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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Kues" title="Nikolaus von Kues – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nikolaus von Kues" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نقولاس الكوزاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقولاس الكوزاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A1s_de_Cusa" title="Colás de Cusa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Colás de Cusa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Kuzal%C4%B1" title="Nikolay Kuzalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikolay Kuzalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="نیکلاس کوسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکلاس کوسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কুসের নিকোলাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুসের নিকোলাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Мікалай Кузанскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікалай Кузанскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Николай Кузански – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николай Кузански" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Kuzanski" title="Nikola Kuzanski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikola Kuzanski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_de_Cusa" title="Nicolau de Cusa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolau de Cusa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kus%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Mikuláš Kusánský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikuláš Kusánský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Kues" title="Nikolaus von Kues – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikolaus von Kues" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Kues" title="Nikolaus von Kues – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikolaus von Kues" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νικόλαος Κουζάνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικόλαος Κουζάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Cusa" title="Nicolás de Cusa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás de Cusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolao_de_Kuzo" title="Nikolao de Kuzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikolao de Kuzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Cusakoa" title="Nikolas Cusakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikolas Cusakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="نیکلاس کوسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکلاس کوسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Cues" title="Nicolas de Cues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolas de Cues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_fan_Kues" title="Nikolaas fan Kues – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nikolaas fan Kues" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niocl%C3%A1s_as_Kues" title="Nioclás as Kues – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nioclás as Kues" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Cusa" title="Nicolás de Cusa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolás de Cusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BF%A0%EC%9E%90%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="니콜라우스 쿠자누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라우스 쿠자누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Նիկոլաս Կուզացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլաս Կուզացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Kuzanski" title="Nikola Kuzanski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikola Kuzanski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Cusano" title="Nicola Cusano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicola Cusano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ניקולאוס קוזאנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולאוס קוזאנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Kues" title="Nikolaus von Kues – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nikolaus von Kues" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Николай Кузанский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Николай Кузанский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABzas_Nikolajs" title="Kūzas Nikolajs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kūzas Nikolajs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolajus_Kuzietis" title="Nikolajus Kuzietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikolajus Kuzietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolla_da_Cuza" title="Nicolla da Cuza – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nicolla da Cuza" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nicholas of Cusa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="نكولاس الكوزانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نكولاس الكوزانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_van_Cusa" title="Nicolaas van Cusa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicolaas van Cusa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="ニコラウス・クザーヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラウス・クザーヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_av_Cusa" title="Nikolaus av Cusa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikolaus av Cusa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_de_Cusa" title="Nicolau de Cusa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolau de Cusa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%B2la_%C3%ABd_Cusa" title="Nicòla ëd Cusa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nicòla ëd Cusa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_z_Kuzy" title="Mikołaj z Kuzy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikołaj z Kuzy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_de_Cusa" title="Nicolau de Cusa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolau de Cusa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Николай Кузанский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Николай Кузанский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_o_Cusa" title="Nicholas o Cusa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nicholas o Cusa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Krebsi" title="Nikolas Krebsi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikolas Krebsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicholas of Cusa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kuz%C3%A1nsky" title="Mikuláš Kuzánsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikuláš Kuzánsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Kuzanski" title="Nikolaj Kuzanski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikolaj Kuzanski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Kuzanski" title="Nikola Kuzanski – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nikola Kuzanski" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Kuzanski" title="Nikola Kuzanski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikola Kuzanski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Cusanus" title="Nicolaus Cusanus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicolaus Cusanus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Микола Кузанський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Микола Кузанський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_x%E1%BB%A9_Cusa" title="Nicholas xứ Cusa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicholas xứ Cusa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_han_Cusa" title="Nicholas han Cusa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nicholas han Cusa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8%E4%B8%AA%E5%B0%BC%E5%90%84%E8%80%81" title="库萨个尼各老 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库萨个尼各老" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German cardinal and philosopher (1401–1464)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cusa" and "Cusanus" redirect here. For the lunar crater, see <a href="/wiki/Cusanus_(crater)" title="Cusanus (crater)">Cusanus (crater)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CUSA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="CUSA (disambiguation)">CUSA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a></div><div class="fn">Nicholas of Cusa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg/220px-Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg/330px-Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg/440px-Nicholas_of_Cusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="629" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nicholas of Cusa, by <i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Master of the Life of the Virgin">Master of the Life of the Virgin</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1401<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bernkastel-Kues" title="Bernkastel-Kues">Kues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Electorate of Trier</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1464<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Todi" title="Todi">Todi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Doctor Christianus, Nikolaus Cryfftz, Nicholas of Kues, Nicolaus Cusanus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neoplatonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Neoplatonism">Christian Neoplatonism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiamma_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiamma_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiamma_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiamma_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiamma_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mathematics<sup id="cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiamma_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia" title="De Docta Ignorantia">Learned ignorance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">coincidence of opposites</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role" style="color: #202122; background-color: #FFA4A4;"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Brixen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Brixen">Bishop of Brixen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In office</th><td class="infobox-data">1450–1464</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Priest">Cardinal-Priest</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1436<sup id="cite_ref-CT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">26 April 1450<sup id="cite_ref-CT_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1448<br />by Pope Nicholas V</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicholas of Cusa</b> (1401 – 11 August 1464), also referred to as <b>Nicholas of Kues</b> and <b>Nicolaus Cusanus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>), was a German <a href="/wiki/Catholic_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic bishop">Catholic bishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> active as a <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, mathematician and astronomer. One of the first German proponents of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>, he made spiritual and political contributions to European culture. A notable example of this is his mystical or spiritual writings on "learned ignorance," as well as his participation in power struggles between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Rome</a> and the German states of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> to Germany from 1446, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a> for his merits by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> in 1448 and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Brixen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Brixen">Prince-Bishop of Brixen</a> two years later. In 1459, he became <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. </p><p>Nicholas has remained an influential figure. In 2001, the sixth centennial of his birth was celebrated on four continents and commemorated by publications on his life and work.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernkastel_Kues_Geburtshaus_Nikolaus_von_Kues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bernkastel_Kues_Geburtshaus_Nikolaus_von_Kues.jpg/220px-Bernkastel_Kues_Geburtshaus_Nikolaus_von_Kues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bernkastel_Kues_Geburtshaus_Nikolaus_von_Kues.jpg/330px-Bernkastel_Kues_Geburtshaus_Nikolaus_von_Kues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bernkastel_Kues_Geburtshaus_Nikolaus_von_Kues.jpg/440px-Bernkastel_Kues_Geburtshaus_Nikolaus_von_Kues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace in Kues</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicholas was born in <a href="/wiki/Bernkastel-Kues" title="Bernkastel-Kues">Kues</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> as "Cusa") in southwestern Germany. He was the second of four children of Johan Krebs (or Cryfftz) and Katherina Roemer. His father was "a prosperous boat owner and ferryman."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas entered the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Arts">Faculty of Arts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> in 1416 as "a cleric of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Diocese of Trier</a>," studying the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts</a>. He seemed to have left Heidelberg soon afterwards, as he received his doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a> in 1423. In Padua, he met the later cardinals <a href="/wiki/Julian_Cesarini" title="Julian Cesarini">Julian Cesarini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Capranica" title="Domenico Capranica">Domenico Capranica</a> and became friends with the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Paolo_dal_Pozzo_Toscanelli" title="Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli">Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli</a>. Afterwards, he entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> in 1425 as "a doctor of canon law," which he appears to have both taught and practiced there. In Cologne, he made friends with the scholastic theologian <a href="/wiki/Heymeric_de_Campo" title="Heymeric de Campo">Heymeric de Campo</a>. </p><p>Following a brief period in Cologne, Nicholas returned to his hometown and became secretary to Otto of Ziegenhain, the <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Trier" title="Elector of Trier">Prince-Archbishop of Trier</a>. Otto appointed him <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">dean</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stift" title="Stift">stift</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florinus_of_Rem%C3%BCs" title="Florinus of Remüs">Saint Florinus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> affiliated with numerous <a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">prebends</a>. In 1427 he was sent to Rome as an episcopal delegate. The next year he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to study the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a>. At the same time he rejected a calling by the newly established <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a>. He acquired great knowledge in the research of ancient and medieval <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> and the examination of <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>. In 1433 he identified the <i><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></i> as a fake, confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a> a few years later, and revealed the forgery of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals</a></i>. He made friends with the Austrian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Peuerbach" title="Georg von Peuerbach">Georg von Peuerbach</a> and advocated a reform of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> and the Easter <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a>, which, however, was not realized until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> in 1582. </p><p>After the Archbishop Otto of Trier had died in 1430, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope Martin V</a> appointed the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Speyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Speyer">Speyer</a> bishop Raban of <a href="/wiki/Helmstadt-Bargen" title="Helmstadt-Bargen">Helmstatt</a> his successor. Nevertheless, the Electorate was contested by opposing parties, and in 1432 Nicholas attended the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Basel</a> representing the Cologne dean Ulrich von Manderscheid, one of the claimants,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who hoped to prevail against the new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a>. Nicholas stressed the determining influence of the cathedral chapter and its given right to participate in the succession policy, which even places the pope under an obligation to seek a consent. His efforts were to no avail in regard to Ulrich's ambitions; however, Nicholas's pleadings earned him a great reputation as an intermediary and diplomat. While present at the council, he wrote his first work, <i>De concordantia catholica</i> (<i>The Catholic Concordance</i>), a synthesis of ideas on church and empire balancing hierarchy with consent. This work remained useful to critics of the papacy long after Nicholas left Basel.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially as <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">conciliarist</a>, Nicholas approached his university friend Cardinal Julian Cesarini, who had tried to reconcile pope and council, combining reform and hierarchic order. Nicholas supported transfer of the council to Italy to meet with the Greeks, who needed aid against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>. He arbitrated in the conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussites</a>. Between the summer of 1437 and early 1438 he was a member of the delegation sent to Constantinople with the pope's approval to bring back the Byzantine emperor and his representatives to the papally summoned <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> of 1439, which was attempting to bring the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> into union with the Western <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The reunion achieved at this conference turned out to be very brief. Nicholas would later claim (in the postfaced dedicatory letter of <i>On Learned Ignorance</i>, which Nicholas finished writing on 12 February 1440) that he had chosen to write on this metaphysical topic because of a shipboard experience of divine illumination while on the ship returning from this mission to Constantinople. </p><p>After a successful career as a papal envoy, he was made a cardinal by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> in 1448 or 1449. In 1450 he was both named <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Brixen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Brixen">Bishop of Brixen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, and commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> to the German lands to spread the message of reform. In 1444, the <a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Brixen)" title="White Tower (Brixen)">White Tower of Brixen</a> caught fire and in 1459 he commissioned its reconstruction in a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic style</a>. This latter role, his 'Great Legation' of 1450–1452, involved travel of almost 3000 miles, preaching, teaching and reforming. He became known as the "Hercules of the Eugenian cause."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His local councils enacted reforms, many of which were not successful. Pope Nicholas canceled some of Nicholas's decrees, and the effort to discourage pilgrimages to venerate the bleeding hosts of <a href="/wiki/Wilsnack" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilsnack">Wilsnack</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Holy_Blood_of_Wilsnack" title="Holy Blood of Wilsnack">Holy Blood of Wilsnack</a>) was unsuccessful. His work as bishop between 1452 and 1458 – trying to impose reforms and reclaim lost diocesan revenues – was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Duke Sigismund of Austria</a>. The duke imprisoned Nicholas in 1460, for which <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> Sigismund and laid an <a href="/wiki/Interdict_(Roman_Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdict (Roman Catholic Church)">interdict</a> on his lands. Nicholas returned to Rome, but was never able to return to his bishopric. </p><p>He died at <a href="/wiki/Todi" title="Todi">Todi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> on 11 August 1464. Sigismund's capitulation came a few days after Nicholas's death.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Pietro_in_Vincoli_021.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/S._Pietro_in_Vincoli_021.JPG/225px-S._Pietro_in_Vincoli_021.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/S._Pietro_in_Vincoli_021.JPG/338px-S._Pietro_in_Vincoli_021.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/S._Pietro_in_Vincoli_021.JPG/450px-S._Pietro_in_Vincoli_021.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>Tomb in <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a>, Rome, with the relief "Cardinal Nicholas before St Peter" by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bregno" title="Andrea Bregno">Andrea Bregno</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Upon his death, Nicholas's body was interred in the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a> in Rome, probably near the relic of Peter's chains; but it was later lost. His monument, with a sculpted image of the cardinal, remains. Two other tombstones, one medieval and one modern, also are found in the church. In accordance with his wishes, his heart rests within the chapel altar at the <a href="/wiki/Cusanusstift" title="Cusanusstift">Cusanusstift</a> in Kues. To this charitable institution that he had founded he bequeathed his entire inheritance; it still stands, and serves the purpose Nicholas intended for it, as a home for the aged. The Cusanusstift also houses many of his manuscripts.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cusanus.de/">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholas's <i><a href="/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia" title="De Docta Ignorantia">De Docta Ignorantia</a></i> ('Of Learned Ignorance') is an epistemological and metaphysical treatise. He maintains the finite human mind cannot fully know the divine, infinite mind ('the Maximum'). Nonetheless, he holds that the human intellect can become aware of its limitations in knowing God and thus attain "learned ignorance". His theory shows the influence of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">negative theology</a>, and he frequently cites <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a>. </p><p>Nicholas was noted for his deeply <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> writings about <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. He wrote of the enfolding of creation in God and their unfolding in creation. He was suspected by some of holding <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> beliefs, but his writings were never accused of being <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas also wrote in <i>De coniecturis</i> about using conjectures or surmises to rise to better understanding of the truth. The individual might rise above mere reason to the vision of the intellect, but the same person might fall back from such vision. </p><p>Theologically, Nicholas anticipated the implications of Reformed teaching on the <a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">harrowing of Hell</a> (Sermon on Psalm 30:11), followed by <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>, who similarly explained the <i>descensus</i> in terms of Christ's agony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_mathematics">Science and mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Science and mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Nicholas's mathematical ideas can be found in his essays, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia" title="De Docta Ignorantia">De Docta Ignorantia</a></i> (<i>Of Learned Ignorance</i>), <i>De Visione Dei</i> (<i>On the Vision of God</i>) and <i>De coniecturis</i> (<i>On Conjectures</i>). He also wrote on <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">squaring the circle</a> in his mathematical treatises. </p><p>Mathematics plays a key role for Cusanus in orienting the human mind towards God. Mathematical figures provide a means for the mind to consider how figures may be deformed and transformed, and thus prepares the mind to reach the "coincidence of opposites" in the "Absolutely maximal Being". </p><p>From the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1913 edition): </p> <blockquote><p>The astronomical views of the cardinal are scattered through his philosophical treatises. They evince complete independence of traditional doctrines, though they are based on symbolism of numbers, on combinations of letters, and on abstract speculations rather than observation. The earth is a star like other stars, is not the centre of the universe, is not at rest, nor are its poles fixed. The celestial bodies are not strictly spherical, nor are their orbits circular. The difference between theory and appearance is explained by relative motion. Had <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a> been aware of these assertions he would probably have been encouraged by them to publish his own monumental work.<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a>, Nicholas also wrote about the possibility of the plurality of worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Norman_Moore,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Norman Moore, 1st Baronet">Norman Moore</a> tells us in The Fitz-Patrick Lectures of 1905: </p> <blockquote> <p>In medicine he introduced an improvement which in an altered form has continued in use to this day. This improvement was the counting of the pulse which up to his time had been felt and discussed in many ways but never counted. ...Nicholas of Cusa proposed to compare the rate of pulses by weighing the quantity of water run out of a water clock while the pulse beat one hundred times. ...The manufacture of watches with second-hands has since given us a simpler method of counting, but the merit of introducing this useful kind of observation into clinical medicine belongs to Nicholas of Cusa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1433, Nicholas proposed reform of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and a method to elect <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperors</a>. Although it was not adopted by the Church, his method was essentially the same one known today as the <a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a>, which is used in many academic institutions, competitions, and even some political jurisdictions, in original form and a number of variations. His proposal preceded <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Borda</a>'s work by over three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas's opinions on the Empire, which he hoped to reform and strengthen, were cited against papal claims of temporal power in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Protestant writers were happy to cite a cardinal against Rome's assertions. Protestants, however, found his writings against the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> wrong. Nicholas seemed to Protestants to give the church too much power to interpret Scripture, instead of treating it as self-interpreting and self-sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas's own thought on the church changed with his departure from Basel. He tried arguing that the Basel assembly lacked the consent of the church throughout the world, especially the princes. Then he tried arguing that the church was unfolded from Peter (<i>explicatio Petri</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed him to support the pope without abandoning ideas of reform. Thus, he was able to propose to Pius II reform of the church, beginning with the pope himself. Then it was to spread through the <a href="/wiki/Roman_curia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman curia">Roman curia</a> and outward throughout Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas noted that government was founded on the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Accordingly, since by nature all men are free, any authority by which subjects are prevented from doing evil and their freedom is restrained to doing good through fear from penalties, comes solely from harmony and from the consent of the subjects, whether the authority reside in written law or in the living law which is in the ruler. For if by nature men are equally strong and equally free, the true and settled power of one over the others, the ruler having equal natural power, could be set up only by the choice and consent of the others, just as a law also is set up by consent.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, Nicholas wrote <i>De pace fidei</i>, <i>On the Peace of Faith</i>. This visionary work imagined a summit meeting in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> of representatives of all nations and religions. Islam and the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> are represented. The conference agrees that there can be <i>una religio in varietate rituum</i>, a single faith manifested in different rites, as manifested in the eastern and western rites of the Catholic Church. The dialog presupposes the greater accuracy of Christianity but gives respect to other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas's position was for Europeans not to retake Constantinople but simply to trade with the Ottomans and allow them their conquests. Less irenic but not virulent, is his <i>Cribratio Alchorani</i>, <i>Sifting the Koran</i>, a detailed review of the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> in Latin translation. While the arguments for the superiority of Christianity are still shown in this book, it also credits Judaism and Islam with sharing in the truth at least partially.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholas was widely read, and his works were published in the sixteenth century in both Paris and Basel. Sixteenth-century French scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Bovelles" title="Charles de Bovelles">Charles de Bovelles</a>, cited him. Lefèvre even edited the Paris 1514 <i>Opera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, there was no Cusan school, and his works were largely unknown until the nineteenth century, though <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> quoted him, while some thinkers, like <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, were thought to have been influenced by him.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Kantian">Neo-Kantian</a> scholars began studying Nicholas in the nineteenth century, and new editions were begun by the <i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Academy_for_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities">Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften</a></i> in the 1930s and published by Felix Meiner Verlag.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twentieth century, he was hailed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a> as the "first modern thinker,"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much debate since then has centered around the question whether he should be seen as essentially a medieval or Renaissance figure. What is more, Cassirer presented Cusanus as the main focal point (<i>einfachen Brennpunkt</i>) of Italian Renaissance philosophy. Eminent scholars like Eugenio Garin and Paul Oskar Kristeller challenged Cassirer’s thesis, and went so far as to practically deny any considerable link between Nicholas of Cusa and Marsilio Ficino or Giovanni Pico.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following decades, new hypotheses on the relationship between Cusanus and Italian humanists appeared, more balanced and focused on the sources.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Societies and centers dedicated to Nicholas can be found in Argentina, Japan, Germany, Italy and the United States. His well-known quote about the infinity of the universe is found paraphrased in the Central Holy Book of the <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelemites</a>, The Book of the Law, which was "received" from the Angel Aiwass by Aleister Crowley in Cairo in April 1904: "In the sphere I am everywhere the centre, as she, the circumference, is nowhere found." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholas wrote a large number of works, which include: </p> <ul><li><i>De auctoritate praesidendi in concilio generali</i> (1434), a proposal for resolving the question of presidency over the deliberations of the Council of Basil.</li> <li><i>De concordantia catholica</i> (<i>The Catholic Concordance</i>) (1434), a synthesis of ideas on church and empire balancing hierarchy with consent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Reparatio kalendarii</i> (1434/5), a plan for reforming the church's calendar.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia" title="De Docta Ignorantia">De Docta ignorantia</a></i> (<i>On Learned Ignorance</i>) (1440).<sup id="cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De coniecturis</i> (<i>On Conjectures</i>) (1441-2)</li> <li><i>Dialogus concludens Amedistarum errorem</i> (1441), an ecclesiological explanation of his papal advocacy.</li> <li><i>De Deo abscondito</i> (<i>On the Hidden God</i>) (1444/5)<sup id="cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De quaerendo Deum (On Seeking God)</i> (1445)<sup id="cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De date patris luminum</i> (<i>On the Gift of the Father of Lights</i> (1445/6)</li> <li><i>De transmutationibus geometricis</i></li> <li><i>De arithmetricis complementis</i> (1445)</li> <li><i>De filiatione Dei</i> (<i>On Divine Sonship</i>)</li> <li><i>De genesi</i> (<i>On Genesis</i>)</li> <li><i>Apologia doctae ignorantiae</i> (<i>The Defense of Learned Ignorance</i>) (1449), a response to charges of heresy and pantheism by the Heidelberg scholastic theologian John Wenck in a work entitled <i>De ignota litteratura</i> (<i>On Unknown Learning</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_McGinn_2005_p435_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_McGinn_2005_p435-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Idiota de mente</i> (<i>The Layman on Mind</i>) (1450). This is formed of four dialogues: <i>De Sapientia</i> I-II, <i>De Mente</i> III, and <i>De staticis experimentis</i> IV.</li> <li><i>De visione Dei (On the Vision of God)</i> (1453), completed at the request of the monks of the Benedictine abbey at <a href="/wiki/Tegernsee" title="Tegernsee">Tegernsee</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jasper-hopkins.info/DePace12-2000.pdf">De pace fidei</a></i> (1453), written in response to the news of the fall of Constantinople to the Turks.</li> <li><i>De theologicis complementis</i>, in which he pursued his continuing fascination with theological applications of mathematical models.</li> <li><i>De mathematicis complementis</i> (1453)</li> <li><i>Caesarea circuli quadratura</i> (1457)</li> <li><i>Excitationum ex sermonibus</i> (1457)</li> <li><i>De beryllo</i> (<i>On the Beryl</i>) (1458), a brief epistemological treatise using a beryl or transparent stone as the crucial analogy.</li> <li><i>De aequalitate</i> (1459)</li> <li><i>De principio</i> (1459)</li> <li><i>Reformatio generalis</i>, (1459) a treatise on the general reform of the church, written at the request of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, but generally ignored by the Pope and cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_McGinn_2005_p435_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_McGinn_2005_p435-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De possest</i> (1460)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jasper-hopkins.info/CAI-12-2000.pdf">Cribratio Alkorani</a></i>, a Christocentric evaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> written at the request of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, based on the twelfth-century translation of <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Ketton" title="Robert of Ketton">Robert of Ketton</a>.</li> <li><i>De non aliud</i> (<i>On the Not-Other</i>) (1462)</li> <li><i>De venatione sapientiae</i> (1462)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_ludo_globi" title="De ludo globi">De ludo globi</a></i> (1463)</li> <li><i>Compendium</i> (1463)</li> <li><i>De apice theoriae</i> (<i>On the Summit of Contemplation</i>) (1464), his last work.<sup id="cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_editions">Modern editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Opera omnia</i>, ed. E Hoffmann et al., (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1932–2006) [The modern critical edition, begun under the editorship of Ernst Hoffmann and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Klibansky" title="Raymond Klibansky">Raymond Klibansky</a>]</li> <li><i>Acta Cusana</i>, ed Erich Muethen and Hermann Hallauer, (1976–) [A series designed to publish all extant documents, letters, deeds and other materials in which Cusanus and his activities are mentioned]</li> <li><i>On Learned Ignorance</i>, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1985)</li> <li>Jasper Hopkins, <i>Nicholas of Cusa's Dialectical Mysticism: Text, Translation, and Interpretive Study of </i>De Visione Dei<i> </i>, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1985)</li> <li><i>Dialectical Mysticism</i>, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1988)</li> <li><i>De auctoritate praesidendi in concilio generali</i>, tr. HL Bond et al., <i>Church History</i> 59, (1990), 19-34</li> <li><i>De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance)</i>, tr. P Sigmund, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, (Cambridge: CUP, 1991)</li> <li><i>A Miscellany on Nicholas of Cusa</i>, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1994)</li> <li><i>On Wisdom and Knowledge</i>, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1996)</li> <li><i>Metaphysical Speculations</i>, tr. J Hopkins, 2 vols, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1997–2000) [Contains translations of: Vol 1: <i>De apice theoriae</i>; Vol 2: <i>De Coniecturis</i> and <i>De Ludo Globi</i>]</li> <li>Bond, H. Lawrence (ed.), <i>Nicholas of Cusa: Selected Spiritual Writings</i>, Classics of Western Spirituality, (New York: Paulist Press, 1997). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3698-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3698-8">0-8091-3698-8</a> [Contains translations of <i>On Learned Ignorance, Dialogue on the Hidden God, On Seeking God, On the Vision of God</i>, and <i>On the Summit of Contemplation</i>.]</li> <li>Hopkins, Jasper (ed.), <i>Complete philosophical and theological treatises of Nicholas of Cusa</i>, 2 vols., (Minneapolis: AJ Banning Press, 2001)</li> <li>Izbicki, Thomas M., ed., <i>Nicholas of Cusa, Writings on Church and Reform</i>, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_of_the_Soul" title="Ground of the Soul">Ground of the Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_scientist-clerics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics">List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Moosburg" title="Berthold of Moosburg">Berthold of Moosburg</a>, an estimator of his comment on the <i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_Theology" title="Elements of Theology">Elementatio Theologica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fiamma_2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiamma_2017_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiamma2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fiamma, Andrea (June 2017). "Nicholas of Cusa and the So-called Cologne School of the 13th and 14th Centuries". <i>Archives d'Histoire littéraire et doctrinale du Moyen Âge, LXXXIV</i>. <b>84</b> (1). Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin: 91–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fahdlm.084.0091">10.3917/ahdlm.084.0091</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7116-2815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7116-2815-5"><bdi>978-2-7116-2815-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2109-9529">2109-9529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+d%27Histoire+litt%C3%A9raire+et+doctrinale+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge%2C+LXXXIV&rft.atitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa+and+the+So-called+Cologne+School+of+the+13th+and+14th+Centuries&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-128&rft.date=2017-06&rft.issn=2109-9529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fahdlm.084.0091&rft.isbn=978-2-7116-2815-5&rft.aulast=Fiamma&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CT-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CT_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CT_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcusa.html">Nikolaus <i>Cardinal</i> von Cusa </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzbicki2007" class="citation journal cs1">Izbicki, Thomas M. (Spring 2007). "Cusanus: The Legacy of Learned Ignorance". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Cusanus%3A+The+Legacy+of+Learned+Ignorance&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Izbicki&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald F. Duclow, "Life and Works", <i>in</i> Christopher M. Bellitto, Thomas M. Izbicki, Gerald Christianson (Eds.), <i>Introducing Nicholas of Cusa, A Guide to a Renaissance Man</i>, Paulist Press, 2004, p25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald F. Duclow, "Life and Works", <i>in</i> Christopher M. Bellitto, Thomas M. Izbicki, Gerald Christianson (Eds.), <i>Introducing Nicholas of Cusa, A Guide to a Renaissance Man</i>, Paulist Press, 2004, pp. 25-56 at pp. 26-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. Sigmund, <i>Nicholas of Cusa and Medieval Political Thought</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duclow, "Life and Works," pp. 29-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duclow, "Life and Works," pp. 38-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Hopkins, <i>Nicholas of Cusa's Debate with John Wenck: A Translation and an Appraisal of </i>De Ignota Litteratura<i> and </i>Apologia Doctae Ignorantiae<i> </i>, 3rd ed., (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cathen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cathen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagen,_J.1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hagen, J. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11060b.htm">"Nicholas of Cusa"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 11. Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Hagen%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11060b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dick, Steven J. Plurality of Worlds: The Extraterrestrial Life Debate from Democritus to Kant. Cambridge University Press (June 29, 1984). pgs 35-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Medieval & Renaissance Astronomy", Australia Telescope National Facility. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/cosmicengine/renaissanceastro.html">http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/cosmicengine/renaissanceastro.html</a> on March 14, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1905" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Norman, M.D. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbZMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1525">"The Fitz-Patrick Lectures for 1905"</a>. <i>The Lancet, Vol.2, Part 2, p.1525 (Oct-Dec, 1905)</i>. J. Onwhyn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet%2C+Vol.2%2C+Part+2%2C+p.1525+%28Oct-Dec%2C+1905%29&rft.atitle=The+Fitz-Patrick+Lectures+for+1905&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Norman%2C+M.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbZMAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunter Hagele and Friedrich Pukelsheim, "The electoral systems of Nicholas of Cusa in the Catholic Concordance and beyond," in <i>The Church, the Councils, & Reform: The Legacy of the Fifteenth Century</i>, ed. Gerald Christianson, Thomas M. Izbicki and Christopher M. Bellitto, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2008, pp. 229-249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas M. Izbicki, "'Their Cardinal Cusanus': Nicholas of Cusa in Tudor and Stuart polemics," in Izbicki, <i>Reform, Ecclesiology, and the Christian Life in the Late Middle Ages</i>, Aldershott: Variorum, 2008, IX, pp. 1-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Izbicki, "The Church," in <i>Introducing Nicholas of Cusa</i>, pp. 113-140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morimichi Watanabe and Thomas M. Izbicki, “Nicholas of Cusa: A General Reform of the Church,” in <i>Nicholas of Cusa on Christ and the Church: Essays in Memory of Chandler McCuskey Brooks for the American Cusanus Society</i>, ed. Gerald Christianson and Thomas M. Izbicki (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996), pp. 175-202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De concordantia catholica</i> II xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Holland_Sabine" title="George Holland Sabine">George Holland Sabine</a> (1937) <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Political_Theory" title="A History of Political Theory">A History of Political Theory</a>, p 319, <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Rinehart_and_Winston" class="mw-redirect" title="Holt, Rinehart and Winston">Holt, Rinehart and Winston</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas P. McTighe, "Nicholas of Cusa's Unity-Metaphysics and the Formula Religio una in rituum varietate", in Gerald Christianson and Thomas M. Izbicki (edd.), <i>Nicholas of Cusa in Search of God and Wisdom: Essays in Honor of Morimichi Watanabe by the American Cusanus Society</i>, ed. Gerald Christianson and Thomas M. Izbicki (Leiden: Brill, 1991), pp. 161-172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasper Hopkins, “The Role of <i>Pia Interpretatio</i> in Nicholas of Cusa’s Hermeneutical Approach to the Koran,” in Gregorio Piaia ed., <i>Concordia discors: Studi su Niccolò Cusano e l’umanesimo europeo offerti a Giovanni Santinello</i> Padua: Antenore, 1993, pp. 251-273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Prefatory Epistles of Jacques Lefévre D'Etaples and Related Texts</i>, ed. Eugene F. Rice, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; P. M. Sanders, "Charles de Bovelle's Treatise on Regular Polyhedra," <i>Annals of Science</i> 41 (1984): 513-566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Catana, "The Meaning of <i>contractio</i> in Giordano Bruno's <i>Sigillus sigillorum</i>." In <i>Giordano Bruno: Philosopher of the Renaissance</i>, ed. Hilary Gatti, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2002, pp. 327-341; Thomas P. McTighe, "Nicholas of Cusa and Leibniz's Principle of Indiscernibility," <i>The Modern Schoolman</i> 42 (1964): 33-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morimichi Watanabe, "The origins of modern Cusanus research in Germany and the establishment of the Heidelberg <i>Opera Omnia</i>," in <i>Nicholas of Cusa: In Search of God and Wisdom: Essays in Honor of Morimichi Watanabe by the American Cusanus Society</i>, ed. Gerald Christianson and Thomas M. Izbicki (Leiden: Brill, 1991), pp. 17-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Cassirer, <i>Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance</i>, (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugenio Garin, "Cusano e i platonici italiani del Quattrocento." In <i>Niccolò da Cusa: Atti del Convegno Interuniversitario di Bressanone nel 1960</i>, ed. G. Flores D’Arcais, Florence: Sansoni, 1962, pp. 75-96; Paul Oskar Kristller, "Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and his sources." In <i>L’opera e il pensiero di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nella storia dell’ umanesimo. Convegno internazionale Mirandola 15-18 settembre 1963. Vol. I</i>, Florence, Sansoni, 1965, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Flasch, "Nikolaus von Kues und Pico della Mirandola," <i>Mitteilungen und Forschungsbeiträge der Cusanus-Gesellschaft</i> 14 (1980): 113-120; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastitta_Harriet2021" class="citation web cs1">Bastitta Harriet, Francisco (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/60812597">"Coincidentia philosophorum. La unidad de la verdad y la pluralidad de las filosofías en Nicolás de Cusa y Giovanni Pico"</a>. <i>In Nicolás de Cusa: Unidad en la Pluralidad. Homenaje a Jorge Mario Machetta, vol. I, ed. Claudia D’Amico, Gianluca Cuozzo and Nadia Russano</i>. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UBA. pp. 147–187<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Nicol%C3%A1s+de+Cusa%3A+Unidad+en+la+Pluralidad.+Homenaje+a+Jorge+Mario+Machetta%2C+vol.+I%2C+ed.+Claudia+D%E2%80%99Amico%2C+Gianluca+Cuozzo+and+Nadia+Russano&rft.atitle=Coincidentia+philosophorum.+La+unidad+de+la+verdad+y+la+pluralidad+de+las+filosof%C3%ADas+en+Nicol%C3%A1s+de+Cusa+y+Giovanni+Pico&rft.pages=147-187&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Bastitta+Harriet&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F60812597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation in <i>De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance)</i>, tr. P Sigmund, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, (Cambridge: CUP, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bond,_H._Lawrence_1997_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation in Bond, H. Lawrence (ed.), <i>Nicholas of Cusa: Selected Spiritual Writings</i>, Classics of Western Spirituality, (New York: Paulist Press, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard_McGinn_2005_p435-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_McGinn_2005_p435_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_McGinn_2005_p435_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard McGinn, <i>The Harvest of Mysticism</i>, (2005), p435.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>English language</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Beierwaltes" title="Werner Beierwaltes">Beierwaltes, Werner</a>, 'Cusanus and Eriugena', <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(journal)" title="Dionysius (journal)">Dionysius</a></i>, 13 (1989), pp. 115–152.</li> <li>Bellitto, Christopher, Thoma M Izbicki and Gerald Christianson, eds, <i>Introducing Nicholas of Cusa: A Guide to a Renaissance Man</i>, (New York: Paulist Press, 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiechler1975" class="citation journal cs1">Biechler, James E. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0009640700031784/type/journal_article">"Nicholas of Cusa and the End of the Conciliar Movement: A Humanist Crisis of Identity"</a>. <i>Church History</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 5–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3165095">10.2307/3165095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165095">3165095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159964085">159964085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa+and+the+End+of+the+Conciliar+Movement%3A+A+Humanist+Crisis+of+Identity&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-21&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159964085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3165095%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3165095&rft.aulast=Biechler&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0009640700031784%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1987" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Tony (1987). <i>The Earliest Printed Maps 1472-1500</i>. London: The British Library. pp. 35–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Printed+Maps+1472-1500&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35-55&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Catà, Cesare, 'Perspicere Deum. Nicholas of Cusa and the European Art of Fifteenth Century', <i>Viator</i> 39 no. 1 (Spring 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cross, F., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/cusanus/">"Nicholas of Cusa"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2021%2Fentries%2Fcusanus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harries, Karsten Nicholas of Cusa's <i>On Learned Ignorance</i>: A Commentary on <i>De doctrina ignorantia</i>. Washington DC, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>, 2024.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2009" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Jasper (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-western-philosophy-of-religion/nicholas-of-cusa/CFCBFABE61728B9AD38C662E061CFE90">"Nicholas of Cusa"</a>. In Oppy, Graham (ed.). <i>The History of Western Philosophy of Religion</i>. Acumen Publishing. pp. 235–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FUPO9781844654642.019">10.1017/UPO9781844654642.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844654642" title="Special:BookSources/9781844654642"><bdi>9781844654642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Western+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.pages=235-250&rft.pub=Acumen+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FUPO9781844654642.019&rft.isbn=9781844654642&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-of-western-philosophy-of-religion%2Fnicholas-of-cusa%2FCFCBFABE61728B9AD38C662E061CFE90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McGinn, Bernard, <i>The Harvest of Mysticism</i>, (2005), pp. 432–483.</li> <li>Meuthen, Erich, <i>Nicholas of Cusa: A Sketch for a Biography</i>. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2010).</li> <li>Miller, C. Lee, <i>Reading Cusanus: Metaphor and Dialectic in a Conjectural Universe</i>, (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2003).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Clyde Lee (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/cusanus/">"Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa]"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cusanus%2C+Nicolaus+%5BNicolas+of+Cusa%5D&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Clyde+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2021%2Fentries%2Fcusanus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2007" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Dermot (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL052184648X.009">"Nicholas of Cusa and Modern Philosophy"</a>. In Hankins, James (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL052184648X.009">10.1017/CCOL052184648X.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521846486" title="Special:BookSources/9780521846486"><bdi>9780521846486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa+and+Modern+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Renaissance+Philosophy&rft.pages=173-192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL052184648X.009&rft.isbn=9780521846486&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCCOL052184648X.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Theruvathu, Prasad J.N., "Ineffabilis, in the Thought of Nicholas of Cusa, (Münster: Aschendorff, 2010)</li> <li>Yamaki, Kazuhiko, ed., <i>Nicholas of Cusa: A Medieval Thinker for the Modern Age</i>, (Routledge, 2001).</li></ul> <p><b>Other languages</b> </p> <ul><li>Catà, Cesare, 'La Croce e l'Inconcepibile. Il pensiero di Nicola Cusano tra filosofia e predicazione', <i>EUM, Macerata</i> (2009).</li> <li>D'Amico, Claudia, and Machetta, J., eds, 'El problema del conocimiento en Nicolás de Cusa: genealogía y proyección', <i>Editorial Biblos</i>, (2004).</li> <li>Flasch, Kurt, <i>Nikolaus von Kues: Geschichte einer Entwicklung</i>, (Georg Olms Verlag: 1998).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hoff" title="Johannes Hoff">Hoff, Johannes</a>, <i>Kontingenz, Berührung, Überschreitung. Zur philosophischen Propädeutik christlicher Mystik nach Nikolaus von Kues</i>, (Alber: Freiburg/Br. 2007) [<i>Contingency, Tangency, Transgression. A Philosophical Propaedeutics of Christian Mysticism subsequent to Nicholas of Cusa</i>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers, Karl</a>, <i>Nikolaus Cusanus</i>, (München, 1964).</li> <li>Kern, Ralf, <i>Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit</i>, 4 Bde. (Köln: Walther Koenig, 2010).</li> <li>Kijewska, Agnieszka, Roman Majeran, Harald Schwaetzer (eds), <i>Eriugena Cusanus</i>. (Lublin, 2011).</li> <li>Rusconi, Cecilia, "El uso simbólico de las figura matemáticas en la metafísica de Nicolás de Cusa", Buenos Aires, 2012.</li> <li>Schulte, Petra, ed. <i>Geld und Arbeit: Nikolaus von Kues und das ökonomische Denken im 15. Jahrhundert</i>. (Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2024.)</li> <li>Wilkołek, Rafał, <i>Poszerzając granice racjonalności. Epistemologiczna teologia Mikołaja z Kuzy.</i> (Kraków, 2023).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_of_Cusa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%20of%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Cusa%2C%20N%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicholas%20of%20Cusa%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicholas%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22N%2E%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicholas%20Cusa%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20of%20Cusa%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22N%2E%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22N%2E%20of%20Cusa%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cusa%2C%20N%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cusa%2C%20N%2E%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20Cusa%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20of%20Cusa%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20title%3A%22N%2E%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20Cusa%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicholas%20of%20Cusa%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicholas%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20description%3A%22N%2E%20o%2E%20Cusa%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%20of%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%20o%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicholas%20Cusa%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cusa%2C%20Nicholas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221401-1464%22%20AND%20Cusa%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Nicholas of Cusa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cusanus%2C%20Nicolaus%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicolaus%20Cusanus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cusanus%2C%20Nicolaus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicolaus%20Cusanus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cusanus%2C%20N%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicolaus%20Cusanus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cusanus%2C%20Nicolaus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicolaus%20Cusanus%22%29%20OR%20%28%221401-1464%22%20AND%20Cusanus%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Nicolaus Cusanus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12850">Works by Nicholas of Cusa</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheVisionOfGodByNicholasOfCusa-OphthalmosAploisOrTheSingleEye-_327"><i>The Vision of God</i></a> Free audio in English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cusanus-hochschule.de">Cusanus University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819232148/http://en.bernkastel.de/holiday-region/bernkastel-kues/nicholas-of-cusa.html">Bernkastel-Kues tribute to Nikolaus von Kues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021123330/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cusa.html">MacTutor biography, focusing on mathematical achievements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516215808/http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/CusaScribner%27s.pdf">A biography of Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106050238/http://www.haverford.edu/library/reference/mschaus/cusanus/cusanus_chrono.html">Chronological list of the works of Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernp11100gut"><i>History of Modern Philosophy: From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time</i></a> Richard Falckenberg 1893</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11060b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia article on Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cusanus.de">Website of the Cusanusstift</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616115145/http://www.haverford.edu/library/reference/mschaus/cusanus/cusanus.html">American Cusanus Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cusanus-portal.de/">Cusanus-Portal</a> (DFG-Project by the Institut für Cusanus-Forschung and the Center for Digital Humanities at the university of Trier with a digitized version of the <i>Opera Omnia</i>, the critical edition of the Latin texts from Nicholas of Cusa, published by the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, with the English translations of Jasper Hopkins, several German translations, a German encyclopedia and an international bibliography)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jasper-hopkins.info/">Jasper Hopkins, Ph.D.</a> has produced English translations with some commentary of much of Nicholas's work. PDF versions are available at this site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schillerinstitute.org/transl/cusa_p_of_f.html">Cusa's Peace of Faith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118588095">Literature by and about Nicholas of Cusa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/118588095">Works by and about Nicholas of Cusa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek" title="Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek">Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek</a> (German Digital Library)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichtsquellen.de/repPers_118588095.html">"Nicholas of Cusa"</a>. <i>Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters</i></span>)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Repertorium+%22Historical+Sources+of+the+German+Middle+Ages%22+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EGeschichtsquellen+des+deutschen+Mittelalters%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text%29&rft.atitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geschichtsquellen.de%2FrepPers_118588095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+of+Cusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rolf Schönberger (ed.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-app.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/PKGG/Philosophie/Gesch_Phil/alcuin/philosopher.php?id=1583"><i>Nicolaus Cusanus</i>.</a> In: <i>Alcuin. Infothek der Scholastik</i> (Regensburg).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_R%C3%B6ttel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Röttel (page does not exist)">Johann Röttel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Brixen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Brixen">Bishop of Brixen</a> </b><br />1450–1464 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Golser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Golser (page does not exist)">Georg 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class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154751#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154751#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154751#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118588095">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81120432">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887115b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887115b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451307">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nicolaus : Cusanus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV090467">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35746867">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19992000769&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1008389">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1424348">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5323478">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/73549">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069051151">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052750">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1581514958568">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000107275&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000085496&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=156992">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000054134">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200707128">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hklx6p1jv04lc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537789305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52662">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266073005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000122183">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521358106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14371416">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01367383?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:nicholas-of-cusa.">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/225471">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500280752">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/09818992">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/03180676">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1068701">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="NICCOLÒ da Cusa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-da-cusa_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118588095.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118588095">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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