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011851_296-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2011">Andrén 2011</a>, p. 851. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20117-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram20117_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram20116-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram20116_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram201177-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram201177_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1990">Davidson 1990</a>, p. 147; <a href="#CITEREFAbram2011">Abram 2011</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2011847_301-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2011">Andrén 2011</a>, p. 847. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaecker199989-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaecker199989_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaecker1999">Staecker 1999</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003133–34-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2003133–34_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnurbein2003">Schnurbein 2003</a>, pp. 133–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENäsström1999177–79-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENäsström1999177–79_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNäsström1999">Näsström 1999</a>, pp. 177–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199017-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199017_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1990">Davidson 1990</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2011">Andrén 2011</a>, p. 846. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuBois199911-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199911_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuBois199911_307-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuBois1999">DuBois 1999</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrén2005105-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrén2005105_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrén2005">Andrén 2005</a>, p. 105. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbram2011" class="citation book cs1">Abram, Christopher (2011). Myths of the Pagan North: The Gods of the Norsemen. New York and London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847252470" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847252470"><bdi>978-1847252470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+of+the+Pagan+North%3A+The+Gods+of+the+Norsemen&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1847252470&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrén2005" class="citation journal cs1">Andrén, Anders (2005). "Behind "Heathendom": Archaeological Studies of Old Norse Religion". Scottish Archaeological Journal. 27 (2): 105–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fsaj.2005.27.2.105">10.3366/saj.2005.27.2.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27917543">27917543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Behind+%22Heathendom%22%3A+Archaeological+Studies+of+Old+Norse+Religion&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-38&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fsaj.2005.27.2.105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27917543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrén2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Andrén, Anders (2011). "Old Norse and Germanic Religion". In Insoll, Timothy (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 846–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923244-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Norse+and+Germanic+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+of+Ritual+and+Religion&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=846-62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923244-4&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrén2014" class="citation book cs1">Andrén, Anders (2014). Tracing Old Norse Cosmology: The World Tree, Middle Earth, and the Sun in Archaeological Perspectives. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85509-38-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85509-38-6"><bdi>978-91-85509-38-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Old+Norse+Cosmology%3A+The+World+Tree%2C+Middle+Earth%2C+and+the+Sun+in+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-91-85509-38-6&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrénJennbertRaudvere2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (2006). "Old Norse Religion: Some Problems and Prospects". In Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina; Andrén, Anders (eds.). Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 11–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9189116818" title="Special:BookSources/978-9189116818"><bdi>978-9189116818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Norse+Religion%3A+Some+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.btitle=Old+Norse+Religion+in+Long-Term+Perspectives&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=11-14&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9189116818&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Jennbert%2C+Kristina&rft.au=Raudvere%2C+Catharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBek-Pedersen2011" class="citation book cs1">Bek-Pedersen, Karen (2011). The Norns in Old Norse Mythology. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906716-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906716-18-9"><bdi>978-1-906716-18-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norns+in+Old+Norse+Mythology&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-906716-18-9&rft.aulast=Bek-Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerend2007" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Nora (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianization00bere">Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c. 900–1200</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianization00bere/page/n139">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87616-2"><bdi>978-0-521-87616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianization+and+the+Rise+of+Christian+Monarchy%3A+Scandinavia%2C+Central+Europe+and+Rus%27+c.+900%E2%80%931200&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87616-2&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianization00bere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrink2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brink, Stefan (2001). "Mythologizing Landscape: Place and Space of Cult and Myth". In Stausberg, Michael (ed.). Kontinuitäten und Bruche in der Religionsgeschichte. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 76–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-311017264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-311017264-5"><bdi>978-311017264-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mythologizing+Landscape%3A+Place+and+Space+of+Cult+and+Myth&rft.btitle=Kontinuit%C3%A4ten+und+Bruche+in+der+Religionsgeschichte&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=76-112&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-311017264-5&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClunies_Ross1994" class="citation book cs1">Clunies Ross, Margaret (1994). Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society: Volume 1: The Myths. Odense University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8778380081" title="Special:BookSources/978-8778380081"><bdi>978-8778380081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolonged+Echoes%3A+Old+Norse+Myths+in+Medieval+Northern+Society%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Myths&rft.pub=Odense+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8778380081&rft.aulast=Clunies+Ross&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack1998" class="citation book cs1">Cusack, Carole M. (1998). Conversion Among the Germanic Peoples. London and New York: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304701551" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304701551"><bdi>978-0304701551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+Among+the+Germanic+Peoples&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0304701551&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Carole+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, H. R. Ellis</a> (1990) [First published 1964]. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013627-2"><bdi>978-0-14-013627-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Myths+of+Northern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013627-2&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1993" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1993). The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-041504937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-041504937-5"><bdi>978-041504937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Beliefs+of+Northern+Europe&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-041504937-5&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1992). "Human Sacrifice in the Late Pagan Period in North Western Europe". In Carver, Martin (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo: The Seventh Century in North-Western Europe. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 331–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-085115330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-085115330-8"><bdi>978-085115330-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Sacrifice+in+the+Late+Pagan+Period+in+North+Western+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sutton+Hoo%3A+The+Seventh+Century+in+North-Western+Europe&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=331-40&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-085115330-8&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1988" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythssymbolsinpa00davi">Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-071902207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-071902207-4"><bdi>978-071902207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Pagan+Europe%3A+Early+Scandinavian+and+Celtic+Religions&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-071902207-4&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Roderick+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythssymbolsinpa00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Vries1970" class="citation book cs1">De Vries, Jan (1970) [1956, 1957]. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte (2 vols.). Grundriss der germanischen Philologie 12 (3rd, reprint of 2nd ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/799742942">799742942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altgermanische+Religionsgeschichte&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Grundriss+der+germanischen+Philologie+12&rft.edition=3rd%2C+reprint+of+2nd&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F799742942&rft.aulast=De+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois1999" class="citation book cs1">DuBois, Thomas A. (1999). Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-081221714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-081221714-8"><bdi>978-081221714-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Religions+in+the+Viking+Age&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-081221714-8&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Ellis, Hilda Roderick</a> (1943). The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in the Old Norse Literature. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001026528">1001026528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Hel%3A+A+Study+of+the+Conception+of+the+Dead+in+the+Old+Norse+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001026528&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelling1961" class="citation journal cs1">Gelling, Margaret (1961). "Place-Names and Anglo-Saxon Paganism". University of Birmingham Historical Journal. 8: 7–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Birmingham+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Place-Names+and+Anglo-Saxon+Paganism&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=7-25&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Gelling&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedeager2002" class="citation book cs1">Hedeager, Lotte (2002). "Scandinavian 'Central Places' in a Cosmological Setting". In Larsson, Lars; Hårdh, Birgitta (eds.). Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachsen Symposium. Archa Archaeologica Lundensia Series. Lund. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-912201979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-912201979-4"><bdi>978-912201979-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+%27Central+Places%27+in+a+Cosmological+Setting&rft.btitle=Central+Places+in+the+Migration+and+Merovingian+Periods%3A+Papers+from+the+52nd+Sachsen+Symposium&rft.place=Lund&rft.series=Archa+Archaeologica+Lundensia+Series&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-912201979-4&rft.aulast=Hedeager&rft.aufirst=Lotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedeager2011" class="citation book cs1">Hedeager, Lotte (2011). Iron Age Myth and Materiality: An Archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400–1000. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-113681725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-113681725-0"><bdi>978-113681725-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age+Myth+and+Materiality%3A+An+Archaeology+of+Scandinavia+AD+400%E2%80%931000&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-113681725-0&rft.aulast=Hedeager&rft.aufirst=Lotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultgård2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hultgård, Anders (2008). "The Religion of the Vikings". In Price, Neil; Brink, Stefan (eds.). The Viking World. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 212–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-113431826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-113431826-1"><bdi>978-113431826-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+the+Vikings&rft.btitle=The+Viking+World&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=212-18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-113431826-1&rft.aulast=Hultg%C3%A5rd&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2013" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2013). Pagan Britain. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-197716" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-197716"><bdi>978-0-300-197716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Britain&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-197716&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennbert2011" class="citation book cs1">Jennbert, Kristina (2011). Animals and Humans: Recurrent Symbiosis in Archaeology and Old Norse Religion. Nordic Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9185509379" title="Special:BookSources/978-9185509379"><bdi>978-9185509379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+and+Humans%3A+Recurrent+Symbiosis+in+Archaeology+and+Old+Norse+Religion&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9185509379&rft.aulast=Jennbert&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jesch, Judith (2004). "Scandinavians and 'Cultural Paganism' in Late Anglo-Saxon England". In Cavill, Paul (ed.). The Christian Tradition in Anglo-Saxon England: Approaches to Current Scholarship and Teaching. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. pp. 55–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859918411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859918411"><bdi>978-0859918411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandinavians+and+%27Cultural+Paganism%27+in+Late+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Tradition+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+Approaches+to+Current+Scholarship+and+Teaching&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=55-68&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0859918411&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jesch, Judith (2011). "The Norse Gods in England and the Isle of Man". In Anlezark, Daniel (ed.). Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 11–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802099471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802099471"><bdi>978-0802099471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Norse+Gods+in+England+and+the+Isle+of+Man&rft.btitle=Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Heroes%3A+Essays+on+Old+Norse+and+Old+English+Literature&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=11-24&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0802099471&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly1996" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Karen Louise (1996). Popular Religion in Late Saxon England: Elf Charms in Context. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807845653" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807845653"><bdi>978-0807845653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Religion+in+Late+Saxon+England%3A+Elf+Charms+in+Context&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0807845653&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Karen+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeifsson2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leifsson, Rùnar (2012). "Evolving Traditions: Horse Slaughter as Part of Viking Burial Customs in Iceland". 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From Asgard to Valhalla: The Remarkable History of the Norse Myths. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845113575" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845113575"><bdi>978-1845113575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Asgard+to+Valhalla%3A+The+Remarkable+History+of+the+Norse+Myths&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1845113575&rft.aulast=O%27Donoghue&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1966" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Olaf (1966). Hørg, Hov og Kirke: Historiske og Arkæologiske Vikingetidsstudier. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 764–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199212149" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199212149"><bdi>978-0199212149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Paganism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Anglo-Saxon+Archaeology&rft.pages=764-78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199212149&rft.aulast=Pluskowski&rft.aufirst=Aleks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceMortimer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Neil; Mortimer, Paul (2014). "An Eye for Odin? Divine Role-Playing in the Age of Sutton Hoo". European Journal of Archaeology. 17 (3): 517–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1461957113Y.0000000050">10.1179/1461957113Y.0000000050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161907810">161907810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Eye+for+Odin%3F+Divine+Role-Playing+in+the+Age+of+Sutton+Hoo&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=517-38&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F1461957113Y.0000000050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161907810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Mortimer%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooth1961" class="citation book cs1">Rooth, Anna Birgitta (1961). Loki in Scandinavian Mythology. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loki+in+Scandinavian+Mythology&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=C.+W.+K.+Gleerup&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Rooth&rft.aufirst=Anna+Birgitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnurbein2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schnurbein, Stefanie von (2003). "Shamanism in the Old Norse Tradition: A Theory between Ideological Camps". History of Religions. 43 (2): 116–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F423007">10.1086/423007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Shamanism+in+the+Old+Norse+Tradition%3A+A+Theory+between+Ideological+Camps&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=116-38&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F423007&rft.aulast=Schnurbein&rft.aufirst=Stefanie+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchön2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ebbe_Sch%C3%B6n" title="Ebbe Schön">Schön, Ebbe</a> (2004). Asa-Tors hammare: gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hjalmarson_%26_H%C3%B6gberg_Bokf%C3%B6rlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hjalmarson & Högberg Bokförlag (page does not exist)">Hjalmarson & Högberg Bokförlag</a>. pp. 169–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/917224082-2" title="Special:BookSources/917224082-2"><bdi>917224082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asa-Tors+hammare%3A+gudar+och+j%C3%A4ttar+i+tro+och+tradition&rft.pages=169-179&rft.pub=Hjalmarson+%26+H%C3%B6gberg+Bokf%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=917224082-2&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6n&rft.aufirst=Ebbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek2008" class="citation book cs1">Simek, Rudolf (2008). Dictionary of Northern Mythology (new ed.). Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859915137" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859915137"><bdi>978-0859915137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0859915137&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1967" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, Jacqueline (1967). "Some Scandinavian Sacrifices". Folklore. 78 (3): 190–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1967.9717093">10.1080/0015587X.1967.9717093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Some+Scandinavian+Sacrifices&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=190-202&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1967.9717093&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaecker1999" class="citation journal cs1">Staecker, Jörn (1999). "Thor's Hammer: Symbol of Christianization and Political Delusion". Lund Archaeological Review. 5: 89–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lund+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=Thor%27s+Hammer%3A+Symbol+of+Christianization+and+Political+Delusion&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=89-104&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Staecker&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinsland1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steinsland, Gro (1986). "Giants as Recipients of Cult in the Viking Age?". In Steinsland, Gro (ed.). Words and Objects: Towards a Dialogue between Archaeology and History of Religion. Oslo: Norwegian University Press. pp. 212–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-820007751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-820007751-0"><bdi>978-820007751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giants+as+Recipients+of+Cult+in+the+Viking+Age%3F&rft.btitle=Words+and+Objects%3A+Towards+a+Dialogue+between+Archaeology+and+History+of+Religion&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=212-22&rft.pub=Norwegian+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-820007751-0&rft.aulast=Steinsland&rft.aufirst=Gro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundqvist2016" class="citation book cs1">Sundqvist, Olof (2016). An Arena for Higher Powers: Ceremonial Buildings and Religious Strategies for Rulership in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Studies in the History of Religions. Vol. 150. Leiden/Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-900429270-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-900429270-3"><bdi>978-900429270-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Arena+for+Higher+Powers%3A+Ceremonial+Buildings+and+Religious+Strategies+for+Rulership+in+Late+Iron+Age+Scandinavia&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-900429270-3&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurville-Petre1975" class="citation book cs1">Turville-Petre, E. O. G. (1975) [First published 1964]. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. Westport: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Religion+of+the+North%3A+The+Religion+of+Ancient+Scandinavia&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Turville-Petre&rft.aufirst=E.+O.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennemann2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theo_Vennemann" title="Theo Vennemann">Vennemann, Theo</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIlNAQAAMAAJ">Germania Semitica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">De Gruyter Mouton</a>. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110300949" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110300949"><bdi>978-3110300949</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423125656/https://books.google.com/books?id=hIlNAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania+Semitica&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3110300949&rft.aulast=Vennemann&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIlNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Orchard, Andy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnors0000orch">Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend</a>. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304345205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304345205"><bdi>978-0304345205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Dictionary+of+Norse+Myth+and+Legend&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0304345205&rft.aulast=Orchard&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofnors0000orch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Price, Neil (2002). The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-506-1626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-506-1626-2"><bdi>978-91-506-1626-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Way%3A+Religion+and+War+in+Late+Iron+Age+Scandinavia&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Department+of+Archaeology+and+Ancient+History%2C+Uppsala+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-91-506-1626-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Price, Neil (2010). "Passing into Poetry: Viking-Age Mortuary Drama and the Origins of Norse Mythology". Medieval Archaeology. 54 (1): 123–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174581710X12790370815779">10.1179/174581710X12790370815779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161370438">161370438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Passing+into+Poetry%3A+Viking-Age+Mortuary+Drama+and+the+Origins+of+Norse+Mythology&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-56&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174581710X12790370815779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161370438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Price, Neil (2014). "Nine Paces from Hel: Time and Motion in Old Norse Ritual Performance". World Archaeology. 46 (2): 178–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.2014.883938">10.1080/00438243.2014.883938</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162392671">162392671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Nine+Paces+from+Hel%3A+Time+and+Motion+in+Old+Norse+Ritual+Performance&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-91&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.2014.883938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162392671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sundqvist, O. (2002). "Freyr's Offspring: Rulers and Religion in Ancient Svea Society". Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Upsaliensis&rft.atitle=Freyr%27s+Offspring%3A+Rulers+and+Religion+in+Ancient+Svea+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sundqvist, O. (2012). "'Religious Ruler Ideology' in Pre-Christian Scandinavia: A Contextual Approach". In Schj, J. P.; Raudevere, C. (eds.). More Than Mythology: Narratives, Ritual Practices and Regional Distribution in Pre-Christian Scandinavian Religion. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 225–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Religious+Ruler+Ideology%27+in+Pre-Christian+Scandinavia%3A+A+Contextual+Approach&rft.btitle=More+Than+Mythology%3A+Narratives%2C+Ritual+Practices+and+Regional+Distribution+in+Pre-Christian+Scandinavian+Religion&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=225-61&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sundqvist&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tolley, Clive (2009). Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic. Vol. One. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-41-1028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-41-1028-3"><bdi>978-951-41-1028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism+in+Norse+Myth+and+Magic&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Suomalainen+Tiedeakatemia&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-951-41-1028-3&rft.aulast=Tolley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Norse+religion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norse_paganism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y243">The Norse Gods</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Carolyne Larrington, Heather O'Donoghue & John Hines (<a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a>, 11 March 2004)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" 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Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>, and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/130px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/195px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/260px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Västergötland Runic Inscription 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_N%C3%B6bbel%C3%B6v_Runestone" title="Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone">Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a> (existing and extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&oldid=1249565858">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_religion&oldid=1249565858</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norse_paganism" title="Category:Norse paganism">Norse 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