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Jahrhundert)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(subcultura_de_los_a%C3%B1os_1940)" title="Hipster (subcultura de los años 1940) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipster (subcultura de los años 1940)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(jazz)" title="Hipster (jazz) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hipster (jazz)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(sottocultura_anni_1940)" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American jazz subculture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1940s subculture. For the contemporary subculture, see <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">Hipster (contemporary subculture)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hipster_(1940s_subculture)" title="Special:EditPage/Hipster (1940s subculture)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hipster%22+1940s+subculture">"Hipster" 1940s subculture</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hipster%22+1940s+subculture+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hipster%22+1940s+subculture&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hipster%22+1940s+subculture+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hipster%22+1940s+subculture">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hipster%22+1940s+subculture&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Thelonious_Monk,_Howard_McGhee,_Roy_Eldridge,_and_Teddy_Hill,_Minton%27s_Playhouse,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Sept._1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portrait_of_Thelonious_Monk%2C_Howard_McGhee%2C_Roy_Eldridge%2C_and_Teddy_Hill%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Thelonious_Monk%2C_Howard_McGhee%2C_Roy_Eldridge%2C_and_Teddy_Hill%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portrait_of_Thelonious_Monk%2C_Howard_McGhee%2C_Roy_Eldridge%2C_and_Teddy_Hill%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Thelonious_Monk%2C_Howard_McGhee%2C_Roy_Eldridge%2C_and_Teddy_Hill%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portrait_of_Thelonious_Monk%2C_Howard_McGhee%2C_Roy_Eldridge%2C_and_Teddy_Hill%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Thelonious_Monk%2C_Howard_McGhee%2C_Roy_Eldridge%2C_and_Teddy_Hill%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_McGhee" title="Howard McGhee">Howard McGhee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Eldridge" title="Roy Eldridge">Roy Eldridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Hill" title="Teddy Hill">Teddy Hill</a>, in front of <a href="/wiki/Minton%27s_Playhouse" title="Minton's Playhouse">Minton's Playhouse</a> in New York City, wearing <a href="/wiki/Zoot_suit" title="Zoot suit">zoot suits</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The terms <b>hipster</b> or <b>hepcat</b>, as used in the 1940s, referred to <a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">aficionados</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>, which became popular in the early 1940s. The hipster <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> adopted the lifestyle of the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz musician">jazz musician</a>, including some or all of the following features: <a href="/wiki/Conk" title="Conk">Conk</a> hairstyles, loose fitting or oversize suits with loud colors, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jive_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of jive talk">jive talk slang</a>, use of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drugs</a>, relaxed attitude, love for <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a> music, and styles of <a href="/wiki/Swing_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing dancing">swing dancing</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Lindy_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindy hop">Lindy hop</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zoot_suit" title="Zoot suit">zoot suit</a> was the popular style amongst hepcats. It incorporated baggy or oversize suits sometimes with loud colors, thick chalk stripes, floppy hats, and long chains. Many zoot suiters would often wear a <a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">fedora</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pork_pie_hat" title="Pork pie hat">pork pie hat</a>, color-coordinated with the suit. Occasionally they would have a long feather on the fedora or pork pie hat as decoration. </p><p>When conversing, hepcats would communicate in <a href="/wiki/Jive_talk" title="Jive talk">jive talk</a>. Jive talk (also known as Harlem jive or simply Jive) is an <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a> slang or vocabulary that was developed in urban African American communities. It was adopted more widely in African-American society and then later into the mainstream. This style of English dialect peaked in the 1940s. </p><p>In 1938, jazz bandleader and singer <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a> published the first dictionary by an African-American. This dictionary was specified for jive talk and other phrases that were popular amongst African-American youth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_American_in_Zoot_Suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/African_American_in_Zoot_Suit.jpg/220px-African_American_in_Zoot_Suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/African_American_in_Zoot_Suit.jpg/330px-African_American_in_Zoot_Suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/African_American_in_Zoot_Suit.jpg/440px-African_American_in_Zoot_Suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>African American men in <a href="/wiki/Zoot_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoot suits">zoot suits</a></figcaption></figure><p> The words <i>hep</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hip_(slang)" title="Hip (slang)">hip</a></i> are of uncertain origin, with numerous competing theories being proposed. In the early days of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, musicians were using the <i>hep</i> variant to describe anybody who was "in the know" about an emerging, mostly <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>, which revolved around jazz. They and their fans were known as <i>hepcats</i>. In 1938, the word <i>hepster</i> was used by bandleader <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a> in the title of his dictionary, <i>Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A "Hepster's" Dictionary</i>, which defines <i>hep cat</i> as "a guy who knows all the answers, understands <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jive_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of jive talk">jive</a>". British author and poet <a href="/wiki/Lemn_Sissay" title="Lemn Sissay">Lemn Sissay</a> remarked that "Cab Calloway was taking ownership of language for a people who, just a few generations before, had their own languages taken away."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hip_cat.jpg/220px-Hip_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hip_cat.jpg/330px-Hip_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hip_cat.jpg/440px-Hip_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>A hep cat</figcaption></figure><p>By the late 1930s, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a>, <i>hep</i> began to be used commonly in mainstream "square" culture, so by the 1940s <i><a href="/wiki/Hip_(slang)" title="Hip (slang)">hip</a></i> rose in popularity among jazz musicians, to replace <i>hep</i>. In 1944, pianist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gibson" title="Harry Gibson">Harry Gibson</a> modified <i>hepcat</i> to <i>hipster</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his short glossary "For Characters Who Don't Dig Jive Talk", published in 1944 with the album <i>Boogie Woogie In Blue</i>, featuring the self-titled hit "Handsome Harry the Hipster".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entry for <i>hipsters</i> defined them as "characters who like hot jazz." In 1947, Gibson sought to clarify the switch in the record "It Ain't Hep" which musically describes the difference between the two terms. </p><p>Initially, hipsters were usually <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle-class</a> <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> youths seeking to emulate the lifestyle of the largely <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> jazz musicians they followed.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeJ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Jazz Scene</i> (1959), the British historian and social theorist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> (originally writing under the pen name Francis Newton) described hipster language—i.e., "jive-talk or hipster-talk"—as "an <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a> designed to set the group apart from outsiders". This group crucially included White jazz musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Cohn" title="Al Cohn">Al Cohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Mulligan" title="Gerry Mulligan">Gerry Mulligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Getz" title="Stan Getz">Stan Getz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow" title="Mezz Mezzrow">Mezz Mezzrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barney_Kessel" title="Barney Kessel">Barney Kessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doc_Pomus" title="Doc Pomus">Doc Pomus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joey_Bishop" title="Joey Bishop">Joey Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chet_Baker" title="Chet Baker">Chet Baker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Krupa" title="Gene Krupa">Gene Krupa</a> who ought to be counted as some of the "true" original hipsters as they were instrumental in turning the White American audience onto jazz and its <a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">underground culture</a> in the 1930s and 1940s. Clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a> described singer Bing Crosby as "the first hip white person born in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Hipsters were more interested in <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> and "hot" jazz than they were in swing, which by the late 1940s was becoming old-fashioned and watered down by "<a href="/wiki/Square_(slang)" title="Square (slang)">squares</a>" like <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Welk" title="Lawrence Welk">Lawrence Welk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lombardo" title="Guy Lombardo">Guy Lombardo</a> and Robert Coates. In the 1940s, White youth began to frequent Black communities for their <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">music and dance</a>. These first youths diverged from the mainstream due to their new <a href="/wiki/Philosophies" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophies">philosophies</a> of racial diversity and their exploratory sexual nature and drug habits. The drug of choice was marijuana, and many hipster <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jive_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of jive talk">slang terms</a> were dedicated to the substance.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hep_cats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hep_cats.jpg/220px-Hep_cats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hep_cats.jpg/330px-Hep_cats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hep_cats.jpg/440px-Hep_cats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption>Hep cats</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_American_men_in_zoot_suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/African_American_men_in_zoot_suit.jpg/220px-African_American_men_in_zoot_suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/African_American_men_in_zoot_suit.jpg/330px-African_American_men_in_zoot_suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/African_American_men_in_zoot_suit.jpg/440px-African_American_men_in_zoot_suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Hep cats</figcaption></figure><p>The hipster subculture rapidly expanded, and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a burgeoning literary scene grew up around it.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeJ_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, the American writer and adventurer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> described hipsters as "rising and roaming America, bumming and hitchhiking everywhere [as] characters of a special spirituality".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the beginning of his poem <i><a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a></i>, the Jewish-American <a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> mentioned "angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night". In his 1957 essay <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Negro" title="The White Negro">The White Negro</a></i>, the American novelist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> characterized hipsters as American <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialists</a>, living a life surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>—annihilated by the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic war">atomic war</a> or strangled by <a href="/wiki/Conformism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformism">social conformity</a>—and electing instead to "divorce [themselves] from society, to exist without roots, to set out on that uncharted journey into the rebellious imperatives of the self".<sup id="cite_ref-TimeJ_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_role_reversal">Racial role reversal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Racial role reversal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new philosophy of racial role reversal was transcribed by many popular hipster authors of the time. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>'s 1957 pamphlet, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Negro" title="The White Negro">The White Negro</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has become the paradigmatic example of hipster ideology. Mailer described the hipsters as individuals "with a middle-class background (who) attempt to put down their whiteness and adopt what they believe is the carefree, spontaneous, cool lifestyle of Negro hipsters: their manner of speaking and language, their use of milder narcotics, their appreciation of jazz and the blues, and their supposed concern with the good orgasm."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a nod to Mailer's discussion of hipsterism, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> deployments of <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">personalities</a> for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">public diplomacy</a> has been discussed as "hipster diplomacy".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_hippie" title="Etymology of hippie">Etymology of hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_gap" title="Generation gap">Generation Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">Hipster (contemporary subculture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Speak_Hip" title="How to Speak Hip">How to Speak Hip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigger" title="Wigger">Wigger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore2017" class="citation web cs1">Blakemore, Erin (August 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008201039/http://www.history.com/news/the-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american">"The 'Hepster Dictionary' Was the First Dictionary Written By an African American"</a>. <i>History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american">the original</a> on Oct 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+%27Hepster+Dictionary%27+Was+the+First+Dictionary+Written+By+an+African+American&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At that time musicians used jive talk among themselves and many customers were picking up on it. One of these words was hep which described someone in the know. When lots of people started using hep, musicians changed to hip. I started calling people hipsters and greeted customers who dug the kind of jazz we were playing as 'all you hipsters.' Musicians at the club began calling me Harry the Hipster; so I wrote a new tune called 'Handsome Harry the Hipster.'" – Harry Gibson, "Everybody's Crazy But Me" (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyzercreek.com/hipsterglossary.jpg">"Hipster Glossary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hipster+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyzercreek.com%2Fhipsterglossary.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeJ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimeJ_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimeJ_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimeJ_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Fletcher2009" class="citation news cs1">Dan Fletcher (July 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730232530/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1913220,00.html">"Hipsters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1913220,00.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hipsters&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.au=Dan+Fletcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farts%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1913220%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus, James, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200102/marcus">The First Hip White Person</a>." 2001. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>. Retrieved 2008-03-02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.tc/kerouac/beat.html">Kerouac, Jack. "About the Beat Generation", (1957), published as "Aftermath: The Philosophy of the Beat Generation" in <i>Esquire</i>, March 1958</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107052429/http://archive.tc/kerouac/beat.html">Archived</a> November 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205200318/http://www.learntoquestion.com/resources/database/archives/003327.html">"Norman Mailer, "The White Negro," Fall 1957, reprinted in Dissent, Winter 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learntoquestion.com/resources/database/archives/003327.html">the original</a> on 2020-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norman+Mailer%2C+%22The+White+Negro%2C%22+Fall+1957%2C+reprinted+in+Dissent%2C+Winter+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learntoquestion.com%2Fresources%2Fdatabase%2Farchives%2F003327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx,_Gary_T." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_T._Marx" title="Gary T. Marx">Marx, Gary T.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/gtmarx/www/whitenegro.html">"The White Negro and the Negro White / In Phylon. Summer 1967, vol. 28, no. 2, pp.168-177"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+White+Negro+and+the+Negro+White+%2F+In+Phylon.+Summer+1967%2C+vol.+28%2C+no.+2%2C+pp.168-177&rft.au=Marx%2C+Gary+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fgtmarx%2Fwww%2Fwhitenegro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, B. R., <i>Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era</i> (<a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZET9DY05LUC&pg=PT145">pp. 145–148</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2013" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Phil (2013). <i>Dig: Sound and Music in Hip Culture</i>. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199939916" title="Special:BookSources/9780199939916"><bdi>9780199939916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dig%3A+Sound+and+Music+in+Hip+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199939916&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJezer1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marty_Jezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marty Jezer">Jezer, Marty</a> (1999). <i>The Dark Ages: Life in the United States 1945–1960</i>. South End Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896081281" title="Special:BookSources/0896081281"><bdi>0896081281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Ages%3A+Life+in+the+United+States+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0896081281&rft.aulast=Jezer&rft.aufirst=Marty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirro1977" class="citation book cs1">Tirro, Frank (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jazzhistory00tirr"><i>Jazz: A History</i></a></span>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393961877" title="Special:BookSources/0393961877"><bdi>0393961877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0393961877&rft.aulast=Tirro&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjazzhistory00tirr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipster+%281940s+subculture%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://karakorak.blogspot.com/2010/11/portrait-of-hipster-by-anatole-broyard.html">"A Portrait of the Hipster"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Broyard" title="Anatole Broyard">Anatole Broyard</a>, a critical dissection of the hipster phenomenon from 1948.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064132/http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=26">"The White Negro</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> from 1957.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&oldid=1259486642">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hipster_(1940s_subculture)&oldid=1259486642</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_neologisms" title="Category:1940s neologisms">1940s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fashion_aesthetics" title="Category:Fashion aesthetics">Fashion aesthetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counterculture_of_the_1940s" title="Category:Counterculture of the 1940s">Counterculture of the 1940s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_subcultures" title="Category:History of subcultures">History of subcultures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jazz_culture" title="Category:Jazz culture">Jazz culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subcultures" title="Category:Subcultures">Subcultures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stereotypes" title="Category:Stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Youth_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Youth culture in the United States">Youth culture in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2022">Articles needing additional references from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 12:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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