CINXE.COM

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The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}}({features:[p,S,C],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110656js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110656/https://www.nist.gov/timeline"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110656/https://www.nist.gov/timeline"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="NIST Timeline | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110656/https://www.nist.gov/timeline"/> <meta property="og:title" content="NIST Timeline"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="NIST Timeline"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/timeline"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="NIST Timeline"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110656im_/https://www.nist.gov/timeline"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110656/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "NIST Timeline | NIST" } ] }</script> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230928110656im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>NIST Timeline | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230928110656cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_IwGKLSnnMJQ-JusP9bmdZjdMIoKNSz7RX1hlgKjkjrI.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230928110656cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_J7RuJ-PwWY36lMjcmfbU1Uvs509-G5bIcbR2QTQU4K0.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230928110656cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230928110656cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230928110656cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_AbQ-Et9ahnwNdmjkdX7ZUl-TsIfoP4W6aAktBfxnFWo.css"/> <script src="/web/20230928110656js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230928110656im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here鈥檚 how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here鈥檚 how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230928110656im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div 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Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"TimelineJS":[{"options":{"font":"default","width":"100%","height":"50em","hash_bookmark":"1","scale_factor":"2","timenav_position":"bottom","timenav_height_percentage":"45","language":"en","script_path":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230928110656\/https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/libraries\/timeline3\/js\/"},"source":{"scale":"human","events":[{"start_date":{"year":"1901","month":"3","day":"3","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1901-03-03\n"},"text":{"headline":"NIST Founded","text":"\u003Cp\u003EHeeding the call from the nation\u2019s scientists and industrialists to establish an authoritative domestic measurement and standards laboratory, the U.S. Congress founded NIST on March 3, 1901. The fledgling agency quickly assembled standards for electricity, length and mass, temperature, light, and time, and created a system to transfer those values to the public.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/buildings-on-old-campus-aerial001-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=t7n2hHeV","caption":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u2019s original campus stood at the intersection of Connecticut Ave. and Van Ness in Washington, D.C.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"old NIST campus"},"display_date":"March 3, 1901","unique_id":"774241"},{"start_date":{"year":"1901","month":"3","day":"3","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1901-03-03\n"},"text":{"headline":"First Director: Samuel W. Stratton","text":"\u003Cp\u003EFounding director Dr. Samuel Wesley Stratton was in many ways the father of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Stratton\u2019s impassioned arguments for the establishment of a national standards laboratory won over a reluctant Congress, which also appointed him as its first director, a position he held for 21 years. An engaged leader, Stratton\u2019s vision has had a profound and lasting influence on NIST\u2019s mission.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/nist_history_stratton_hr-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=Dv4OC1kh","caption":"NIST\u2019s founding noted in the March 11, 1901, edition of the Washington, D.C., newspaper The Evening Star.","alt":"Director Stratton"},"display_date":"March 3, 1901","unique_id":"774226"},{"start_date":{"year":"1904","month":"4","day":"30","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1904-04-30\n"},"text":{"headline":"Neon sign lights up World\u2019s Fair","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u0027s Perley G. Nutting showed off the first \u0022neon\u0022 signs lit by electrified gasses at the 1904 St. Louis World\u0027s Fair. More a novelty resulting from his gas spectra work than the subject of serious research, neon signs would not become a commercial technology for another 26 years.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/neon-signs_resized-main.jpg?itok=WuDzcpRW","caption":"\u003Cp\u003ENutting\u2019s signs spelled out the elements they used for illumination.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"Neon Signs"},"display_date":"April 30, 1904","unique_id":"774231"},{"start_date":{"year":"1905","month":"1","day":"16","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1905-01-16\n"},"text":{"headline":"Measures for the marketplace","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAt the turn of the 20th century, uncertainty plagued U.S. markets. There were at least eight different gallons and four different feet in use, and inspectors were often poorly trained and working with outmoded equipment. NIST convened the first National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM) to write model laws, distribute uniform standards, and provide training for inspectors, which resulted in a more orderly and fair marketplace.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/measures-for-the-marketplace-web.jpg?itok=clwMU7L2","caption":"\u003Cp\u003ESeattle weights and measures inspectors with confiscated fraudulent measuring devices.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"measures for the marketplace"},"display_date":"January 16, 1905","unique_id":"774436"},{"start_date":{"year":"1906","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1906-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"First Standard Reference Material","text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe American Foundrymen\u2019s Association was the first industry group to turn over the task of producing samples of standardized iron for its member industries to NIST in 1905. Before long, NIST was producing standard samples, now called standard reference materials (SRMs), for hundreds of products and materials. Today, NIST produces more than 1,300 different types of SRMs and sells more than 30,000 units every year.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/first-standard-reference-material-web.jpg?itok=cDNuLQfc","caption":"NIST produced its first standard sample when the American Foundrymen\u2019s Association requested standardized iron for its member industries.","alt":"First Standard Reference Material"},"display_date":"January 1, 1906","unique_id":"774461"},{"start_date":{"year":"1913","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1913-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Putting rail scales back on track","text":"\u003Cp\u003EErrors in the weighing of rail freight could be costly, so NIST designed special test railcars to test large capacity scales. Whereas a tolerable error was 0.2 percent, NIST tests showed that nearly 80 percent of the rail scales were off by almost 4 percent. With help from NIST, states began to test their railroad and other large capacity scales more regularly and rigorously, and accuracy quickly improved.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/putting-rail-scales-back-on-track-web.jpg?itok=zkr3MNU3","alt":"Putting rail scales back on track"},"display_date":"January 1, 1913","unique_id":"774476"},{"start_date":{"year":"1915","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1915-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"National electrical safety code","text":"\u003Cp\u003EGenerating electricity depended on coal mining, and the coal industry was one of the first to use electric lighting. Because electrical sparking in a coal mine could lead to disaster, the industry came to NIST in 1909 for help developing safety standards. The results of NIST\u2019s investigation were published as the nation\u2019s first model electrical safety code in 1915.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/national-model-electrical-safety-code-web.jpg?itok=zugolhFM","caption":"\u0022Safety First\u0022 sign in a coal mine.","credit":"Library of Congress","alt":"National model electrical safety code"},"display_date":"January 1, 1915","unique_id":"774321"},{"start_date":{"year":"1916","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1916-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Radio Becomes an Aid to Navigation","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAmong the many innovations that NIST contributed to navigation was a radio direction finder (RDF), a special antenna that determined the direction of radio transmissions. The original RDF was made by an Italian team, but NIST researchers patented an improved design, built in 1916. It served as a prototype for the U.S. Navy and was used widely to pinpoint the positions of enemy forces during World War I.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2019\/06\/13\/radio-becomes-aid-to-navigation.gif?itok=3iIrKd_R","alt":"Man standing on a boat holding a radio direction finder, which looks like a kite without any fabric"},"display_date":"January 1, 1916","unique_id":"774326"},{"start_date":{"year":"1918","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1918-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Safety for the Household","text":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom 1915 until the late 1970s, NIST published consumer guides on subjects ranging from how to properly set a clock to energy conservation. One of NIST\u2019s more popular guides, \u003Cem\u003ESafety for the Household\u003C\/em\u003E, published in 1918, illustrated, among other things, the proper way to use a fire extinguisher.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/safety-for-the-household-web.jpg?itok=jJfRdNFC","alt":"Safety for the Household"},"display_date":"January 1, 1918","unique_id":"774511"},{"start_date":{"year":"1920","month":"11","day":"2","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1920-11-02\n"},"text":{"headline":"NIST launches WWV","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST began experimental broadcasts of music and speech about six months before the first commercial station, KDKA in Pittsburgh, came on the air on Nov. 2, 1920. NIST used these broadcasts to study the technical problems that plagued early radio, and in 1923, NIST began broadcasting standard frequencies from its station WWV in Beltsville, Md., to help commercial radio stations avoid interfering with each other\u2019s signals.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/nist-launches-wwv-web.jpg?itok=ah9A_W2R","caption":"\u003Cp\u003EA NIST staff member listens to a radio broadcast picked up by a homemade crystal set.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"NIST launches WWV"},"display_date":"November 2, 1920","unique_id":"774271"},{"start_date":{"year":"1921","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1921-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Earth-Current Meter Invented","text":"\u003Cp\u003EBy 1917, more than 40,000 miles of streetcar tracks had been laid to connect city neighborhoods across the nation. It was assumed that the electricity that drove these cars was being transmitted back to the generating station. However, much of the electricity was finding its way to nearby pipes\/buried metal and causing galvanic corrosion. NIST\u0027s meter made it possible to measure the amount of current leaking into the ground and determine the rate of corrosion.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/earth-current-meter-web.jpg?itok=jQpafq57","alt":"Earth current meter"},"display_date":"January 1, 1921","unique_id":"774386"},{"start_date":{"year":"1926","month":"9","day":"14","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1926-09-14\n"},"text":{"headline":"Proving Ring Invented","text":"\u003Cp\u003EEssentially a kind of spring scale, proving rings are simple mechanical devices that can measure applied forces with a high degree of accuracy. NIST\u2019s Serge Petrenko and Herbert Whittemore together invented the proving ring in 1926, and the devices are manufactured commercially and in wide use today.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/proving-ring-web.jpg?itok=Q2_Pci7G","alt":"Proving ring"},"display_date":"September 14, 1926","unique_id":"774416"},{"start_date":{"year":"1928","month":"6","day":"17","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1928-06-17\n"},"text":{"headline":"First Full-scale Fire Test","text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1928, NIST\u2019s Fire Resistance Division burned down two condemned brick buildings on the corner of 10th and B St., N.W., in Washington D.C., in what may have been the first full-scale fire test ever conducted. Researchers compared the conditions experienced in this fire with theoretical time-temperature curves then in use. This data would eventually be incorporated into uniform fire resistance standards for buildings.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/first-full-scale-fire-test-web.jpg?itok=yprbnE8Z","alt":"First full scale fire test"},"display_date":"June 17, 1928","unique_id":"774491"},{"start_date":{"year":"1931","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1931-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Comparing radiation standards","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST built a standard chamber that produced precise amounts of radiation so that scientists could test exposure detectors, or dosimeters, and make the first international comparisons. These comparisons harmonized international measurements of radiation and were used when drafting an X-ray safety code.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/comparing-radiation-standards-web.jpg?itok=dcI9qA_o","caption":"Lauriston Taylor (left) of NIST and Walter Brinks of the U.K.\u2019s National Physical Laboratory perform the first international X-ray standards intercomparison.","alt":"Comparing radiation standards"},"display_date":"January 1, 1931","unique_id":"774331"},{"start_date":{"year":"1931","month":"9","day":"16","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1931-09-16\n"},"text":{"headline":"First blind landing","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u2019s greatest contribution to radio navigation was probably the invention of the \u201cvisual type\u201d beacon for an airplane landing system, which enables a crew to locate and land on a runway in poor visibility. Using this system, pilots were able to execute the first \u201cblind landing\u201d in 1931 in College Park, Md.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/first-blind-landing-web.jpg?itok=2cUK-sjE","alt":"First blind landing"},"display_date":"September 16, 1931","unique_id":"774316"},{"start_date":{"year":"1932","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1932-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Wilmer Souder: Pioneering Forensic Scientist","text":"\u003Cp\u003EA random calibration assignment in 1913 led NIST\u0027s Wilmer Souder to become one of the nation\u0027s first federal forensic scientists. Widely regarded as an expert in a number of nascent forensic fields such as ballistics, forgery, and materials analysis, Souder provided expert testimony in a number of cases, including the Lindberg baby kidnapping, and helped establish the FBI\u0027s crime lab in 1932.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/setting-up-the-fbi-crime-lab-web.jpg?itok=nuGHlKNX","alt":"Setting up the FBI Crime Lab"},"display_date":"January 1, 1932","unique_id":"774441"},{"start_date":{"year":"1936","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1936-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Better weather forecasts","text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe radiosonde is a balloon-borne instrument that transmits atmospheric data useful for weather forecasting, such as temperature and pressure, to a ground station. NIST designed and built radiosondes for the U.S. Navy beginning in 1936. NIST made improvements to the device that allowed for the first accurate measures of humidity in 1938.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/better-weather-forecasting-web.jpg?itok=8eMlBEG-","caption":"By 1940, the NIST\/Navy radiosonde was an integral part of U.S. weather forecasting with some 35,000 units being built annually.","alt":"Better weather forecasting"},"display_date":"January 1, 1936","unique_id":"774371"},{"start_date":{"year":"1936","month":"6","day":"19","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1936-06-19\n"},"text":{"headline":"First Natural Color Photos of a Solar Eclipse","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST and the National Geographic Society sponsored an expedition to present-day Kazakhstan to observe the June 1936 solar eclipse. Using a NIST-designed and constructed 14-foot eclipse camera and 9-inch lens, the team took the first natural color photographs of a solar eclipse.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/first-natural-color-photos-of-a-solar-eclipse-web.jpg?itok=k5xE2glS","alt":"First natural color photos of a solar eclipse"},"display_date":"June 19, 1936","unique_id":"774451"},{"start_date":{"year":"1943","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1943-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Proximity fuze","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST researchers helped to invent, design, test and build the radio proximity fuze, which triggers an explosive before it hits the ground to maximize its impact, for all types of ordinance. First used by the U.S. Navy in 1943, 8 million of these fuzes were produced by the end of World War II. The five types of bombs using radio proximity fuzes are shown in the photo.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2017\/03\/08\/proximity-fuze-web.jpg?itok=FRcnsc4X","caption":"NIST\u2019s Harry Diamond (left) holds the 81-mm mortar shell with the mortar fuze mounted on the nose.","alt":"Harry Diamond holds the 81-mm mortar shell with the mortar fuze mounted on the nose."},"display_date":"January 1, 1943","unique_id":"774556"},{"start_date":{"year":"1945","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1945-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"A missile called the Bat","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST helped design and construct the Bat, the first fully automated guided missile to be used successfully in combat. NIST worked out the aerodynamic and stabilization characteristics of the 454-kilogram missile, which was guided by the radar echoes of the enemy target. In addition to its self-guidance capability, the Bat was known for its long range, high accuracy, and high payload. It saw action in the Pacific in 1945.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/a-missile-called-the-bat-web.jpg?itok=0qmeRWHP","caption":"The Bat mounted on a U.S. Navy Consolidated PB4Y-2.","alt":"Bat missile"},"display_date":"January 1, 1945","unique_id":"774526"},{"start_date":{"year":"1948","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1948-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"New light on length measurements","text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1948, William Meggers proposed that the meter be redefined based on wavelengths of green light produced by a mercury lamp he had developed, a method which was far superior to the meter bar in use at the time. In 1960, the scientific community did redefine the meter based on wavelengths of light, but they picked the orange-red light of the krypton lamp.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/new-light-on-length-measurements-web.jpg?itok=u8PYaClB","alt":"New light on length measurements"},"display_date":"January 1, 1948","unique_id":"774426"},{"start_date":{"year":"1949","month":"1","day":"6","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1949-01-06\n"},"text":{"headline":"First atomic clock","text":"\u003Cp\u003EHarold Lyons and his colleagues at NIST built the world\u2019s first atomic clock in 1949. Based on the frequency of the microwaves emitted by the ammonia molecule, the clock was not accurate enough to be used as a time standard, but it did prove the concept. Louis Essen at the U.K.\u2019s National Physical Laboratory built the first atomic clock accurate enough to be a time standard in 1955.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2017\/03\/08\/condon-and-lyons-with-atomic-clock-and-ammonia-molecule-model-1949-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=WmLR7qOj","caption":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST Director Edward Condon (left) and clock inventor Harold Lyons contemplate the ammonia molecule upon which the clock was based.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"Condon and Lyons with Atomic Clock and Ammonia Molecule Model"},"display_date":"January 6, 1949","unique_id":"774256"},{"start_date":{"year":"1950","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1950-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Protecting the Charters of Freedom","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST helped to \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/centennial\/encasements.cfm\u0022\u003Edesign and build\u003C\/a\u003E protective enclosures for the original Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. The helium-filled cases were in use until 2003, when they were transferred to NIST-designed argon-filled enclosures, which allowed for advanced monitoring of their condition.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/protecting-the-charters-of-freedom-web.jpg?itok=nFH6D4VS","alt":"Protecting the Charters of Freedom"},"display_date":"January 1, 1950","unique_id":"774561"},{"start_date":{"year":"1950","month":"4","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1950-04-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"SEAC Boots Up","text":"\u003Cp\u003EWith a speed of 1 megahertz and 6,000 bytes of storage, the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) was the world\u2019s first internally programmed digital computer and the fastest machine of its kind when it was built. During its 13-year tenure, SEAC calculated sampling plans for the Census Bureau, wave functions for helium and lithium, stresses in aircraft structures, and produced the world\u2019s first digital image.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/samuel-alexander-and-ralph-slutz-seac-input-output-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=J8UEl88W","caption":"\u003Cp\u003ETwo of SEAC\u0027s inventors, Samuel Alexander (left) and Ralph Slutz, look over one of SEAC\u2019s early outputs written on ticker tape.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"Samuel Alexander and Ralph Slutz"},"display_date":"April 1, 1950","unique_id":"774361"},{"start_date":{"year":"1953","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1953-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Charges dropped over AD-X2","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAs part of their work studying battery life, NIST scientists found that commercial additives, including one called AD-X2, did not improve battery performance. Claiming government persecution, the manufacturer of AD-X2 instigated two high-level investigations into the NIST testing program. Through it all, NIST stood by its testing methods, which were vindicated by the National Academy of Sciences in 1953.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/ad-x2-charges-dropped-web.jpg?itok=FAe9xFcX","caption":"NIST researcher Herbert Reed measures the specific gravity of an automotive battery treated with AD-X2.","alt":"AD-X2 charges dropped"},"display_date":"January 1, 1953","unique_id":"774306"},{"start_date":{"year":"1953","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1953-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Panoramic dental X-ray machine","text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe partnership between NIST and the American Dental Association resulted in the invention of the panoramic X-ray machine in the 1950s, which made it possible to image the entire mouth with only one exposure, minimizing the radiation dose to dental tissues. The collaboration, which began during World War I, also contributed to the invention of the high speed dental drill.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/panoramic-xray_hr-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=Nmr6CYr2","alt":"panoramic xray"},"display_date":"January 1, 1953","unique_id":"774311"},{"start_date":{"year":"1954","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1954-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Digitizing the 1960 Census","text":"\u003Cp\u003EDeveloped by NIST and the Census Bureau in the early 1950s, the Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computers, or FOSDIC, scanned microfilm of hand marked forms and converted the markings into computer code. It was capable of reading 10 million answer-positions per hour. Updated versions of the device processed data collected in the censuses held every 10 years from 1960 until 1990.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/digitizing-the-1960-census-web.jpg?itok=kQDgTIb6","caption":"A Census Bureau technician monitors the scanning of 1960 census questionnaires by FOSDIC.","alt":"Digitizing the 1960 Census"},"display_date":"January 1, 1954","unique_id":"774351"},{"start_date":{"year":"1954","month":"9","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1954-09-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"NIST Boulder Labs Open","text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe need to build new radio testing and cryogenics research facilities led to the establishment of NIST laboratories in Boulder, Colo. Ground was broken on land donated by the people of Boulder in 1951, and the new lab opened for business in September 1954. President Eisenhower delivered the dedication address.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/1951-nbs-groundbreaking-restricted-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=M6YnJ8sS","caption":"\u003Cp\u003E1951 National Bureau of Standards (NBS) groundbreaking in Boulder, Colo.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"1951 NBS groundbreaking"},"display_date":"September 1, 1954","unique_id":"774541"},{"start_date":{"year":"1956","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1956-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"The Fall of Parity","text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1955, physicists Chen Ning Yang and Tsung Dao Lee claimed that parity, the long-held belief that our world would be indistinguishable from its mirror image, was false. Experiments done on their behalf at NIST (by to-be NIST director Ernest Ambler and others) and elsewhere showed that their theory was correct. Yang and Lee won the \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1957\/\u0022\u003E1957 Nobel Prize in Physics\u003C\/a\u003E for their insight.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2017\/03\/08\/yang-lee-bg-credit-alan-richards_resized-descrip.jpg?itok=mdmNi2x5","caption":"Yang (left) and Lee at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J.","credit":"Credit Alan Richards","alt":"Yang and Lee in front of a chalkboard at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J."},"display_date":"January 1, 1956","unique_id":"774486"},{"start_date":{"year":"1956","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1956-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"WWVB begins broadcasting","text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1956, NIST\u2019s Boulder laboratories began broadcasting experimental low-frequency signals from its station KK2XEI. In 1963, this station was relocated to Fort Collins, Colo., renamed \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/div688\/grp40\/wwvb.cfm\u0022\u003EWWVB\u003C\/a\u003E, and began broadcasting time and frequency signals. Today, radio-controlled clocks in most of North America use WWVB to synchronize themselves with NIST\u2019s atomic clock in Boulder.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/wwvb-begins-broadcasting-web.jpg?itok=btZ-F5Ie","alt":"WWVB begins broadcasting"},"display_date":"January 1, 1956","unique_id":"774276"},{"start_date":{"year":"1957","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1957-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"The first digital image","text":"\u003Cp\u003EComputer pioneer Russell Kirsch and his colleagues created the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/public_affairs\/releases\/image_052407.cfm\u0022\u003Efirst digital image\u003C\/a\u003E of his infant son Walden as part of their efforts to develop a way for the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC), a first generation computer designed and built at NIST, to recognize numbers and letters.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/public_affairs\/releases\/57his001nbsfirstscanimage_lr.jpg?itok=2uqrEa2L","credit":"NIST","alt":"Black \u0026amp;amp; white photo of baby"},"display_date":"January 1, 1957","unique_id":"774341"},{"start_date":{"year":"1958","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1958-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"A glittering research tool","text":"\u003Cp\u003ECapable of generating pressures millions of times those found at sea level, the diamond anvil cell, which was invented at NIST in 1958, heralded the birth of high-pressure science. NIST researchers built the first diamond anvil cell by hand using diamonds confiscated from smugglers. In fact, without a source of free diamonds, the device would have been too expensive to perfect.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/a-glittering-research-tool-web.jpg?itok=F1V2VU3j","alt":"A glittering research tool"},"display_date":"January 1, 1958","unique_id":"774381"},{"start_date":{"year":"1959","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1959-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Curveballs really curve","text":"\u003Cp\u003EFor the better part of the 20th century, the curveball was a hotly debated topic among fans and players, with many dismissing the ball\u0027s apparent sideward movement as an illusion. With the aid of several Washington Senators\u2019 pitchers and a wind tunnel, retired NIST director Lyman Briggs demonstrated that a \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/centennial\/baseball.cfm\u0022\u003Ethrown ball can curve\u003C\/a\u003E up to 17.5\u0022 over the 60\u00276\u0022 that separate pitcher and batter.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2018\/07\/16\/curveballs-really-curve-web.jpg?itok=TybbE4ZE","caption":"Dr. Briggs and Ossie Bluege of the Washington Baseball Club measuring the spin of a pitched ball.","alt":"Photo of former NIST Director Lyman Briggs "},"display_date":"January 1, 1959","unique_id":"774551"},{"start_date":{"year":"1961","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1961-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"NIST Moves to Gaithersburg","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter WWII, it had become clear that the original laboratories located in Washington, D.C., were completely inadequate for the increasingly sensitive experiments NIST scientists were performing. Planners selected a site in the then small, sleepy farming town of Gaithersburg, Md., and ground for the new campus in Gaithersburg was broken in 1961. Major construction was mostly completed by 1970.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/nist-moves-to-gaithersburg-web.jpg?itok=AHjbekUZ","alt":"Gaithersburg campus"},"display_date":"January 1, 1961","unique_id":"774546"},{"start_date":{"year":"1962","month":"4","day":"13","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1962-04-13\n"},"text":{"headline":"JILA Founded","text":"\u003Cp\u003EFounded by to-be\u00a0NIST Director Lewis Branscomb and to-be Nobel Prize winner Jan Hall and others, the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, now \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/jila.colorado.edu\/\u0022\u003EJILA\u003C\/a\u003E, is a partnership between the University of Colorado Boulder and NIST. A world leader in the physical sciences, JILA scientists\u2019 achievements include the creation of the Bose-Einstein condensate and the development of the laser frequency comb.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/jila-founded-web.jpg?itok=bk4B6KYY","caption":"JILA was first housed in the Colorado state armory building.","alt":"JILA"},"display_date":"April 13, 1962","unique_id":"774536"},{"start_date":{"year":"1964","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1964-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Handbook of Mathematical Functions","text":"\u003Cp\u003EMore than 1,000 pages long, the NIST \u003Cem\u003EHandbook of Mathematical Functions\u003C\/em\u003E, colloquially known as \u003Cem\u003EAbramowitz and Stegun\u003C\/em\u003E after its authors, was first published in 1964 and has been reprinted many times since. The Handbook is likely the most widely distributed and most cited NIST technical publication of all time. During the mid-1990s, the book was cited every 1.5 hours of each working day.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/hand-math-fun_resized-descrip.jpg?itok=51SgXatZ","alt":"Handbook of Mathematical Functions"},"display_date":"January 1, 1964","unique_id":"774366"},{"start_date":{"year":"1966","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1966-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"\u0026quot;Fingerprinting\u0026quot; free radicals","text":"\u003Cp\u003EDolphus \u0022Dick\u0022 Milligan had already trapped free radicals in frozen nitrogen and argon long enough to take their pictures when he joined NIST in 1963. He and Marilyn Jacox further refined the technique, and together they characterized more than 50 of these elusive molecules. Their work included the first detailed characterization of the free radicals involved in the combustion of hydrocarbons such as gasoline.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/milligan006.jpg?itok=7tvaivmZ","alt":"Milligan and Jacox"},"display_date":"January 1, 1966","unique_id":"774431"},{"start_date":{"year":"1966","month":"11","day":"30","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1966-11-30\n"},"text":{"headline":"WWV moves to Colorado","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST radio station \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/div688\/grp40\/wwv.cfm\u0022\u003EWWV\u003C\/a\u003E, relocated from Greenbelt, Md., began official broadcasts from Fort Collins, Colo., in 1966. Immortalized in this photo, the switch was thrown to initiate transmissions at 5 p.m. Mountain time on Nov. 30, 1966. About 80 guests attended the event and afterwards NIST received more than 8,500 notices from radio amateurs noting receipt of the first-day signal.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/img057-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=nkfYX8yO","caption":"\u003Cp\u003EWWV went on the air in Ft. Collins, Colo., on Nov. 30, 1966, at 5 p.m. Mountain Time.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"NIST radio station WWV"},"display_date":"November 30, 1966","unique_id":"774281"},{"start_date":{"year":"1967","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1967-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Collapse of the Silver Bridge","text":"\u003Cp\u003EOn Dec. 15, 1967, the Silver Bridge in Point Pleasant, W.Va., collapsed during rush hour traffic, killing 46 people. NIST investigators found that the collapse was caused by a microscopic pit in the surface of a single eye-bar that connected the deck to the suspension chain. Over time, the pit had grown into two small cracks about 4 mm in length, which led to the catastrophic collapse.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/collapse-of-the-silver-bridge-web.jpg?itok=At6Bpkk4","caption":"Photo of collapsed bridge.","alt":"Collapse of the Silver Bridge"},"display_date":"January 1, 1967","unique_id":"774501"},{"start_date":{"year":"1967","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1967-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"NCNR goes online","text":"\u003Cp\u003EConstruction of the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/ncnr\u0022\u003ENIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR)\u003C\/a\u003E began in 1963 and was completed in 1966. The reactor achieved criticality on Dec. 7, 1967. Built to serve the entire Washington, D.C., research community, the originally 10-megawatt machine generated 1.7x10\u003Csup\u003E14\u003C\/sup\u003E neutrons per square centimeter per second.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/ncnr-goes-online.gif?itok=I5Iy9o4g","alt":"NCNR goes online"},"display_date":"January 1, 1967","unique_id":"774401"},{"start_date":{"year":"1967","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1967-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Measuring cholesterol","text":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore 1967, it was difficult to know whether a person really had high cholesterol. That\u2019s because U.S. cholesterol tests were off by as much as 23 percent\u2014resulting in either unnecessary treatment or an increased (and unacknowledged) risk of death. Things changed for the better after 1967, when NIST produced its first Standard Reference Material (SRM) for clinical applications.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/measuring-cholesterol-web.jpg?itok=ZsVZKus-","alt":"cholesterol SRM"},"display_date":"January 1, 1967","unique_id":"774456"},{"start_date":{"year":"1970","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1970-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"A truly unbiased military draft","text":"\u003Cp\u003EStatisticians roundly criticized the 1969 draft lottery as unfair, so the Selective Service System asked NIST to devise an unquestionably random method for the 1970 draft. NIST mathematician Joan Rosenblatt and colleagues developed a method to randomly choose calendars and priority permutations for the draft. The new draft method was praised as fair, and Rosenblatt won the 1971 Federal Women\u2019s Award for her efforts on this and other projects.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/joan-rosenblatt.jpg?itok=UpmgTyN7","alt":"Joan Rosenblatt"},"display_date":"January 1, 1970","unique_id":"774336"},{"start_date":{"year":"1971","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1971-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Topografiner","text":"\u003Cp\u003EDeveloped between 1969-1971 at NIST by Russell Young, John Ward, and Fredric Scire, the topografiner was an instrument for measuring surface microtopography and was a precursor to the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Young and his colleagues called their invention a \u201ctopografiner\u201d because it could study the topography of a surface and resolve details as small as 30 atoms in size.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/topog4-scan-of-grati-398154_1mb-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=XCjJTiQr","caption":"This photo shows the surface of a diffraction grating (extremely fine-ruled lines on glass used to separate light into its component colors) as imaged by the NIST topografiner in the early 1970s.","alt":"topografiner scan"},"display_date":"January 1, 1971","unique_id":"774376"},{"start_date":{"year":"1971","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1971-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"New method of thermometry","text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1971, Robert Kamper and James Zimmerman of NIST Boulder proposed and demonstrated a new absolute thermometer based on the principle that a resistor (a device used to control electrical current) generates random noise from jiggling electrons, the magnitude of which depends only on the temperature of the resistor and a fundamental constant, the Boltzmann constant.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/new-method-of-thermometry-web.jpg?itok=Za6YeB-P","caption":"NIST Fellow James Zimmerman was also a co-inventor of the RF superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID).","alt":"New method of thermometry"},"display_date":"January 1, 1971","unique_id":"774396"},{"start_date":{"year":"1972","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1972-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"World record measurement of the speed of light","text":"\u003Cp\u003EUsing techniques they developed to produce laser light with a very stable frequency, or color, Ken Evenson and his group at NIST Boulder were able to measure the speed of light at 299,792,456.2 +\/- 1.1 meters per second. This value was 100 times more accurate than the previous best measurement, which calculations showed to be almost 44 meters per second too fast.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/72his001_evenson_hr-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=FVvQMSo5","alt":"Ken Evenson"},"display_date":"January 1, 1972","unique_id":"774446"},{"start_date":{"year":"1974","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1974-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Alaskan pipeline survey","text":"\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the potential environmental danger of developing oil reserves on the Alaskan coast, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration asked NIST chemists to collect baseline data on the marine environment. The 700 samples of sediment, water, and marine life proved invaluable when measuring the impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/alaskan-pipeline-survey-web.jpg?itok=1pQO-hz-","alt":"Alaskan Pipeline survey"},"display_date":"January 1, 1974","unique_id":"774506"},{"start_date":{"year":"1974","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1974-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Smoke detector standards","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST released its first report on smoke detectors in 1974 based on extensive tests involving a variety of home fire scenarios. Using this data, researchers discovered that much of the conventional wisdom about the proper placement of smoke detectors was wrong, with potentially fatal consequences. The team offered new recommendations for the optimal placement of smoke detectors as well as minimum performance specifications.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/smoke-detector-standards-web.jpg?itok=QlUrDIbT","caption":"The improved performance and placement of smoke detectors has saved countless lives, and the subject of fire safety is still an active area of research at NIST.","alt":"smoke detector"},"display_date":"January 1, 1974","unique_id":"774516"},{"start_date":{"year":"1977","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1977-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"DES published","text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn response to the needs of the private sector, especially banking and financial services, NIST issued the first publicly available data encryption standard (DES)\u2014a landmark event in an era when most cryptographic equipment was either proprietary or classified. While the DES algorithm was developed by IBM, NIST popularized the technology by making it a standard for federal agencies.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/des-published-web.jpg?itok=XwfK57_8","alt":"DES Published"},"display_date":"January 1, 1977","unique_id":"774346"},{"start_date":{"year":"1980","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1980-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"NIST wins Emmy\u00ae","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/div688\/grp40\/closed-captioning.cfm\u0022\u003EClosed-captioning\u003C\/a\u003E originated with a system called TvTime, developed by Dicky Davis, James Jesperson, and George Kamas in 1971 to send out time and frequency information to a large audience. Later, NIST and ABC used the technology to caption an episode of \u003Cem\u003EThe Mod Squad\u003C\/em\u003E, and by 1979 all the major networks were using it. In 1980, NIST, ABC, and PBS won an Emmy\u00ae Award for outstanding engineering achievement.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/nist-wins-emmy-web.jpg?itok=yBz8srwR","caption":"\u003Cp\u003EJames Jesperson with the Emmy.\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"NIST wins Emmy"},"display_date":"January 1, 1980","unique_id":"774286"},{"start_date":{"year":"1981","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1981-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Walkways collapse","text":"\u003Cp\u003EOn July 17, 1981, two suspended walkways at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Mo., collapsed leaving 114 people dead and 186 injured. NIST\u2019s investigation concluded that a last-minute design change by the builder to the box beam-hanger rod connections doubled the load on the 4th floor walkway, eventually causing the collapse of that walkway and the 2nd floor span below it.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/walkways-collapse-web.jpg?itok=5qPcKQkh","alt":"Walkways Collapse"},"display_date":"January 1, 1981","unique_id":"774496"},{"start_date":{"year":"1983","month":"4","day":"4","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1983-04-04\n"},"text":{"headline":"First product made in space","text":"\u003Cp\u003EMade in the microgravity environment of the Space Shuttle Challenger during its maiden flight in April 1983, NIST standard reference material 1960 contained 5mL vials of 10-micrometer polystyrene beads. The perfectly spherical, stable beads made for more consistent measurements of small particles like those found in medicines, cosmetics, food products, paints, cements, and pollutants.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2017\/03\/07\/first-product-made-in-space-web.jpg?itok=znUjBP7t","caption":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST and NASA collaborated to manufacture standard reference material (SRM) 1960, also known as \u201cspace beads.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"Photo of SRM 1960, the first product made in space"},"display_date":"April 4, 1983","unique_id":"774471"},{"start_date":{"year":"1985","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1985-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Defining the volt","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAchieving a feat once thought impossible, NIST succeeded in developing the world\u0027s first practical, stable and easy to use 1-volt standard in 1985. These instruments are used by national, industrial, and military laboratories around the world to make products ranging from mobile phones to missile guidance systems.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2017\/03\/08\/defining-the-volt-web.jpg?itok=PBITMn_Q","caption":"Richard Kautz testing the standard he helped develop.","alt":"Richard Kautz testing the standard he helped develop."},"display_date":"January 1, 1985","unique_id":"774406"},{"start_date":{"year":"1987","month":"8","day":"20","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1987-08-20\n"},"text":{"headline":"Baldrige Program founded","text":"\u003Cp\u003ESecretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige advocated\u00a0quality management as key to U.S. prosperity and sustainability. After the Secretary died in 1987, Congress created the Malcom Baldrige National Quality Award in recognition of his contributions.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/baldrige-program-web.jpg?itok=e085GCW8","caption":"\u003Cp\u003EPresident Reagan and Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige (right).\u003C\/p\u003E","alt":"Reagan and Baldrige"},"display_date":"August 20, 1987","unique_id":"774521"},{"start_date":{"year":"1988","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1988-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"MEP established","text":"\u003Cp\u003ECreated by the Technology Competitiveness Act of 1988, the \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/mep\/index.cfm\u0022\u003EHollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)\u003C\/a\u003E is a nationwide network of independent, non-profit entities, including corporations, universities, community colleges, or state governments serving small- and mid-sized manufacturers as trusted business advisors who are focused on solving manufacturers\u2019 challenges and identifying opportunities for growth.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/fritzhollings-resized-descrip.jpg?itok=tjKW6nuF","caption":"MEP was conceived by Senator Ernest Frederick \u0022Fritz\u0022 Hollings of South Carolina. He maintained his support for the program through his retirement in 2005, whereupon the program was renamed the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership in his honor.","alt":"Fritz Hollings"},"display_date":"January 1, 1988","unique_id":"774531"},{"start_date":{"year":"1988","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1988-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Improving antenna measurements","text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1988, NIST published the model for uncertainty evaluations of near-field antenna measurements, the culmination of several decades\u2019 work. More than 200 laboratories around the world routinely perform near-field measurements, which have saved millions of dollars in testing costs for the military and satellite manufacturers, among other users.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/improving-antenna-measurements-web.jpg?itok=nxhKvASb","alt":"improving antenna measurements"},"display_date":"January 1, 1988","unique_id":"774391"},{"start_date":{"year":"1992","month":"8","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1992-08-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"World\u2019s first DNA profiling standard","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST produced the world\u2019s first DNA profiling standard, SRM 2390, in 1992 at the request of the National Institute of Justice, the research arm of the U.S. Department of Justice. Developed over the course of two years, SRM 2390 was made to test every step of the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis method for identifying people using DNA.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/worlds-first-dna-profiling-standard-web.jpg?itok=jDmOfOkd","credit":"Copyright Robert Rathe","alt":"World\u0026#039;s First DNA Profiling Standard"},"display_date":"August 1, 1992","unique_id":"774466"},{"start_date":{"year":"1993","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1993-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Internet time service launches","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\/JILA Fellow Judah Levine came up with the idea and wrote most of the software for the NIST \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/div688\/grp40\/its.cfm\u0022\u003EInternet Time Service\u003C\/a\u003E, introduced in 1993. The service allows anyone to set their computer clock to match Universal Coordinated Time as provided by NIST. As of late 2012, the service responded to more than 12 billion requests a day.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/internet-time-service-launches-web.jpg?itok=0FkXe7po","credit":"Copyright Geoffrey Wheeler","alt":"Internet Time Service Launches"},"display_date":"January 1, 1993","unique_id":"774261"},{"start_date":{"year":"1996","month":"1","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1996-01-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Transition edge sensors","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u0027s Kent Irwin invented the first practical \u201ctransition-edge\u201d sensors, which precisely measure energy using a superconducting metal. When the metal absorbs as little as a single photon\u2019s worth of energy, it stops being a superconductor. This high sensitivity makes them useful for advanced telescopes such as the South Pole Telescope.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/transition-edge-sensors-web.jpg?itok=YCkNWdit","credit":"Copyright Geoffrey Wheeler","alt":"Transition edge sensors"},"display_date":"January 1, 1996","unique_id":"774421"},{"start_date":{"year":"1997","month":"4","day":"4","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1997-04-04\n"},"text":{"headline":"Studying fire in space","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u0027s Greg Linteris investigated how gravity affects combustion; how to design efficient, clean-burning combustion engines; and how to improve fire safety in space while onboard Columbia flight STS-94.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/studying-fire-in-space-web.jpg?itok=o_n6xqov","credit":"NASA","alt":"Greg Linteris"},"display_date":"April 4, 1997","unique_id":"774481"},{"start_date":{"year":"1997","month":"10","day":"15","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1997-10-15\n"},"text":{"headline":"Phillips shares Physics Nobel","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST physicist William Phillips shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics with his colleagues for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with lasers. The advance made it possible to build a new kind of atomic clock\u2014the cesium fountain clock\u2014that was approximately three times more accurate when first built than its predecessors.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/phillips-shares-nobel-prize-in-physics-web.jpg?itok=Pca9GvBP","credit":"Copyright Robert Rathe","alt":"William Phillips"},"display_date":"October 15, 1997","unique_id":"774296"},{"start_date":{"year":"1999","month":"12","day":"29","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"1999-12-29\n"},"text":{"headline":"New official U.S. clock","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter four years of testing and development by Steve Jefferts and Dawn Meekhof, the NIST-F1 took over as the nation\u0027s primary time and frequency standard. During its tenure, the clock\u2019s accuracy improved six-fold to where it will not gain or lose a second in more than 120 million years. It was replaced by NIST F-2 in 2014.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/new-us-time-standard-web.jpg?itok=qEhkVsgi","caption":"\u003Cp\u003EJefferts and Meekhof of the Time and Frequency Division.\u003C\/p\u003E","credit":"Copyright Geoffrey Wheeler","alt":"Jefferts and Meekhof"},"display_date":"December 29, 1999","unique_id":"774291"},{"start_date":{"year":"2000","month":"3","day":"1","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2000-03-01\n"},"text":{"headline":"Optical frequency comb","text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe result of the convergence of many areas of laser physics, especially NIST Fellow John Hall\u2019s techniques for stabilizing lasers, an optical frequency comb is a laser specially designed to produce a series of very short (a few millionths of a billionth of a second), equally spaced pulses of light. Frequency combs have dramatically simplified and improved the accuracy of frequency metrology and made it possible to build optical atomic clocks.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/optical-frequency-comb-web.jpg?itok=nSukshZb","alt":"Optical Frequency Comb"},"display_date":"March 1, 2000","unique_id":"774411"},{"start_date":{"year":"2000","month":"10","day":"2","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2000-10-02\n"},"text":{"headline":"Advanced Encryption Standard","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter a three-year competition among some of the world\u0027s leading cryptographers, NIST selected the Rijndael algorithm\u00a0as the nation\u2019s new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Replacing the aging Data Encryption Standard (DES), which was adopted in 1977, the AES is a public algorithm designed to protect sensitive information well into the 21st century.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/advanced-encryption-standard-web.jpg?itok=Sffl-_7m","alt":"Advanced Encryption Standard"},"display_date":"October 2, 2000","unique_id":"774356"},{"start_date":{"year":"2001","month":"10","day":"9","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2001-10-09\n"},"text":{"headline":"Cornell shares Physics Nobel","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/public_affairs\/releases\/n01-04.cfm\u0022\u003EEric Cornell\u003C\/a\u003E of JILA, a joint institute of NIST and the University of Colorado Boulder, and his colleagues shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work to create the world\u0027s first Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)\u2014a new state of matter that emerges at just a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. Scientists now routinely use BECs to simulate and study quantum mechanics up close and in slow motion.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/cornell-shares-physics-nobel-web.jpg?itok=zDzQNweM","credit":"Copyright Geoffrey Wheeler","alt":"Eric Cornell"},"display_date":"October 9, 2001","unique_id":"774246"},{"start_date":{"year":"2004","month":"1","day":"28","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2004-01-28\n"},"text":{"headline":"Fermionic Condensate","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\/JILA Fellow Deborah Jin and colleagues created the first fermionic condensate in a gas of potassium. Fermions are especially difficult to form into condensates because they resist being in the same quantum state. The Jin group showed that they will form, but require extremely low temperatures as well as a specialized magnetic field trap. The research aids our understanding of superconductivity and superfluidity.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/fermionic-condensate-web.jpg?itok=Fm4fkEWT","caption":"\u003Cp\u003EDeborah Jin (front) with colleagues Cindy Regal and Markus Greiner.\u003C\/p\u003E","credit":"Copyright Geoffrey Wheeler","alt":"Jin, Regal and Greiner"},"display_date":"January 28, 2004","unique_id":"774251"},{"start_date":{"year":"2005","month":"10","day":"4","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2005-10-04\n"},"text":{"headline":"Hall Shares Physics Nobel","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/public_affairs\/releases\/2005_nobel_prize_hall.cfm\u0022\u003ENIST\/JILA fellow John L. (Jan) Hall\u003C\/a\u003E shared half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for his \u201ccontributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.\u201d A sort of measuring stick to determine the frequency of another laser with high precision, frequency combs enable a broad array of technical capabilities from better clocks to subtle experiments on the nature of the universe.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/hall-shares-physics-nobel-web.jpg?itok=dWEMWnk4","alt":"Jan Hall"},"display_date":"October 4, 2005","unique_id":"774266"},{"start_date":{"year":"2005","month":"10","day":"26","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2005-10-26\n"},"text":{"headline":"World Trade Center 1 and 2 reports","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00228126d703-8c15-4155-9c2e-7b3610a4eaf7\u0022 href=\u0022\/world-trade-center-investigation\u0022 title=\u0022World Trade Center Investigation\u0022\u003ENIST investigated the construction, materials and technical conditions\u003C\/a\u003E that contributed to the World Trade Center disaster. The final reports on the collapses of WTC 1 and WTC 2 were issued in 2005. NIST\u2019s investigation served as the basis for improvements in the way buildings are designed and constructed, and contributed to recommendations for revising existing building and fire codes.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/photogallery\/homeland_security_world_trade_center_steel_from_collapsed_wtc_towers_banovic_davis.jpg?itok=fbN6Dcmi"},"display_date":"October 26, 2005","unique_id":"1737416"},{"start_date":{"year":"2008","month":"11","day":"25","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2008-11-25\n"},"text":{"headline":"World Trade Center 7 report","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST completed its final report on the collapse of WTC 7 in 2008, after an extensive three-year \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00228126d703-8c15-4155-9c2e-7b3610a4eaf7\u0022 href=\u0022\/world-trade-center-investigation\u0022 title=\u0022World Trade Center Investigation\u0022\u003Escientific and technical building and fire safety investigation\u003C\/a\u003E. Dozens of changes in the U.S. model building and fire codes have been adopted based on the findings and recommendations from NIST\u2019s WTC investigations.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2017\/02\/09\/building_research_buckling_of_wtc7_column_79.jpg?itok=RS0KYAI7","alt":"Graphic showing the buckling of WTC 7 Column 79 "},"display_date":"November 25, 2008","unique_id":"1737421"},{"start_date":{"year":"2010","month":"2","day":"4","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2010-02-04\n"},"text":{"headline":"A new type of clock","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u2019s experimental quantum logic clock, first built by Till Rosenband in 2005, was thought to be the world\u2019s most precise clock in 2010. The clock is based on a single aluminum ion trapped by electric fields and vibrating at frequencies 100,000 times higher than the frequencies used in fountain clocks like NIST F-1 and F-2. The logic clock will neither gain nor lose a second in 4 billion years.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/a-new-type-of-clock-web.jpg?itok=ooYLJJEI","credit":"Copyright Geoffrey Wheeler","alt":"A new type of clock"},"display_date":"February 4, 2010","unique_id":"774301"},{"start_date":{"year":"2012","month":"9","day":"12","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2012-09-12\n"},"text":{"headline":"Net Zero House ribbon-cutting","text":"\u003Cp\u003EThis suburban-style house on NIST\u2019s Gaithersburg campus, designed to \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022f66e767c-20bd-4fdd-898e-a8e5bbb3381f\u0022 href=\u0022\/el\/net-zero-energy-residential-test-facility\u0022 title=\u0022Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF)\u0022\u003Eproduce at least as much energy as it consumes\u003C\/a\u003E during the course of a year, incorporates energy-efficient construction and appliances as well as energy-generating technologies. It is home to a virtual family of four. Once operational, it reached its one-year anniversary with 491 kilowatt hours of extra energy.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2018\/03\/09\/net_zero_energy_residential_test_facility.jpg?itok=El9pZiTN","alt":"photo of a house. Solar panels on the roof."},"display_date":"September 12, 2012","unique_id":"1737426"},{"start_date":{"year":"2012","month":"10","day":"9","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2012-10-09\n"},"text":{"headline":"David Wineland shares Physics Nobel","text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022dc177255-5659-4667-a218-72d53c70ac08\u0022 href=\u0022\/news-events\/news\/2012\/10\/nists-david-j-wineland-wins-2012-nobel-prize-physics\u0022 title=\u0022NIST\u0027s David J. Wineland Wins 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics\u0022\u003ENIST physicist David Wineland\u003C\/a\u003E shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics \u0022for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems.\u0022 The research represents the first steps towards building a new type of superfast computer based on quantum physics and could become the future basis for a new time standard.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2018\/03\/09\/dr_david_wineland.jpg?itok=qwJ75sqQ","alt":"headshot of Dave Wineland"},"display_date":"October 9, 2012","unique_id":"774236"},{"start_date":{"year":"2014","month":"2","day":"12","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2014-02-12\n"},"text":{"headline":"Cybersecurity Framework","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u2019s \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022d93e537b-1852-4185-a8e4-b5ea1fe460de\u0022 href=\u0022\/cyberframework\u0022 title=\u0022Cybersecurity Framework\u0022\u003EFramework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity\u003C\/a\u003E provides a structure that all kinds of organizations can use to create, assess or improve their cybersecurity programs. The popular guide has since become mandatory for U.S. federal agencies and is now used by businesses all over the world.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2019\/10\/18\/framework_functions_wheel.png?itok=AIiOITW8","alt":"Cybersecurity Framework Functions Wheel"},"display_date":"February 12, 2014","unique_id":"1737431"},{"start_date":{"year":"2014","month":"3","day":"26","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2014-03-26\n"},"text":{"headline":"Joplin tornado report","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST\u2019s \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022be21f48d-b9b4-482d-b2db-1cc91f14fb46\u0022 href=\u0022\/disaster-failure-studies\/joplin-tornado-ncst-investigation\u0022 title=\u0022Joplin Missouri Tornado 2011\u0022\u003Enearly three-year technical investigation\u003C\/a\u003E into the deadly 2011 tornado in Joplin, Missouri, uncovered vulnerabilities in emergency communications, building design practices and wind measurements. Today the efforts of NIST and other organizations to follow up on the report\u0027s recommendations have made significant headway in protecting life and property from tornadoes.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2018\/10\/12\/joplin.jpg?itok=QqOv03bk","alt":"Two people standing among the destruction in Joplin"},"display_date":"March 26, 2014","unique_id":"1737436"},{"start_date":{"year":"2016","month":"7","day":"28","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2016-07-28\n"},"text":{"headline":"Monoclonal antibody standard","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST issued one of the world\u0027s most intricate measurement standards: \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022f208228f-a2bc-4692-8b6e-183b133ceac3\u0022 href=\u0022\/news-events\/news\/2016\/07\/extraordinary-standard-new-nist-protein-could-spur-biopharmaceutical\u0022 title=\u0022An Extraordinary Standard: New NIST Protein Could Spur Biopharmaceutical Innovation\u0022\u003Ean exhaustively analyzed antibody protein\u003C\/a\u003E that the biopharmaceutical industry will use to help ensure the quality of treatments across a widening range of health conditions, including cancers.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2017\/06\/12\/nist_rm_8671.jpg?itok=gQFV7TH6","alt":"Photo of NIST RM 8671, NIST\u0026#039;s monoclonal antibody reference material, packaged in dry ice"},"display_date":"July 28, 2016","unique_id":"1737441"},{"start_date":{"year":"2018","month":"11","day":"16","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2018-11-16\n"},"text":{"headline":"SI redefinition","text":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter decades of groundbreaking laboratory work at NIST and around the globe, the world\u2019s scientific community voted to redefine four of the seven base units for the International System of Units (SI). This single action finally realized scientists\u2019 150-year dream of a \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022469f570f-a53d-4a03-acaf-abe5ddab41a8\u0022 href=\u0022\/si-redefinition\u0022 title=\u0022SI Redefinition\u0022\u003Emeasurement system based entirely on unchanging fundamental properties of nature\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2018\/09\/11\/si_illustration_constants_colour_full.png?itok=WSz39ikB","alt":"Outer circle has one wedge for each of the 7 SI units (kilogram, meter, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela) and the inner circle has wedges for the 7 important constants. "},"display_date":"November 16, 2018","unique_id":"1737446"},{"start_date":{"year":"2019","month":"12","day":"5","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2019-12-05\n"},"text":{"headline":"JFK bullet replicas","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST ballistics researchers \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u0022cdd2dc5a-6f21-4c2e-955c-7a0f7664638d\u0022 href=\u0022\/news-events\/news\/2019\/12\/kennedy-assassination-bullets-preserved-digital-form\u0022 title=\u0022Kennedy Assassination Bullets Preserved in Digital Form\u0022\u003Ecreated digital replicas of bullet fragments\u003C\/a\u003E from the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. NIST\u2019s work has allowed the National Archives to make the 3D replicas available to the public while the originals remain safely preserved in a temperature and humidity-controlled vault.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2019\/12\/05\/DSC_2059.JPG?itok=-VZQmeXX","alt":"Bullet fragment is illuminated under microscope lens."},"display_date":"December 5, 2019","unique_id":"1737451"},{"start_date":{"year":"2021","month":"2","day":"8","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2021-02-08\n"},"text":{"headline":"Camp Fire timeline report","text":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat made California\u2019s 2018 Camp Fire so devastating? NIST fire researchers looked for answers by investigating the conditions leading up to the fire and meticulously reconstructing the \u003Ca data-entity-substitution=\u0022canonical\u0022 data-entity-type=\u0022node\u0022 data-entity-uuid=\u00226b9b2b28-ec57-43cf-bc3d-bd156b945946\u0022 href=\u0022\/news-events\/news\/2021\/02\/new-timeline-deadliest-california-wildfire-could-guide-lifesaving-research\u0022 title=\u0022New Timeline of Deadliest California Wildfire Could Guide Lifesaving Research and Action\u0022\u003Efirst 24 hours of its progression\u003C\/a\u003E. Their report, the first in a series, identifies areas where more research is needed to improve life safety and reduce structural losses.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2021\/01\/25\/IMG_3921.JPG.jpg?itok=3lmcdV8C","alt":"A researcher standing on recently burned terrain. "},"display_date":"February 8, 2021","unique_id":"1737456"},{"start_date":{"year":"2022","month":"7","day":"5","hour":"0","minute":"00","second":"00","display_date":"2022-07-05\n"},"text":{"headline":"First quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms","text":"\u003Cp\u003ENIST chose the first four encryption algorithms that will eventually become part of a post-quantum cryptographic standard. These encryption tools are designed to withstand the assault of a future quantum computer, which could potentially crack the security used to protect privacy in the digital systems we rely on every day.\u003C\/p\u003E"},"media":{"url":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/360_x_360_limit\/public\/images\/2022\/04\/05\/Crypto-rev1.png?itok=IC6Qbd_V","alt":"Illustration in blue tones shows a tree on the left with algorithms and lattice images on right. "},"display_date":"July 5, 2022","unique_id":"1740276"}]},"embed_id":"timelinejs-timeline-timelinejs","processed":false}],"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230928110656js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_vUzvThvSSVoHTSCkBCQkydhdsfaK1XKjKqS_Be_Zm8E.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928110656js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230928110656js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_1AMlYKa1cimgT-bDULlNFlZgwQYNtir7UcHXg1jDAQM.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":48,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>