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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British physician 1870-1944</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frances Ivens</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/CBE" class="mw-redirect" title="CBE">CBE</a> <a href="/wiki/FRCOG" class="mw-redirect" title="FRCOG">FRCOG</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Frances_Ivens._Wellcome_L0004410_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white portrait photograph of Frances Ivens sitted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Portrait_of_Frances_Ivens._Wellcome_L0004410_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Frances_Ivens._Wellcome_L0004410_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Portrait_of_Frances_Ivens._Wellcome_L0004410_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Frances_Ivens._Wellcome_L0004410_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Portrait_of_Frances_Ivens._Wellcome_L0004410_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Frances_Ivens._Wellcome_L0004410_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ivens as chief medical officer at Royaumont</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mary Hannah Frances Ivens</div><br />1870<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1870</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Little Harborough, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 1944<span style="display:none">(1944-02-06)</span> (aged 73–74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Killagorden, <a href="/wiki/St_Clement,_Cornwall" title="St Clement, Cornwall">St Clement, Cornwall</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetrician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gynaecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecologist">gynaecologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Work at Scottish Women's Hospital, Royaumont during First World War</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Hannah Frances Ivens</b> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> <a href="/wiki/FRCOG" class="mw-redirect" title="FRCOG">FRCOG</a> (1870 – 6 February 1944) was an <a href="/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetrician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gynaecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecologist">gynaecologist</a> who was the first woman appointed to a hospital consultant post in Liverpool. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> she was chief medical officer at the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_at_Royaumont" title="Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont">Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont</a>, northeast of Paris. For her services to the French forces she was awarded a knighthood in France's <i><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivens was born in Little Harborough, near <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby, Warwickshire</a> in 1870, the 5th child of Elizabeth (née Ashmole) (1840–1880) and her husband, William Ivens (1830–1905), farmer and timber merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-Crofton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crofton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She entered the London School of Medicine for Women in 1894 at the age of 24, doing her clinical studies at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Free_Hospital" title="Royal Free Hospital">Royal Free Hospital</a> and qualified in 1900 with the gold medal in obstetrics and honours in medicine and forensic medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, she qualified <a href="/wiki/MB,_BS" class="mw-redirect" title="MB, BS">MB BS</a> (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery) with first class honours. In 1903 she obtained the degree of Master of Surgery <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">(MS)</a>. She had further postgraduate experience in obstetrics and gynaecology in Dublin and Vienna followed by seven years' surgical experience in London at the Royal Free Hospital, the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Garrett_Anderson_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital">Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital</a> (New Hospital for Women) in London, and the Canning Town Mission Hospital for Women in East London.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liverpool_1907–1914"><span id="Liverpool_1907.E2.80.931914"></span>Liverpool 1907–1914</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liverpool 1907–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1907 she was appointed gynaecological surgeon to a new unit in the Liverpool Stanley Hospital – the first woman to hold an honorary post in a Liverpool hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beds had been specially endowed on the condition that they should be in the care of a woman practitioner.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here she built up a large gynaecological out-patient department. Later she was also appointed honorary surgeon to the Liverpool Samaritan Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Crofton_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crofton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Liverpool she fought to have more women appointed to hospital posts, and became a leading member of the North of England Medical Women's Society. She was active in the suffrage movement and was chair of the Liverpool branch of the Conservative and Unionist Women's Suffrage Society.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surgeon_at_Royaumont">Surgeon at Royaumont</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surgeon at Royaumont"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_-_in_the_Cloister_of_the_Abbaye_at_Royaumont._Dr._Frances_Ivens_inspecting_a_French_patient._Art.IWMART3090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_-_in_the_Cloister_of_the_Abbaye_at_Royaumont._Dr._Frances_Ivens_inspecting_a_French_patient._Art.IWMART3090.jpg/400px-The_Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_-_in_the_Cloister_of_the_Abbaye_at_Royaumont._Dr._Frances_Ivens_inspecting_a_French_patient._Art.IWMART3090.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_-_in_the_Cloister_of_the_Abbaye_at_Royaumont._Dr._Frances_Ivens_inspecting_a_French_patient._Art.IWMART3090.jpg/600px-The_Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_-_in_the_Cloister_of_the_Abbaye_at_Royaumont._Dr._Frances_Ivens_inspecting_a_French_patient._Art.IWMART3090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_-_in_the_Cloister_of_the_Abbaye_at_Royaumont._Dr._Frances_Ivens_inspecting_a_French_patient._Art.IWMART3090.jpg/800px-The_Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_-_in_the_Cloister_of_the_Abbaye_at_Royaumont._Dr._Frances_Ivens_inspecting_a_French_patient._Art.IWMART3090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>Frances Ivens inspecting wounded French soldiers in Royaumont, painted by <a href="/wiki/Norah_Neilson_Gray" title="Norah Neilson Gray">Norah Neilson Gray</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1914, she volunteered to serve in France as head of the unit of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Hospitals_for_Foreign_Service" title="Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service">Scottish Women's Hospital</a>, which was established in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_at_Royaumont" title="Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont">Abbaye de Royaumont</a> under the French <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a>. Before the war, as her practice was confined to women and children, she had not treated men.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor had she any experience of treating battle casualties, and read widely on the subject, as shown by the books which she later donated to the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Medical_Institution" title="Liverpool Medical Institution">Liverpool Medical Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crofton_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crofton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospital treated the French wounded from the Western Front.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excellence of her leadership and the work of the unit was recognised by the French Army.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially 100 beds were opened but by the end of the conflict this had risen to 600. She continued as <i>médecin chef</i> until February, 1919, with only one period of leave in England, which she spent largely in lecturing to raise money for the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Crofton_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crofton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917 another hospital at <a href="/wiki/Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Villers-Cotterêts">Villers-Cotterêts</a> was opened, closer to the Western Front. There she operated under shell fire during the German advance in March, 1918, until they were forced to evacuate back to Royaumont.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the war Ivens and her team treated over 10,861 patients including 8,752 soldiers. The bulk of the major surgery was carried out by Ivens and her second in command <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Nicholson" title="Ruth Nicholson">Ruth Nicholson</a>. The remarkably low mortality rate of 1.82% was lower than similar military hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royaumont doctors pioneered a new approach to the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">gas gangrene</a>, using X-rays and bacteriology for diagnosis, followed by extensive <a href="/wiki/Surgical_debridement" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical debridement">surgical debridement</a> of the affected tissue. She published accounts of these in the medical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also able to use antiserum supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospital was inspected and approved by many French generals and government officials, and its reputation was largely due to the leadership of Frances Ivens.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_career">Post-war career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-war career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Ivens returned to hospital practice in Liverpool. She was closely involved with the rebuilding of the Maternity Hospital, and with the formation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_Women%27s_Radium_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liverpool Women's Radium League (page does not exist)">Liverpool Women's Radium League</a>. She was also a leader in the establishment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crofton_Recovery_Hospital_for_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crofton Recovery Hospital for Women (page does not exist)">Crofton Recovery Hospital for Women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Ivens was active in promoting the cause of women in medicine, and was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Women%27s_Federation" title="Medical Women's Federation">Medical Women's Federation</a> from 1924 to 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, she was the first woman to be elected vice president of the Liverpool Medical Institution in 1929<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when she became a founder fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists" title="Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists">Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</a> that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of sixty, she married Charles Knowles, now a widower, whom she had known from student days. They moved to London where she continued a consultant practice until she and her husband retired to <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crofton_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crofton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was succeeded in her posts in Liverpool by Ruth Nicholson who had been her assistant at Royaumont.<sup id="cite_ref-:RCOG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:RCOG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> in 1939 she acted as medical inspector for the Red Cross in Cornwall.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also played a leading role in the activities of the Royaumont and Villers Cotterêts Association and was chairman of the Cornwall committee of the Friends of the Fighting French.<sup id="cite_ref-Crofton_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crofton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fluent French speaker she made regular visits to France where she would visit former patients and many of the wounded whom she had treated at Royaumont wrote regularly to her. She kept in touch too with former staff members who would meet annually at the annual dinner of the Royaumont Association.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiner_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She died on 6 February 1944, at the age of 74, in Killagorden, <a href="/wiki/St_Clement,_Cornwall" title="St Clement, Cornwall">St Clement</a>, Cornwall.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recognition of her service at Royaumont she was decorated by the French President with a Knight of France's <i><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1918 she received the <i><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a></i> with palm, the citation reading: "...having ensured, day and night, the treatment of French and Allied wounded during repeated bombardment at Villers Cotterets in May 1918. On the approach of the enemy she withdrew her unit at the last moment to the Abbaye de Royaumont where she continued her humane mission with the most absolute devotion”.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also awarded the Médaille d'honneur des épidémies. In 1926 she was elected vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Medical_Institution" title="Liverpool Medical Institution">Liverpool Medical Institution</a>. The University of Liverpool awarded her the honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a> (ChM) in 1926 and in the same year she became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (<a href="/wiki/CBE" class="mw-redirect" title="CBE">CBE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_obituary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crofton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crofton, E. (2013) <i>Angels of Mercy: A Women's Hospital on the Western Front, 1914–1918</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiner, M-F. (2016) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolve360.co.uk/Data/10/PageLMHS/Bulletin26/weiner.pdf">Frances Ivens (1870-1944): the first woman consultant in Liverpool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223051018/http://www.evolve360.co.uk/Data/10/PageLMHS/Bulletin26/weiner.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-02-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ_obituary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_obituary_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Obituary. Frances Ivens Knowles". <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>. <b>1</b>: 308. 1944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4338.308">10.1136/bmj.1.4338.308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219997063">219997063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Obituary.+Frances+Ivens+Knowles&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=308&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4338.308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219997063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Ivens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leneman, L. (1994) <i>In the service of life: The story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women's Hospitals</i>. Edinburgh: The Mercat Press. p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycompany.co.uk/2011/11/29/the-women-of-royaumont-a-unique-film/">"The Women of Royaumont – a unique film"</a>. <i>The History Company</i>. November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Company&rft.atitle=The+Women+of+Royaumont+%E2%80%93+a+unique+film&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycompany.co.uk%2F2011%2F11%2F29%2Fthe-women-of-royaumont-a-unique-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Ivens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaren, E.S. (1919) <i>A history of the Scottish Women’s Hospital</i>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvens1918" class="citation journal cs1">Ivens, Frances (19 October 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2341884">"The preventative and curative treatment of gas gangrene by mixed serums"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (3016): 425–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.3016.425">10.1136/bmj.2.3016.425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2341884">2341884</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20769223">20769223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+preventative+and+curative+treatment+of+gas+gangrene+by+mixed+serums&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3016&rft.pages=425-427&rft.date=1918-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2341884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20769223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.3016.425&rft.aulast=Ivens&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2341884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Ivens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvens1917" class="citation journal cs1">Ivens, Frances (1 May 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591571701002002">"A study of anaerobic wound infections with an analysis of 107 cases of gas gangrene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine">Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine</a></i>. <b>10</b>: 29–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591571701002002">10.1177/003591571701002002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+study+of+anaerobic+wound+infections+with+an+analysis+of+107+cases+of+gas+gangrene&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=29-110&rft.date=1917-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003591571701002002&rft.aulast=Ivens&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F003591571701002002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Ivens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peel, J. Knowles, Frances Ivens 1871–1944, in J. Peel (1976) <i>The Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 1929–1969</i>. London: Heinemann Medical Books. pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:RCOG-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:RCOG_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRCOG_Heritage_Collections2017" class="citation web cs1">RCOG Heritage Collections (21 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcogheritage.wordpress.com/2017/07/21/pioneers-ruth-nicholson-frcog-1931/">"Pioneers: Ruth Nicholson, FRCOG 1931"</a>. <i>Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynaecologists+Heritage&rft.atitle=Pioneers%3A+Ruth+Nicholson%2C+FRCOG+1931&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft.au=RCOG+Heritage+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcogheritage.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F07%2F21%2Fpioneers-ruth-nicholson-frcog-1931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Ivens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928042242/https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/library-services/heritage/rcog_roll_of_fm_on_active_service_1914-1918.pdf">"RCOG Roll of Active Service, 1914-1918"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</i>. 2014. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/library-services/heritage/rcog_roll_of_fm_on_active_service_1914-1918.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynaecologists&rft.atitle=RCOG+Roll+of+Active+Service%2C+1914-1918&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcog.org.uk%2Fglobalassets%2Fdocuments%2Fguidelines%2Flibrary-services%2Fheritage%2Frcog_roll_of_fm_on_active_service_1914-1918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Ivens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liverpool Echo</i>, Saturday 18 December 1918</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Ivens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50005020#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/70681228">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/397665/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7R8myTmWXGrjhg73xXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97095009">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women&#039;s_suffrage_in_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Template:Women's suffrage in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Women's suffrage in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's suffrage in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_suffrage_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Women's suffrage in Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actresses%27_Franchise_League" title="Actresses' Franchise League">Actresses' Franchise League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage">Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_and_West_of_Scotland_Association_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage">Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Men%27s_Federation_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="Northern Men's Federation for Women's Suffrage">Northern Men's Federation for Women's Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadian_Women%27s_Suffrage_Society" title="Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society">Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Women%27s_Suffrage_Society" title="Shetland Women's Suffrage Society">Shetland Women's Suffrage Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stornoway_Women%27s_Suffrage_Society" title="Stornoway Women's Suffrage Society">Stornoway Women's Suffrage Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Suffragists" title="United Suffragists">United Suffragists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Freedom_League" title="Women's Freedom League">Women's Freedom League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Suffrage_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Suffrage Federation">Workers' Suffrage Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies"> Suffragists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Hay_Abbott" title="Wilhelmina Hay Abbott">Wilhelmina Hay Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Arthur" title="Jane Arthur">Jane Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Baikie" title="Mary Anne Baikie">Mary Anne Baikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bell_(politician)" title="Mary Bell (politician)">Mary Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Brown_(suffragist)" title="Agnes Brown (suffragist)">Nannie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burton" title="Mary Burton">Mary Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Caird" title="Edward Caird">Edward Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Clapperton" title="Jane Clapperton">Jane Clapperton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Craigen" title="Jessie Craigen">Jessie Craigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Craigie" title="Muriel Craigie">Muriel Craigie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Crudelius" title="Mary Crudelius">Mary Crudelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Davidson_(suffragist)" title="Margaret Davidson (suffragist)">Margaret C. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAusland_Denny" title="John McAusland Denny">John McAusland Denny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Fraser_(feminist)" title="Helen Fraser (feminist)">Helen Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Finlayson_Gauld" title="Elizabeth Finlayson Gauld">Elizabeth Finlayson Gauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hacon" title="Edith Hacon">Edith Hacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_H._J._Henderson" title="Mary H. J. Henderson">Mary Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Inglis" title="Elsie Inglis">Elsie Inglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Irwin_(trade_unionist)" title="Margaret Irwin (trade unionist)">Margaret Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Jamieson" title="Christina Jamieson">Christina Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Keppie" title="Jessie Keppie">Jessie Keppie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Leisk" title="Harriet Leisk">Harriet Leisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lindsay_(activist)" title="Anna Lindsay (activist)">Anna Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Martin_Lindsay" title="Thomas Martin Lindsay">Thomas Martin Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Lumsden" title="Louisa Lumsden">Louisa Lumsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Macbeth" title="Ann Macbeth">Ann Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Macdonald" title="Louisa Macdonald">Louisa Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystal_Macmillan" title="Chrystal Macmillan">Chrystal MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_McLaren" title="Alice McLaren">Alice McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Mair" title="Sarah Mair">Sarah Mair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Malcolm" title="Lavinia Malcolm">Lavinia Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Masson" title="Flora Masson">Flora Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Maxwell" title="Lilly Maxwell">Lilly Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Fyvie_Mayo" title="Isabella Fyvie Mayo">Isabella Fyvie Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Melville" title="Frances Melville">Frances Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Moffat" title="Graham Moffat">Graham Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Murdoch_(Hull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Murdoch (Hull)">Mary Murdoch (Hull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Murray" title="Eunice Murray">Eunice Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Murray_(suffragist)" title="Frances Murray (suffragist)">Frances Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Murray" title="Sylvia Murray">Sylvia Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mylne" title="Margaret Mylne">Margaret Mylne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Newbery" title="Jessie Newbery">Jessie Newbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Paterson" title="Grace Paterson">Grace Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pease_Nichol" title="Elizabeth Pease Nichol">Elizabeth Pease Nichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Margaret_Pace" title="Elizabeth Margaret Pace">Elizabeth Margaret Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Rosaline_Orme" title="Emily Rosaline Orme">Emily Rosaline Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Rae" title="Jane Rae">Jane Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Kirkland_Reid" title="Marion Kirkland Reid">Marion Kirkland Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Saxby" title="Jessie Saxby">Jessie Saxby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Simson" title="Frances Simson">Frances Simson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anderson_Snodgrass" title="Mary Anderson Snodgrass">Mary Anderson Snodgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_M._Soga" title="Jessie M. Soga">Jessie M. Soga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Stevenson" title="Flora Stevenson">Flora Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Stevenson" title="Louisa Stevenson">Louisa Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Carmichael_Stopes" title="Charlotte Carmichael Stopes">Charlotte Carmichael Stopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_S._Swan" title="Annie S. Swan">Annie S. Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Taylour" title="Jane Taylour">Jane Taylour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Thompson" title="Muriel Thompson">Muriel Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Tod" title="Isabella Tod">Isabella Tod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Wigham" title="Eliza Wigham">Eliza Wigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wigham" title="Jane Wigham">Jane Wigham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union"> Suffragettes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janie_Allan" title="Janie Allan">Janie Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sophia_Allen" title="Mary Sophia Allen">Mary Sophia Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Archdale" title="Helen Archdale">Helen Archdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Barrowman" title="Janet Barrowman">Janet Barrowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Marian_Begbie" title="Edith Marian Begbie">Edith Marian Begbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hogg_Blair" title="Catherine Hogg Blair">Catherine Hogg Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Esdon_Brailsford" title="Jane Esdon Brailsford">Jane Esdon Brailsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Carrie" title="Isabella Carrie">Isabella Carrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Chalmers_Smith" title="Dorothea Chalmers Smith">Dorothea Chalmers Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Clunas" title="Lila Clunas">Lila Clunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Corbett" title="Catherine Corbett">Catherine Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Walker_Craig" title="Annie Walker Craig">Annie Walker Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Crawfurd" title="Helen Crawfurd">Helen Crawfurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Dollan" title="Agnes Dollan">Agnes Dollan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Wallace_Dunlop" title="Marion Wallace Dunlop">Marion Wallace Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Drummond" title="Flora Drummond">Flora Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Eates" title="Louise Eates">Louise Eates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Edwards" title="Maude Edwards">Maude Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Milne_Farquharson" title="Margaret Milne Farquharson">Margaret Milne Farquharson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_Scotland_Gibb" title="Ellison Scotland Gibb">Ellison Scotland Gibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Skirving_Gibb" title="Margaret Skirving Gibb">Margaret Skirving Gibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Gilchrist_(doctor)" title="Marion Gilchrist (doctor)">Marion Gilchrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Gordon" title="Frances Gordon">Frances Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pollock_Grant" title="Mary Pollock Grant">Mary Pollock Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Grey">Laura Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Grieve" title="Marion Grieve">Marion Grieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Haig" title="Florence Haig">Florence Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hudson" title="Edith Hudson">Edith Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Husband" title="Agnes Husband">Agnes Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Joachim" title="Maud Joachim">Maud Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Jones" title="Mabel Jones">Mabel Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Stewart_Ker" title="Alice Stewart Ker">Alice Stewart Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Leitch" title="Isabella Leitch">Isabella Leitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Macarthur" title="Mary Macarthur">Mary Macarthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Syme_Macdonald" title="Agnes Syme Macdonald">Agnes Syme Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Macfarlane" title="Florence Macfarlane">Florence Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Macfarlane" title="Margaret Macfarlane">Margaret Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_McCallum_(suffragette)" title="Janet McCallum (suffragette)">Jenny McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Bright_McLaren" title="Priscilla Bright McLaren">Priscilla Bright McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_McPhun" title="Frances McPhun">Frances McPhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McPhun" title="Margaret McPhun">Margaret McPhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Maloney" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Maloney">Mary Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_C._Methven" title="Jessie C. Methven">Jessie C. Methven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Moffat" title="Maggie Moffat">Maggie Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Moorhead" title="Ethel Moorhead">Ethel Moorhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Munro" title="Anna Munro">Anna Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Murray" title="Flora Murray">Flora Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Ogston" title="Helen Ogston">Helen Ogston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Adela Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Parker" title="Frances Parker">Frances Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Bream_Pearce" title="Isabella Bream Pearce">Isabella Bream Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Phillips_(journalist)" title="Caroline Phillips (journalist)">Caroline Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Phillips_(suffragette)" title="Mary Phillips (suffragette)">Mary Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annot_Robinson" title="Annot Robinson">Annot Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Sanderson_(suffragette)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Sanderson (suffragette)"> Amy Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabella_Scott" title="Arabella Scott">Arabella Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Scott" title="Muriel Scott">Muriel Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Arncliffe_Sennett" title="Maud Arncliffe Sennett">Maud Arncliffe Sennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Skinnider" title="Margaret Skinnider">Margaret Skinnider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Solomon" title="Georgiana Solomon">Georgiana Solomon</a> and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Solomon" title="Daisy Solomon">Daisy Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Steel" title="Barbara Steel">Barbara Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Stephen" title="Jessie Stephen">Jessie Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_and_Agnes_Thomson" title="Elizabeth and Agnes Thomson">Elizabeth and Agnes Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Watson" title="Bessie Watson">Bessie Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Chalmers_Watson" title="Mona Chalmers Watson">Mona Chalmers Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Wilkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Wilkie">Helen Wilkie</a> or <a href="/wiki/Annot_Robinson" title="Annot Robinson">Annot Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henria_Leech_Williams" title="Henria Leech Williams">Henria Leech Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Scott_(women%27s_education_reformer)" title="Rachel Scott (women's education reformer)">Rachel Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Cruickshank" title="Helen Cruickshank">Helen Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Neill_Fraser" title="Margaret Neill Fraser">Margaret Neill Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbel_Hamilton-Gordon,_Marchioness_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair">Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frances Ivens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Lee,_Baroness_Lee_of_Asheridge" title="Jennie Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge">Jennie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_McLaren" title="Agnes McLaren">Agnes McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Matthews" title="Helen Matthews">Helen Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-suffrage activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Griselda_Cheape" title="Lady Griselda Cheape">Lady Griselda Cheape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Graham,_Duchess_of_Montrose" title="Violet Graham, Duchess of Montrose">Violet Graham, Duchess of Montrose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians and <br />writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Leneman" title="Leah Leneman">Leah Leneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elspeth_King" title="Elspeth King">Elspeth King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Atkinson" title="Diane Atkinson">Diane Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Pedersen" title="Sarah Pedersen">Sarah Pedersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art, culture and<br />commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">The Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">The Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner</a></li> <li>War Song <i>Justice for Ever</i></li> <li><i>Scotland's Suffragette Trumps</i> cards and <i>Scotland's Suffrage History Education Packs</i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Protests_and_Suffragettes" title="Wikipedia:GLAM/Protests and Suffragettes">Protests and Suffragettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scottish_Women&#039;s_Hospitals_World_War_One" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_Women%27s_Hospitals_World_War_One" title="Template:Scottish Women's Hospitals World War One"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_Women%27s_Hospitals_World_War_One" title="Template talk:Scottish Women's Hospitals World War One"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_Women%27s_Hospitals_World_War_One" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish Women's Hospitals World War One"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scottish_Women&#039;s_Hospitals_World_War_One" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_Women%27s_Hospitals_World_War_One" title="Template:Scottish Women's Hospitals World War One"> Scottish Women's Hospitals World War One</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Hospital_at_Royaumont" title="Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont">Royaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a> Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrovo_Unit" title="Ostrovo Unit">Ostrovo Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Commonwealth_Military_Cemetery" title="Niš Commonwealth Military Cemetery"> Niš </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Aldrich-Blake" title="Louisa Aldrich-Blake">Louisa Aldrich-Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Alexander_(doctor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Alexander (doctor) (page does not exist)">Mary Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Bennett" title="Agnes Bennett">Agnes Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Alice_Blair" title="Mary Alice Blair">Mary Alice Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lena_Campbell_(doctor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lena Campbell (doctor) (page does not exist)">Lena Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lily_Chesney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lily Chesney (page does not exist)">Lily Chesney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Violet_Cooper" title="Lilian Violet Cooper">Lilian Violet Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Courtauld" title="Elizabeth Courtauld">Elizabeth Courtauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Dalyell" title="Elsie Dalyell">Elsie Dalyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Davidson" title="Georgina Davidson">Georgina Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_De_Garis" title="Mary De Garis">Mary De Garis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Mary_Guest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edna Mary Guest (page does not exist)">Edna Mary Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hanson" title="Helen Hanson">Helen Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Hardie" title="Mabel Hardie">Mabel Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Manley_Henry" title="Lydia Manley Henry">Lydia Manley Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Margaret_Hope" title="Laura Margaret Hope">Laura Margaret Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hutchison" title="Alice Hutchison">Alice Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Emslie_Hutton" title="Isabel Emslie Hutton">Isabel Emslie Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Inglis" title="Elsie Inglis">Elsie Inglis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frances Ivens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honoria_Somerville_Keer" title="Honoria Somerville Keer">Honoria Somerville Keer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_Laird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet Laird (page does not exist)">Janet Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Lewis_(surgeon)" title="Sybil Lewis (surgeon)">Sybil Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_MacDougall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen MacDougall (page does not exist)">Helen MacDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_MacGregor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice MacGregor (page does not exist)">Beatrice MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Lauchline_McNeill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Lauchline McNeill (page does not exist)">Mary Lauchline McNeill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrina_Matilda_MacPhail" title="Alexandrina Matilda MacPhail">Alexandrina Matilda MacPhail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Stewart_MacPhail" title="Katherine Stewart MacPhail">Katherine Stewart MacPhail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McIlroy" title="Louise McIlroy">Louise McIlroy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_McVea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet McVea (page does not exist)">Janet McVea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Martindale" title="Louisa Martindale">Louisa Martindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Matthews" title="Caroline Matthews">Caroline Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Miall-Smith" title="Gladys Miall-Smith">Gladys Miall-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Nicholson" title="Ruth Nicholson">Ruth Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Pailthorpe" title="Grace Pailthorpe">Grace Pailthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Phillips_(physician)" title="Mary Elizabeth Phillips (physician)">Mary Elizabeth Phillips (physician)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Rendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elinor Rendel (page does not exist)">Elinor Rendel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Ness_Mcbean_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Ness Mcbean Ross (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Ness Mcbean Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Sandeman" title="Laura Sandeman">Laura Sandeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Forbes_Blackadder" title="Agnes Forbes Blackadder">Agnes Forbes Blackadder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Scott_(medical_doctor)" title="Jessie Scott (medical doctor)">Jessie Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Soltau" title="Eleanor Soltau">Eleanor Soltau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nurses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Aitken_Bell" title="Jean Aitken Bell">Jean Aitken Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bertram" title="Elizabeth Bertram">Elizabeth Bertram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_De_Burgh_Burt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary De Burgh Burt (page does not exist)">Mary De Burgh Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kate_Burton(nurse)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kate Burton(nurse) (page does not exist)">Kate Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Missouri_Caton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Missouri Caton (page does not exist)">Florence Missouri Caton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Cowie_Crowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Cowie Crowe (page does not exist)">Margaret Cowie Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Davidson_(suffragist)" title="Margaret Davidson (suffragist)">Margaret Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Earl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes Earl (page does not exist)">Agnes Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorna_Ferris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorna Ferris (page does not exist)">Lorna Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_E_Fraser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise E Fraser (page does not exist)">Louise E Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Neill_Fraser" title="Margaret Neill Fraser">Margaret Neill Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violet_Fraser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Violet Fraser (page does not exist)">Violet Fraser </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norah_Neilson_Gray" title="Norah Neilson Gray">Norah Neilson Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Grey_(nurse)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Grey (nurse) (page does not exist)">Mary Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Annie_Guy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Annie Guy (page does not exist)">Alice Annie Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harley_(suffragist)" title="Katherine Harley (suffragist)">Katherine Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelina_Haverfield" title="Evelina Haverfield">Evelina Haverfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Holden" title="Ruth Holden">Ruth Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Houston_(nurse)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Houston (nurse) (page does not exist)">Margaret Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_W_Hutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret W Hutchison (page does not exist)">Margaret W Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Jordan" title="Louisa Jordan">Louisa Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hughina_McCulloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hughina McCulloch (page does not exist)">Hughina McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_McKay" title="Edith McKay">Edith McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusta_Minshull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusta Minshull (page does not exist)">Augusta Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bessie_Murdoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bessie Murdoch (page does not exist)">Bessie Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicely_Mary_Leigh_Pope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicely Mary Leigh Pope (page does not exist)">Cicely Mary Leigh Pope </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_Reid_(nurse)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet Reid (nurse) (page does not exist)">Janet Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishobel_Ross_(nurse)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishobel Ross (nurse) (page does not exist)">Ishobel Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Caroline_C_Ryle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Caroline C Ryle (page does not exist)">Margaret Caroline C Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bessie_Sutherland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bessie Sutherland (page does not exist)">Bessie Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Toughill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline Toughill (page does not exist)">Caroline Toughill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nursing orderlies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Armstrong" title="Millicent Armstrong">Millicent Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Dearmer" title="Mabel Dearmer">Mabel Dearmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_N_Dillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen N Dillon (page does not exist)">Kathleen N Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_H_J_Henderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary H J Henderson (page does not exist)">Mary H J Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jessie_Elizabeth_Martin_Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jessie Elizabeth Martin Kerr (page does not exist)">Jessie Elizabeth Martin Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Lorimer" title="Hilda Lorimer">Hilda Lorimer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isobel_MacPhail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isobel MacPhail (page does not exist)">Isobel MacPhail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Moir" title="Ethel Moir">Ethel Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara_Payne_Morrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sara Payne Morrison (page does not exist)">Sara Payne Morrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambulance drivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Josephine_Bedford" title="Mary Josephine Bedford">Mary Josephine Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Bowerman" title="Elsie Bowerman">Elsie Bowerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Cameron_Corbett" title="Elsie Cameron Corbett">Elsie Cameron Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Doria_Haviland" title="Maud Doria Haviland">Maud Doria Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Holme" title="Vera Holme">Vera Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kelso_King" title="Olive Kelso King">Olive Kelso King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotha_Lintorn-Orman" title="Rotha Lintorn-Orman">Rotha Lintorn-Orman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matilda_McDowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matilda McDowell (page does not exist)">Matilda McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marjorie_Marshall-Cornwall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marjorie Marshall-Cornwall (page does not exist)">Marjorie Marshall-Cornwall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other support staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Hay_Abbott" title="Wilhelmina Hay Abbott">Wilhelmina Hay Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Craigie" title="Muriel Craigie">C Muriel Craigie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Collum" title="Vera Collum">Vera Christina Chute Collum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Douglas-Pennant" title="Violet Douglas-Pennant">Violet Douglas-Pennant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Ford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maud Ford (page does not exist)">Maud Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Franklin" title="Miles Franklin">Miles Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hacon" title="Edith Hacon">Edith Hacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_H._J._Henderson" title="Mary H. J. Henderson">Mary Henderson </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Innes" title="Kathleen Innes">Kathleen Innes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Helen_Munro_Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Helen Munro Kerr (page does not exist)">Margaret Helen Munro Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Petrie" title="Hilda Petrie">Hilda Petrie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_T_MacKenzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes T MacKenzie (page does not exist)">Agnes T MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Christina_Newcomb" title="Harriet Christina Newcomb">Harriet Christina Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Rattenbury" title="Alma Rattenbury">Alma Rattenbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Smith_(masseuse)" title="Olive Smith (masseuse)">Olive Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Anne_Stoney" title="Edith Anne Stoney">Edith Anne Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Joy_Whitehead" title="Leslie Joy Whitehead">Leslie Joy Whitehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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