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Datazione isocrona - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basi_del_metodo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Basi del metodo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basi_del_metodo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assunzioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assunzioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Assunzioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assunzioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagramma_isocrono" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagramma_isocrono"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagramma isocrono</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagramma_isocrono-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metodica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l&#039;enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isochron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Isochron.jpg/310px-Isochron.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Isochron.jpg/465px-Isochron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Isochron.jpg/620px-Isochron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Diagramma isocrono di un isotopo radiogenico (D*) rispetto alla curva dell'<a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopo</a> da cui deriva (P), normalizzati a un isotopo finale stabile (D<sub>ref</sub>). Permette di ricavare l'età del campione dall'evoluzione isotopica nel passaggio dal tempo t<sub>0</sub> a t<sub>1</sub> e t<sub>2</sub>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>datazione isocrona</b> è una tecnica di <a href="/wiki/Datazione_radiometrica" title="Datazione radiometrica">datazione radiometrica</a> applicabile a particolari eventi della storia delle rocce come la <a href="/wiki/Cristallizzazione" title="Cristallizzazione">cristallizzazione</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Metamorfismo" title="Metamorfismo">metamorfismo</a>, gli shock termici e la differenziazione dei fusi <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magmatici</a> precursori. La datazione isocrona viene a volte ulteriormente suddivisa in <i>datazione isocrona di un minerale</i> e <i>datazione isocrona completa di una roccia</i>; entrambe le tecniche sono applicate frequentemente per datare rocce di origine sia terrestre che extraterrestre, come nelle <a href="/wiki/Meteoriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoriti">meteoriti</a>. </p><p>Il vantaggio della datazione isocrona in confronto alle semplici tecniche di datazione radiometrica risiede nel fatto che non richiede assunzioni riguardo alla quantità iniziale di <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> figlio presente nella sequenza di <a href="/wiki/Decadimento_radioattivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Decadimento radioattivo">decadimento radioattivo</a>. Questo valore anzi, può essere determinato dal metodo stesso. </p><p>La tecnica può essere applicata se il nuclide figlio ha almeno un isotopo stabile diverso da quello radiogenico in cui il nuclide progenitore decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Albarede_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albarede-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Young_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prothero_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basi_del_metodo">Basi del metodo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Basi del metodo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Basi del metodo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La datazione isocrona richiede che la roccia sorgente contenesse inizialmente quantità sia del nuclide radiogenico che di quello stabile del nuclide figlio, assieme a una quantità di nuclide padre. Al momento della cristallizzazione, il rapporto tra la concentrazione dell'isotopo radiogenico rispetto a quello non radiogenico del nuclide figlio, è indipendente dalla concentrazione del nuclide padre. </p><p>Con il passare del tempo, il nuclide padre decade nell'isotopo radiogenico figlio, aumentandone il rapporto rispetto a quello stabile. Quanto più alta era la concentrazione iniziale del nuclide padre, tanto più alta risulterà quella del nuclide radiogenico discendente in un dato momento di tempo. Pertanto il rapporto del nuclide figlio radiogenico rispetto a quello stabile, tenderà ad aumentare nel tempo, mentre il rapporto tra nuclide padre e figlio radiogenico tenderà a diminuire. </p><p>Nelle rocce che contenevano inizialmente una piccola concentrazione di nuclide padre, la variazione del rapporto radiogenico/non radiogenico nel nuclide figlio cambia molto più lentamente rispetto a quelle in cui la concentrazione iniziale era elevata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assunzioni">Assunzioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Assunzioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Assunzioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per ottenere da un diagramma isocrono un'età valida, occorre che tutti i campioni siano <i>cogenetici</i>, cioè che abbiano la stessa composizione isotopica iniziale al tempo t<sub>0</sub>, che le rocce provengano dalla stessa unità geologica e che il sistema sia rimasto chiuso. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagramma_isocrono">Diagramma isocrono</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Diagramma isocrono" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Diagramma isocrono"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'espressione matematica da cui deriva l'isocrona è la seguente:<sup id="cite_ref-Faure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {D*} }={\mathrm {D} }_{\mathrm {0} }+\mathrm {n} \cdot (e^{\lambda t}-1),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>&#x03BB;<!-- λ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathrm {D*} }={\mathrm {D} }_{\mathrm {0} }+\mathrm {n} \cdot (e^{\lambda t}-1),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d9df99476ccc43529e37b648926d89bd61d9f4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.005ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {D*} }={\mathrm {D} }_{\mathrm {0} }+\mathrm {n} \cdot (e^{\lambda t}-1),}"></span> </p><p>dove </p> <dl><dd><i>t</i> è l'età del campione,</dd> <dd><i>D</i>* è il numero di atomi del nuclide radiogenico figlio,</dd> <dd><i>D</i><sub>0</sub> è il numero di atomi del nuclide figlio nel campione originale,</dd> <dd>n è il numero di atomi del nuclide padre nel campione al tempo presente,</dd> <dd><i>λ</i> è la <a href="/wiki/Decadimento_esponenziale" title="Decadimento esponenziale">costante di decadimento</a> dell'isotopo padre, eguale all'inverso dell'<a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">emivita</a> dell'isotopo padre<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> moltiplicato per il logaritmo naturale di 2,</dd> <dd>(<i>e</i><sup>λ<i>t</i></sup>-1) è la pendenza dell'isocrona, che definisce l'età del sistema.</dd></dl> <p>Nella spettrometria di massa risulta più agevole misurare i rapporti tra gli isotopi invece delle loro concentrazioni assolute. </p><p>Un'isocrona viene pertanto normalmente definita dalla seguente equazione, che normalizza la concentrazione dell'isotopo genitore e quella dell'isotopo figlio radiogenico a quella dell'isotopo figlio non radiogenico, che si assume rimanga costante: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\mathrm {D*} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)_{\mathrm {present} }=\left({\frac {\mathrm {D_{0}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)_{\mathrm {initial} }+\left({\frac {\mathrm {P_{t}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)\cdot (e^{\lambda t}-1),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>&#x03BB;<!-- λ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\mathrm {D*} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)_{\mathrm {present} }=\left({\frac {\mathrm {D_{0}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)_{\mathrm {initial} }+\left({\frac {\mathrm {P_{t}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)\cdot (e^{\lambda t}-1),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07821c53a77ae5926fcdae3f3fe9d3d2ecf59f57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:52.865ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\mathrm {D*} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)_{\mathrm {present} }=\left({\frac {\mathrm {D_{0}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)_{\mathrm {initial} }+\left({\frac {\mathrm {P_{t}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}\right)\cdot (e^{\lambda t}-1),}"></span> </p><p>dove: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{ref}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{ref}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/343b5321c8d7be2c488a5b3d5643242e2019459b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.568ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{ref}}"></span> è la concentrazione dell'isotopo figlio non radiogenico (assunta costante),</dd> <dd></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D*}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D*}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a096c637729835cb892e15f98fcd9e4dd1106a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.087ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D*}"></span> è la concentrazione attuale dell'isotopo figlio radiogenico,</dd> <dd></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b943acf3ade50743482c4ee4570ad3de335d90d8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{0}}"></span> è la concentrazione iniziale dell'isotopo figlio radiogenico,</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bdf246d27d8dd80dc45c1a1eaac69d42ce532d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.318ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{t}}"></span> è la concentrazione iniziale dell'isotopo padre, che è decaduta nel tempo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metodica">Metodica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Metodica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Metodica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per effettuare la misurazione dell'età, il campione di roccia viene triturato fino a ottenere una polvere fine; i minerali vengono poi separati con sistemi fisici e magnetici. Ogni minerale ha un differente rapporto tra le concentrazioni di nuclide padre e figlio. </p><p>La relazione che lega il rapporto tra nuclide padre e figlio, è data dalla seguente equazione: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {D} _{0}+\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}={\Delta {P}_{t} \over P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t}}\left({P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}\right)+{D_{0} \over D_{ref}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathrm {D} _{0}+\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}={\Delta {P}_{t} \over P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t}}\left({P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}\right)+{D_{0} \over D_{ref}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6943f4f1dde0c0d0eae2428a0390bed7260beee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:46.357ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {D} _{0}+\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}={\Delta {P}_{t} \over P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t}}\left({P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}\right)+{D_{0} \over D_{ref}}}"></span> &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;(1)</dd></dl> <p>dove: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ba1396129f7be3c7f828a571b6649e6807d10d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.292ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{i}}"></span> è la concentrazione iniziale dell'isotopo padre</dd> <dd></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {P}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {P}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67c2987c15884d061edf351f1a1e950b86c059bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {P}_{t}}"></span> è il quantitativo totale dell'isotopo padre che è decaduto al tempo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>L'equazione, di soluzione algebricamente semplice, è utile in questa forma perché mostra la relazione tra le quantità effettivamente presenti al momento della misura. In pratica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c9f3104917ecffdd84c16ba1692dd273bbb28dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.386ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{0}+\Delta {P}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{0}+\Delta {P}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef519fa69abe9eb51f69265d4c5c6718aa6eee2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.073ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{0}+\Delta {P}_{t}}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{ref}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{ref}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/343b5321c8d7be2c488a5b3d5643242e2019459b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.568ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{ref}}"></span> corrispondono rispettivamente alla concentrazione di isotopo padre, figlio radiogenico e non radiogenico trovati nel campione al momento della misura. </p><p>I rapporti <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D*} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mo>&#x2217;<!-- ∗ --></mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D*} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be7a64174150b0bddefa12e94463a54a5e17b873" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:5.256ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D*} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}"></span> o <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{0}+\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{0}+\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c25dd72b3db4b0214501f35257c1476327978572" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:10.909ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{0}+\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}"></span> (concentrazione relativa attuale degli isotopi figlio radiogenico e non radiogenico) e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {P_{t}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {P_{t}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b417f602e183ee3655f5d4a1325a54c7aee593e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:5.256ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {P_{t}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}"></span> o <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15615973880a9183f456887633ec77ff045f65a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:10.223ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {P_{i}-\Delta {P}_{t} \over D_{ref}}}"></span> (concentrazione relativa dell'isotopo padre radiogenico e non radiogenico) misurati con la spettrometria di massa, vengono messi in grafico in un diagramma a tre isotopi noto come <i>diagramma isocrono</i>. </p><p>Se tutti i dati si dispongono lungo una retta, questa linea viene chiamata l'<i>isocrona</i>. Il calcolo dell'età è tanto più affidabile, quanto più la disposizione dei dati si avvicina a una retta. </p><p>Poiché il rapporto tra i nuclidi figli, radiogenico e non radiogenico, è proporzionale al rapporto tra l'isotopo padre e il non radiogenico, la pendenza della curva diventa più ripida nel corso del tempo. Assumendo una pendenza iniziale nulla (isocrona orizzontale) nel punto di intersezione (intercetta) dell'isocrona con l'asse y, il cambio di pendenza dalle condizioni iniziali alla pendenza attuale, fornisce l'età della roccia. </p><p>La pendenza dell'isocrona, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (e^{\lambda t}-1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>&#x03BB;<!-- λ --></mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (e^{\lambda t}-1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/069ea3b383c32f453e9d9c50aa5f74b7a1fd1886" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.68ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (e^{\lambda t}-1)}"></span> o <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {P}_{t} \over P-\Delta {P}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x0394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {P}_{t} \over P-\Delta {P}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43d35752eca123298bfd4bfcf50ed799c2a8d03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.676ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {P}_{t} \over P-\Delta {P}_{t}}"></span>, rappresenta il rapporto tra nuclide figlio/padre come negli altri metodi di datazione radiometrica, e può essere utilizzato per calcolare l'età del campione al tempo <i>t</i>. L'intercetta con l'asse y dell'isocrona fornisce il rapporto iniziale del nuclide radiogenico, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D_{0}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D_{0}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2fc7005933dfac5abaea9c9f153442c72b6c9bcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:5.256ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D_{0}} }{\mathrm {D} _{ref}}}}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datazione_completa_di_una_roccia">Datazione completa di una roccia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Datazione completa di una roccia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Datazione completa di una roccia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La datazione completa di una roccia segue le stesse linee guida, ma invece di concentrarsi sui singoli minerali presenti in un'unica roccia, utilizza varie tipologie di rocce derivate da una singola sorgente, cioè derivate dallo stesso fuso magmatico. In questo modo è possibile datare la differenziazione del fuso precursore in funzione del raffreddamento che lo ha portato a cristallizzare in tipologie di rocce differenti. </p><p>Uno dei migliori sistemi isotopici per datazione isocrona è la <a href="/wiki/Datazione_rubidio-stronzio" title="Datazione rubidio-stronzio">datazione rubidio-stronzio</a>. Altre tecniche utilizzate per la datazione isocrona includono isotopi di <a href="/wiki/Datazione_samario-neodimio" title="Datazione samario-neodimio">samario-neodimio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Datazione_uranio-piombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Datazione uranio-piombo">uranio-piombo</a>. </p><p>Alcuni sistemi isotopici basati su radionuclidi estinti a <a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">emivita</a> breve, come <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese-53&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese-53 (la pagina non esiste)"><span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>53</sup></span>Mn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alluminio-26&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alluminio-26 (la pagina non esiste)"><span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>26</sup></span>Al</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodio-129&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodio-129 (la pagina non esiste)"><span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>129</sup></span>I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferro-60&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferro-60 (la pagina non esiste)"><span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>60</sup></span>Fe</a>, vengono utilizzati per datare eventi risalenti ai primordi del sistema solare. L'impiego di radionuclidi estinti produce però solo età relative, che devono essere calibrate con metodi di datazione radiometrica basati su nuclidi a emivita lunga, come Pb-Pb, per fornire età assolute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicazioni">Applicazioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Applicazioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Applicazioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La datazione isocrona è impiegata per la determinazione dell'età nelle <a href="/wiki/Rocce_magmatiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocce magmatiche">rocce magmatiche</a>, che traggono la loro origine dal raffreddamento del magma fuso. </p><p>Permette anche di calcolare l'epoca del metamorfismo, eventi di shock come l'impatto di un asteroide o quelli che dipendono dall'evoluzione del sistema isotopico del campione in esame. Può essere impiegata anche per determinare l'età dei granuli nelle <a href="/wiki/Rocce_sedimentarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocce sedimentarie">rocce sedimentarie</a>, e comprendere la loro origine tramite un metodo noto come studio di provenienza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Albarede-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Albarede_1-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Francis Albarède, <span style="font-style:italic;">4.3 The isochron method</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Geochemistry: An Introduction</span>, Cambridge University Press, 2009, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-107-26888-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-107-26888-3">978-1-107-26888-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Young_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Matt Young e Paul K. Strode, <span style="font-style:italic;">Why evolution works (and creationism fails)</span>, New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 2009, pp.&#160;151–153, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8135-4864-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8135-4864-7">978-0-8135-4864-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_3-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Donald R. Prothero e Fred Schwab, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sedimentarygeolo0000prot_r6t3"><span style="font-style:italic;">Sedimentary geology&#160;: an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy</span></a>, 2nd, New York, Freeman, 2004, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-7167-3905-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-7167-3905-0">978-0-7167-3905-0</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faure-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Faure_4-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Gunter Faure, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesapplic0000faur"><span style="font-style:italic;">Principles and applications of geochemistry: a comprehensive textbook for geology students</span></a>, 2nd, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1998, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-02-336450-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-02-336450-1">978-0-02-336450-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37783103">37783103</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> W. M. White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo656/656notes03/656%2003Lecture04.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Basics of Radioactive Isotope Geochemistry</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">geo.cornell.edu</span>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, 2003.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-6"><a href="#cite_ref-usgs_6-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/radiometric.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Geologic Time: Radiometric Time Scale</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pubs.usgs.gov</span>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, 16 giugno 2001.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datazione_isocrona&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo656/656notes05/656_05Lecture04.pdf">Basics of radioactive isotope geochemistry from Cornell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/isochron-dating.html">Isochron Dating</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output 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fluoro">Datazione per assorbimento del fluoro</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idratazione_dell%27ossidiana" title="Idratazione dell&#39;ossidiana">Idratazione dell'ossidiana</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Seriazione_cronologica" title="Seriazione cronologica">Seriazione cronologica</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stratigrafia_(archeologia)" title="Stratigrafia (archeologia)">Stratigrafia (archeologia)</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Datazione isocrona</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Datazione_rubidio-stronzio" title="Datazione rubidio-stronzio">Datazione rubidio-stronzio</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Datazione_argon-argon" title="Datazione argon-argon">Datazione argon-argon</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Datazione_uranio-torio" title="Datazione uranio-torio">Datazione uranio-torio</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Datazione_con_azoto" title="Datazione con azoto">Datazione con azoto</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#add8e6">Metodo genetico</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Orologio_molecolare" title="Orologio molecolare">Orologio molecolare</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#add8e6">Argomenti correlati</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Cronaca_(genere_letterario)" title="Cronaca (genere letterario)">Cronaca (genere letterario)</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nuova_cronologia" title="Nuova cronologia">Nuova cronologia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Periodizzazione" title="Periodizzazione">Periodizzazione</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronoptic_view&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Synchronoptic view (la pagina non esiste)">Synchronoptic view</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Anno_0" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno 0">Anno 0</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_ASPRO&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia ASPRO (la pagina non esiste)">Cronologia ASPRO</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#add8e6">Basi cronologiche</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">Astronomia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">Geologia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia">Paleontologia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia">Archeologia</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia" title="Storia">Storia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output 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