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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="অঙ্গারযোজন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঙ্গারযোজন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Газиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Газиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonadu" title="Carbonadu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbonadu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonisierung_(Getr%C3%A4nkeherstellung)" title="Karbonisierung (Getränkeherstellung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karbonisierung (Getränkeherstellung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonaci%C3%B3n" title="Carbonación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbonación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonasi" title="Karbonasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbonasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potio_carbonata" title="Potio carbonata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Potio carbonata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniseren" title="Carboniseren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carboniseren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E9%85%B8%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C" title="炭酸飽和 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭酸飽和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonisering" title="Karbonisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbonisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbona%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Carbonação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbonação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbonation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்பனேற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பனேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Карбонування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карбонування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A3o_h%C3%B2a_carbon_dioxide" title="Bão hòa carbon dioxide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bão hòa carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="碳酸化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳酸化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2139722#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">Carbonatation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about carbonation reactions in chemistry. For carbonated beverages, see <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonated drink">Carbonated drink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">Carbonated water</a>.</div> <p><b>Carbonation</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, the term is sometimes used in place of <a href="/wiki/Carboxylation" title="Carboxylation">carboxylation</a>, which refers to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, carbonation is common. <a href="/wiki/Metal_hydroxide" title="Metal hydroxide">Metal hydroxides</a> (MOH) and <a href="/wiki/Metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal oxide">metal oxides</a> (M'O) react with CO<sub>2</sub> to give <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>: </p> <dl><dd>MOH + CO<sub>2</sub> → M(HCO<sub>3</sub>)</dd> <dd>M'O + CO<sub>2</sub> → M'CO<sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_carbonations">Selected carbonations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Selected carbonations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbonic_anhydrase">Carbonic anhydrase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carbonic anhydrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mammalian physiology, transport of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> to the lungs involves a carbonation reaction catalyzed by the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a>. In the absence of such catalysts, carbon dioxide cannot be expelled sufficient rate to support metabolic needs. The enzyme harbors a zinc <a href="/wiki/Aquo_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquo complex">aquo complex</a>, which captures carbon dioxide to give a zinc bicarbonate:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">[(imidazole)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>ZnOH]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> ⇌ [(imidazole)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>ZnOCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior_of_concrete">Behavior of concrete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavior of concrete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>, the chemical reaction between <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> In the air and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> and hydrated <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a> in the concrete is known as <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)" title="Neutralization (chemistry)">neutralisation</a>. The similar reaction in which calcium hydroxide from cement reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate is <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">carbonatation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urea_production">Urea production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Urea production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carbonation of ammonia is one step in the industrial production of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>:In 2020, worldwide production capacity was approximately 180 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a fertilizer, it is a source of nitrogen for plants. Urea production plants are almost always located adjacent to the site where the ammonia is manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-Meessen_2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meessen_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> ⇌ [NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>COO]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></dd></dl> <p>In the subsequent urea conversion: the ammonium carbamate is decomposed into urea, releasing water: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>COO]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> ⇌ CO(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solubility">Solubility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solubility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a> states that P<sub>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></sub>=K<sub>B</sub>x<sub>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></sub> where P<sub>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></sub> is the partial pressure of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> gas above the solution. K<sub>B</sub> is Henry's law constant. K<sub>B</sub> increases as temperature increases. x<sub>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fraction</a> of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> gas in the solution. According to Henry's law carbonation increases in a solution as temperature decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since carbonation is the process of giving compounds like carbonic acid (liq) from CO<sub>2</sub> (gas) {i.e. making liquid from gasses} thus the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> has to decrease or the mole fraction of CO<sub>2</sub> in solution has to increase {P<sub>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></sub>/x<sub>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></sub> = K<sub>B</sub>} and both these two conditions support increase in carbonation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Impregnation or treatment with carbon dioxide; conversion into a carbonate."<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSattlerParkin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, Wesley; Parkin, Gerard (2012). "Structural Characterization of Zinc Bicarbonate Compounds Relevant to the Mechanism of Action of Carbonic Anhydrase". <i>Chemical Science</i>. <b>3</b> (6): 2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc2sc20167d">10.1039/c2sc20167d</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Science&rft.atitle=Structural+Characterization+of+Zinc+Bicarbonate+Compounds+Relevant+to+the+Mechanism+of+Action+of+Carbonic+Anhydrase&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2015&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc2sc20167d&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft.au=Parkin%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifastat.org/supply/Nitrogen%20Products/Urea">"Urea production statistics"</a>. <i>www.ifastat.org</i>. International Fertilizer Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ifastat.org&rft.atitle=Urea+production+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifastat.org%2Fsupply%2FNitrogen%2520Products%2FUrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meessen_2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meessen_2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeessen2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meessen, Jozef H. (2012). "Urea". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a27_333.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a27_333.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urea&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a27_333.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Meessen&rft.aufirst=Jozef+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602045754/http://chemengineering.wikispaces.com/Henry%27s+law">"Henry's Law"</a>. <i>ChemEngineering</i>. Tangient LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemengineering.wikispaces.com/Henry%27s+Law">the original</a> on 2 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChemEngineering&rft.atitle=Henry%27s+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchemengineering.wikispaces.com%2FHenry%2527s%2BLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&oldid=1197558444">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonation&oldid=1197558444</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inorganic_chemistry" title="Category:Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transition_metals" title="Category:Transition metals">Transition metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordination_complexes" title="Category:Coordination complexes">Coordination complexes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 January 2024, at 01:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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