CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Stephen Fleck - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d746c3e3-157a-402a-b3e3-ab01d22b91f1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Stephen_Fleck","wgTitle":"Stephen Fleck","wgCurRevisionId":1185557247,"wgRevisionId":1185557247,"wgArticleId":11205735,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020","1912 births","2002 deaths","United States Army Medical Corps officers","American birth control activists","American abortion-rights activists","United States Army personnel of World War II","American psychiatrists","Theorists in psychiatry","Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States", "Harvard Medical School alumni","Yale School of Medicine faculty","Schizophrenia researchers","Psychiatry academics","People from Aliceville, Alabama"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Stephen_Fleck","wgRelevantArticleId":11205735,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7609202","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stephen Fleck - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fleck"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fleck"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Stephen_Fleck rootpage-Stephen_Fleck skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stephen+Fleck" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stephen+Fleck" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stephen+Fleck" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stephen+Fleck" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medical_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medical_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early medical career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medical_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_at_Yale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_at_Yale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Career at Yale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_at_Yale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_list_of_published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_list_of_published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Partial list of published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_list_of_published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Fleck</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7609202#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fleck" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stephen_Fleck" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fleck"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fleck"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stephen_Fleck" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stephen_Fleck" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&oldid=1185557247" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Stephen_Fleck&id=1185557247&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStephen_Fleck"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStephen_Fleck"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stephen_Fleck&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7609202" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American psychiatrist and academic (1912–2002)</div> <p><b>Stephen Fleck</b> (September 18, 1912 – December 19, 2002) was a professor in the <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> departments at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a> from 1953 to 1983 and professor emeritus from 1983 until his death. </p><p>He had an early effect on the direction that American <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> took during the mid- to late-twentieth century. With <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lidz" title="Theodore Lidz">Theodore Lidz</a> and Alice Cornelison, he was a co-author of the seminal book <i>Schizophrenia and the Family</i> (1965), a significant influence on the modern psychiatric thought and practice regarding the origins and treatments of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of four sons and one daughter born in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, to Georg and Anna Fleck, he was a young medical student in 1933 when a professor warned him and several other <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> students that there were <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> warrants out for their arrests. Fleck and most of his immediate family fled <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, first to <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> and then, in 1935, to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, where he became a U.S. citizen. </p><p>He finished medical school at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard</a>, where he was a graduate assistant to <a href="/wiki/John_Rock_(American_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rock (American scientist)">John Rock</a> while Rock was performing the preliminary research that led to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">first birth control pill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yale.edu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped to spark Fleck's lifelong interest in <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> issues.<sup id="cite_ref-isps.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isps.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, Fleck enlisted in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and rose to the rank of captain. He was first stationed as a medical officer at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Aliceville" title="Camp Aliceville">Camp Aliceville</a>, a U.S. Army Prisoner of War Camp at <a href="/wiki/Aliceville,_Alabama" title="Aliceville, Alabama">Aliceville, Alabama</a>, where he was involved in treating a <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> epidemic that spread quickly among the prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Nazi prisoners were a number of <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Rommel Corps</a> soldiers, some of whom, even while incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/List_of_POW_camps_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of POW camps in the United States">west central Alabama</a>, attempted to <a href="/wiki/Assassinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinate">assassinate</a> other Nazis they saw as having been disloyal to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>. Since Fleck kept his national origin and fluency in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> secret from the prisoners, he was able to prevent some of these plotted murders.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was subsequently shipped to the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations">European Theater</a>, and first posted in England in Army camp hospitals. Just before D-Day, Fleck was posted to <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, to await transport over the channel with the medical (ambulance) corps. While in Bournemouth, he met Louise Harlan, an <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> volunteer. Fleck stayed with ambulance corps attached to the <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Divisions of the United States Army">72nd</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/76th_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="76th Division (United States)">76th Divisions</a> as they moved through <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. He was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> and afterward was briefly in charge of the medical needs of some 30,000 captured German soldiers. Subsequently, he was involved in interrogating <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> and evacuating and treating <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a> prisoners; he also traveled to several camps to search for records or other signs of surviving friends and extended family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_medical_career">Early medical career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early medical career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleck and Harlan were shipped home in August and September 1945; they were married on October 13, 1945. Fleck did his <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">psychiatric residency</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isps.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isps.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he first met his lifelong colleague <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lidz" title="Theodore Lidz">Theodore Lidz</a>. He had a faculty position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Washington School of Medicine">University of Washington School of Medicine</a> from 1949 until 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-isps.org_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isps.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Lidz invited Fleck to join him at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Yale School of Medicine</a> Department of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_at_Yale">Career at Yale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career at Yale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleck and Lidz "worked from the late 1940s on to change the direction of psychiatry from the purely <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytic</a> to a specialty incorporating social-scientific methodology, medical, <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behavioral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> and public-health factors, and especially familial considerations."<sup id="cite_ref-yale.edu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They focused their long-term research on patients with schizophrenia and their families, culminating in the 1966 publication of the ground-breaking <i>Schizophrenia and the Family,</i> for which Lidz, Fleck and Cornelison won the 1985 American Family Therapy Academy "Pioneering Contribution to Family Therapy" award.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his research, professorial, and supervisory roles at the school of medicine, Fleck was also chief psychiatrist at both the Yale Psychiatric Institute and the Connecticut Mental Health Center.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleck officially retired from Yale in 1983 but continued to publish and to consult on colleagues' cases until a few months before his 2002 death. The Stephen Fleck Clinician and Teacher Award at the Yale School of Medicine is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Flecks had three children in quick succession: Anna Lou (b. 1947), Stephen Harlan (b. 1948), and Carra Ruth (b. 1949). Together, the Flecks were campaigners for legalized birth control and abortion, participating in the activism that led to the landmark 1965 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decision <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i>. Louise Fleck had grown up in <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome, Alaska</a> among other places, and had traveled and worked internationally before and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> receiving a BA (honors) in Spanish from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. In New Haven, she became active in public school issues, and acquired an MAT-Reading. She tutored many illiterate adults, generally without fee. She and Stephen were married for almost 50 years until her death in 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_list_of_published_works">Partial list of published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partial list of published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFleckKellamKlippen1944" class="citation journal cs1">Fleck, Stephen; Kellam, John W.; Klippen, Arthur J. (March 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BAMD1944-03No74/page/n87/mode/2up">"Diphtheria Among German Prisoners of War"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the United States Army Medical Department</i> (74): 80–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+United+States+Army+Medical+Department&rft.atitle=Diphtheria+Among+German+Prisoners+of+War&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=80-89&rft.date=1944-03&rft.aulast=Fleck&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Kellam%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Klippen%2C+Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBAMD1944-03No74%2Fpage%2Fn87%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck1956" class="citation journal cs1">Fleck, Stephen (June 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1623783">"Role of the Public Health Nurse in Mental Health—Part I: Nurses' Training in Mental Health Aspects of Public Health Field Work"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health</i>. <b>46</b> (6): 748–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.46.6.748">10.2105/ajph.46.6.748</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1623783">1623783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13327108">13327108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health+and+the+Nation%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Public+Health+Nurse+in+Mental+Health%E2%80%94Part+I%3A+Nurses%27+Training+in+Mental+Health+Aspects+of+Public+Health+Field+Work&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=748-754&rft.date=1956-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1623783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13327108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.46.6.748&rft.aulast=Fleck&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1623783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidzCornelisonFleckTerry1957" class="citation journal cs1">Lidz, Theodore; Cornelison, Alice; Fleck, Stephen; Terry, Dorothy (1957). "The interfamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient I: The father". <i>Psychiatry</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 329–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00332747.1957.11023099">10.1080/00332747.1957.11023099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13494602">13494602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+interfamilial+environment+of+the+schizophrenic+patient+I%3A+The+father&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=329-342&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00332747.1957.11023099&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13494602&rft.aulast=Lidz&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Cornelison%2C+Alice&rft.au=Fleck%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Terry%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidzFleckCornelison1965" class="citation book cs1">Lidz, Theodore; Fleck, Stephen; Cornelison, Alice (1965). <i>Schizophrenia and the Family</i>. International Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082366001X" title="Special:BookSources/082366001X"><bdi>082366001X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schizophrenia+and+the+Family&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=082366001X&rft.aulast=Lidz&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Fleck%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Cornelison%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck1971" class="citation journal cs1">Fleck, Stephen (1971). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Interracial Riots' in School and Community Indifference". <i>The School Review</i>. <b>79</b> (4). The University of Chicago Press: 614–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F443004">10.1086/443004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143554701">143554701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+School+Review&rft.atitle=%27Interracial+Riots%27+in+School+and+Community+Indifference&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=614-623&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F443004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143554701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fleck&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraussBowersDowneyFleck1980" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, John S.; Bowers, Malcolm; Downey, T. Wayne; Fleck, Stephen; Jackson, Stanley; Levine, Ira, eds. (1980). <i>The Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia (Plenum)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychotherapy+of+Schizophrenia+%28Plenum%29&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruettFleck1984" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Pruett" title="Kyle Pruett">Pruett, Kyle Dean</a>; Fleck, Stephen (1984). <i>Familial Developmental Lines: Anna Freud's Concept of Developmental Lines and Family Dynamics</i>. American Academy of Child Psychiatry Annual Meeting. Toronto, Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Familial+Developmental+Lines%3A+Anna+Freud%27s+Concept+of+Developmental+Lines+and+Family+Dynamics&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Pruett&rft.aufirst=Kyle+Dean&rft.au=Fleck%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fleck, Stephen (May 2000). "Review of <i>The Art of Psychotherapy: Case Studies From the Family Therapy Networker</i>, edited by Richard Simon, et al. (New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1999)". <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>157</b>: 846. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.157.5.846">10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Art+of+Psychotherapy%3A+Case+Studies+From+the+Family+Therapy+Networker%2C+edited+by+Richard+Simon%2C+et+al.+%28New+York%2C+John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+1999%29&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=846&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.157.5.846&rft.aulast=Fleck&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yale.edu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yale.edu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale.edu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeart2003" class="citation web cs1">Peart, Karen N. (January 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2003/01/24/memoriam-influential-yale-psychiatrist-stephen-fleck-who-worked-help-legalize-birth-contr">"In Memoriam: Influential Yale Psychiatrist Stephen Fleck, who Worked to Help Legalize Birth Control in the State"</a>. Yale News Release.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Influential+Yale+Psychiatrist+Stephen+Fleck%2C+who+Worked+to+Help+Legalize+Birth+Control+in+the+State&rft.pub=Yale+News+Release&rft.date=2003-01-24&rft.aulast=Peart&rft.aufirst=Karen+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2003%2F01%2F24%2Fmemoriam-influential-yale-psychiatrist-stephen-fleck-who-worked-help-legalize-birth-contr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isps.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isps.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isps.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isps.org_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver,_M.D." class="citation web cs1">Silver, M.D., Ann-Louise S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isps.org/modules/module_123/templates/publisher_template_detail_1.asp?strParams=4%233%23%2D1%231%231%231%231%231%231&iCategoryId=17&iInfoId=274&id=">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Stephen Fleck, 1912-2002" A Stephen Fleck memorial page at the website for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other Psychoses"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Stephen+Fleck%2C+1912-2002%22+A+Stephen+Fleck+memorial+page+at+the+website+for+The+International+Society+for+the+Psychological+Treatments+of+the+Schizophrenias+and+other+Psychoses.&rft.aulast=Silver%2C+M.D.&rft.aufirst=Ann-Louise+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isps.org%2Fmodules%2Fmodule_123%2Ftemplates%2Fpublisher_template_detail_1.asp%3FstrParams%3D4%25233%2523%252D1%25231%25231%25231%25231%25231%25231%26iCategoryId%3D17%26iInfoId%3D274%26id%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck,_Stephen1944" class="citation journal cs1">Fleck, Stephen; et al. (March 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/PM4/CH10.Diphtheria.htm">"Diphtheria Among German Prisoners of War"</a>. <i>Bull. U. S. Army M. Dept.</i> (74): 80–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+U.+S.+Army+M.+Dept.&rft.atitle=Diphtheria+Among+German+Prisoners+of+War&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=80-89&rft.date=1944-03&rft.au=Fleck%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.amedd.army.mil%2Fbooksdocs%2Fwwii%2FPM4%2FCH10.Diphtheria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2012" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Randy (13 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120613181728/http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/AlicevillePOWs.htm">"Inside the Wire: Aliceville and the Afrika Korps"</a>. <i>www.alabamaheritage.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/AlicevillePOWs.htm">the original</a> on 2012-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alabamaheritage.com&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Wire%3A+Aliceville+and+the+Afrika+Korps&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alabamaheritage.com%2Fvault%2FAlicevillePOWs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch,_M.D.JohnsonHampson" class="citation web cs1">Finch, M.D., Clement A.; Johnson, Merlin; Hampson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwpsychiatry.org/about/history.html">"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences: The first 50 years – 1948-1998; The Beginning – The Ripley Era"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Psychiatry+and+Behavioral+Sciences%3A+The+first+50+years+%E2%80%93+1948-1998%3B+The+Beginning+%E2%80%93+The+Ripley+Era&rft.aulast=Finch%2C+M.D.&rft.aufirst=Clement+A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Merlin&rft.au=Hampson%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwpsychiatry.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afta.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/AFTA-Awards-by-alpha.pdf">"Afta Awardees Through 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.afta.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.afta.org&rft.atitle=Afta+Awardees+Through+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afta.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FAFTA-Awards-by-alpha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607105619/http://www.med.yale.edu/psych/clinical_care/mental_health.html">"CT Mental Health Center: Yale Psychiatry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.yale.edu/psych/clinical_care/mental_health.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CT+Mental+Health+Center%3A+Yale+Psychiatry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.yale.edu%2Fpsych%2Fclinical_care%2Fmental_health.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeger2011" class="citation web cs1">Seger, Shane (June 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/faculty-residents-and-staff-honored-at-department-of-psychiatry-commencement/">"Faculty, residents, and staff honored at Department of Psychiatry commencement"</a>. <i>medicine.yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medicine.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Faculty%2C+residents%2C+and+staff+honored+at+Department+of+Psychiatry+commencement&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.aulast=Seger&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.yale.edu%2Fnews-article%2Ffaculty-residents-and-staff-honored-at-department-of-psychiatry-commencement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Fleck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wall, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120613181728/http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/AlicevillePOWs.htm">"Inside the Wire: Aliceville and the Afrika Korps,"</a> <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Heritage_Magazine" title="Alabama Heritage Magazine">Alabama Heritage Magazine</a> (Winter 1988, No. 7). Accessed December 3, 2008</li> <li>Fleischman, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.057.0440a">Review of <i>Schizophrenia and the Family</i> by Lidz, Fleck, and Cornelison</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic Quarterly">Psychoanalytic Quarterly</a>,</i> 57:440-443 (1988). Accessed April 26, 2007</li> <li>Geraki, Stefania Palmyra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.yale.edu/ysm/temp/YSM-Article188.pdf">"In Memoriam: Psychiatrist Dr. Stephen Fleck"</a> <i>Yale Scientific</i> (Spring 2003: Issue 76.3, Article 188). Accessed April 26, 2007.</li> <li>Peart, Karen N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2003/01/24/memoriam-influential-yale-psychiatrist-stephen-fleck-who-worked-help-legalize-birth-contr">"In Memoriam: Influential Yale Psychiatrist Stephen Fleck, who Worked to Help Legalize Birth Control in the State"</a> Yale News Release, January 24, 2003. Accessed April 26, 2007.</li> <li>Robbins, Lewis L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.036.0604a">Review of Schizophrenia and the Family by Lidz, Fleck, and Cornelison</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic Quarterly">Psychoanalytic Quarterly</a>,</i> 36:604-605 (1967). Accessed April 26, 2007.</li> <li>Silver, M.D., Ann-Louise S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isps.org/index.php/links/item/51-stephen-fleck">"Stephen Fleck, 1912-2002"</a> A Stephen Fleck memorial page at the website for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other Psychoses. Accessed April 26, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.news.yale.edu/v31.n16/story17.html">"Dr. Stephen Fleck, Noted for Research on Schizophrenia, Dies"</a> <i>Yale Bulletin & Calendar</i> (January 31, 2003: Vol. 31, No. 16). Accessed April 26, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7609202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7609202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7609202#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000006319021X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2222168596754830450005">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85024551">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00755283">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068520352">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90237882">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434106205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/230165044">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&oldid=1185557247">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&oldid=1185557247</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_births" title="Category:1912 births">1912 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2002_deaths" title="Category:2002 deaths">2002 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Medical_Corps_officers" title="Category:United States Army Medical Corps officers">United States Army Medical Corps officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_birth_control_activists" title="Category:American birth control activists">American birth control activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_abortion-rights_activists" title="Category:American abortion-rights activists">American abortion-rights activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II" title="Category:United States Army personnel of World War II">United States Army personnel of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_psychiatrists" title="Category:American psychiatrists">American psychiatrists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theorists_in_psychiatry" title="Category:Theorists in psychiatry">Theorists in psychiatry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_emigrants_from_Nazi_Germany_to_the_United_States" title="Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States">Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Medical_School_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Medical School alumni">Harvard Medical School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_School_of_Medicine_faculty" title="Category:Yale School of Medicine faculty">Yale School of Medicine faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schizophrenia_researchers" title="Category:Schizophrenia researchers">Schizophrenia researchers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychiatry_academics" title="Category:Psychiatry academics">Psychiatry academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Aliceville,_Alabama" title="Category:People from Aliceville, Alabama">People from Aliceville, Alabama</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2023, at 14:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fleck&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-h6jb8","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.338","walltime":"0.425","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1143,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":36910,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1171,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":51524,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 381.391 1 -total"," 27.14% 103.508 1 Template:Authority_control"," 25.95% 98.963 6 Template:Cite_journal"," 19.82% 75.610 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.73% 48.553 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.13% 38.644 2 Template:Pagetype"," 9.02% 34.383 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.63% 29.119 1 Template:Fix"," 7.58% 28.891 7 Template:Cite_web"," 6.31% 24.059 4 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.234","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5775284,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-568d7855d4-kzn9j","timestamp":"20241125191341","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stephen Fleck","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Fleck","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7609202","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7609202","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-05-13T15:57:44Z","dateModified":"2023-11-17T14:48:09Z","headline":"American psychiatrist (1912-2002)"}</script> </body> </html>