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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ufuaji_metali_katika_historia_ya_bindamu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ufuaji_metali_katika_historia_ya_bindamu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ufuaji metali katika historia ya bindamu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ufuaji_metali_katika_historia_ya_bindamu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zama_za_Chuma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zama_za_Chuma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zama za Chuma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zama_za_Chuma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kupata_metali_kutoka_mashapo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kupata_metali_kutoka_mashapo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kupata metali kutoka mashapo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kupata_metali_kutoka_mashapo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ufuaji metali</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 117 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 117</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaalkunde" title="Metaalkunde – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metaalkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – Kijerumani cha Uswisi" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani cha Uswisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurchia" title="Metalurchia – Kiaragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metalurchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Kiaragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – Kiangika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Kiangika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الفلزات – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفلزات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxa" title="Metalurxa – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metalurxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – Kiawadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Kiawadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متالوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoikunde" title="Metoikunde – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metoikunde" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorg%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Metalorgėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metalorgėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мэталюргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэталюргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металургия – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Металургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ধাতুবিদ্যা – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalouriezh" title="Metalouriezh – Kibretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metalouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Kibretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Металлурги – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Металлурги" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%C2%B7l%C3%BArgia" title="Metal·lúrgia – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metal·lúrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کانزاناسی – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزاناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteleg" title="Meteleg – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meteleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurciye" title="Metallurciye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Metallurciye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεταλλουργία – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταλλουργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالورژی – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متالورژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Métallurgie – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métallurgie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal%C3%B3ireacht" title="Miotalóireacht – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotalóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9talirji" title="Métalirji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métalirji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxia" title="Metalurxia – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metalurxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotikuaa" title="Kuarepotikuaa – Kiguarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotikuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Kiguarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર – Kigujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Kigujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מטלורגיה – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטלורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धातुकर्म – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धातुकर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaatu_vigyan" title="Dhaatu vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaatu vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh%C3%A1szat" title="Kohászat – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kohászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մետալուրգիա – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետալուրգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մետաղագործութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաղագործութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhia" title="Metalurhia – Kiilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metalurhia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Kiilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Málmfræði – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="金属工学 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金属工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloerji" title="Metaloerji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metaloerji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მეტალურგია – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტალურგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_t%CA%8Bm%C9%A9y%C9%9B_la%C9%A3s%C9%A9_(M%C3%A9tallurgie)" title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="금속공학 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금속공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanieth" title="Alkanieth – Kikorni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alkanieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kikorni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makambo_mwa_bibend%C3%A9" title="Makambo mwa bibendé – Kilingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Makambo mwa bibendé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Kilingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalur%C4%A3ija" title="Metalurģija – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metalurģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Металлург – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Металлург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – Kimirandi" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Kimirandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – Kinewari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Kinewari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82" title="Згъæркуыст – Kiosetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Згъæркуыст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Kiosetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="میٹلرجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میٹلرجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%8A" title="متالورژي – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="متالورژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illay_llamk%27ay" title="Q'illay llamk'ay – Kikechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'illay llamk'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kikechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металурґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Металурґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Тимири уһаарыы – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимири уһаарыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitallurgia" title="Mitallurgia – Kisicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitallurgia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Kisicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – Kisamoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Kisamoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukowasimbi" title="Mukowasimbi – Kishona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukowasimbi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Kishona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgjia" title="Metalurgjia – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metalurgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உலோகவியல் – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurji" title="Metalurji – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metalurji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – Kitatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Kitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دھات کاری – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھات کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgii" title="Metallurgii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metallurgii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luy%E1%BB%87n_kim" title="Luyện kim – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luyện kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurdjeye" title="Metalurdjeye – Kiwaloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Metalurdjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Kiwaloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מעטאלורגיע – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאלורגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1-kim" title="Iá-kim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iá-kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11467#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Pouring_gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pouring_gold.jpg/200px-Pouring_gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pouring_gold.jpg/300px-Pouring_gold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pouring_gold.jpg/400px-Pouring_gold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ufuaji metali</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ufuaji metali</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ing." class="mw-redirect" title="Ing.">ing.</a> <i>metallurgy</i>) inamaanisha jumla ya mbinu za kushughulikia <a href="/wiki/Metali" title="Metali">metali</a> na elimu yake. Inahusika pia na <a href="/wiki/Aloi" title="Aloi">aloi</a> ambazo ni mchanganyiko wa metali mbalimbali. </p><p>Ufuaji metali inaanza kwenye kushughulikia <a href="/wiki/Mtapo" title="Mtapo">mtapo</a> yaani mawe yenye madini ya metali na namna ya kutoa metali katika mtapo. </p><p>Halafu inaangalia namna ya kuchanganya na kuunganisha metali mbalimbali kuwa aloi na tabia zake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ufuaji_metali_katika_historia_ya_bindamu">Ufuaji metali katika historia ya bindamu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Ufuaji metali katika historia ya bindamu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ufuaji metali katika historia ya bindamu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historia ya binadamu ina mifano mingi jinsi gani maendeleo katika ufuaji metali yalikuwa msingi wa maendeleo ya kijamii. Hapo ndipo sababu ya kupanga historia kwa awamu za <a href="/wiki/Zama_za_Mawe" title="Zama za Mawe">Zama za Mawe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zama_za_Shaba" title="Zama za Shaba">Zama za Shaba</a> na <a href="/wiki/Zama_za_Chuma" title="Zama za Chuma">Zama za Chuma</a>. </p><p>Kabla ya kupatikana kwa matumizi ya metali watu walitumia vifaa vya jiwe, ubao au mfupa kwa kurahisisha shughuli za kila siku. Vifaa hivi vinakosa ugumu sawa na metali kwa hiyo havidumu sana ingawa vinaruhusu utekelezaji wa kazi nyingi. </p><p>Metali ya kwanza iliyotumiwa na watu ilikuwa <a href="/wiki/Dhahabu" title="Dhahabu">dhahabu</a> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Shaba" title="Shaba">shaba</a> maana metali hizi zinaweza kupatikana safi kiasili kama metali tupu. Ni laini ya kutosha kwa kupewa umbo tofauti kwa njia ya kuipondaponda kwa mfano kwa kutumia jiwe ngumu. Hivyo vipambio vya dhahabu na shaba ni vifaa vya kimetali vya kwanza vilivyotengenezwa na binadamu. Ushuhuda wa kale wa teknolojia ya ufuaji shaba ni wa mnamo mwaka <a href="/w/index.php?title=5,000_KK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,000 KK (bado haujaandikwa)">5,000 KK</a> huko <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haijulikani jinsi gani watu walivyotambua njia za kupasha moto metali na madini ya metali lakini kuna uwezekano ya kwamba maendeleo haya yalikuja pamoja na teknolojia ya <a href="/wiki/Ufinyanzi" title="Ufinyanzi">ufinyanzi</a> wakati vyungo vilichomwa na joto ndani ya majiko lilisababisha kuyeyuka kwa metali ndani ya udongo au mawe yaliyotumiwa kutengeneza jiko. </p><p>Ilhali dhahabu ni laini mno <a href="/wiki/Shaba" title="Shaba">shaba</a> inafaa zaidi kutumiwa kwa vifaa kama visu au silaha nyingine pamoja na vipambio. Lakini shaba peke yake ina hasara mbili: si gumu sana yaani umbo lake halidumu likitumiwa kwa kazi zito au kwa mapigano; ukali wa kisu au shoka unapotea haraka. Hasara nyingine inafanya mmenyuko na <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> ya hewa au katika maji na uso wake hubadilika kuwa ganda la oksaidi. </p><p>Baada ya karne kadhaa za zama za shaba watu waligundua njia ya kuboresha ugumu wa shaba kwa kuichanganya na <a href="/wiki/Stani" title="Stani">stani</a> na hivyo kupata aloi ya <a href="/wiki/Bronzi" title="Bronzi">bronzi</a> (shaba nyeusi). Hii ilikuwa aloi ya kwanza inayojulikana kuwa ilitumiwa na binadamu katika historia yake. Shoka na vyembe vya bronzi viliboresha shughuli za kila siku, silaha za bronzi ziliongeza nguvu ya wanajeshi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zama_za_Chuma">Zama za Chuma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Zama za Chuma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Zama za Chuma"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ilichukua tena karne kadhaa hadi watu wa kwanza waligundua njia za kutumia <a href="/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma">chuma</a> ambacho kinazidi ugumu wa shaba na bronzi. Kwa kutumia elimu hii walianzisha kipindi cha <a href="/wiki/Zama_za_chuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Zama za chuma">zama za chuma</a> katika tamaduni mbalimbali. </p><p>Kuna dalili kuwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahitti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wahitti (bado haujaandikwa)">Wahitti</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Asia_Ndogo" title="Asia Ndogo">Asia Ndogo</a> walikuwa watu wa kwanza waliogundua teknolojia hii. Watu wenye silaha za chuma na feleji waliweza kuwashinda wapinzani waliotumia silaha za bronzi kwa sababu ukali wa upanga wa chuma unazidi ule wa bronzi. Vifaa vya chuma viliongeza uwezo wa kuzalisha mazao, kukata miti pamoja na kuvuna ubao kwa ujenzi na shughuli nyingi nyingine za kila siku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kupata_metali_kutoka_mashapo">Kupata metali kutoka mashapo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Kupata metali kutoka mashapo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kupata metali kutoka mashapo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mashapo ni hali ya metali iliyopo ndani ya mawe. Kwa kawaida metali zinapatikana hapa kwa hali ya <a href="/wiki/Oksidi" title="Oksidi">oksidi</a> yaani muungo wa metali na oksijeni. </p><p>Hapa ni lazima kuapashia mawe ya mtapo joto kali na kuyeyusha oksidi ili kutenganisha metali yenyewe na oksijeni na elementi nyingine. Kwa uzalishaji wa chuma kutokana na madini joto lazima kuwa zaidi ya sentigredi 1000. </p><p>Wahunzi wa kale walitumia mashapo pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Makaa" title="Makaa">makaa</a> na vifaa vya kupulizia hewa katika moto ili wafikie joto linalotakiwa. Wahunzi wa jadi katika Afrika wamegundua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viriba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viriba (bado haujaandikwa)">viriba</a> vya ngozi za wanyama kwa kusudi hili. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma">Chuma</a> kinapatika leo hii hasa kwa njia ya kuyeyusha mshapo katika tanuri kubwa la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalibu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalibu (bado haujaandikwa)">kalibu</a> pamoja na makaa mawe na chokaa. Chuma kinatoka nje ya kalibu kwa hali ya majimaji na kupozwa kwa umbo linalotakiwa. </p><p>Pamoja na michakato inayotumia joto kuna pia teknolojia zinazotumia mbinu za kikemia au elektrolisisi kwa kutoa metali katika mshapo. </p> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold-eagle.com/article/history-gold">History of Gold</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/serbian-site-may-have-hosted-first-copper-makers">"Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers", kuhusu ugunduzi wa ufuaji shaba miaka 7000 iliyopita huko Serbia</a></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rudishwa kutoka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&oldid=1349621">https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ufuaji_metali&oldid=1349621</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:Jamii" title="Maalum:Jamii">Jamii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Metali" title="Jamii:Metali">Metali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Kemia" title="Jamii:Kemia">Kemia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 31 Agosti 2024, saa 04:58.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni ya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; matakwa mengine yanaweza kutakiwa. 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