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<li id="toc-Shidduch_("Matchmaking")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shidduch_("Matchmaking")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Shidduch ("Matchmaking") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shidduch_("Matchmaking")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Sex separation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Newspapers and publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_hotlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_hotlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 News hotlines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_hotlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In Israel </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Israel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Israel subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attitudes_towards_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_towards_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Attitudes towards Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_towards_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Divorce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Other issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 New York state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.1 New York City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brooklyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brooklyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.1.1 Brooklyn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brooklyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.1.2 Queens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manhattan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manhattan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.1.3 Manhattan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manhattan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.1.4 Long Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hudson_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hudson_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.2 Hudson Valley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hudson_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 New Jersey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecticut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Connecticut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maryland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maryland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Maryland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maryland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Florida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illinois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illinois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Illinois </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illinois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 Pennsylvania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.9 Colorado </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.10 Massachusetts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.11 Ohio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_leadership_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_leadership_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Present leadership and organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_leadership_and_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Present leadership and organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Present_leadership_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rabbis_and_rabbinic_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbis_and_rabbinic_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Rabbis and rabbinic authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbis_and_rabbinic_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_representative_groups_and_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_representative_groups_and_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Major representative groups and political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_representative_groups_and_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_leaders_of_Haredi_Jewry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_leaders_of_Haredi_Jewry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Past leaders of Haredi Jewry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_leaders_of_Haredi_Jewry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shunning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Shunning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedophilia_and_sexual_abuse_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedophilia_and_sexual_abuse_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Pedophilia and sexual abuse cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedophilia_and_sexual_abuse_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce_coercion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce_coercion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Divorce coercion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce_coercion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_controversies_involving_Haredi_communities_and_parties_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_controversies_involving_Haredi_communities_and_parties_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Political controversies involving Haredi communities and parties in Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_controversies_involving_Haredi_communities_and_parties_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praise_and_admiration_for_Haredi_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praise_and_admiration_for_Haredi_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Praise and admiration for Haredi society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Praise_and_admiration_for_Haredi_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Praise and admiration for Haredi society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Praise_and_admiration_for_Haredi_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Praise_for_the_Haredi_yeshiva_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praise_for_the_Haredi_yeshiva_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Praise for the Haredi yeshiva system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praise_for_the_Haredi_yeshiva_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praise_for_the_Haredi_lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praise_for_the_Haredi_lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Praise for the Haredi lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praise_for_the_Haredi_lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_portrayals_of_Haredim_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_portrayals_of_Haredim_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Positive portrayals of Haredim in film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_portrayals_of_Haredim_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_Life_Apart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Life_Apart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 A Life Apart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Life_Apart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shtisel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shtisel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Shtisel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shtisel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Haredi Judaism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يهودية حريدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهودية حريدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridi" title="Haridi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Haridi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredim" title="Haredim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haredim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charedim" title="Charedim – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charedim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredisk_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Haredisk jødedom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haredisk jødedom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraorthodoxes_Judentum" title="Ultraorthodoxes Judentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ultraorthodoxes Judentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Υπερορθόδοξοι Εβραίοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερορθόδοξοι Εβραίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_ultraortodoxo" title="Judaísmo ultraortodoxo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judaísmo ultraortodoxo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4aredoj" title="Ĥaredoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥaredoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo_ultraortodoxo" title="Judaismo ultraortodoxo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judaismo ultraortodoxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="حریدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حریدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredim" title="Haredim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haredim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A0%88%EB%94%94%ED%8C%8C" title="하레디파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하레디파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi" title="Haredi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haredi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi" title="Haredi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Haredi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Haredi" title="Yahudi Haredi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Haredi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chared%C3%AC" title="Charedì – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charedì" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יהדות חרדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות חרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi" title="Haredi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Haredi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_judaizmas" title="Haredi judaizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haredi judaizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="يهوديه حريديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهوديه حريديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charedisch_jodendom" title="Charedisch jodendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charedisch jodendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B4%BE_(%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E6%95%99)" title="超正統派 (ユダヤ教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超正統派 (ユダヤ教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredisk_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Haredisk jødedom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haredisk jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredisk_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Haredisk jødedom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haredisk jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizm_ultraortodoksyjny" title="Judaizm ultraortodoksyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Judaizm ultraortodoksyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi" title="Haredi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haredi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaism_ultraortodox" title="Iudaism ultraortodox – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iudaism ultraortodox" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Харедим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харедим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizmi_Haredi" title="Judaizmi Haredi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Judaizmi Haredi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Haredi Judaism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi" title="Haredi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Haredi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хареди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хареди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredit" title="Haredit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haredit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நெறி வழுவா யூதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெறி வழுவா யூதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Yahudilik" title="Haredi Yahudilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haredi Yahudilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Харедім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Харедім" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حریدی یہودیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حریدی یہودیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חרדים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="חרדים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%AA%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="哈雷迪猶太教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈雷迪猶太教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⵃⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵎⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵃⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵎⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of Orthodox Judaism</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg/290px-MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg/435px-MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg/580px-MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Haredi Jewish men during a <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a> <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Haredi Judaism (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יהדות חֲרֵדִית, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Yahadut Ḥaredit, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ħaʁeˈdi]</a>) is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> that is characterized by its strict interpretation of religious sources and its accepted <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating values and practices. Its members are usually referred to as ultra-Orthodox in English; a term considered pejorative by many of its adherents, who prefer the terms strictly Orthodox or Haredi (plural Haredim). Haredim regard themselves as the most authentic custodians of Jewish religious law and tradition which, in their opinion, is binding and unchangeable. They consider all other <a href="/wiki/Movements_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Movements of Judaism">expressions of Judaism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodoxy</a>, as deviations from God's laws, although other movements of Judaism would disagree.<a href="#cite_note-Rubel2010-1">[1]</a> Some scholars have suggested that Haredi Judaism is a reaction to societal changes, including <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">political emancipation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> movement derived from the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">acculturation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">secularization</a>, religious reform in all its forms from mild to extreme, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Jewish national movement</a>. In contrast to Modern Orthodox Jews, Haredim segregate themselves from other parts of society, although some Haredi communities encourage young people to get a professional degree or establish a business. Furthermore, some Haredi groups, like <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a>, encourage <a href="/wiki/Jewish_outreach" title="Jewish outreach">outreach to less observant and unaffiliated Jews</a>. As of 2020, there were about 2.1 million Haredim globally, representing 14% of the world's Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Haredim primarily live in Israel (17% of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> and 14% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">total population</a>), North America (12% of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a>), and Western Europe (most notably <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Antwerp" title="History of the Jews in Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a> in London). Absence of <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">intermarriage</a> coupled with both a high <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retention_rate" title="Retention rate">retention rate</a> spur rapid growth of the Haredi population which is on pace to more than double every 20 years. Their numbers have been further boosted since the 1970s by secular Jews adopting a Haredi lifestyle as part of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">baal teshuva movement</a>; however, this has been somewhat offset by <a href="/wiki/Off_the_derech" title="Off the derech">those leaving</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haredi_Judaism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Haredi_Judaism.jpg/220px-Haredi_Judaism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Haredi_Judaism.jpg/330px-Haredi_Judaism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Haredi_Judaism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Young Haredi Jews in Jerusalem, 2005</figcaption></figure> The term Haredi is a <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> adjective derived from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> verb hared, which appears in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1066.htm#2">66:2</a>; its plural haredim appears in Isaiah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1066.htm#5">66:5</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Stadler4-3">[3]</a> and is translated as "[one who] trembles" at the word of God. The word connotes an awe-inspired fear to perform the will of God;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> it is used to distinguish them from other Orthodox Jews (similar to the names used by Christian <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> to describe their relationship to God).<a href="#cite_note-Stadler4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The term most commonly used by outsiders, for example most American news organizations, is ultra-Orthodox Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Halkin" title="Hillel Halkin">Hillel Halkin</a> suggests the origins of the term may date to the 1950s, a period in which Haredi survivors of the Holocaust first began arriving in America.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Leeser" title="Isaac Leeser">Isaac Leeser</a> (1806–1868) was described in 1916 as "ultra-Orthodox".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The word Haredi is often used in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> in place of the term ultra-Orthodox, which many view as inaccurate or offensive,<a href="#cite_note-Ayalon1999-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-OthersPejorative-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> it being seen as a derogatory term suggesting extremism;<a href="#cite_note-Shafran-14">[14]</a> English-language alternatives that have been proposed include fervently Orthodox,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> strictly Orthodox,<a href="#cite_note-OthersPejorative-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> or traditional Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> Others, however, dispute the characterization of the term as pejorative.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ari_L._Goldman" title="Ari L. Goldman">Ari L. Goldman</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, notes that the term simply serves a practical purpose to distinguish a specific part of the Orthodox community, and is not meant as pejorative.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Samuel Heilman</a>, criticized terms such as ultra-Orthodox and traditional Orthodox, arguing that they misidentify Haredi Jews as more authentically Orthodox than others, as opposed to adopting customs and practises that reflect their desire to separate from the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> The community has sometimes been characterized as traditional Orthodox, in contradistinction to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a>, the other major branch of Orthodox Judaism, and not to be confused with the movement represented by the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Traditional_Judaism" title="Union for Traditional Judaism">Union for Traditional Judaism</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Haredi Jews also use other terms to refer to themselves. Common <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> words include Yidn (Jews), erlekhe Yidn (virtuous Jews),<a href="#cite_note-Ayalon1999-11">[11]</a> ben Torah (son of the Torah),<a href="#cite_note-Stadler4-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frum" title="Frum">frum</a> (pious), and heimish (home-like; i.e., "our crowd"). In Israel, Haredi Jews are sometimes also called by the derogatory slang words dos (plural dosim), that mimics the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi Hebrew</a> pronunciation of the Hebrew word datiyim (religious),<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and more rarely, sh'chorim (blacks), a reference to the black clothes they typically wear;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> a related informal term used in English is black hat.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg/220px-Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg/330px-Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Hasidic_boys_in_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Hasidic boys in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> has always faced internal and external challenges to its beliefs and practices which have emerged over time and produced counter-responses. According to its adherents, Haredi Judaism is a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, and the immediate forebears of contemporary Haredi Jews were the Jewish religious traditionalists of <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> who fought against secular modernization's influence which reduced Jewish religious observance.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Indeed, adherents of Haredi Judaism, just like <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic Jews">Rabbinic Jews</a>, see their beliefs as part of an unbroken tradition which dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">revelation at Sinai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> However, most historians of Orthodoxy consider Haredi Judaism, in its most modern incarnation, to date back to the beginning of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For centuries, before <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a>, European Jews were forced to live in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">ghettos</a> where <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a> and religious observance were preserved. Change began in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, when some European liberals sought to include the Jewish population in the emerging empires and <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>. The influence of the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> movement<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> (Jewish Enlightenment) was also evident. Supporters of the Haskalah held that Judaism must change, in keeping with the social changes around them. Other Jews insisted on strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (Jewish law and custom).<a href="#cite_note-:3-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the opponents of Reform rallied to <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>, who led a secession from German Jewish communal organizations to form a strictly Orthodox movement, with its own network of <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">religious schools</a>. His approach was to accept the tools of modern scholarship and apply them in defence of Orthodox Judaism. In the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (including areas <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">traditionally considered Lithuanian</a>), Jews true to traditional values gathered under the banner of Agudas Shlumei Emunei Yisroel.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a> was opposed to any philosophical, social, or practical change to customary Orthodox practice. Thus, he did not allow any secular studies to be added to the curriculum of his <a href="/wiki/Pressburg_Yeshiva_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Pressburg Yeshiva (Austria-Hungary)">Pressburg Yeshiva</a>. Sofer's student <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Schick" title="Moshe Schick">Moshe Schick</a>, together with Sofer's sons <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Sofer" title="Shimon Sofer">Shimon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Benjamin_Sofer" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Benjamin Sofer">Samuel Benjamin</a>, took an active role in arguing against the Reform movement. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Lichtenstein" title="Hillel Lichtenstein">Hillel Lichtenstein</a>, advocated an even more stringent position for Orthodoxy. A major historic event was the meltdown after the <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Hungarian_Jewry" title="Schism in Hungarian Jewry">Universal Israelite Congress of 1868–1869</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a>. In an attempt to unify all streams of Judaism under one constitution, the Orthodox offered the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> as the ruling Code of law and observance. This was dismissed by the reformists, leading many Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> to resign from the Congress and form their own social and political groups. Hungarian Jewry <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Hungarian_Jewry" title="Schism in Hungarian Jewry">split into two major institutionally sectarian groups</a>: Orthodox, and <a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a>. However, some communities refused to join either of the groups, calling themselves "Status Quo".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Schick demonstrated support in 1877 for the separatist policies of Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany. Schick's own son was enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a>, which taught secular studies. Hirsch, however, did not reciprocate, and expressed astonishment at Schick's halakhic contortions in condemning even those Status Quo communities that clearly adhered to halakha.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Lichtenstein opposed Hildesheimer, and his son Hirsh Hildesheimer, as they made use of the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> in sermons from the pulpit and seemed to lean in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Shimon Sofer was somewhat more lenient than Lichtenstein on the use of German in sermons, allowing the practice as needed for the sake of keeping cordial relations with the various governments. Likewise, he allowed extra-curricular studies of the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> for students whose rabbinical positions would be recognized by the governments, stipulating the necessity to prove the strict adherence to the God-fearing standards per individual case.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG/220px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG/330px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG/440px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Haredi Jews from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karmelitermarkt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karmelitermarkt (page does not exist)">Karmelitermarkt</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmelitermarkt" class="extiw" title="de:Karmelitermarkt">de</a>] in Vienna's second district, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldstadt" title="Leopoldstadt">Leopoldstadt</a>, 1915</figcaption></figure> In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a> was founded, to differentiate itself from the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Torah Nationalist Mizrachi</a> and secular Zionist organizations. It was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian</a> rabbis and <a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">roshei yeshiva</a> (deans). The organization nominated rabbis who subsequently were elected as representatives in the Polish legislature <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Meir_Shapiro" title="Meir Shapiro">Meir Shapiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak-Meir_Levin" title="Yitzhak-Meir Levin">Yitzhak-Meir Levin</a>. Not all Hasidic factions joined the Agudath Israel, remaining independent instead, such as Machzikei Hadat of Galicia.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Chaim_Sonnenfeld" title="Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld">Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yitzchok_Yerucham_Diskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yitzchok Yerucham Diskin (page does not exist)">Yitzchok Yerucham Diskin</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a> as part of Agudath Israel in then-<a href="/wiki/Mandate_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate Palestine">Mandate Palestine</a>. In 1924, Agudath Israel obtained 75 percent of the votes in the Kehilla elections.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Orthodox community polled some 16,000 of a total 90,000 at the Knesseth Israel in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> But Sonnenfeld lobbied Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Chancellor_(British_administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chancellor (British administrator)">John Chancellor</a>, the High Commissioner, for separate representation in the Palestine Communities Ordinance from that of the Knesseth Israel. He explained that the Agudas Israel community would cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/Vaad_Leumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaad Leumi">Vaad Leumi</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Jewish_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Jewish Council (page does not exist)">National Jewish Council</a> in matters pertaining to the municipality, but sought to protect its religious convictions independently. The community petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mandates_Commission" title="Permanent Mandates Commission">Permanent Mandates Commission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> on this issue. The one community principle was victorious, despite their opposition, but this is seen as the creation of the Haredi community in Israel, separate from the other Orthodox and Zionist movements.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 1932, Sonnenfeld was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Tzvi_Dushinsky_(first_Dushinsky_rebbe)" title="Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky (first Dushinsky rebbe)">Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky</a>, a disciple of the Shevet Sofer, one of the grandchildren of Moses Sofer. Dushinsky promised to build up a strong Jewish Orthodoxy at peace with the other Jewish communities and the non-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Holocaust">Post-Holocaust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> In general, the present-day Haredi population originate from two distinct post-Holocaust waves: <ol><li>The vast majority of Hasidic and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Litvak</a> communities were destroyed during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Although Hasidic customs have largely been preserved, the customs of Lithuanian Jewry, including its unique Hebrew pronunciation, have been almost lost. <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim#Litvishe" title="Misnagdim">Litvish</a> customs are still preserved primarily by the few older Jews who were born in Lithuania prior to the Holocaust. In the decade or so after 1945, there was a strong drive to revive and maintain these lifestyles by some notable Haredi leaders.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chazon_Ish" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazon Ish">Chazon Ish</a> was particularly prominent in the early days of the State of Israel. <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Kotler" title="Aharon Kotler">Aharon Kotler</a> established many of the Haredi schools and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a> in the United States and Israel; and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel Teitelbaum">Joel Teitelbaum</a> had a significant impact on revitalizing Hasidic Jewry, as well as many of the Jews who fled <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 revolution</a> who became followers of his <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a> dynasty, and became the largest Hasidic group in the world. These Jews typically have maintained a connection only with other religious family members. As such, those growing up in such families have little or no contact with non-Haredi Jews.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer-43">[43]</a></li> <li>The second wave began in the 1970s associated with the religious revival of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">baal teshuva movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DešenLiebman1995-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> although most of the newly religious become <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, and not necessarily fully Haredi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The formation and spread of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredi</a> lifestyle movement also began in the 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a>, alongside the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> party in 1984. This led many Sephardi Jews to adopt the clothing and culture of the Lithuanian Haredi Judaism, though it had no historical basis in their own tradition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many yeshivas were also established specifically for new adopters of the Haredi way of life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ol> The original Haredi population has been instrumental in the expansion of their lifestyle, though criticisms have been made of discrimination towards the later adopters of the Haredi lifestyle in <a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">shidduchim</a> (matchmaking)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and the school system.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices_and_beliefs">Practices and beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Practices and beliefs">edit</a>]</div> The Haredim represent the conservative or pietistic form of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalism</a>, distinct from the radical fundamentalism of <a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberstein1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbmYTCgAAQBAJpgPA17_17]-50">[50]</a> and emphasising withdrawal from, and disdain for, the secular world, and the creation of an alternative world which insulates the Torah and the life it prescribes from outside influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETehranian1997324-51">[51]</a> Haredi Judaism is not an institutionally cohesive or homogeneous group, but comprises a diversity of spiritual and cultural orientations, generally divided into a broad range of Hasidic courts and Litvishe-Yeshivish streams from Eastern Europe, and Oriental <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> Haredi Jews. These groups often differ significantly from one another in their specific ideologies and lifestyles, as well as the degree of stringency in religious practice, rigidity of religious philosophy, and isolation from the general culture that they maintain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some Haredis encourage <a href="/wiki/Jewish_outreach" title="Jewish outreach">outreach</a> to less observant and unaffiliated Jews and <a href="/wiki/Hilonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilonim">hilonim</a> (secular Israeli Jews).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Some scholars, including some secular and Reform Jews, describe the Haredim as "radical fundamentalists".<a href="#cite_note-Ilan_2012-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_fund-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frey2007-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sciences1994-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brasher2001-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herriot2008-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberstein1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbmYTCgAAQBAJpgPA18_18]-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn2015-60">[60]</a> Efforts to keep clear of external influence is a core characteristic of Haredi Judaism. Historically, new mediums of communication such as books, newspapers and magazines, and later tapes, CDs and television, were dealt with by either transforming and controlling the content, or choosing to have rabbinic leadership censor it selectively or altogether. In the modern digital era, difficulty in censoring the Internet and conversely, the Internet's importance, resulted in a decades long and ongoing struggle of comprehension, adaption, and regulation on the part of rabbinical leadership and community activists.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> These beliefs and practices, which have been interpreted as "isolationist", can bring them into conflict with authorities. In 2018, a Haredi school in the United Kingdom was rated as "inadequate" by the <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Office for Standards in Education</a>, after repeated complaints were raised about the censoring of textbooks and exam papers which contained mentions of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, examples of women socializing with men, pictures showing women's shoulders and legs, or information that contradicts a <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationist</a> worldview.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_and_family">Lifestyle and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lifestyle and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg/220px-Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg/330px-Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg/440px-Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Haredi Jewish women and girls in <a href="/wiki/Mea_Shearim" title="Mea Shearim">Mea Shearim</a>, Jerusalem, 2013</figcaption></figure> Haredi life, like Orthodox Jewish life in general, is very family-centered and ordered. Boys and girls attend separate schools, and proceed to higher <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>, in a yeshiva or seminary, respectively, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of young men remain in yeshiva until their marriage (often arranged through <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>). After marriage, many Haredi men continue their Torah studies in a <a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">kollel</a>. Studying in secular institutions is often discouraged, although educational facilities for vocational training in a Haredi framework do exist. In the United States and Europe, the majority of Haredi males are active in the workforce. For various reasons, in Israel, most (56%) of their male members do work, though some of those are part of the unofficial workforce.<a href="#cite_note-HarediMenWomenWorforcePercentageIsrael-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Haredi families (and Orthodox Jewish families in general) are usually much larger than non-Orthodox Jewish families, with an average of 7 kids for family, but it's not unheard of for families to have 12 or more.<a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer-43">[43]</a> About 70% of female Haredi Jews in Israel work.<a href="#cite_note-HarediMenWomenWorforcePercentageIsrael-64">[64]</a> Haredi Jews are typically opposed to the viewing of television and films,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and the reading of secular newspapers and books. There has been a strong campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and Internet-enabled mobile phones without filters have also been banned by leading rabbis.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In May 2012, 40,000 Haredim gathered at <a href="/wiki/Citi_Field" title="Citi Field">Citi Field</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baseball_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball park">baseball park</a> in New York City, to discuss the dangers of unfiltered Internet.<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The event was organized by the <a href="/wiki/Ichud_HaKehillos_LeTohar_HaMachane" title="Ichud HaKehillos LeTohar HaMachane">Ichud HaKehillos LeTohar HaMachane</a>. The Internet has been allowed for business purposes so long as filters are installed. In some instances, forms of recreation which conform to Jewish law are treated as antithetical to Haredi Judaism. In 2013, the Rabbinical Court of the Ashkenazi Community in the Haredi settlement of <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a> ruled against <a href="/wiki/Zumba" title="Zumba">Zumba</a> (a type of dance fitness) classes, although they were held with a female instructor and all-female participants.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women-Only-74">[74]</a> The Court said in part: "Both in form and manner, the activity [Zumba] is entirely at odds with both the ways of the Torah and the holiness of Israel, as are the songs associated to it."<a href="#cite_note-Women-Only-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shidduch_("Matchmaking")">Shidduch ("Matchmaking")</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shidduch ("Matchmaking")">edit</a>]</div> With Haredi Judaism having a heavy emphasis on marriage — especially while young — some members rely on the <a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">shidduch</a> (matchmaking) system. They employ a schadhan (a professional matchmaker) to support them in their search for a spouse. While there is no current statistical data showing how many people use the services of a schadhan, it is estimated that the vast majority of Haredi couples were paired by one.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> However, with the broader societal shift to online dating, matchmaking in Orthodox and Haredi Judaism has started making inroads online. Vastly different from the most popular online dating services, apps like "Shidduch" pair couples based upon shared values and life goals. To do this, users fill-out a digital resume. The app was made possible by a partnership between its developers and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> — the same group responsible for kosher food certification ("Circle-U").<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F.jpg/220px-%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F.jpg/330px-%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F.jpg/440px-%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2423" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>Styles of Haredi dress</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haredi_(Orthodox)_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_(5684561290).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Haredi_%28Orthodox%29_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_%285684561290%29.jpg/220px-Haredi_%28Orthodox%29_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_%285684561290%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Haredi_%28Orthodox%29_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_%285684561290%29.jpg/330px-Haredi_%28Orthodox%29_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_%285684561290%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Haredi_%28Orthodox%29_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_%285684561290%29.jpg/440px-Haredi_%28Orthodox%29_Jewish_Couples_at_Bus_Stop_-_Outside_Old_City_-_Jerusalem_%285684561290%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Typical Haredi dress for men and women</figcaption></figure> The standard mode of dress for males of the Lithuanian stream is a black or navy suit and a white shirt.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Headgear includes black <a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homburg_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homburg (hat)">Homburg</a> hats, with black <a href="/wiki/Yarmulka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmulka">skull caps</a>. Pre-war Lithuanian yeshiva students also wore light coloured suits, along with beige or grey hats,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and prior to the 1990s, it was common for Americans of the Lithuanian stream to wear coloured shirts throughout the week, reserving white shirts for <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Beards are common among Haredi and many other Orthodox Jewish men, and Hasidic men will almost never be clean-shaven. Women adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">laws of modest dress</a>, and wear long skirts and sleeves, high necklines, and, if married, some form of hair covering.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Haredi women never wear trousers, although most do wear pajama-trousers within the home at night.<a href="#cite_note-peopleil-81">[81]</a> Over the years, it has become popular among some Haredi women to wear <a href="/wiki/Sheitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheitel">sheitels</a> (wigs), that are thought to be more attractive than their own natural hair (drawing criticism from some more conservative Haredi rabbis). Mainstream Sephardi Haredi rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a> forbade the wearing of wigs altogether.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Haredi women often dress more freely and casually within the home, as long as the body remains covered in accordance with the halakha. More modernized Haredi women are somewhat more lenient in matters of their dress, and some follow the latest trends and fashions, while conforming to halakha.<a href="#cite_note-peopleil-81">[81]</a> Non-Lithuanian Hasidic men and women differ from the Lithuanian stream by having a much more <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism#Dress" title="Hasidic Judaism">specific dress code</a>, the most obvious difference for men being the full-length suit jacket (<a href="/wiki/Rekel" title="Rekel">rekel</a>) on weekdays, and the fur hat (<a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">shtreimel</a>) and silk caftan (<a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a>) on the Sabbath. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> Haredi neighborhoods have been said by some to be safer, with less violent crime, although this is a generalization, and even that may apply to only specific communities, rather than all.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2013-83">[83]</a> In Israel, the entrances to some of the most extreme Haredi neighborhoods are fitted with signs that ask for modest clothing to be worn.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Some areas are known to have "modesty patrols",<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and people dressed in ways perceived as immodest may suffer harassment, and advertisements featuring scantily dressed models may be targeted for vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> These concerns are also addressed through public lobbying and legal avenues.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> During the week-long <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a> in Rio de Janeiro, many of the city's 7,000 Orthodox Jews feel compelled to leave the town, due to the immodest exposure of participants.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2001, Haredi campaigners in Jerusalem succeeded in persuading the <a href="/wiki/Egged_Ta%27avura" title="Egged Ta'avura">Egged</a> bus company to get all their advertisements approved by a special committee.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> By 2011, Egged had gradually removed all bus adverts that featured women, in response to their continuous defacement. A court order that stated such action was discriminatory led to Egged's decision not to feature people at all (neither male nor female).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Depictions of certain other creatures, such as <a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">space aliens</a>, were also banned, in order not to offend Haredi sensibilities.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Haredi Jews also campaign against other types of advertising that promote activities they deem offensive or inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Due to halakha, i. e., activities that Orthodox Jews believe are prohibited on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, most state-run buses in Israel do not run on Saturdays,<a href="#cite_note-IIIDemerath2003-95">[95]</a> regardless of whether riders are Orthodox, or even whether they are Jewish. In a similar vein, Haredi Jews in Israel have demanded that the roads in their neighborhoods be closed on Saturdays, vehicular traffic being viewed as an "intolerable provocation" upon their religious lifestyle (see <a href="/wiki/Driving_on_Shabbat_in_Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving on Shabbat in Jewish law">Driving on Shabbat in Jewish law</a>). In most cases, the authorities granted permission after Haredi petitioning and demonstrations, some of them including fierce clashes between Haredi Jews and secular counter-demonstrators, and violence against police and motorists.<a href="#cite_note-Rose2004-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_separation">Sex separation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sex separation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Separate_beach_signs,_Ashkelon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Separate_beach_signs%2C_Ashkelon.jpg/220px-Separate_beach_signs%2C_Ashkelon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Separate_beach_signs%2C_Ashkelon.jpg/330px-Separate_beach_signs%2C_Ashkelon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Separate_beach_signs%2C_Ashkelon.jpg/440px-Separate_beach_signs%2C_Ashkelon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Gender-separate beach in Israel. To accommodate Haredi and other Orthodox Jews, many coastal resorts in Israel have a designated area for sex-separate bathing.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> While Jewish modesty law requires <a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">gender separation</a> under various circumstances, observers have contended that there is a growing trend among some groups of Hasidic Haredi Jews to extend its observance to the public arena.<a href="#cite_note-Zeveloff_2011-99">[99]</a> In the Hasidic village of <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel,_New_York" title="Kiryas Joel, New York">Kiryas Joel, New York</a>, an entrance sign asks visitors to "maintain sex separation in all public areas", and the bus stops have separate waiting areas for men and women.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In <a href="/wiki/New_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="New Square">New Square</a>, another Hasidic enclave, men and women are expected to walk on opposite sides of the road.<a href="#cite_note-Zeveloff_2011-99">[99]</a> In Israel, Jerusalem residents of <a href="/wiki/Mea_Shearim" title="Mea Shearim">Mea Shearim</a> were banned from erecting a street barrier dividing men and women during the week-long <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> festival's nightly parties;<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and street signs requesting that women avoid certain pavements in <a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a> have been repeatedly removed by the municipality.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Since 1973, buses catering to Haredi Jews running from Rockland County and Brooklyn into Manhattan have had separate areas for men and women, allowing passengers to conduct on-board prayer services.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Although the lines are privately operated, they serve the general public, and in 2011, the set-up was challenged on grounds of discrimination, and the arrangement was deemed illegal.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> During 2010–2012, there was much public debate in Israel surrounding the existence of segregated Haredi <a href="/wiki/Mehadrin_bus_lines" title="Mehadrin bus lines">Mehadrin bus lines</a> (whose policy calls for both men and women to stay in their respective areas: men in the front of the bus,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and women in the rear of the bus) following an altercation that occurred after a woman refused to move to the rear of the bus to sit among the women. A subsequent court ruling stated that while voluntary segregation should be allowed, forced separation is unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-Katya_Alder-108">[108]</a> Israeli national airline <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a> has agreed to provide gender-separated flights in consideration of Haredi requirements.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg/220px-Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg/330px-Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg/440px-Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a> graduating class of 1934 in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> Education in the Haredi community is strictly segregated by sex. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education#The_yeshiva" title="Jewish education">Yeshiva education for boys</a> is primarily focused on the study of Jewish scriptures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (non-Hasidic yeshivas in the United States teach secular studies in the afternoon); girls obtain studies both in Jewish religious education as well as broader secular subjects.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_and_publications">Newspapers and publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Newspapers and publications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tziporah_Heller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tziporah_Heller.jpg/220px-Tziporah_Heller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tziporah_Heller.jpg/330px-Tziporah_Heller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tziporah_Heller.jpg/440px-Tziporah_Heller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tziporah_Heller" title="Tziporah Heller">Tziporah Heller</a>, a weekly columnist for <a href="/wiki/Hamodia" title="Hamodia">Hamodia</a></figcaption></figure> In 1930s Poland, the Agudath Israel movement published its own Yiddish-language paper, Dos Yiddishe Tagblatt. In 1950, the Agudah started printing <a href="/wiki/Hamodia" title="Hamodia">Hamodia</a>, a Hebrew-language Israeli daily. Haredi publications tend to shield their readership from objectionable material,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and perceive themselves as a "<a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>", desisting from advertising secular entertainment and events.<a href="#cite_note-Simon1978-112">[112]</a> The editorial policy of a Haredi newspaper is determined by a rabbinical board, and every edition is checked by a rabbinical <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A strict policy of modesty is characteristic of the Haredi press in recent years, and pictures of women are usually not printed.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen80-114">[114]</a> In 2009, the Israeli daily <a href="/wiki/Yated_Ne%27eman_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yated Ne'eman (Israel)">Yated Ne'eman</a> doctored an Israeli cabinet photograph replacing two female ministers with images of men,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and in 2013, the Bakehilah magazine pixelated the faces of women appearing in a <a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06b.jpg" title="File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 06b.jpg">photograph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The mainstream Haredi political Shas party also refrains from publishing female images.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-117">[117]</a> Among Haredi publishers which have not adopted this policy is <a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">ArtScroll</a>, which does publish pictures of women in their books.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> No coverage is given to serious crime, violence, sex, or drugs, and little coverage is given to non-Orthodox streams of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Inclusion of "immoral" content is avoided, and when publication of such stories is a necessity, they are often written ambiguously.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen80-114">[114]</a> The Haredi press generally takes an ambivalent stance towards Zionism and gives more coverage to issues that concern the Haredi community, such as the drafting of girls and yeshiva students into the army, autopsies, and Shabbat observance.<a href="#cite_note-Simon1978-112">[112]</a> In Israel, it portrays the secular world as "spitefully anti-Semitic", and describes secular youth as "mindless, immoral, drugged, and unspeakably lewd".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Such attacks have led to Haredi editors being warned about libelous provocations.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> While the Haredi press is extensive and varied in Israel,<a href="#cite_note-Simon1978-112">[112]</a> only around half the Haredi population reads newspapers. Around 10% read secular newspapers, while 40% do not read any newspaper at all.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> According to a 2007 survey, 27% read the weekend Friday edition of Hamodia, and 26% the Yated Ne'eman.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2012_111-124">[124]</a> In 2006, the most-read Haredi magazine in Israel was the <a href="/wiki/Mishpacha" title="Mishpacha">Mishpacha</a> weekly, which sold 110,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2012_111-124">[124]</a> Other popular Hareidi publications include <a href="/wiki/Ami_Magazine" title="Ami Magazine">Ami Magazine</a> and The Flatbush Jewish Journal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> Haredi leaders have, at times suggested a ban on the internet and any internet-capable device,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch20094–5-125">[125]</a> their reasoning being that the immense amount of information can be corrupting, and the ability to use the internet with no observation from the community can lead to individuation.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Some Haredi businessmen utilize the internet throughout the week, but they still observe Shabbat in every aspect by not accepting or processing orders from Friday evening to Saturday evening.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> They utilize the internet under strict <a href="/wiki/Internet_filter" title="Internet filter">filters</a> and guidelines. The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone#Kosher_phone" title="Mobile phone">Kosher cell phone</a> was introduced to the Jewish public with the sole ability to call other phones. It was unable to utilize the internet, text other phones, and had no camera feature. In fact, a kosher phone plan was created, with decreased rates for kosher-to-kosher calls, to encourage community.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_hotlines">News hotlines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: News hotlines">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haredi_news_hotline" title="Haredi news hotline">Haredi news hotline</a></div> News hotlines are an important source of news in the Haredi world. Since many Haredi Jews do not listen to the radio or have access to the internet, even if they read newspapers, they are left with little or no access to breaking news. News hotlines were formed to fill this gap, and many have expanded to additional fields over time.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:01-131">[131]</a> Currently, many news lines provide rabbinic lectures, entertainment, business advice, and similar services, in addition to their primary function of reporting the news. Many Hasidic sects maintain their own hotlines, where relevant internal news is reported and the group's perspective can be advocated for. In the Israeli Haredi community, there are dozens of prominent hotlines, in both Yiddish and Hebrew. Some Haredi hotlines have played significant public roles.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Israel">In Israel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Israel">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_towards_Zionism">Attitudes towards Zionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attitudes towards Zionism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim and Zionism</a></div> From the founding of Zionism in the 1890s, Haredi Jews leaders voiced objections to its secular orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Sherman1993-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halpern2-134">[134]</a> After the establishment of the State of Israel, some Haredi Jews observed the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a> as a day of mourning and referred to Israeli state-holidays as byimey edeyhem ("idolatrous holidays").<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NKUSA.ORG_at_AIPAC_protest_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NKUSA.ORG_at_AIPAC_protest_2005.JPG/275px-NKUSA.ORG_at_AIPAC_protest_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NKUSA.ORG_at_AIPAC_protest_2005.JPG/413px-NKUSA.ORG_at_AIPAC_protest_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NKUSA.ORG_at_AIPAC_protest_2005.JPG/550px-NKUSA.ORG_at_AIPAC_protest_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a> protest against Israel (Washington, 2005)</figcaption></figure> The chief political division among Haredi Jews has been in their approach to the State of Israel. After Israeli independence, different Haredi movements took varying positions on it. Only a minority of Haredi Jews consider themselves to be Zionists. Haredim who do not consider themselves Zionists fall into two-camps: non-Zionist, and anti-Zionist. Non-Zionist Haredim, who comprise the majority, do not object to the State of Israel as an independent Jewish state, and many even consider it to be positive, but they do not believe that it has any religious significance. Anti-Zionist Haredim, who are a minority, but are more publicly visible than the non-Zionist majority, believe that any Jewish independence prior to the coming of the Messiah is a sin.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The ideologically non-Zionist <a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a> alliance comprising <a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a> (and the umbrella organizations World Agudath Israel and <a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a>) represents a moderate and pragmatic stance of cooperation with the State of Israel, and participation in the political system. UTJ has been a participant in numerous coalition governments, seeking to influence state and society in a more religious direction and maintain welfare and religious funding policies. In general, their position is supportive of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Haredim who are stridently anti-Zionist are under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a>, who reject participation in politics and state funding of its affiliated institutions, in contradistinction to Agudah-affiliated institutions. <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a> is a very small activist organization of anti-Zionist Haredim, whose controversial activities have been strongly condemned, including by other anti-Zionist Haredim.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Haredi support is often required to form coalition governments in the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>. In recent years, some rebbes affiliated with Agudath Israel, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sadigura_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)">Sadigura</a> rebbe <a href="/wiki/Avrohom_Yaakov_Friedman_(fifth_Sadigura_rebbe)" title="Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (fifth Sadigura rebbe)">Avrohom Yaakov Friedman</a>, have taken more hard-line stances on security, settlements, and disengagement.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> represents Sephardi and Mizrahi Haredim, and, while having many points in common with Ashkenazi Haredim, differs from them by its more enthusiastic support for the State of Israel and the IDF. The <a href="/wiki/Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikirim</a> group is <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> group composed of Haredi Jews is considered a radical organization by Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz1.404855-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> The purpose of marriage in the Haredi (and Orthodox) viewpoint is for the purpose of companionship, as well as for the purpose of having children.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> There is a high rate of marriage in the Haredi community. 83% are married, compared to the non-Haredi community in Israel of 63%.<a href="#cite_note-shnaton-143">[143]</a> Marriage is viewed as holy, and as the natural home for a man and a woman to truly love each other. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divorce">Divorce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Divorce">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, the divorce rate in Israel was 5% among the Haredi population, compared to the general population rate of 14%.<a href="#cite_note-shnaton-143">[143]</a> In 2016, Haaretz claimed that divorces among Haredim are increasing in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz1-144">[144]</a> In 2017, some predominantly Haredi cities reported the highest growth rates in divorce in the Israel, in the context of generally falling rates of divorce,<a href="#cite_note-Lev2018-145">[145]</a> and in 2018, some predominantly Haredi cities reported drops in divorce, in the context of generally rising rates of divorce.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> When the divorce is linked to one spouse leaving the community, the one who chooses to leave is often <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunned</a> from his or her communities and forced to abandon their children, as most courts prefer keeping children in an established status quo.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz1-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></div></dd></dl> Haredim primarily educate their children in their own <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">private schools</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">chederim</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pre-school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-school">pre-school</a> to <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> ages, to yeshivos for boys from <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> ages, and in seminaries, often called <a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakovs</a>, for girls of secondary school ages. Only Jewish religiously observant students are admitted, and parents must agree to abide by the rules of the school to keep their children enrolled. Yeshivas are headed by rosh yeshivas (deans) and principals. Many Hasidic schools in Israel, Europe, and North America teach little or no secular subjects, while some of the Litvish (Lithuanian style) schools in Israel follow educational policies to the Hasidic school. In the U.S., most teach secular subjects to boys and girls, as part of a dual curriculum of secular subjects (generally called "English") and Torah subjects. Yeshivas teach mostly Talmud and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a>, while the girls' schools teach Jewish Law, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, and Tanach (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>). Between 2007 and 2017, the number of Haredim studying in higher education had risen from 1,000 to 10,800.<a href="#cite_note-tzvi-149">[149]</a> In 2007, the Kemach Foundation was established to become an investor in the sector's social and economic development, and provide opportunities for employment. Through the philanthropy of <a href="/wiki/Leo_No%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Noé">Leo Noé</a> of London, later joined by the <a href="/wiki/Zev_Wolfson" title="Zev Wolfson">Wolfson</a> family of New York and <a href="/wiki/Elie_Horn" title="Elie Horn">Elie Horn</a> from Brazil, Kemach has facilitated academic and vocational training. With a $22m budget, including government funding, Kemach provides individualized career assessment, academic or vocational scholarships, and job placement for the entire Haredi population in Israel. The Foundation is managed by specialists who, coming from the Haredi sector themselves, are familiar with the community's needs and sensitivities. By April 2014, more than 17,800 Haredim have received the services of Kemach, and more than 7,500 have received, or continue to receive, monthly scholarships to fund their academic or vocational studies. From 500 graduates, the net benefits to the government would be 80.8 million NIS if they work for one year, 572.3 million NIS if they work for 5 years, and 2.8 billion NIS (discounted) if they work for 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The Council for Higher Education announced in 2012 that it was investing NIS 180 million over the following five years to establish appropriate frameworks for the education of Haredim, focusing on specific professions.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The largest Haredi campus in Israel is <a href="/wiki/The_Haredi_Campus_-_The_Academic_College_Ono" class="mw-redirect" title="The Haredi Campus - The Academic College Ono">The Haredi Campus - The Academic College Ono</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haredi_demonstration_against_conscription_yeshiva_pupils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Haredi demonstration against the conscription of yeshiva pupils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Haredi_demonstration_against_conscription_yeshiva_pupils.jpg/330px-Haredi_demonstration_against_conscription_yeshiva_pupils.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Haredi_demonstration_against_conscription_yeshiva_pupils.jpg/495px-Haredi_demonstration_against_conscription_yeshiva_pupils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Haredi_demonstration_against_conscription_yeshiva_pupils.jpg/660px-Haredi_demonstration_against_conscription_yeshiva_pupils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Haredi demonstration against the conscription of yeshiva pupils</figcaption></figure> Upon the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, universal conscription was instituted for all able-bodied Jewish males. However, military-aged Haredi men were exempted from service in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) under the <a href="/wiki/Torato_Umanuto" title="Torato Umanuto">Torato Umanuto</a> arrangement, which officially granted deferred entry into the IDF for yeshiva students, but in practice allowed young Haredi men to serve for a significantly reduced period of time or bypass military service altogether. At that time, the Haredi population was very low and only 400 individuals were affected.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> However, the Haredi population rapidly grew.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 2018, the Israel Democracy Institute estimated that the Haredim comprised 12% of Israel's total population and 15% of its Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Haredim are also younger than the general population. Their absence from the IDF attracts significant resentment from secular Israelis. The most common criticisms of the exemption policy are: <ul><li>The Haredim can work in those 2–3 years of their lives in which they do not serve in the IDF, while most soldiers at the IDF are usually paid around $80–250 a month, in addition to clothing and lodging.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> All the while, Haredi yeshiva students receive significant monthly funds and payments for their religious studies.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li>The Haredim, if they so choose, can study at that time.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li></ul> Over the years, as many as 1,000 Haredi Jews have volunteered to serve in a Haredi Jewish unit of the IDF known as the <a href="/wiki/Netzah_Yehuda_Battalion" title="Netzah Yehuda Battalion">Netzah Yehuda Battalion</a>, or Nahal Haredi. The vast majority of Haredi men, however, continue to receive deferments from military service.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Haredim usually reject the practice of IDF service and contend that: <ul><li>A yeshiva student has an important role in protecting the Jewish people because Haredim believe that Torah study brings spiritual protection similar to how a soldier in the IDF brings physical protection. Haredim maintain that each role is important in protecting the Jewish people, and one who is a yeshiva student should not abandon his personal duty in spiritually protecting the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>The Israeli army is not conducive to a Haredi lifestyle. It is regarded as a "state-sponsored quagmire of <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a>" due to Israel <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Women in the Israel Defense Forces">conscripting both men and women</a>, and often grouping them together in military activities.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Additionally, the keeping of military procedures makes it difficult to observe the Sabbath and many other Jewish practices.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li></ul> The Torato Umanuto arrangement was enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Tal_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal committee">Tal Law</a> that came into force in 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel#High_Court_of_Justice" title="Supreme Court of Israel">High Court of Justice</a> later ruled that it could not be extended in its current form beyond August 2012. A replacement was expected. The IDF was, however, experiencing a shortage of personnel, and there were pressures to reduce the scope of the Torato Omanuto exemption.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In March 2014, Israel's parliament approved legislation to end exemptions from military service for Haredi seminary students. The bill was passed by 65 votes to one, and an amendment allowing civilian national service by 67 to one.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In June 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> declared any continued exemption of IDF conscription unlawful. The army began drafting 3,000 Haredi men the following month.<a href="#cite_note-TOI202407182-169">[169]</a> There has been much uproar in Haredi society following actions towards Haredi conscription. While some Haredim see this as a great social and economic opportunity,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> others (including leading rabbis among them) strongly oppose this move.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Among the extreme Haredim, there have been some more severe reactions. Several Haredi leaders have threatened that Haredi populations would leave the country if forced to enlist.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Others have fueled public incitement against secular and National-Religious Jews, and specifically against politicians <a href="/wiki/Yair_Lapid" title="Yair Lapid">Yair Lapid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a>, who support and promote Haredi enlistment.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Some Haredim have taken to threatening their fellows who agree to enlist,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> to the point of physically attacking some of them.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The Shahar program, also known as Shiluv Haredim (Ultra-Orthodox integration), allows Haredi men aged 22 to 26 to serve in the army for about a year and a half. At the beginning of their service, they study mathematics and English, which are often not well covered in Haredi boy schools. The program is partly aimed at encouraging Haredi participation in the workforce after military service. However, not all beneficiaries seem to be Haredim.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit">[update]</a>, figures from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> on employment rates place Haredi women at 73%, close to the 80% for the non-Haredi Jewish women's national figure; while the number of working Haredi men has increased to 56%, it is still far below the 90% of non-Haredi Jewish men nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-HarediMenWomenWorforcePercentageIsrael-64">[64]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit">[update]</a>, most Haredi boys instead go to yeshivas and then continue to study at yeshiva after getting married.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trajtenberg_Committee" title="Trajtenberg Committee">Trajtenberg Committee</a>, charged in 2011 with drafting proposals for economic and social change, called, among other things, for increasing employment among the Haredi population. Its proposals included encouraging military or national service and offering college prep courses for volunteers, creating more employment centers targeting Haredim and experimental matriculation prep courses after yeshiva hours. The committee also called for increasing the number of Haredi students receiving technical training through the <a href="/wiki/Industry,_Trade_and_Labour_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry, Trade and Labour Minister of Israel">Industry, Trade, and Labor Ministry</a> and forcing Haredi schools to carry out standardized testing, as is done at other public schools.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> It is estimated that half as many of the Haredi community are in employment as the rest of population. This has led to increasing financial deprivation, and 50% of children within the community live below the poverty line. This puts strain on each family, the community, and often the Israeli economy. The demographic trend indicates the community will constitute an increasing percentage of the population, and consequently, Israel faces an economic challenge in the years ahead due to fewer people in the labor force. A report commissioned by the Treasury found that the Israeli economy may lose more than six billion shekels annually as a result of low Haredi participation in the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> in a 2010 report stated that, "Haredi families are frequently jobless, or are one-earner families in low-paid employment. Poverty rates are around 60% for Haredim."<a href="#cite_note-OECD_Reviews_of_Labour_Market_and_Social_Policies_OECD_Reviews_of_Labour_Market_and_Social_Policies:_Israel-184">[184]</a> As of 2017, according to an Israeli finance ministry study, the Haredi participation rate in the labour force is 51%, compared to 89% for the rest of Israeli Jews.<a href="#cite_note-veconomist-185">[185]</a> A 2018 study by Oren Heller, a <a href="/wiki/Bituah_Leumi" title="Bituah Leumi">National Insurance Institute of Israel</a> senior economic researcher, has found that while <a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">upper mobility</a> among Haredim is significantly greater than the national average, unlike it, this tends not to translate into significantly higher pay.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Haredi families living in Israel benefited from government-subsidized child care when the father studied Torah and the mother worked at least 24 hours per week. However, after <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Finance (Israel)">Israeli Finance Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Liberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Avigdor Liberman">Avigdor Liberman</a> introduced a new policy in 2021, families in which the father is a full-time yeshiva student are no longer eligible for a daycare subsidy. Under this policy, fathers must also work at least part-time in order for the family to qualify for the subsidy. The move was denounced by Haredi leaders.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haredim_allant_a_la_synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Haredim_allant_a_la_synagogue.jpg/220px-Haredim_allant_a_la_synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Haredim_allant_a_la_synagogue.jpg/330px-Haredim_allant_a_la_synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Haredim_allant_a_la_synagogue.jpg/440px-Haredim_allant_a_la_synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Hasidim walk to the synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Haredim in general are materially poorer than most other Israelis, but still represent an important market sector due to their bloc purchasing habits.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> For this reason, some companies and organizations in Israel refrain from including women or other images deemed immodest in their advertisements to avoid Haredi consumer boycotts.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> More than 50 percent of Haredim live below the poverty line, compared with 15 percent of the rest of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Erlanger-191">[191]</a> Their families are also larger, with Haredi women having an average of 6.7 children, while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Families with many children often receive economic support through governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In recent years, there has been a process of reconciliation and an attempt to merge Haredi Jews with Israeli society,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> although employment discrimination is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Haredi Jews such as satirist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobi_Arieli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobi Arieli (page does not exist)">Kobi Arieli</a>, publicist Sehara Blau, and politician <a href="/wiki/Israel_Eichler" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Eichler">Israel Eichler</a> write regularly for leading Israeli newspapers. Another important factor in the reconciliation process has been the activities of <a href="/wiki/ZAKA" title="ZAKA">ZAKA</a>, a Haredi organization known for providing emergency medical attention at the scene of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yad_Sarah" title="Yad Sarah">Yad Sarah</a>, the largest national volunteer organization in Israel established in 1977 by former Haredi mayor of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uri_Lupolianski" title="Uri Lupolianski">Uri Lupolianski</a>. It is estimated that Yad Sarah saves the country's economy an estimated $320 million in hospital fees and long-term care costs each year.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-jweekly-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> Due to its imprecise definition, lack of data collection, and rapid change over time, estimates of the global Haredi population are difficult to measure, and may significantly underestimate the true number of Haredim, due to their reluctance to participate in surveys and censuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEttinger2011a-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In 1992, out of a total of 1,500,000 Orthodox Jews worldwide, about 550,000 were Haredi (half of them in Israel).<a href="#cite_note-Baumel-200">[200]</a> One estimate given in 2011 stated that there were approximately 1.3 million Haredi Jews globally.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2011-201">[201]</a> Studies have shown a very high growth rate, with a large young population.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Haredi population grew to 2.1 million in 2020 and is expected to double by 2040.<a href="#cite_note-:4-203">[203]</a> The vast majority of Haredi Jews are Ashkenazi. However, some 20% of the Haredi population are thought to belong to the Sephardic Haredi stream. In recent decades, Haredi society has grown due to the addition of a religious population that identifies with the <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> movement. The percentage of people leaving the Haredi population has been estimated between 6% and 18%.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Haredi population in Israel in the recent years:</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2009 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">750,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2014 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">910,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.95%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">950,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2017 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,033,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.28%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2018 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,079,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2019 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,125,892</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.35%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,175,088</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.37%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,226,261</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.35%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2022 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,279,528</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,334,909</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.33%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Sources:<a href="#cite_note-hiddush-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-idi.org_2023-207">[207]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94.JPG/220px-%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94.JPG/330px-%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94.JPG/440px-%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Haredi Rabbis and students writing a <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scroll</a> (Haredi <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">settlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion" title="Gush Etzion">Gush Etzion</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> has the largest Haredi population.<a href="#cite_note-:3-29">[29]</a> In 1948, there were about 35,000 to 45,000 Haredi Jews in Israel. By 1980, Haredim made up 4% of the Israeli population.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Haredim made up 9.9% of the Israeli population in 2009, with 750,000 out of 7,552,100; by 2014, that figure had risen to 11.1%, with 910,500 Haredim out of a total Israeli population of 8,183,400. According to a December 2017 study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Democracy_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Democracy Institute">Israeli Democracy Institute</a>, the number of Haredi Jews in Israel exceeded 1 million in 2017, making up 12% of the population in Israel. In 2019, Haredim reached a population of almost 1,126,000;<a href="#cite_note-hiddush-205">[205]</a> the next year, it reached 1,175,000 (12.6% of total population),<a href="#cite_note-toi-206">[206]</a> and by the end of 2023, it reached 1,335,000, or 13.6% of total population.<a href="#cite_note-idi.org_2023-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The number of Haredi Jews in Israel continues to rise rapidly, with their current population growth rate being 4% per year.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-gross-212">[212]</a> The number of children per woman is 7.2, and the share of Haredim among those under the age of 20 was 16.3% in 2009 (29% of Jews).<a href="#cite_note-cbs-213">[213]</a> By 2030, the Haredi Jewish community is projected to make up 16% of the total population, and by 2065, a third of the Israeli population, including non-Jews. By then, one in two Israeli children would be Haredi.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-gross-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-tzvi-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> It is also projected that the number of Haredim in 2059 may be between 2.73 and 5.84 million, of an estimated total number of Israeli Jews between 6.09 and 9.95 million.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The largest Israeli Haredi concentrations are in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit" title="Modi'in Illit">Modi'in Illit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ye%27arim" title="Kiryat Ye'arim">Kiryat Ye'arim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekhasim" title="Rekhasim">Rekhasim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El%27ad" title="El'ad">El'ad</a>. Two Haredi cities, <a href="/wiki/Kasif,_Israel" title="Kasif, Israel">Kasif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harish,_Israel" title="Harish, Israel">Harish</a>, are planned.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has the second largest Haredi population, which has a growth rate on pace to double every 20 years. In 2000, there were 360,000 Haredi Jews in the US (7.2 per cent of the approximately 5 million Jews in the U.S.); by 2006, demographers estimate the number had grown to 468,000 (30% increase), or 9.4 per cent of all U.S. Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Wise-217">[217]</a> In 2013, it was estimated that there were 530,000 total ultra-Orthodox Jews in the United States, or 10% of all American Jews.<a href="#cite_note-jppi-218">[218]</a> By 2011, 61% of all Jewish children in Eight-County <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City metropolitan area">New York City metropolitan area</a> were Orthodox, with Haredim making up 49%.<a href="#cite_note-Databank2011-219">[219]</a> In 2020, it was estimated that there were approximately 700,000 total ultra-Orthodox Jews in the United States, or 12% of all American Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:4-203">[203]</a> This number is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, due to high Haredi birth rates in America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_state">New York state</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New York state">edit</a>]</div> Most American Haredi Jews live in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">greater New York metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_York_City">New York City</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New York City">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brooklyn">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasidic_Family_Scene_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn_-_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hasidic_Family_Scene_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn_-_New_York.jpg/220px-Hasidic_Family_Scene_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn_-_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hasidic_Family_Scene_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn_-_New_York.jpg/330px-Hasidic_Family_Scene_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn_-_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hasidic_Family_Scene_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn_-_New_York.jpg/440px-Hasidic_Family_Scene_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn_-_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Hasidic family on the street in <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></figcaption></figure> The largest centers of Haredi and Hasidic life in New York are found in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <ul><li>In 1988, it was estimated that there were between 40,000 and 57,000 Haredim in the <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, Hasidim most belonging to <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li>The Jewish population in the <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a> neighborhood of Brooklyn, estimated at 70,000 in 1983, is also mostly Haredi, and also mostly Hasidic.<a href="#cite_note-Baumel-200">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov Hasidim</a> are the largest single bloc that mainly live in Borough Park.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> is the home base of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> movement, with its network of <a href="/wiki/Shaliach_(Chabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach (Chabad)">shluchim</a> ("emissaries") heading <a href="/wiki/Chabad_house" title="Chabad house">Chabad houses</a> throughout the Jewish world.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-chabadquestion-227">[227]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a>-<a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Brooklyn" title="Kensington, Brooklyn">Kensington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sliding_to_the_Right-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_Park_(neighborhood),_Brooklyn" title="Marine Park (neighborhood), Brooklyn">Marine Park</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> neighborhoods have tens of thousands of Haredi Jews. They are also the centers for the major non-Hasidic Haredi yeshivas such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Torah_Vodaas" title="Yeshiva Torah Vodaas">Yeshiva Torah Vodaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Rabbi_Chaim_Berlin" title="Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin">Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir_yeshiva_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir yeshiva (Brooklyn)">Mir Yeshiva</a>, as well as a string of similar smaller yeshivas. The Torah Vodaas and Chaim Berlin yeshivas<a href="#cite_note-World_of_the_Yeshiva-231">[231]</a> allow some students to attend college and university, presently at <a href="/wiki/Touro_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Touro College">Touro College</a>, and previously at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_of_the_Yeshiva-231">[231]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Queens">Queens</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Queens">edit</a>]</div> The New York City borough of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> is home to a growing Haredi population, mainly affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Rabbeinu_Yisrael_Meir_HaKohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen">Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ohr_HaChaim" title="Yeshivas Ohr HaChaim">Yeshivas Ohr HaChaim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_Hills,_Queens" title="Kew Gardens Hills, Queens">Kew Gardens Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Shaar_Hatorah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshiva Shaar Hatorah">Yeshiva Shaar Hatorah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens,_Queens" title="Kew Gardens, Queens">Kew Gardens</a>. Many of the students attend <a href="/wiki/Queens_College,_City_University_of_New_York" title="Queens College, City University of New York">Queens College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_of_the_Yeshiva-231">[231]</a> There are major yeshivas and communities of Haredi Jews in <a href="/wiki/Far_Rockaway,_Queens" title="Far Rockaway, Queens">Far Rockaway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sliding_to_the_Right-229">[229]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_of_Far_Rockaway" title="Yeshiva of Far Rockaway">Yeshiva of Far Rockaway</a> and a number of others. Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Shtibel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtibel">shtibelach</a> exist in these communities as well, mostly catering to Haredi Jews who follow Hasidic customs, while living a Litvish or Modern Orthodox cultural lifestyle, although small Hasidic enclaves do exist, such as in the Bayswater section of Far Rockaway. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Manhattan">Manhattan</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Manhattan">edit</a>]</div> One of the oldest Haredi communities in New York is on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> home to the <a href="/wiki/Mesivtha_Tifereth_Jerusalem" title="Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem">Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a>, in northern Manhattan, is the historical home to German Jews, with <a href="/wiki/Khal_Adath_Jeshurun" title="Khal Adath Jeshurun">Khal Adath Jeshurun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Rabbi_Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch">Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> attracts young people, many of whom remain in the area after graduation.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Long_Island">Long Island</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Long Island">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Sh%27or_Yoshuv" title="Sh'or Yoshuv">Yeshiva Sh'or Yoshuv</a>, together with many synagogues in the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Lawrence, Nassau County, New York">Lawrence</a> neighborhood and other <a href="/wiki/Five_Towns" title="Five Towns">Five Towns</a> neighborhoods, such as Woodmere and Cedarhurst, have attracted many Haredi Jews.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hudson_Valley">Hudson Valley</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hudson Valley">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a>, north of New York City, has the most rapidly growing Haredi communities, such as the Hasidic communities in <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel,_New_York" title="Kiryas Joel, New York">Kiryas Joel</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a> Hasidim, and <a href="/wiki/New_Square,_New_York" title="New Square, New York">New Square</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Skver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> A vast community of Haredi Jews lives in the <a href="/wiki/Monsey,_New_York" title="Monsey, New York">Monsey, New York</a>, area.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: New Jersey">edit</a>]</div> There are significant Haredi communities in <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Lakewood Township, New Jersey">Lakewood (New Jersey)</a>, home to the largest non-Hasidic Lithuanian yeshiva in America, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha" title="Beth Medrash Govoha">Beth Medrash Govoha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> There are also sizable communities in <a href="/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey" title="Teaneck, New Jersey">Teaneck</a>,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahwah,_New_Jersey" title="Mahwah, New Jersey">Mahwah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic, New Jersey">Passaic</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey" title="Edison, New Jersey">Edison</a>, where a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Jacob_Joseph_School" title="Rabbi Jacob Joseph School">Rabbi Jacob Joseph Yeshiva</a> opened in 1982. There is also a community of Syrian Jews favorable to the Haredim in their midst in <a href="/wiki/Deal,_New_Jersey" title="Deal, New Jersey">Deal, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Connecticut">Connecticut</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Connecticut">edit</a>]</div> The Haredi community of New Haven has close to 150 families and a number of thriving Haredi educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maryland">Maryland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Maryland">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, has a large Haredi population. The major yeshiva is <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel">Yeshivas Ner Yisroel</a>, founded in 1933, with thousands of alumni and their families. Ner Yisroel is also a Maryland state-accredited college, and has agreements with <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Towson_University" title="Towson University">Towson University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyola_College_in_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyola College in Maryland">Loyola College in Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baltimore" title="University of Baltimore">University of Baltimore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore County">University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a>, allowing undergraduate students to take night courses at these colleges and universities in a variety of academic fields.<a href="#cite_note-World_of_the_Yeshiva-231">[231]</a> The agreement also allows the students to receive academic credits for their religious studies. <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a>, and its environs has a growing Haredi community, mostly of highly educated and skilled professionals working for the United States government in various capacities, most living in <a href="/wiki/Kemp_Mill,_Maryland" title="Kemp Mill, Maryland">Kemp Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Oak,_Maryland" title="White Oak, Maryland">White Oak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodside_(Silver_Spring,_Maryland)" title="Woodside (Silver Spring, Maryland)">Woodside</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> and many of its children attend the <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_of_Greater_Washington" title="Yeshiva of Greater Washington">Yeshiva of Greater Washington</a> and Yeshivas Ner Yisroel in Baltimore. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Florida">Florida</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Florida">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aventura,_Florida" title="Aventura, Florida">Aventura</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Isles_Beach,_Florida" title="Sunny Isles Beach, Florida">Sunny Isles Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Beach,_Florida" title="Golden Beach, Florida">Golden Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfside,_Florida" title="Surfside, Florida">Surfside</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bal_Harbour,_Florida" title="Bal Harbour, Florida">Bal Harbour</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> are home to a large and growing Haredi population. The community is <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_South_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in South Florida">long-established</a> in the area, with several synagogues including <a href="/wiki/The_Shul_of_Bal_Harbour" title="The Shul of Bal Harbour">The Shul of Bal Harbour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Young Israel of Bal Harbour, Aventura Chabad, Beit Rambam, Safra Synagogue of Aventura, and Chabad of Sunny Isles; <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikvehs</a>, Jewish schools and kosher restaurants. The community has recently grown much further, due to many Orthodox Jews from New York moving to Florida during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> North of Miami, the communities of <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida" title="Boca Raton, Florida">Boca Raton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauderhill,_Florida" title="Lauderhill, Florida">Lauderhill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boynton_Beach,_Florida" title="Boynton Beach, Florida">Boynton Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood</a> have significant Haredi populations.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: California">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> has many Haredi Jews, most living in the <a href="/wiki/South_Robertson,_Los_Angeles" title="South Robertson, Los Angeles">Pico-Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_District,_Los_Angeles" title="Fairfax District, Los Angeles">Fairfax</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Avenue" title="Fairfax Avenue">Fairfax Avenue</a>-<a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Avenue" title="La Brea Avenue">La Brea Avenue</a>) areas.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illinois">Illinois</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Illinois">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> is home to the Haredi <a href="/wiki/Telshe_Yeshiva_(Chicago)" title="Telshe Yeshiva (Chicago)">Telshe Yeshiva</a> of Chicago, with many other Haredim living in the city.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania">edit</a>]</div> Haredim in Philadelphia primarily live in <a href="/wiki/Bala_Cynwyd,_Pennsylvania" title="Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania">Bala Cynwyd</a>, and the community is centered around Aish HaTorah and the Philadelphia Community Kollel.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In Pittsburgh a small yeshiva opened in 1945. Today there are approximately 200 Chabad families living in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Pennsylvania" title="Kingston, Pennsylvania">Kingston</a> has a young growing Chabad Haredi community which has been growing steadily over the past 20 years since the first families moved there when a yeshiva was opened.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colorado">Colorado</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Colorado">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> has a large Haredi population of Ashkenazi origin, dating back to the early 1920s. The Haredi <a href="/wiki/Denver_West_Side_Jewish_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver West Side Jewish Community">Denver West Side Jewish Community</a> adheres to Litvak Jewish traditions (Lithuanian), and has several congregations located within their communities.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Massachusetts">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, have the largest Haredi populations in New England. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telz_purim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Telz_purim.jpg/220px-Telz_purim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Telz_purim.jpg/330px-Telz_purim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Telz_purim.jpg/440px-Telz_purim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Students of <a href="/wiki/Telshe_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Telshe yeshiva">Telshe yeshiva</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ohio">Ohio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ohio">edit</a>]</div> One of the oldest Haredi Lithuanian yeshivas, <a href="/wiki/Telshe_yeshiva#Telshe_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Telshe yeshiva">Telshe Yeshiva</a>, transplanted itself to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio" title="Beachwood, Ohio">Beachwood, Ohio</a> has a large and growing Haredi community, and is a heavily Jewish suburb of Cleveland. The haredi community is centered around the Beachwood Kehilla and Green Road Synagogue, has a mikvah and a Jewish day school.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In 1998, the Haredi population in the <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">Jewish community of the United Kingdom</a> was estimated at 27,000 (13% of affiliated Jews).<a href="#cite_note-Baumel-200">[200]</a> The largest communities are located in London, particularly <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill#Haredi_Jewish_community" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a>, Golders Green, Hendon, Edgware; in <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prestwich" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Gateshead#Judaism" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>. A 2007 study asserted that three out of four British Jewish births were Haredi, who then accounted for 17% of <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a> (45,500 out of around 275,000).<a href="#cite_note-Wise-217">[217]</a> Another study in 2010 established that there were 9,049 Haredi households in the UK, which would account for a population of nearly 53,400, or 20% of the community.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies_of_British_Jews" title="Board of Deputies of British Jews">Board of Deputies of British Jews</a> has predicted that the Haredi community will become the largest group in Anglo-Jewry within the next three decades: In comparison with the national average of 2.4 children per family, Haredi families have an average of 5.9 children, and consequently, the population distribution is heavily biased to the under-20-year-olds. By 2006, membership of Haredi synagogues had doubled since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist-20150613-271">[271]</a> British Haredi fertility rate has also been estimated to be as high as 6.9 children per woman.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> An investigation by <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> in 2014 reported that more than 1,000 children in Haredi communities were attending illegal schools where secular knowledge is banned, and they learn only religious texts, meaning they leave school with no qualifications and often unable to speak any English.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The 2018 Survey by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Jewish_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Jewish Policy Research">Jewish Policy Research (JPR)</a> and the Board of Deputies of British Jews showed that the high birth rate in the Haredi and Orthodox community reversed the decline in the Jewish population in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In 2020, it was estimated that there were approximately 76,000 total ultra-Orthodox Jews in the United Kingdom, or 25% of all British Jews, a significant increase from 1998 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:4-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> About 25,000 Haredim live in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Jewish community of France</a>, mostly people of Sephardic, Maghrebi Jewish descent.<a href="#cite_note-Baumel-200">[200]</a> Important communities are located in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/19th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="19th arrondissement of Paris">19th arrondissement</a>),<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>. Other important communities, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Antwerp" title="History of the Jews in Antwerp">Antwerp community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Swiss communities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. There is also a Haredi community in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Jewish community of Austria</a>. Other countries with significant Haredi populations include: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a>, with a total number of 30,000 Haredim,<a href="#cite_note-:4-203">[203]</a> with large Haredi centres in <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Toronto" title="History of the Jews in Toronto">Toronto</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">South Africa</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>; and an estimated 7,500 Haredim in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-203">[203]</a> centred in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. Haredi communities also exist in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. A Haredi city is under construction (2021) in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ixtapan_de_la_Sal" title="Ixtapan de la Sal">Ixtapan de la Sal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Decades after <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, Haredim are growing again in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, opening several new synagogues and two mikvehs in the city over the past couple of years.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Year </th> <th>Core Jewish Population</th> <th>Haredi Population<a href="#cite_note-jpr.org.uk-279">[279]</a> </th> <th>% Haredi</th> <th>Annual growth rate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>2023 </td> <td>7,200,000</td> <td>1,335,000<a href="#cite_note-idi.org_2023-207">[207]</a> </td> <td>17%</td> <td>4%<a href="#cite_note-idi.org_2023-207">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>2020 </td> <td>6,000,000</td> <td>700,000<a href="#cite_note-jppi-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-203">[203]</a> </td> <td>12%</td> <td>5.4%<a href="#cite_note-Wise-217">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>2020 </td> <td>292,000</td> <td>76,000<a href="#cite_note-:4-203">[203]</a> </td> <td>26%</td> <td>4%<a href="#cite_note-bod2008-280">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>393,500 </td> <td>30,000<a href="#cite_note-jpr.org.uk-279">[279]</a> </td> <td>8% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>175,000 </td> <td>13,500<a href="#cite_note-jpr.org.uk-279">[279]</a> </td> <td>8% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>446,000 </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>28,900 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>35% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>52,000 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>19% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>7,500 </td> <td>19% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>118,000 </td> <td>7,500<a href="#cite_note-jpr.org.uk-279">[279]</a> </td> <td>6% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>18,400 </td> <td>3,300 </td> <td>18% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>118,000 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>10,300 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>19% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>12,900 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>46,800 </td> <td>885<a href="#cite_note-jpr.org.uk-279">[279]</a> </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>29,700 </td> <td>455 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>59 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>14,900 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_leadership_and_organizations">Present leadership and organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Present leadership and organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbis_and_rabbinic_authority">Rabbis and rabbinic authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Rabbis and rabbinic authority">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority#Orthodox_Judaism_and_da'as_Torah" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority § Orthodox Judaism and da'as Torah</a></div> Notwithstanding the authority of Chief Rabbis of Israel (Ashkenazi: <a href="/wiki/David_Lau" title="David Lau">David Lau</a>, Sephardi: <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Yosef" title="Yitzhak Yosef">Yitzhak Yosef</a>), or the wide acknowledgement of specific rabbis in Israel (for example, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Gershon_Edelstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Gershon Edelstein">Rabbi Gershon Edelstein</a> of the non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Aryeh_Alter" title="Yaakov Aryeh Alter">Yaakov Aryeh Alter</a>, who heads the <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a> Hasidic dynasty, the largest Hasidic group in Israel), Haredi and Hasidic factions generally align with the independent authority of their respective group leaders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_representative_groups_and_political_parties">Major representative groups and political parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Major representative groups and political parties">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a> (representing anti-Zionist Haredi groups in and around Jerusalem, including <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dushinsky_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dushinsky (Hasidic dynasty)">Dushinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toldos_Aharon" title="Toldos Aharon">Toldos Aharon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toldos_Avrohom_Yitzchok" title="Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok">Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishkenos_HoRoim_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishkenos HoRoim (Hasidic dynasty)">Mishkenos HoRoim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)">Spinka</a>, Brisk, and a section of other <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Litvish</a> Haredim)</li></ul> Other representative associations may be linked to specific <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic">Hasidic</a> groups. For example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)">Breslov</a> Hasidism maintains an umbrella group known as Vaad Olami D'Chasedai Breslov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad Lubavitch">Chabad Lubavitch</a><a href="#cite_note-chabadquestion-227">[227]</a> maintains an international network of organizations, and is formally represented under the umbrella group <a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Agudas Chasidei Chabad</a></li> <li>The Hasidic umbrella group <a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a></li></ul> Haredi political parties in Israel include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> (representing <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Mizrahi and Sephardic Haredim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a> (alliance representing Ashkenazi Haredim) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a> (representing many Hasidic Jews)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a> (representing <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%27Bizchutan" title="U'Bizchutan">U'Bizchutan</a> (representing Haredi women and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox Jewish feminist</a> movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yachad_(political_party)" title="Yachad (political party)">Yachad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Past_leaders_of_Haredi_Jewry">Past leaders of Haredi Jewry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Past leaders of Haredi Jewry">edit</a>]</div> Leaders of Haredi Jewry in America included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Rabbi Moshe Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Kamenetsky" title="Yaakov Kamenetsky">Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Hutner" title="Yitzchak Hutner">Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Yaakov_Pam" title="Avraham Yaakov Pam">Rabbi Avraham Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel Teitelbaum">The Satmar Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">The Lubavicher Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovid_Feinstein" title="Dovid Feinstein">Rabbi Dovid Feinstein</a></li></ul> Leaders of Haredi Jewry in Israel included <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avrohom_Yeshaya_Karelitz" title="Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz">Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz</a> (Also known as the Chazon Ish).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Shlomo_Kahaneman" title="Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman">Rabbi Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman</a> (Also known as the Ponivizher Rav).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elazar_Shach" title="Elazar Shach">Rabbi Lazer Menachem Shach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Auerbach" title="Shlomo Zalman Auerbach">Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Shalom_Elyashiv" title="Yosef Shalom Elyashiv">Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Leib_Shmuelevitz" title="Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz">Rabbi Chaim Shmulevitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Yehuda_Leib_Shteinman" title="Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman">Rabbi Aharon Leib Shteinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Kanievsky" title="Chaim Kanievsky">Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Edelstein" title="Gershon Edelstein">Rabbi Gershon Edlestein</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shunning">Shunning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Shunning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Off_the_derech#Orthodox_views_of_OTD_people" title="Off the derech">Off the derech § Orthodox views of OTD people</a></div>People who decide to <a href="/wiki/Off_the_derech" title="Off the derech">leave Haredi communities</a> are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunned</a> and pressured or forced to abandon their children.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz1-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedophilia_and_sexual_abuse_cases">Pedophilia and sexual abuse cases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Pedophilia and sexual abuse cases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adass_Israel_School_sex_abuse_scandal" title="Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal">Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal</a>; <a href="/wiki/FailedMessiah.com" class="mw-redirect" title="FailedMessiah.com">FailedMessiah.com</a>; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_Institutional_Responses_to_Child_Sexual_Abuse#Yeshiva,_Melbourne_and_Yeshiva,_Bondi" title="Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse">Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse § Yeshiva, Melbourne and Yeshiva, Bondi</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_cases_in_Brooklyn%27s_Haredi_community" title="Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community">Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community</a></div> Cases of <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">assaults</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">abuses</a> against women and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">children</a> occur in roughly the same rates in Haredi communities as in the general population; however, they are rarely discussed or reported to the authorities, and frequently downplayed by members of the communities.<a href="#cite_note-Nyt2-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-VICE-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz2-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPost-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForwardJTA-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz3-288">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divorce_coercion">Divorce coercion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Divorce coercion">edit</a>]</div> To receive a religious divorce, a Jewish woman needs her husband's consent in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a> (Jewish divorce document). Without this consent, any future offspring of the wife would be considered <a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzerim</a> (bastards/impure). If the circumstances truly warrant a divorce, and the husband is unwilling, a <a href="/wiki/Dayan_(rabbinic_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayan (rabbinic judge)">dayan (rabbinic judge)</a> has the prerogative of instituting community shunning measures to "coerce him until he agrees", with physical force reserved only for the rarest of cases.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-torture-290">[290]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_divorce_coercion_gang" title="New York divorce coercion gang">New York divorce coercion gang</a> was a Haredi Jewish group that kidnapped, and in some cases tortured, Jewish men in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> to force them to grant their wives gittin (religious divorces). The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) broke up the group after conducting a <a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">sting operation</a> against the gang in October 2013. The sting resulted in the prosecution of four men, three of whom were convicted in late 2015.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_controversies_involving_Haredi_communities_and_parties_in_Israel">Political controversies involving Haredi communities and parties in Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Political controversies involving Haredi communities and parties in Israel">edit</a>]</div> In January 2023, the Times of Israel reported that Haredi Jewish citizens in Israel pays just 2% of the country's total income tax revenues, despite making up 12% of the nation's population. Furthermore, the article's author described their communities as an epicenter of poverty, with over 60% of Haredi households classified as poor on the government's socioeconomic index, with that figure remaining nearly constant in every Haredi community.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> While this disparity has been present in Israel for decades, it has garnered more attention since December 2022 for numerous reasons. First, Haredi families have the highest fertility rate in Israel, at 6.6 births per woman. In comparison, the average fertility rate in Israel is much lower, at 2.9 per woman. Current projections estimate that the Haredi population will double by 2036, and they will comprise 16% of the total population by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The second aspect of the controversy surrounds their political connections to Israel's Religious Zionist alliance. Historically, they have remained politically uninvolved, but since the 1990s, they have continuously engaged more. Today, members of Israel's ultra-Orthodox community have long enjoyed benefits unavailable to many other Israeli citizens: exemption from army service for Torah students, government stipends for those choosing full-time religious study over work, and separate schools that receive state funds even though their curriculums often do not fully teach government-mandated subjects. Today, many Israeli Haredi men do not work, preferring to study the Torah full-time, since they receive government funding for it, thus resulting in their high poverty rate.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praise_and_admiration_for_Haredi_society">Praise and admiration for Haredi society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Praise and admiration for Haredi society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praise_for_the_Haredi_yeshiva_system">Praise for the Haredi yeshiva system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Praise for the Haredi yeshiva system">edit</a>]</div> In the midst of a controversy surrounding the limited secular education in some Haredi yeshivas, New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a> held up the Haredi yeshiva model as a model to emulate, arguing that "We need to ask, 'What are we doing wrong in our schools?' And learn what you are doing in the yeshivas to improve education."<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>, in an interview with a former yeshiva student, observed that the yeshiva system, with its emphasis on asking questions, "seems like a great education".<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praise_for_the_Haredi_lifestyle">Praise for the Haredi lifestyle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Praise for the Haredi lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish Chicago (page does not exist)">Jewish Chicago</a> has lauded the Haredim for their lifestyle, arguing that it has low crime and drugs, and a strong sense of family and community.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_portrayals_of_Haredim_in_film">Positive portrayals of Haredim in film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Positive portrayals of Haredim in film">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_Life_Apart">A Life Apart</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: A Life Apart">edit</a>]</div> "A Life Apart" is a film produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Daum" title="Menachem Daum">Menachem Daum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oren_Rudavsky" title="Oren Rudavsky">Oren Rudavsky</a>, which aimed to portray the Hasidic Hareidi world in more positive terms, stressing the close family ties as well as their rich traditions.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shtisel">Shtisel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Shtisel">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Shtisel" title="Shtisel">Shtisel</a> is an Israeli television series about a Haredi family which has led to more favorable feelings about Haredi Jews.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">Relationships between Jewish religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms among the Jews#Hasidim and Mitnagdim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rubel2010-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubel2010_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRubel2010" class="citation book cs1">Rubel, Nora L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/rube14186/html">Doubting the Devout: The Ultra-Orthodox in the Jewish American Imagination</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Frube14186">10.7312/rube14186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14187-1"><bdi>978-0-231-14187-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/rube14186">10.7312/rube14186</a>. Retrieved July 24, 2013. <q>Mainstream Jews have—until recently—maintained the impression that the ultraorthodox are the "real" Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doubting+the+Devout%3A+The+Ultra-Orthodox+in+the+Jewish+American+Imagination&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Frube14186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Frube14186&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14187-1&rft.aulast=Rubel&rft.aufirst=Nora+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7312%2Frube14186%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaetsky2022" class="citation web cs1">Staetsky, L. Daniel (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpr.org.uk/sites/default/files/attachments/haredi-Jews-around-the-world-jpr-2022_1.pdf">"Haredi Jews around the world: Population trends and estimates"</a> (PDF). Institute for Jewish Policy Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Jewish+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Haredi+Jews+around+the+world%3A+Population+trends+and+estimates&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Staetsky&rft.aufirst=L.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpr.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fharedi-Jews-around-the-world-jpr-2022_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stadler4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stadler4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadler4_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadler4_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStadler2009">Stadler 2009</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Yehuda2010">Ben-Yehuda 2010</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteDavies1998" class="citation book cs1">White, John Kenneth; Davies, Philip John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQLXVQ6Y_1MC&pg=PA177">Political Parties and the Collapse of the Old Orders</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4068-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-4068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Old+Orders&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4068-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John+Kenneth&rft.au=Davies%2C+Philip+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQLXVQ6Y_1MC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosminKeysar2009" class="citation book cs1">Kosmin, Barry Alexander; Keysar, Ariela (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDPbPBJXgrUC&pg=PA86">Secularism, Women & the State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Secularism_in_Society_and_Culture" title="Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture">Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-00328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-00328-2"><bdi>978-0-692-00328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism%2C+Women+%26+the+State%3A+The+Mediterranean+World+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Secularism+in+Society+and+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-692-00328-2&rft.aulast=Kosmin&rft.aufirst=Barry+Alexander&rft.au=Keysar%2C+Ariela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDPbPBJXgrUC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Sokol, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetower.org/article/introducing-the-new-haredim/">"Introducing the New, Improved Haredim"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Tower_Magazine" title="The Tower Magazine">The Tower Magazine</a>, May 2013. accessed June 28, 2024. "The term 'Haredi' comes from the Hebrew word for trembling or, depending on context, anxiety. Like the American Shakers and Quakers, it is a direct reference to the fear of God, or of transgressing His laws, that lies at the core of the lives of adherents." </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoe2014" class="citation news cs1">Markoe, Lauren (February 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/should-ultra-orthodox-jews-be-able-to-decide-what-theyre-called/2014/02/06/99c2a506-8f74-11e3-878e-d76656564a01_story.html">"Should ultra-Orthodox Jews be able to decide what they're called?"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Should+ultra-Orthodox+Jews+be+able+to+decide+what+they%27re+called%3F&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Markoe&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Freligion%2Fshould-ultra-orthodox-jews-be-able-to-decide-what-theyre-called%2F2014%2F02%2F06%2F99c2a506-8f74-11e3-878e-d76656564a01_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilologos_[Hillel_Halkin]2013" class="citation news cs1">Philologos [Hillel Halkin] (February 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/culture/171116/just-how-orthodox-are-they/">"Just How Orthodox Are They?"</a>. The Forward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810120031/https://forward.com/culture/171116/just-how-orthodox-are-they/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Just+How+Orthodox+Are+They%3F&rft.date=2013-02-17&rft.au=Philologos+%5BHillel+Halkin%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F171116%2Fjust-how-orthodox-are-they%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1916" class="citation book cs1">May, Max B. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5365/IMWise_max_may.pdf">Isaac Mayer Wise: Founder of American Judaism: A Biography</a> (PDF). New York: <a href="/wiki/G.P._Putnam%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="G.P. Putnam's">G.P. Putnam's</a>. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Mayer+Wise%3A+Founder+of+American+Judaism%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Max+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.americanjewisharchives.org%2Fwise%2Fattachment%2F5365%2FIMWise_max_may.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayalon1999-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayalon1999_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayalon1999_11-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Ami_Ayalon" title="Ami Ayalon">Ayalon, Ami</a> (1999). "Language as a barrier to political reform in the Middle East", <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_the_Sociology_of_Language" title="International Journal of the Sociology of Language">International Journal of the Sociology of Language</a>, Volume 137, pp. 67–80: "Haredi" has none of the misleading religious implications of "ultra-Orthodox": in the words of Shilhav (1989: 53),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] "They are not necessarily [objectively] more religious, but religious in a different way."; and "'Haredi' ... is preferable, being a term commonly used by such Jews themselves ... Moreover, it carries none of the venom often injected into the term 'ultra-Orthodox' by other Jews and, sadly, by the Western media ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-OthersPejorative-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OthersPejorative_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OthersPejorative_12-1">b</a> Sources describing the term as pejorative or derogatory include: <ul><li>Kobre, Eytan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmediaresources.com/561/one-people-two-worlds">One People, Two Worlds. A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them, reviewed by Eytan Kobre</a>, Jewish Media Resources, February 2003. Retrieved August 25, 2009. "Indeed, the social scientist <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Schick" title="Marvin Schick">Marvin Schick</a> calls attention to the fact that 'through the simple device of identifying [some Jews] ... as "ultra-Orthodox", ... [a] pejorative term has become the standard reference term for describing a great many Orthodox Jews... No other ethnic or religious group in this country is identified in language that conveys so negative a message.'"</li> <li>Goldschmidt, Henry. Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>, 2006, p. 244, note 26. "I am reluctant to use the term 'ultra-Orthodox', as the prefix 'ultra' carries pejorative connotations of irrational extremism."</li> <li>Longman, Chia. "Engendering Identities as Political Processes: Discources of Gender Among Strictly Orthodox Jewish Women", in Rik Pinxten, Ghislain Verstraete, Chia Longmanp (eds.) Culture and Politics: Identity and Conflict in a Multicultural World, Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 55. "Webber (1994: 27) uses the label 'strictly Orthodox' when referring to Haredi, seemingly more adequate as a purely descriptive name, yet carrying less pejorative connotations than ultra-Orthodox."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shafran" class="mw-redirect" title="Avi Shafran">Shafran, Avi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/">"Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox'"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Daily_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Daily Forward">The Jewish Daily Forward</a>, February 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. "Considering that other Orthodox groups have self-identified with prefixes like 'modern' or 'open', why can't we Haredim just be, simply, 'Orthodox'? Our beliefs and practices, after all, are those that most resemble those of our grandparents. But, whatever alternative is adopted, 'ultra' deserves to be jettisoned from media and discourse. We Haredim aren't looking for special treatment, or to be called by some name we just happen to prefer. We're only seeking the mothballing of a pejorative."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolow2010" class="citation book cs1">Stolow, Jeremy (January 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MO159He5WgYC&q=ultra+orthodox+pejorative&pg=PA183">Orthodox by Design: Judaism, Print Politics, and the ArtScroll Revolution</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520264250" title="Special:BookSources/9780520264250"><bdi>9780520264250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+by+Design%3A+Judaism%2C+Print+Politics%2C+and+the+ArtScroll+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=9780520264250&rft.aulast=Stolow&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMO159He5WgYC%26q%3Dultra%2Borthodox%2Bpejorative%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shafran-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Shafran_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafran2014" class="citation web cs1">Shafran, Avi (February 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/opinion/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/">"Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox"</a>. Forward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191856/https://forward.com/opinion/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Call+Us+%27Ultra-Orthodox&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.aulast=Shafran&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fopinion%2F193209%2Fdont-call-us-ultra-orthodox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Lipowsky, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstandard.com/index.php/content/item/paper_loses_divisive_term/6507">"Paper loses 'divisive' term"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826134608/http://www.jstandard.com/index.php/content/item/paper_loses_divisive_term/6507">Archived</a> August 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Standard" title="Jewish Standard">Jewish Standard</a>. January 30, 2009. "... JTA [Jewish Telegraphic Agency] faced the same conundrum and decided to do away with the term, replacing it with 'fervently Orthodox'. ... 'Ultra-Orthodox' was seen as a derogatory term that suggested extremism." </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072956/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism">"Orthodox Judaism"</a>. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism">the original</a> on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2019. <q>Orthodox Judaism claims to preserve Jewish law and tradition from the time of Moses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Judaism&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+%26+World+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2Forthodox-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinSchwirtz2013" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Joseph; Schwirtz, Michael (October 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/nyregion/rabbis-accused-in-kidnapping-plot-to-force-men-to-grant-divorces.html">"U.S. Accuses 2 Rabbis of Kidnapping Husbands for a Fee"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved April 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Accuses+2+Rabbis+of+Kidnapping+Husbands+for+a+Fee&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Schwirtz%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F11%2Fnyregion%2Frabbis-accused-in-kidnapping-plot-to-force-men-to-grant-divorces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilman" class="citation news cs1">Heilman, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/opinion/193306/ultra-orthodox-jews-shouldnt-have-a-monopoly-on-tr/">"Ultra-Orthodox Jews Shouldn't Have a Monopoly on Tradition"</a>. The Forward. Retrieved January 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Ultra-Orthodox+Jews+Shouldn%27t+Have+a+Monopoly+on+Tradition&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fopinion%2F193306%2Fultra-orthodox-jews-shouldnt-have-a-monopoly-on-tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilman1976" class="citation book cs1">Heilman, Samuel C. (1976). Synagogue Life: A Study in Symbolic Interaction. Transaction Publishers. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412835497" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412835497"><bdi>978-1412835497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synagogue+Life%3A+A+Study+in+Symbolic+Interaction&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-1412835497&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2011" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer, George (2011). Ryan, J. Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ritz">The concise encyclopedia of sociology</a>. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ritz/page/n384">335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444392647" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444392647"><bdi>978-1444392647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concise+encyclopedia+of+sociology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1444392647&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope00ritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Donna Rosenthal. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. Simon and Schuster, 2005. p. 183. "Dossim, a derogatory word for Haredim, is Yiddish-accented Hebrew for 'religious'." </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Nadia Abu El-Haj. Facts on the ground: Archaeological practice and territorial self-fashioning in Israeli society. University of Chicago Press, 2001. p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenor2012" class="citation book cs1">Benor, Sarah Bunin (2012). Becoming frum how newcomers learn the language and culture of Orthodox Judaism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813553917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813553917"><bdi>978-0813553917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+frum+how+newcomers+learn+the+language+and+culture+of+Orthodox+Judaism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0813553917&rft.aulast=Benor&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Bunin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> For example: Arnold Eisen, Rethinking Modern Judaism, University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubel2009" class="citation book cs1">Rubel, Nora L. (November 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7P7t4sY1iPgC&pg=PT31">Doubting the Devout: The Ultra-Orthodox in the Jewish American Imagination</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231512589" title="Special:BookSources/9780231512589"><bdi>9780231512589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doubting+the+Devout%3A+The+Ultra-Orthodox+in+the+Jewish+American+Imagination&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.isbn=9780231512589&rft.aulast=Rubel&rft.aufirst=Nora+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7P7t4sY1iPgC%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2016" class="citation book cs1">Caplan, Kimmy (October 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199840731/obo-9780199840731-0139.xml">"Post-World War II Orthodoxy"</a>. Jewish Studies. pp. 9780199840731–0139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199840731-0139">10.1093/OBO/9780199840731-0139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984073-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984073-1"><bdi>978-0-19-984073-1</bdi></a>. <q>First and foremost, as Katz 1986 and Samet 1988 prove, notwithstanding the overall Orthodox perception that it is the only authentic expression of traditional Judaism and although it is related to traditional Judaism, Orthodoxy is a modern European phenomenon which gradually emerged in response to the gradual demise of traditional Jewish societies, the rise of the Jewish Enlightenment (<a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>), Jewish Reforms, secularization, and various additional processes which developed throughout the 19th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-World+War+II+Orthodoxy&rft.btitle=Jewish+Studies&rft.pages=9780199840731-0139&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199840731-0139&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984073-1&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Kimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199840731%2Fobo-9780199840731-0139.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlifkin" class="citation web cs1">Slifkin, Natan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zootorah.com/RationalistJudaism/NoveltyOfOrthodoxy.pdf">"The Novelty of Orthodoxy"</a> (PDF). <q>The Orthodox simply viewed themselves as authentically continuing the ways of old. Originally, historians viewed them in the same way, considering them less interesting than more visibly new forms of Judaism such as the haskalah and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>. But beginning with the works of Joseph Ben-David2 and Jacob Katz,3 it was realized in academic circles that all of this was nothing more than a fiction, a romantic fantasy. The very act of being loyal to tradition in the face of the massive changes of the eighteenth century forced the creation of a new type of Judaism. It was traditionalist rather than traditional.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Novelty+of+Orthodoxy&rft.aulast=Slifkin&rft.aufirst=Natan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zootorah.com%2FRationalistJudaism%2FNoveltyOfOrthodoxy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKogman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kogman, Tal (January 7, 2017). "Science and the Rabbis: Haskamot, Haskalah, and the Boundaries of Jewish Knowledge in Scientific Hebrew Literature and Textbooks". The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 62: 135–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybw021">10.1093/leobaeck/ybw021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leo+Baeck+Institute+Year+Book&rft.atitle=Science+and+the+Rabbis%3A+Haskamot%2C+Haskalah%2C+and+the+Boundaries+of+Jewish+Knowledge+in+Scientific+Hebrew+Literature+and+Textbooks&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=135-149&rft.date=2017-01-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybw021&rft.aulast=Kogman&rft.aufirst=Tal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaysh_Weiss" class="citation web cs1">Raysh Weiss. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/haredim-charedim/">"Haredim (Charedim), or Ultra-Orthodox Jews"</a>. My Jewish Learning. <q>What unites haredim is their absolute reverence for Torah, including both the Written and Oral Law, as the central and determining factor in all aspects of life. ... In order to prevent outside influence and contamination of values and practices, haredim strive to limit their contact with the outside world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haredim+%28Charedim%29%2C+or+Ultra-Orthodox+Jews&rft.pub=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.au=Raysh+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fharedim-charedim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072956/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism">"Orthodox Judaism"</a>. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism">the original</a> on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2019. <q>Haredi Judaism, on the other hand, prefers not to interact with secular society, seeking to preserve halakha without amending it to modern circumstances and to safeguard believers from involvement in a society that challenges their ability to abide by halakha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Judaism&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+%26+World+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2Forthodox-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219185858/http://www.jewishscouting.org/programhelps/stuff/nertamidworkbookv2-levens.pdf">"Ner Tamid Emblem Workbook"</a> (PDF). January 20, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishscouting.org/programhelps/stuff/nertamidworkbookv2-levens.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ner+Tamid+Emblem+Workbook&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishscouting.org%2Fprogramhelps%2Fstuff%2Fnertamidworkbookv2-levens.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Schick_Mosheh">"YIVO | Schick, Mosheh"</a>. Yivoencyclopedia.org. 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The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hasidism%3A+Historical+Overview&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+YIVO+Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Assaf&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FHasidism%2FHistorical_Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacQueen2014" class="citation journal cs1">MacQueen, Michael (2014). "The Context of Mass Destruction: Agents and Prerequisites of the Holocaust in Lithuania". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Jewish_World_Today/Denominations/Orthodox/haredim.shtml">the original</a> on July 9, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haredim+%28Chareidim%29&rft.pub=myjewishlearning.com&rft.date=2023-08-12&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Raysh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fhistory%2FJewish_World_Today%2FDenominations%2FOrthodox%2Fharedim.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheimer-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer_43-1">b</a> Wertheimer, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/what-you-dont-know-about-the-ultra-orthodox/">"What You Don't Know About the Ultra-Orthodox."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724163326/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/what-you-dont-know-about-the-ultra-orthodox/">Archived</a> July 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Commentary Magazine. 1 July 2015. 4 September 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-DešenLiebman1995-44"><a href="#cite_ref-DešenLiebman1995_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠelomo_A._DešenCharles_Seymour_LiebmanMoshe_Shokeid1995" class="citation book cs1">Šelomo A. Dešen; Charles Seymour Liebman; Moshe Shokeid (January 1, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBOTrPILb9YC&pg=PA28">Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2674-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2674-7"><bdi>978-1-4128-2674-7</bdi></a>. <q>The number of baalei teshuvah, "penitents" from secular backgrounds who become Ultraorthodox Jews, amounts to a few thousand, mainly between the years 1975-1987, and is modest, compared with the natural growth of the haredim; but the phenomenon has generated great interest in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israeli+Judaism%3A+The+Sociology+of+Religion+in+Israel&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2674-7&rft.au=%C5%A0elomo+A.+De%C5%A1en&rft.au=Charles+Seymour+Liebman&rft.au=Moshe+Shokeid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBOTrPILb9YC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1992">Harris 1992</a>, p. 490: "This movement began in the US, but is now centred in Israel, where, since 1967, many thousands of Jews have consciously adopted an ultra-Orthodox lifestyle." </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub2002">Weintraub 2002</a>, p. 211: "Many of the ultra-Orthodox Jews living in Brooklyn are baaley tshuva, Jews who have gone through a repentance experience and have become Orthodox, though they may have been raised in entirely secular Jewish homes." </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Returning to Tradition: The Contemporary Revival of Orthodox Judaism, By M. Herbert Danzger: "A survey of Jews in the New York metropolitan area found that 24% of those who were highly observant (defined as those who would not handle money on the Sabbath) had been reared by parents who did not share such scruples. [...] The ba'al t'shuva represents a new phenomenon for Judaism; for the first time there are not only Jews who leave the fold ... but also a substantial number who "return". p. 2; and: "These estimates may be high... Nevertheless, as these are the only available data we will use them... Defined in terms of observance, then, the number of newly Orthodox is about 100,000... despite the number choosing to be orthodox the data do not suggest that Orthodox Judaism is growing. The survey indicates that although one in four parents were Orthodox, in practice, only one in ten respondents are Orthodox" p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannSiebzehner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, David; Siebzehner, Batia (August 2009). "Power, Boundaries and Institutions: Marriage in Ultra-Orthodox Judaism". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpa.org/cjc/cjc-waxman-f05.htm">the original</a> on March 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winners+and+Losers+in+Denominational+Memberships+in+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Fcjc%2Fcjc-waxman-f05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilan_2012-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilan_2012_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlan2012" class="citation web cs1">Ilan, Shahar (July 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/shahar-ilan-judaism-s-extreme-makeover-1.5266176">"The myth of Haredi moral authority"</a>. Haaretz.com. Retrieved August 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+Haredi+moral+authority&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft.aulast=Ilan&rft.aufirst=Shahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fshahar-ilan-judaism-s-extreme-makeover-1.5266176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_fund-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_fund_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunson2019" class="citation web cs1">Munson, Henry L. Jr. (November 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/fundamentalism/The-Haredim">"Fundamentalism - The Haredim"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Fundamentalism+-+The+Haredim&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=Henry+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ffundamentalism%2FThe-Haredim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey2007-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Frey2007_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2007" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qox1eQ94vJwC&pg=PA9">Fundamentalism</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0899-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-0899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalism&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0899-5&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQox1eQ94vJwC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sciences1994-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Sciences1994_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmanFriedman1994" class="citation book cs1">Heilman, Samuel C.; Friedman, Menachem (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA257">"Religious Fundamentalism and Religious Jews: The Case of the Haredim"</a>. In Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott; American Academy of Arts and Sciences (eds.). Fundamentalisms Observed. University of Chicago Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8"><bdi>978-0-226-50878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+and+Religious+Jews%3A+The+Case+of+the+Haredim&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994-07&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50878-8&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd5yzP5hdiEC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brasher2001-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Brasher2001_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuff2001" class="citation book cs1">Huff, Peter A. (October 19, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jA2_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">"Haredim"</a>. In Brasher, Brenda (ed.). Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism: Volume 3 of Religion & Society. Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61472-834-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61472-834-4"><bdi>978-1-61472-834-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haredim&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Fundamentalism%3A+Volume+3+of+Religion+%26+Society&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001-10-19&rft.isbn=978-1-61472-834-4&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjA2_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herriot2008-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Herriot2008_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerriot2008" class="citation book cs1">Herriot, Peter (September 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hl19AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA246">Religious Fundamentalism: Global, Local and Personal</a>. Routledge. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10161-0"><bdi>978-1-134-10161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Fundamentalism%3A+Global%2C+Local+and+Personal&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10161-0&rft.aulast=Herriot&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhl19AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberstein1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbmYTCgAAQBAJpgPA18_18]-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberstein1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbmYTCgAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilberstein1993">Silberstein 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmYTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">18</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn2015-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn2015_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanner-Klausner2015" class="citation book cs1">Janner-Klausner, Laura (October 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eeKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">"Jewish Fundamentalism"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G. (ed.). Fundamentalisms: Threats and Ideologies in the Modern World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-545-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-545-5"><bdi>978-0-85772-545-5</bdi></a>. <q>organised Haredi Judaism is in fact a relatively new phenomenon in Jewish history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Fundamentalism&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms%3A+Threats+and+Ideologies+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-545-5&rft.aulast=Janner-Klausner&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eeKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFader2020" class="citation book cs1">Fader, Ayala (May 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691169903/hidden-heretics">Hidden Heretics</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 17–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16990-3"><bdi>978-0-691-16990-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Heretics&rft.pages=17-20&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16990-3&rft.aulast=Fader&rft.aufirst=Ayala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691169903%2Fhidden-heretics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.org.uk/2018/06/26/state-faith-school-caught-redacting-textbooks-by-humanists-uk-rated-inadequate-by-ofsted/">"State faith school that redacted textbooks failed by Ofsted"</a>. Humanists UK. June 26, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanists+UK&rft.atitle=State+faith+school+that+redacted+textbooks+failed+by+Ofsted&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanism.org.uk%2F2018%2F06%2F26%2Fstate-faith-school-caught-redacting-textbooks-by-humanists-uk-rated-inadequate-by-ofsted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/23/133599">School Report: Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls School</a>. Ofsted. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+Report%3A+Yesodey+Hatorah+Senior+Girls+School&rft.pub=Ofsted&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freports.ofsted.gov.uk%2Fprovider%2F23%2F133599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarediMenWomenWorforcePercentageIsrael-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarediMenWomenWorforcePercentageIsrael_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarediMenWomenWorforcePercentageIsrael_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarediMenWomenWorforcePercentageIsrael_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFלהב2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script">להב, אביטל (January 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4615101,00.html"><bdi lang="he">הלמ"ס: 56% מהגברים החרדים מועסקים</bdi></a>. Ynet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%22%D7%A1%3A+56%25+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.aulast=%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91&rft.aufirst=%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4615101%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStadler2009">Stadler 2009</a>, p. 79: "The economic situation of Haredi in Israel is unique. When comparing the Haredi community in Israel with that in the United States, Gonen (2000) found that Haredi members in the United States (both Lithuanians and Hasidic) work and participate in the labor market." </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStadler2009">Stadler 2009</a>, p. 44: "The support of the yeshiva culture is related also to the developments of Israel's welfare policy... This is why in Israel today, Haredim live in relatively poorer conditions (Berman 2000, Dahan 1998, Shilhav 1991), and large Haredi families are totally dependent on state-funded social support systems. This situation is unique to Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStadler2009">Stadler 2009</a>, pp. 77–78: "According to various surveys of the Haredi community, between 46 and 60 percent of its members do not participate in the labor market and 25 percent have part-time jobs (see Berman 1998; Dahan 1998). Members who work usually take specific jobs within a very narrow range of occupations, mainly those of teachers and clerical or administrative staff (Lupo 2003). In addition, because Haredim encourage large families, half of them live in poverty and economic distress (Berman 1998)." </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFנחשוני2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">נחשוני, קובי (July 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4410937,00.html"><bdi lang="he">הרב הראשי לתלמידי הישיבות: אל תצפו בטלוויזיה בפיצוציות</bdi></a> [Chief Rabbi [of Israel] To Yeshiva Students: Don't Watch TV in Kiosks]. Ynetnews (in Hebrew). Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%3A+%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99&rft.aufirst=%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4410937%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblum2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenblum" title="Jonathan Rosenblum">Rosenblum, Jonathan</a> (December 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302061255/http://www.jewishmediaresources.org/article/784/">"Proud to be Chareidi"</a>. Jewish Media Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmediaresources.org/article/784/">the original</a> on March 2, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proud+to+be+Chareidi&rft.pub=Jewish+Media+Resources&rft.date=2004-12-15&rft.aulast=Rosenblum&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmediaresources.org%2Farticle%2F784%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Jason (June 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-jason-miller/ultraorthodox-jews-are-co_b_1580899.html">"Ultra-Orthodox Jews are Correct About the Dangers of the Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. Retrieved June 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Ultra-Orthodox+Jews+are+Correct+About+the+Dangers+of+the+Internet&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frabbi-jason-miller%2Fultraorthodox-jews-are-co_b_1580899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7636021.stm">"Is that cellphone kosher?"</a>. BBC News. October 6, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+that+cellphone+kosher%3F&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7636021.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/nyregion/ultra-orthodox-jews-hold-rally-on-internet-at-citi-field.html?_r=0">"Ultra-Orthodox Jews Rally to Discuss Risks of Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. May 20, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ultra-Orthodox+Jews+Rally+to+Discuss+Risks+of+Internet&rft.date=2012-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F21%2Fnyregion%2Fultra-orthodox-jews-hold-rally-on-internet-at-citi-field.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2013" class="citation news cs1">Sommer, Allison Kaplan (September 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.546014">"Haredi Rabbis Ban All-female Zumba Classes"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Haredi+Rabbis+Ban+All-female+Zumba+Classes&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Allison+Kaplan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F.premium-1.546014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women-Only-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women-Only_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women-Only_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/183625/haredi-rabbis-outlaw-women-only-zumba-classes/#ixzz2glRtEXy5">"Haredi Rabbis Outlaw Women-Only Zumba Classes"</a>. September 9, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haredi+Rabbis+Outlaw+Women-Only+Zumba+Classes&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F183625%2Fharedi-rabbis-outlaw-women-only-zumba-classes%2F%23ixzz2glRtEXy5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsShaindy_Marks2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Leah; Shaindy Marks (2006). Dating secrets: the ultimate guide to finding your spouse. New York: Shaar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4226-0220-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4226-0220-6"><bdi>1-4226-0220-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123944171">123944171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dating+secrets%3A+the+ultimate+guide+to+finding+your+spouse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Shaar+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123944171&rft.isbn=1-4226-0220-6&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft.au=Shaindy+Marks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/culture/shidduch-app-now-available-in-english-685452">"'Shidduch' app now available in English"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved April 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=%27Shidduch%27+app+now+available+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fculture%2Fshidduch-app-now-available-in-english-685452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Rubin2012" class="citation book cs1">Barry Rubin (2012). Israel: An Introduction. Yale University Press. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Barry+Rubin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510042843/http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/11-01-06.html">"Question 11.1.6: Dress: Why do some Orthodox Jews, especially Chassidim, wear a distinctive style of clothing (i. e., fur hats, black coats, gartel)?"</a>. Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/11-01-06.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2016. <q>The style of hat varies by groups, and the black hat is relatively modern. In the pre-war Lithuanian Yeshivot, grey suits and grey fedoras were the style, and many in the Litvish tradition still wear grey and blue suits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soc.Culture.Jewish+Newsgroups&rft.atitle=Question+11.1.6%3A+Dress%3A+Why+do+some+Orthodox+Jews%2C+especially+Chassidim%2C+wear+a+distinctive+style+of+clothing+%28i.+e.%2C+fur+hats%2C+black+coats%2C+gartel%29%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shamash.org%2Flists%2Fscj-faq%2FHTML%2Ffaq%2F11-01-06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> What Kind of Frum Am I?, Rebbetzin Esther Reisman, Binah Magazine, December 23, 2019 (vol. 13, no. 664), p. 34: In the 1970s and '80s, most bachurim [yeshiva students] did not wear white shirts. My husband [Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Reisman" title="Yisroel Reisman">Yisroel Reisman</a>] and most of his friends wore colored shirts during the week and white shirts on Shabbos. In looking at group photographs of talmidim [students] and Rebbeim [rabbinic teachers] of this tekufah [era], one is struck by the colorful attire of the talmidim. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoffman2011">Hoffman 2011</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-peopleil-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peopleil_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peopleil_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153352/http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7550">"A long article explaining the characteristics of female Haredi dress inside and outside the house"</a>. Peopleil.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7550">the original</a> on November 1, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+long+article+explaining+the+characteristics+of+female+Haredi+dress+inside+and+outside+the+house&rft.pub=Peopleil.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peopleil.org%2Fdetails.aspx%3FitemID%3D7550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalahar2010" class="citation news cs1">Galahar, Ari (September 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3949586,00.html">"Rabbi Yosef comes out against wig-wearing"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved January 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Yosef+comes+out+against+wig-wearing&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.aulast=Galahar&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3949586%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan2013-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan2013_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAryeh_Spero2013" class="citation book cs1">Aryeh Spero (January 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMUNsX5Ydz4C&pg=PA119">"Orthodoxy Confronts Reform – The Two Hundred Years' War"</a>. In Dana Evan Kaplan (ed.). Contemporary Debates in American Reform Judaism: Conflicting Visions. Routledge. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-05574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-05574-4"><bdi>978-1-136-05574-4</bdi></a>. <q>Haredi citizenship is beneficial, however, since it creates safe neighborhoods where robbery, mugging, or rape will not be visited on strangers walking through it, and where rules of modesty and civilized behavior are the expected norm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orthodoxy+Confronts+Reform+%E2%80%93+The+Two+Hundred+Years%27+War&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Debates+in+American+Reform+Judaism%3A+Conflicting+Visions&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-05574-4&rft.au=Aryeh+Spero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMUNsX5Ydz4C%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr_Sered2001">Starr Sered 2001</a>, p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharkansky1996">Sharkansky 1996</a>, p. 145: "'Modesty patrols' exist in Bnei Brak and ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods of Jerusalem; their purpose is to keep those areas free of immoral influences." </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Yehuda2010">Ben-Yehuda 2010</a>, p. 115: "Women dressed in what is judged as immodest may experience violence and harassment, and demands to leave the area. Immodest advertising may cause Haredi boycotts, and public spaces that present immodest advertisement may be vandalized." </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelman1992">Melman 1992</a>, p. 128: "In one part of the city, Orthodox platoons smash billboards showing half-naked fashion models." </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeilman2002">Heilman 2002</a>, p. 322: "While similar sentiments about the moral significance of "immodest" posters in public are surely shared by American Haredim, they would not attack images of scantily clad models on city bus stops on their neighborhoods with the same alacrity as their Israeli counterparts." </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/62199/calvin-klein-bra-advert-ruled-ok-despite-charedi-complaint">Calvin Klein bra advert ruled OK despite Charedi complaint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701215859/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/62199/calvin-klein-bra-advert-ruled-ok-despite-charedi-complaint">Archived</a> July 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jennifer Lipman, January 18, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4345232,00.html">Jews flee Rio during carnival</a>, Kobi Nahshoni 15/02/13 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2012">Cohen 2012</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidman2012" class="citation web cs1">Lidman, Melanie (August 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Egged-We-will-not-use-people-on-Jlem-bus-ads">"Egged: We will not use people on J'lem bus ads"</a>. Jpost.com. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egged%3A+We+will+not+use+people+on+J%27lem+bus+ads&rft.pub=Jpost.com&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.aulast=Lidman&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FNational-News%2FEgged-We-will-not-use-people-on-Jlem-bus-ads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/egged-nixes-jerusalem-ads-featuring-extra-terrestrial/">Egged bars J'lem ads featuring aliens</a> Times of Israel (June 28, 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1437252/Ban-this-offensive-advert-Jewish-leaders-demand.html">Ban this offensive advert, Jewish leaders demand</a>, By Chris Hastings and Elizabeth Day 27/07/03Daily Telegraph </li> <li id="cite_note-IIIDemerath2003-95"><a href="#cite_ref-IIIDemerath2003_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._J._Demerath,_IIINicholas_Jay_Demerath2003" class="citation book cs1">N. J. Demerath, III; Nicholas Jay Demerath (January 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Mi-H4N1Z4C&pg=PA103">Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3207-3"><bdi>978-0-8135-3207-3</bdi></a>. <q>To honor the Sabbath, many government services are closed, and no state buses operate from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday. Recent religious demands in Jerusalem have ranged from Sabbath road closings in Jewish areas and relocating a sports stadium so that it would not disturb a particular neighborhood's Sabbath to halting the sale of non-kosher food in Jewish sectors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Gods%3A+World+Religions+and+Worldly+Politics&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3207-3&rft.au=N.+J.+Demerath%2C+III&rft.au=Nicholas+Jay+Demerath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_Mi-H4N1Z4C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose2004-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Rose2004_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssa_Rose2004" class="citation book cs1">Issa Rose (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFaprMmLaOIC&pg=PA101">Taking Space Seriously: Law, Space, and Society in Contemporary Israel</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 101–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2351-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-2351-9</bdi></a>. <q>The residents of the neighbourhood considered traffic on the Sabbath an intolerable provocation directly interfering with their way of life and began to demonstrate against it (Segev, 1986).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Space+Seriously%3A+Law%2C+Space%2C+and+Society+in+Contemporary+Israel&rft.pages=101-105&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-2351-9&rft.au=Issa+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFaprMmLaOIC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandau1993">Landau 1993</a>, p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEttinger2011b">Ettinger 2011b</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeveloff_2011-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeveloff_2011_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeveloff_2011_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeveloff2011">Zeveloff 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChavkinNathan-Kazis2011">Chavkin & Nathan-Kazis 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosenberg2011">Rosenberg 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharon2012">Sharon 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeller2012">Heller 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0NNAAAAYAAJ">The Jewish Spectator</a>. School of the Jewish Woman. 1977. p. 6. <q>THE NEW YORK State Assembly has passed a law permitting segregated seating for women on the buses chartered by ultra-Orthodox Jews for the routes from their Brooklyn and Rockland County (Spring Valley, Monsey, New Square) neighborhoods to their places of business and work in Manhattan. The buses are equipped with mehitzot, which separate the men's section from the women's. The operator of the partitioned buses, and the sponsors of the law that permits their unequal seating argued their case by invoking freedom of religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Spectator&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=School+of+the+Jewish+Woman&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm0NNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDashefskySheskin2012">Dashefsky & Sheskin 2012</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaughney2011">Haughney 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobre2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kobre, Eytan (December 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103132148/http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1697/In-The-Hot-Seat#showDiv1">"In The Hot Seat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mishpacha" title="Mishpacha">Mishpacha</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1697/In-The-Hot-Seat#showDiv1">the original</a> on November 3, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mishpacha&rft.atitle=In+The+Hot+Seat&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft.aulast=Kobre&rft.aufirst=Eytan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mishpacha.com%2FBrowse%2FArticle%2F1697%2FIn-The-Hot-Seat%23showDiv1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katya_Alder-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Katya_Alder_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatya_Alder2007" class="citation news cs1">Katya Alder (April 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6584661.stm">"Israel's 'modesty buses' draw fire"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+%27modesty+buses%27+draw+fire&rft.date=2007-04-24&rft.au=Katya+Alder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6584661.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3654758,00.html">"El Al to launch kosher flights for haredim - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews"</a>. Ynet.co.il. Retrieved September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Al+to+launch+kosher+flights+for+haredim+-+Israel+Jewish+Scene%2C+Ynetnews&rft.pub=Ynet.co.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Fenglish%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3654758%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1271.pdf">"Israel: Selected Issues Paper; IMF Country Report 12/71; March 9, 2012"</a> (PDF). Retrieved February 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+Selected+Issues+Paper%3B+IMF+Country+Report+12%2F71%3B+March+9%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fscr%2F2012%2Fcr1271.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2012">Bryant 2012</a>: "Haredi press rarely reports on deviance and unconventionality among Haredim. Thus, most reports are based on the secular Press. This is consistent with Haredi press policy of 'the right of the people not to know', which aims to shield Haredi readers from exposure to information about such issues as rape, robbery, suicide, prostitution, and so on." </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon1978-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simon1978_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon1978_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon1978_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_James_Simon1978" class="citation book cs1">Rita James Simon (July 28, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbY8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA73">Continuity and Change: A Study of Two Ethnic Communities in Israel</a>. CUP Archive. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29318-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuity+and+Change%3A+A+Study+of+Two+Ethnic+Communities+in+Israel&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1978-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29318-1&rft.au=Rita+James+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbY8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2012">Cohen 2012</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen80-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen80_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen80_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2012">Cohen 2012</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7982146.stm">"Papers alter Israel cabinet photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. April 3, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Papers+alter+Israel+cabinet+photo&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F7982146.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTessler2013">Tessler 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-117"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFנחשוני2012" class="citation news cs1">נחשוני, קובי (June 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4239618,00.html">"ynet ביטאון ש"ס צנזר את תמונת רחל אטיאס - יהדות"</a>. Ynet. Ynet.co.il. Retrieved March 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=ynet+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A9%22%D7%A1+%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1+-+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99&rft.aufirst=%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4239618%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Rabbi Avrohom Biderman in minute 53-54 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724040055/https://episodes.buzzsprout.com/rvcyx8fu7oq5zpzaxq4ayn71zdqb?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%27with-r-avrohom-biderman-of-artscroll-discussing-all-things-artscroll.mp3%27%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27with-r-avrohom-biderman-of-artscroll-discussing-all-things-artscroll.mp3&response-content-type=audio%2Fmpeg&">May 7, 2020 Twitter Live podcast</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/SeforimChatter/status/1264749263776632835">SeforimChatter</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seforimchatter.buzzsprout.com/1218638/4567262-with-r-avrohom-biderman-of-artscroll-discussing-all-things-artscroll%7Cthe">original</a> on July 24, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2012">Cohen 2012</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenSusser2000">Cohen & Susser 2000</a>, p. 103: "The Haredi press, for its part, is every bit as belligerent and dismissive. [...] Apart from the recurrent images of drug-crazed, sybaritic, terminally empty-headed young people, the secular world is also portrayed as spitefully anti-Semitic." </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenSusser2000">Cohen & Susser 2000</a>, p. 102: "Yet when the Haredi newspapers present the world of secular Israeli youth as mindless, immoral, drugged, and unspeakably lewd..." </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenSusser2000">Cohen & Susser 2000</a>, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2012">Cohen 2012</a>, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen_2012_111-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_2012_111_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_2012_111_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2012">Cohen 2012</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch20094–5-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch20094–5_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2009">Deutsch 2009</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2009">Deutsch 2009</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2009">Deutsch 2009</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2009">Deutsch 2009</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2009">Deutsch 2009</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-1.2736261"><bdi lang="he">קווי נייעס ספקי החדשות והרכילות של המגזר החרדי, נלחמים על חייהם</bdi></a> [Haredi news hotlines fighting to stay alive]. Haaretz (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99+%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A1+%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%2C+%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fmagazine%2F.premium-1.2736261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:01-131"><a href="#cite_ref-:01_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau2012" class="citation news cs1">Blau, Shloimy (August 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307150854/http://thevoiceoflakewood.com/3dissue/082312/data/search.xml">"12,000 Calls a Day, One Number: Behind the Scenes at FNW"</a>. The Voice of Lakewood. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevoiceoflakewood.com/3dissue/082312/data/search.xml">the original</a> on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Voice+of+Lakewood&rft.atitle=12%2C000+Calls+a+Day%2C+One+Number%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+at+FNW&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Shloimy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthevoiceoflakewood.com%2F3dissue%2F082312%2Fdata%2Fsearch.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Haredi-protestors-shut-down-Jerusalem-roads-for-the-second-week-in-a-row-508213">"Haredi protestors shut down Jerusalem roads for the second week in a row"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 7, 2018. <q>...Instructions were eventually sent out at 6:30 p.m. over the Jerusalem Faction's telephone hotlines for the protesters to disperse, and only then were the roads and junctions they had blocked open to traffic again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Haredi+protestors+shut+down+Jerusalem+roads+for+the+second+week+in+a+row&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FHaredi-protestors-shut-down-Jerusalem-roads-for-the-second-week-in-a-row-508213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman1993-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherman1993_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Sherman1993" class="citation book cs1">David Sherman (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IG0wAAAAYAAJ">Judaism Confronts Modernity: Sermons and Essays by Rabbi David Sherman on the Meaning of Jewish Life and Ideals Today</a>. D. Sherman. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-18195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-18195-2"><bdi>978-0-620-18195-2</bdi></a>. <q>The establishment of the State of Israel was bitterly opposed by the ultra-Orthodox who still have great difficulty in accepting it. In Mea Shearim, Yom Ha'Atzmaut, Israel Independence Day, is treated as a day of mourning. They act as if they would rather be under Arafat or Hussein.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+Confronts+Modernity%3A+Sermons+and+Essays+by+Rabbi+David+Sherman+on+the+Meaning+of+Jewish+Life+and+Ideals+Today&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=D.+Sherman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-620-18195-2&rft.au=David+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIG0wAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halpern2-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Halpern2_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern2004" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Ben (2004) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">"The Rise and Reception of Zionism in the Nineteenth Century"</a>. In Goldscheider, Calvin; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ">Social Foundations of Judaism</a> (2nd ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 94–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59244-943-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59244-943-3"><bdi>1-59244-943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Reception+of+Zionism+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Social+Foundations+of+Judaism&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Or&rft.pages=94-113&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59244-943-3&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TxLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Ebenstein2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ruth Ebenstein (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/israel_studies/v008/8.3ebenstein.html">"Remembered Through Rejection: Yom HaShoah in the Ashkenazi Haredi Daily Press, 1950-2000"</a>. Israel Studies. 8 (3). Indiana University Press: 149 – via Project MUSE database. <q>A few years later, in the late 1990s, we find a striking twist to the Haredi rejection of the day. Both Ha-mod'ia and Yated Ne'eman usher in Yom HaShoah with trepidation. No longer was the day simply one they found offensive, but in their experience, it now marked the start of a week-long assault on Haredim for not observing the trilogy of secular Israel's national "holy days" — Yom HaShoah, Yom Hazikaron Lehaleley Zahal (the Memorial Day for Israel's war dead), and Yom Ha'atzmaut (Independence Day). Sparked, perhaps, by media coverage of Haredim ignoring memorial sirens, Haredim now felt attacked, even hunted down, for their rejection of the day during a period described by both Haredi newspapers with the Talmudic term byimey edeyhem, referring to idolatrous holidays.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Remembered+Through+Rejection%3A+Yom+HaShoah+in+the+Ashkenazi+Haredi+Daily+Press%2C+1950-2000&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ruth+Ebenstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv008%2F8.3ebenstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/on-haredi-opposition-to-zionism-589807">"Judaism: On Haredi opposition to Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Retrieved March 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Judaism%3A+On+Haredi+opposition+to+Zionism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fon-haredi-opposition-to-zionism-589807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/opinion/411615/think-all-orthodox-jews-are-zionists-think-again/">"Opinion | Think All Orthodox Jews Are Zionists? Think Again"</a>. The Forward. October 11, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+Think+All+Orthodox+Jews+Are+Zionists%3F+Think+Again.&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fopinion%2F411615%2Fthink-all-orthodox-jews-are-zionists-think-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishchronicle.org/2008/03/31/agudath-israel-may-be-non-zionist-but-it-supports-israel-and-its-people/">"Agudath Israel may be non-Zionist, but it supports Israel and its people"</a>. Jewishchronicle.org. 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Haaretz. Retrieved August 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hasidic+Leader+Yaakov+Friedman%2C+the+Admor+of+Sadigura%2C+Dies+at+84&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.aulast=Ettinger&rft.aufirst=Yair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhasidic-leader-yaakov-friedman-the-admor-of-sadigura-dies-at-84-1.491294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz1.404855-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz1.404855_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-politicians-decry-ultra-orthodox-protesters-use-of-holocaust-imagery-1.404855">"Israeli politicians decry ultra-Orthodox protesters' use of Holocaust imagery"</a>. Haaretz. January 1, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israeli+politicians+decry+ultra-Orthodox+protesters%27+use+of+Holocaust+imagery&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fisraeli-politicians-decry-ultra-orthodox-protesters-use-of-holocaust-imagery-1.404855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/465161/jewish/The-Purposes-of-Marriage-in-Judaism.htm">"The Purposes of Marriage in Judaism"</a>. Chabad.org. 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Retrieved June 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=As+New+York+Haredim+multiply%2C+Jewish+Federation+faces+a+quandary&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.aulast=Debra&rft.aufirst=Nussbaum+Cohen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fjewish-world-features%2Fas-new-york-haredim-multiply-jewish-federation-faces-a-quandary.premium-1.504547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShwayder2013" class="citation news cs1">Shwayder, Maya (September 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/NY-Jewish-community-wields-growing-political-power-326599">"NY Jewish community wields growing political power: High birthrate of ultra-Orthodox and Hasidic communities expected to have great impact on future votes"</a>. 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The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Divisions+in+Satmar+Sect+Complicate+Politics+of+Brooklyn+Hasidim&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F06%2Fnyregion%2Fsatmar-rift-complicates-politics-of-brooklyn-hasidim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2005" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Margalit (March 25, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/25/obituaries/25halberstam.html">"Naftali Halberstam Dies at 74; Bobov Hasidim's Grand Rabbi"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Naftali+Halberstam+Dies+at+74%3B+Bobov+Hasidim%27s+Grand+Rabbi&rft.date=2005-03-25&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F25%2Fobituaries%2F25halberstam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1994" class="citation news cs1">Brenner, Elsa (April 3, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/03/nyregion/two-groups-contest-role-in-promoting-lubavitch-judaism-s-cause-in-the-county.html">"Two Groups Contest Role in Promoting Lubavitch Judaism's Cause in the County"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Groups+Contest+Role+in+Promoting+Lubavitch+Judaism%27s+Cause+in+the+County&rft.date=1994-04-03&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F04%2F03%2Fnyregion%2Ftwo-groups-contest-role-in-promoting-lubavitch-judaism-s-cause-in-the-county.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabadquestion-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chabadquestion_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chabadquestion_227-1">b</a> According to some sociologists studying contemporary Jewry, the Chabad movement neither fits into the category of <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">modern Orthodox</a>, the standard categories for Orthodox Jews. This is due in part to the existence of the "non-Orthodox Hasidim" (of which include former Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Shazar" title="Zalman Shazar">Zalman Shazar</a>), the lack of official recognition of political and religious distinctions within Judaism, and the open relationship with non-Orthodox Jews represented by the activism of Chabad emissaries. See Liebman, Charles S. "Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life". The American Jewish Year Book (1965): 21-97; Ferziger, Adam S. "Church/sect theory and American orthodoxy reconsidered". Ambivalent Jew - Charles S. Liebman in memoriam, ed. Stuart Cohen and Bernard Susser (2007): 107-124. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeichselbaum2012" class="citation news cs1">Weichselbaum, Simone (June 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080">"Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds: Growing Orthodox families across the borough account for most of the increase"</a>. The New York Daily News. Retrieved June 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Nearly+one+in+four+Brooklyn+residents+are+Jews%2C+new+study+finds%3A+Growing+Orthodox+families+across+the+borough+account+for+most+of+the+increase&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.aulast=Weichselbaum&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fbrooklyn%2Fbrooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sliding_to_the_Right-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sliding_to_the_Right_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sliding_to_the_Right_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilman2006" class="citation book cs1">Heilman, Samuel C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4thrVPivwC0C&q=kensington+haredi+jews&pg=PA73">Sliding to the Right: The Contest for the Future of American Jewish Orthodoxy</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247635" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247635"><bdi>9780520247635</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sliding+to+the+Right%3A+The+Contest+for+the+Future+of+American+Jewish+Orthodoxy&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780520247635&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4thrVPivwC0C%26q%3Dkensington%2Bharedi%2Bjews%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachberes/Matzav.com2010" class="citation news cs1">Machberes/Matzav.com (November 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matzav.com/shea-rubenstein-claims-marine-park-is-fastest-growing-jewish-community-in-the-world">"Shea Rubenstein Claims Marine Park is "Fastest-Growing Jewish Community in the World"</a>. 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Contemporary Jewry. 29 (1): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12397-008-9002-7">10.1007/s12397-008-9002-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143875551">143875551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Jewry&rft.atitle=The+Forbidden+Fork%2C+the+Cell+Phone+Holocaust%2C+and+Other+Haredi+Encounters+with+Technology&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12397-008-9002-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143875551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1992" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian Charles (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4EYUAQAAIAAJ">Contemporary Religions: A World Guide</a>. Longman Current Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1"><bdi>978-0-582-08695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&rft.pub=Longman+Current+Affairs&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-08695-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4EYUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaughney2011" class="citation news cs1">Haughney, Christine (October 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/20/nyregion/bus-segregation-of-jewish-women-prompts-review.html?_r=3&scp=2&sq=hasidic&st=cse&">"At Front of Brooklyn Bus, a Clash of Religious and Women's Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. Retrieved August 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Front+of+Brooklyn+Bus%2C+a+Clash+of+Religious+and+Women%27s+Rights&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.aulast=Haughney&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fbus-segregation-of-jewish-women-prompts-review.html%3F_r%3D3%26scp%3D2%26sq%3Dhasidic%26st%3Dcse%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520221123">Defenders of the Faith: Inside Ultra-Orthodox Jewry</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilman1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel C.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTDteHrDgfAC&pg=PA173">"Quiescent and Active Fundamentalisms: The Jewish Cases"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._Scott_Appleby" title="R. Scott Appleby">Appleby, R. Scott</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTDteHrDgfAC">Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism_Project" title="Fundamentalism Project">The Fundamentalism Project</a>, 4. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 173–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4"><bdi>0-226-50885-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quiescent+and+Active+Fundamentalisms%3A+The+Jewish+Cases&rft.btitle=Accounting+for+Fundamentalisms%3A+The+Dynamic+Character+of+Movements&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project%2C+4&rft.pages=173-196&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-50885-4&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXTDteHrDgfAC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel C.</a> (2002). "Haredim and the Public Square". In Mittleman, Alan L.; Licht, Robert A.; Sarna, Jonathan D. (eds.). Jewish Polity and American Civil Society: Communal Agencies and Religious Movements in the American Public Sphere. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742521223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742521223"><bdi>978-0742521223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haredim+and+the+Public+Square&rft.btitle=Jewish+Polity+and+American+Civil+Society%3A+Communal+Agencies+and+Religious+Movements+in+the+American+Public+Sphere&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0742521223&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmanFriedman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Friedman" title="Menachem Friedman">Friedman, Menachem</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA197">"Religious Fundamentalism and Religious Jews: The Case of the Haredim"</a>. 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Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 197–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1"><bdi>0-226-50878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+and+Religious+Jews%3A+The+Case+of+the+Haredim&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project%2C+1&rft.pages=197-264&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-50878-1&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd5yzP5hdiEC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2012" class="citation news cs1">Heller, Moshe (August 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4265177,00.html">"Beit Shemesh: Signs excluding women still up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth" title="Yedioth Ahronoth">Yedioth Ahronoth</a>. 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Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559721295" title="Special:BookSources/9781559721295"><bdi>9781559721295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Israelis%3A+an+intimate+view+of+a+changing+people&rft.pub=Carol+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781559721295&rft.aulast=Melman&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewisraelisintim00melm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinter2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Pinter">Pinter, Abraham</a> (June 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922023330/https://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/comment/33358/alderman-should-face-facts">"Alderman should face facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a>. 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Lynne Rienner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555876784" title="Special:BookSources/9781555876784"><bdi>9781555876784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Public+Policy&rft.btitle=Rituals+of+Conflict%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Public+Policy+in+Israel&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781555876784&rft.aulast=Sharkansky&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2012" class="citation news cs1">Sharon, Jeremy (April 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Mea-Shearim-not-enforcing-gender-separation">"'Mea She'arim not enforcing gender separation'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Post">Jerusalem Post</a>. 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NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7967-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7967-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-7967-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Modernity&rft.btitle=Jewish+Fundamentalism+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7967-5&rft.aulast=Silberstein&rft.aufirst=Laurence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbmYTCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloveitchik1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haym_Soloveitchik" title="Haym Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik, Haym</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTDteHrDgfAC&pg=PA197">"Migration, Acculturation, and the New Role of Texts in the Haredi Worid"</a>. 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Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 197–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4"><bdi>0-226-50885-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migration%2C+Acculturation%2C+and+the+New+Role+of+Texts+in+the+Haredi+Worid&rft.btitle=Accounting+for+Fundamentalisms%3A+The+Dynamic+Character+of+Movements&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project%2C+4&rft.pages=197-235&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-50885-4&rft.aulast=Soloveitchik&rft.aufirst=Haym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXTDteHrDgfAC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorotzkin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sorotzkin, David (February 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel13020175">"The Formation of Haredism - Perspectives on Religion, Social Disciplining and Secularization in Modern Judaism"</a>. 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Retrieved August 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Majority+of+Jews+will+be+Ultra-Orthodox+by+2050&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Faboutus%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Flist%2Fitem%2F%3Fid%3D2932%26year%3D2007%26month%3D07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne-Jones2006" class="citation news cs1">Wynne-Jones, Jonathan (November 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1535182/Is-this-the-last-generation-of-British-Jews.html?pageNum=2">"Is this the last generation of British Jews?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>. 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Retrieved August 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Daily+Forward&rft.atitle=Sex-Segregation+Spreads+Among+Orthodox%3A+Buses%2C+Public+Sidewalks+and+Streets+Split+Between+Men+and+Women&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft.aulast=Zeveloff&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F144987%2Fsex-segregation-spreads-among-orthodox%2F%23ixzz2bCzV1dDc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaredi+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haredi_Judaism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haredi_Judaism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(scholar)" title="Benjamin Brown (scholar)">Benjamin Brown</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4920047/Orthodox_Judaism_in_The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Judaism_">"Orthodox Judaism", in: The Blackwell Companion to Judaism, 2001</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7636021.stm">Haredi and technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212113800/http://news.ufl.edu/2006/11/27/hasidic-jews/">Hasidic and Haredi Jewish population growth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li>Melkite Greek Catholic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka">Akka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchal_Dependent_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchal Dependent Territory of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem">Syriac Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Eastern_Orthodox" title="Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Israel" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Israel">Russian Orthodox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Oriental_Orthodox" title="Christianity in Israel">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark,_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Saint Mark, Jerusalem">Syriac Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Coptic 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title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templers_(Radical_Pietist_sect)" title="Templers (Radical Pietist sect)">Templers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">The Church of Almighty God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">Black Hebrews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Israel" title="Irreligion in 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href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew 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href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Orthodox_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Template:Orthodox Judaism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Template talk:Orthodox Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orthodox Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Orthodox_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jews" title="Category:Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_rabbis" title="Category:Orthodox rabbis">Rabbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Chinuch Atzmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Jewish outreach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism (UTJ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union (NU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam (political party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Faction" title="Jerusalem Faction">Jerusalem Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikrikim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Rabbinates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Rabbanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggud_HaRabbonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggud HaRabbonim">Iggud HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzet_Chachmei_HaTorah" title="Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah">Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Rabbis" title="Union of Orthodox Rabbis">Agudas HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Hebrew_Congregations" title="Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations">Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rabbinic_Fellowship" title="International Rabbinic Fellowship">International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirshu" title="Dirshu">Dirshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">Responsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Judaism" title="Torah Judaism">Torah Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenSusser2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohler-Esses2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDashefskySheskin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Sherman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebra2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolsten\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDov_Friedlander2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruckman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEglash2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Cleveland_History/Case_Western_Reserve_University\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEttinger2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEttinger2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEttinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabian2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFader2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalahar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeberer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlancy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinSchwirtz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamVulkan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamVulkan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGur\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanau2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaughney2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilman1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilmanFriedman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilmanFriedman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmreich1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenaoSpencerKennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerriot2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHila_Weisberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirshman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssa_Rose2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJTA2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsShaindy_Marks2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanner-Klausner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Virtual_Library\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKarabelnicoff2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatya_Alder2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKetcham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobre2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKogman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosminKeysar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmannSiebzehner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLev2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLev2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLior_Dattel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_CaveHamutal_Aboody2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubman_Rathner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacQueen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachberes/Matzav.com2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkerSteiger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkoe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenna2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._J._Demerath,_IIINicholas_Jay_Demerath2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtterman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttermanRivera2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Morland2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilologos_\u0026#91;Hillel_Halkin\u0026#93;2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinowitz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinowitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaysh_Weiss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRita_James_Simon1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitzer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenblum2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth_Ebenstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuzPritchard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaffren2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSales2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSela2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafran2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharkansky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShwayder2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilberstein1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiobhan_FentonDina_Rickman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlifkin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmilk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoloveitchik1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorotzkin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadlerLomsky-FederBen-Ari2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaetsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr_Sered2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavory\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTehranian1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTessler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWax2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaxman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeichselbaum2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeintraub2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteDavies1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittenberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne-Jones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaragovia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeveloff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠelomo_A._DešenCharles_Seymour_LiebmanMoshe_Shokeid1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFאברהם2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFאילן2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFגלובס2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFוייס2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFלהב2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFנחשוני2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFנחשוני2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFפרקש2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFקריסטל2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 99,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 97,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 43,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OrthodoxJudaism\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion in Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 17,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","18.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","15.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","12.4"],["recursiveClone 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