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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_cutaneous_cryptococcosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_cutaneous_cryptococcosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_cutaneous_cryptococcosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulmonary_cryptococcosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pulmonary cryptococcosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptococcal_meningitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptococcal_meningitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cryptococcal meningitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptococcal_meningitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" 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class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>IRIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IRIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>In sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptococcosis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="داء المستخفيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داء المستخفيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptokokkoz" title="Kriptokokkoz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kriptokokkoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptococcosi" title="Criptococcosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Criptococcosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptokok%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_meningitida" title="Kryptokokální meningitida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kryptokokální meningitida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptokokkose" title="Kryptokokkose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kryptokokkose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptococosis" title="Criptococosis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Criptococosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptokokosi" title="Kriptokokosi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kriptokokosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کریپتوکوکوزیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریپتوکوکوزیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcose" title="Cryptococcose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cryptococcose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripteacoc%C3%B3is" title="Cripteacocóis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cripteacocóis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%95%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4%EC%A6%9D" title="크립토콕쿠스증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크립토콕쿠스증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptokokosis" title="Kriptokokosis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kriptokokosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptococcosi" title="Criptococcosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Criptococcosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptokokosis" title="Kriptokokosis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kriptokokosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E7%97%87" title="クリプトコッカス症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリプトコッカス症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptokokoza" title="Kryptokokoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryptokokoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptococose" title="Criptococose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Criptococose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Криптококкоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Криптококкоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Криптококкоз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Криптококкоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Криптококоз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Криптококоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85" title="隱球菌病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="隱球菌病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Potentially fatal fungal disease</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cryptococcosis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Busse-Buschke disease, cryptococcic meningitis, cryptococcosis lung, cryptococcosis skin, European Blastomycosis, torular meningitis, torulosis<sup id="cite_ref-NORD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptococcus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cryptococcus.jpg/220px-Cryptococcus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cryptococcus.jpg/330px-Cryptococcus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cryptococcus.jpg/440px-Cryptococcus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of cryptococcosis showing the characteristically thick capsule of cryptococcus. <a href="/wiki/Field_stain" title="Field stain">Field stain</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span></span>-/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-ICD-11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Lung: <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">Cough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">difficulty breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCSymp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCSymp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Brain: <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a>, fever, <a href="/wiki/Meningism" title="Meningism">neck pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">light sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">confusion</a>, change in behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCSymp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCSymp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Skin: <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">Nodules</a> with <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">dead tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_gattii" title="Cryptococcus gattii">Cryptococcus gattii</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-CDCGatti_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCGatti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">Biopsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungal medication</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">Fluconazole</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDCTreat_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCTreat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">Amphotericin B</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucytosine" title="Flucytosine">Flucytosine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Perfect_2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perfect_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cryptococcosis</b> is a potentially fatal <a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">fungal infection</a> of mainly the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, presenting as a <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, where it appears as a <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICD-11_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">Coughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">difficulty breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> are seen when the lungs are infected.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCSymp_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCSymp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the brain is infected, symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, fever, <a href="/wiki/Meningism" title="Meningism">neck pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">light sensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">confusion</a> or changes in behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCSymp_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCSymp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also affect other parts of the body including <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, where it may appear as several fluid-filled <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodules</a> with <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">dead tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic fungi">fungi</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></i> or less commonly <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_gattii" title="Cryptococcus gattii">Cryptococcus gattii</a></i>, and is acquired by <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">breathing in</a> the <a href="/wiki/Propagule" title="Propagule">spores</a> from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-ICD-11_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fungi are found around the world in soil, decaying wood, pigeon droppings, and in the hollows of some species of trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCWhere_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCWhere-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas <i>C. neoformans</i> generally infects people with HIV/AIDS and those on <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant drugs">immunosuppressant drugs</a> and does not usually affect fit and healthy people, <i>C. gattii</i> (found in some parts of Canada and the US) does.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCWhere_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCWhere-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once breathed in, the dried yeast cells colonize the lungs, where they are either cleared by <a href="/wiki/Phagocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagocytes">immune cells</a>, lie dormant, or cause infection and spread.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabiiti2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabiiti2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diagnosis is by isolating <i>Cryptococcus</i> from a sample of affected tissue or direct observation of the fungus by using staining of body fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be cultured from a <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, sputum, and <a href="/wiki/Skin_biopsy" title="Skin biopsy">skin biopsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment is with <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCTreat_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCTreat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from 2009 estimated that of the almost one million cases of cryptococcal meningitis that occurred worldwide annually, 700,000 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and 600,000 per year died.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallab2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallab2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryptococcosis was rare before the 1970s which saw an increase in at-risk groups such as people with <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a> or on <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressant medications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of cases escalated in the mid-1980s with over 80% occurring in people with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigeon breeders (or otherwise people who spend significant time with pigeons) are known to have a high incidence of cryptococcal infections including primary cutaneous cryptococcus due to the fungi's association with pigeon droppings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cryptococcus is generally classified according to how it is acquired and the site of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically begins in the lungs before spreading to other parts of the body, particularly the brain and nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-NORD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin involvement is less common.<sup id="cite_ref-NORD_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain and fever are seen when the lungs are infected, appearing like a pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCSymp_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCSymp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may also be <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">feeling of tiredness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICD-11_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the brain is infected, symptoms include headache, fever, neck pain, nausea and vomiting, light sensitivity, confusion or changes in behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCSymp_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCSymp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also affect other parts of the body including skin, eyes, bones and prostate.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the skin, it may appear as several fluid-filled <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodules</a> with <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">dead tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the site of infection, other features may include <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">loss of vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">blurred vision</a>, inability to move an eye and memory loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symptom onset is often sudden when lungs are infected and gradual over several weeks when the central nervous system is affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziarz2016_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziarz2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signs and symptoms of cryptococcal infection may be delayed in those with HIV or AIDS. A positive cryptococcal antigen test may precede symptoms by 3 weeks in those with HIV/AIDS. Others may have re-activation of latent cryptococcal disease years later. In those with HIV, approximately 50% of people have a fever, but fever is rare in previously healthy and immunocompetent people with cryptococcosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection for <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, and is particularly common among people living with AIDS in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Other conditions that pose an increased risk include certain <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignancies</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>), liver <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplants</a>, and long-term <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Setianingrum19_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setianingrum19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distribution is worldwide in soil.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of cryptococcosis has been increasing over the past 50 years for many reasons, including the increase in incidence of AIDS and the expanded use of immunosuppressive drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-gushiken-2021_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gushiken-2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans, <i>C. neoformans</i> chiefly infects the skin, lungs, and central nervous system (causing <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-gushiken-2021_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gushiken-2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less commonly it may affect other organs such as the eye or prostate.<sup id="cite_ref-gushiken-2021_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gushiken-2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_cutaneous_cryptococcosis">Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis (PCC) is a distinct clinical diagnosis separate from the secondary cutaneous cryptococcosis that is spread from systematic infection. Males are more likely to develop the infection and a 2020 study showed that the sex bias may be due to a growth hormone, produced by <i>C. neoformans</i> called gibberellic acid (GA) that is upregulated by testosterone.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper limbs account for a majority of infections. Isolates found in PCC include <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></i> (most common), <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_gattii" title="Cryptococcus gattii">Cryptococcus gattii</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_laurentii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptococcus laurentii">Cryptococcus laurentii</a></i>. Prognosis for PCC is generally good outside of disseminated infection.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morphologic description of the lesions show umbilicated papules, nodules, and violaceous plaques that can mimic other cutaneous diseases like <a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">molluscum contagiosum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>. These lesions may be present months before other signs of system infection in patients with AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pulmonary_cryptococcosis">Pulmonary cryptococcosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pulmonary cryptococcosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cryptococcus</i> (both <i>C. neoformans</i> and <i>C. gattii</i>) plays a common role in pulmonary invasive mycosis seen in adults with HIV and other immunocompromised conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Setianingrum19_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setianingrum19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also affects healthy adults at a much lower frequency and severity as healthy hosts may have no or mild symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immune-competent hosts may not seek or require treatment, but careful observation may be important.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryptococcal pneumonia has a potential to disseminate to the central nervous system (CNS) especially in immunocompromised individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pulmonary cryptococcosis has a worldwide distribution and is commonly underdiagnosed due to limitations in diagnostic capabilities. Since pulmonary nodules are its most common radiological feature, it can clinically and radiologically mimic lung cancer, TB, and other pulmonary mycoses. The sensitivity of cultures and the Cryptococcal (CrAg) antigen with lateral flow device on serum are rarely positive in the absence of disseminated disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Setianingrum19_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setianingrum19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, pulmonary cryptococcosis worsen the prognosis of cryptococcal meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Setianingrum19_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setianingrum19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cryptococcal_meningitis">Cryptococcal meningitis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cryptococcal meningitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meningitis_criptoc%C3%B3cica_diseminada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meningitis_criptoc%C3%B3cica_diseminada.png/250px-Meningitis_criptoc%C3%B3cica_diseminada.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meningitis_criptoc%C3%B3cica_diseminada.png/375px-Meningitis_criptoc%C3%B3cica_diseminada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meningitis_criptoc%C3%B3cica_diseminada.png/500px-Meningitis_criptoc%C3%B3cica_diseminada.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Disseminated cryptococcal meningitis</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chronic_meningitis" title="Chronic meningitis">Chronic meningitis</a></div> <p>Cryptococcal meningitis (infection of the <a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">meninges</a>, the tissue covering the brain) is believed to result from dissemination of the fungus from either an observed or undetected pulmonary infection. Often there is also silent dissemination throughout the brain when meningitis is present. People with defects in their <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated immunity</a>, for example, people with <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, are especially susceptible to disseminated cryptococcosis. Cryptococcosis is often fatal, even if treated. It is estimated that the three-month <a href="/wiki/Case-fatality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-fatality rate">case-fatality rate</a> is 9% in high-income regions, 55% in low/middle-income regions, and 70% in sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2009 there were globally approximately 958,000 annual cases and 625,000 deaths within three months after infection.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>C. neoformans</i> infection most commonly occurs as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised people (such as those living with AIDS), <i>C. gattii</i> often infects immunocompetent people as well.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus" title="Cryptococcus">Cryptococcus</a></i> species (both <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">C. neoformans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_gattii" title="Cryptococcus gattii">C. gattii</a></i>) are responsible for 68% of meningitis cases in those with HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryptococcus is considered an "emerging" disease in healthy adults.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the rate of infection is clearly higher with immunocompromised individuals, some studies suggest a higher mortality rate in patients with non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis secondary to the role of T-cell mediated reaction and injury.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CD4+ T cells have proven roles in the defense against <i>Cryptococcus</i>, but it can also contribute to clinical deterioration due its inflammatory response.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptom onset is often subacute, progressively worsened over several weeks, and delays in diagnosis are associated with increased mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-gushiken-2021_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gushiken-2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood antigen testing by <a href="/wiki/Lateral_flow_assay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral flow assay">lateral flow assay</a> for cryptococcal antigens has a sensitivity and specificity greater than 99% for cryptococcosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A CSF <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">fungal culture</a> can tell if there is microbiological failure (failure of the fungal infections to treat the infection). CSF fungal culture has a 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. CSF cell analysis is characterized by increased lymphocytes, reduced protein and reduced glucose.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For any person who has cryptococcosis at a site outside of the central nervous system (e.g., pulmonary cryptococcosis), a <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">lumbar puncture</a> is indicated to evaluate the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> (CSF) for evidence of cryptococcal meningitis, even if they do not have signs or symptoms of CNS disease. Detection of cryptococcal <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> (capsular material) by <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a> of CSF, <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> provides definitive diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhein_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhein-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood cultures may be positive in heavy infections. <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> of the CSF is a traditional microscopic method of diagnosis,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8862601_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8862601-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the sensitivity is poor in early infection, and may miss 15–20% of patients with culture-positive cryptococcal meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Boulware_45–53_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boulware_45–53-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid diagnostic methods to detect cryptococcal antigen include latex agglutination testing, lateral flow <a href="/wiki/Immunochromatographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunochromatographic">immunochromatographic</a> assay (LFA), or enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used on tissue specimens, with PCR having a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 98% for cryptococcal infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg/120px-Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg/180px-Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg/240px-Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_(1)_histiocytic_penumonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%281%29_histiocytic_penumonia.jpg/120px-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%281%29_histiocytic_penumonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%281%29_histiocytic_penumonia.jpg/180px-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%281%29_histiocytic_penumonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%281%29_histiocytic_penumonia.jpg/240px-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%281%29_histiocytic_penumonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_(3)_Alcian_blue-PAS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%283%29_Alcian_blue-PAS.jpg/120px-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%283%29_Alcian_blue-PAS.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%283%29_Alcian_blue-PAS.jpg/180px-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%283%29_Alcian_blue-PAS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%283%29_Alcian_blue-PAS.jpg/240px-Pulmonary_cryptococcosis_%283%29_Alcian_blue-PAS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-26.JPG/120px-Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-26.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-26.JPG/180px-Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-26.JPG/240px-Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-27.JPG/120px-Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-27.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-27.JPG/180px-Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-27.JPG/240px-Cryptococcus_smear_MGG_2010-01-27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptococcus_smear_PAS_2010-01-26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cryptococcus_smear_PAS_2010-01-26.JPG/120px-Cryptococcus_smear_PAS_2010-01-26.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cryptococcus_smear_PAS_2010-01-26.JPG/180px-Cryptococcus_smear_PAS_2010-01-26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cryptococcus_smear_PAS_2010-01-26.JPG/240px-Cryptococcus_smear_PAS_2010-01-26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cryptococcosis is a very subacute infection with a prolonged subclinical phase lasting weeks to months in persons with HIV/AIDS before the onset of symptomatic meningitis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence rates of detectable cryptococcal antigen in peripheral blood is often 4–12% in persons with CD4 counts lower than 100 cells/mcL.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20597693_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20597693-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryptococcal antigen screen and preemptive treatment with fluconazole is cost saving to the healthcare system by avoiding cryptococcal meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Health Organization recommends cryptococcal antigen screening in HIV-infected persons entering care with CD4<100 cells/μL.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Recs_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Recs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This undetected subclinical cryptococcal (if not preemptively treated with anti-fungal therapy) will often go on to develop cryptococcal meningitis, despite receiving HIV therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20597693_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20597693-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryptococcosis accounts for 20–25% of the mortality after initiating HIV therapy in Africa. What is effective preemptive treatment is unknown, with the current recommendations on dose and duration based on expert opinion. Screening in the United States is controversial, with official guidelines not recommending screening, despite cost-effectiveness and a 3% U.S. cryptococcal antigen prevalence in CD4<100 cells/μL.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25006824_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25006824-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antifungal prophylaxis such as fluconazole and itraconazole reduces the risk of contracting cryptococcosis in those with low CD4 cell count and high risk of developing such disease in a setting of cryptococcal antigen screening tests are not available.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment options in persons without HIV-infection have not been well studied. <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">Amphotericin B</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Flucytosine" title="Flucytosine">flucytosine</a> by mouth is recommended for initial treatment (induction therapy).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People living with AIDS often have a greater burden of disease and higher mortality (30–70% at 10-weeks), recommended therapy is with <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a> and flucytosine. Adding flucytosine to amphotericin B is associated with earlier fungal clearance and increased survival, however it is not readily available in many lower income regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where flucytosine is not available, <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a> should be used with amphotericin.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Recs_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Recs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphotericin">Amphotericin</a>-based induction therapy has much greater microbiologic activity than fluconazole monotherapy with 30% better survival at 10 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhein_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhein-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rajasingham_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajasingham-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on a systematic review, the most cost-effective induction treatment in resource-limited settings appears to be one week of amphotericin B coupled with high-dose fluconazole.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajasingham_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajasingham-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initial induction treatment as above, typical consolidation therapy is with oral <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a> for at least 8 weeks used with secondary prophylaxis with fluconazole thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Recs_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Recs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision on when to start treatment for HIV appears to be very different than other opportunistic infections. A large multi-site trial supports deferring ART for 4–6 weeks was overall preferable with 15% better 1-year survival than earlier ART initiation at 1–2 weeks after diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 Cochrane review also supports the delayed starting of treatment until cryptococcosis starts improving with antifungal treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increased intracranial pressure is seen in about 50% of those with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis and is usually associated with a high fungal burden. Regular (often daily) <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">lumbar punctures</a> to lower the intracranial pressure by draining CSF are associated with reduced mortality in those with cryptococcal meningitis (with or without HIV).<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rolfes_2014_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolfes_2014-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perfect_2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perfect_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in those with suspicion of non-communicating <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a> (which may present as focal neurologic symptoms or impaired mentation), a CT or MRI of the brain is required prior to lumbar puncture to rule out hydrocephalus, due to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">brain herniation</a> with lumbar puncture. Non-communicating hydrocephalus is rare in those with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IRIS">IRIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: IRIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immune_reconstitution_inflammatory_syndrome" title="Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome">Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome</a> is possible in those with cryptococcal infection, especially those with concurrent HIV starting <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">anti-retroviral therapy</a>. With anti-retroviral therapy for the HIV, the CD4+ T-cell counts recover and the restored immune system mounts an exaggerated, hyperinflammatory response against cryptococcal infection in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRIS has a 5% incidence in those with HIV and cryptococcosis starting anti-retroviral therapy. It usually occurs within 4 weeks of starting anti-retroviral therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of IRIS is increased in those with a high fungal burden, lower CD4+ T-cell count, and lower inflammatory marker levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Meya_2024_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meya_2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cryptococcosis is usually associated with immunosuppressed people, such as those with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> use, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cryptococcus</i> comprizes two clinically relevant species, <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. gattii</i> was previously thought to only be found in tropical climates and in immunocompetent persons, but recent findings of <i>C. gattii</i> in regions such as Canada and Western regions of North America have challenged this initial presumption of the geographic patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from 2009 estimated that of the almost one million cases of cryptococcal meningitis that occurred worldwide annually, 700,000 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and 600,000 per year died.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallab2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallab2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, amongst people who had a low <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">CD4+ cell</a> count, the annual incidence rate was estimated to be 278,000 cases. Of those, 223,100 resulted in cryptococcal meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajasingham-2017_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajasingham-2017-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 73% of cryptococcal meningitis cases occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. More than 180,000 fatalities are attributed to cryptococcal meningitis, 135,000 of which occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Case fatality of cryptococcal meningitis varies widely depending on what country the infection occurs. In low-income countries the case fatality from cryptococcal meningitis is 70%. This differs from middle income countries where the case fatality rate is 40%. In wealthy countries the case fatality is 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajasingham-2017_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajasingham-2017-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 19% of all AIDS related deaths are due to cryptococcal disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajasingham_2022_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajasingham_2022-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryptococcal disease is the second leading cause of death in those with HIV/AIDS, second only to tuberculosis, which is responsible for 40% of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Meintjes_2024_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meintjes_2024-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sub-Saharan Africa approximately a third of HIV patients will develop cryptococcosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Alemayehu-2020_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alemayehu-2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States incidence of cryptococcosis is estimated to be about 0.4-1.3 cases per 100,000 population and 2-7 cases per 100,000 in people affected with AIDS with a case fatality ratio of about 12%. Since 1990 the incidence of AIDs associated cryptococcosis fell by 90% due to the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mada-2023_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mada-2023-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated prevalence of cryptococcosis cases amongst HIV patients in the U.S. is 2.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In immunocompetent patients cryptococcus typically presents itself as <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_gattii" title="Cryptococcus gattii">Cryptococcus gattii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mada-2023_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mada-2023-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its rarity cryptococcus has been more commonly seen, with upwards of 20% of cases in immunocompetent people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 50% of cryptococcosis infections in North America are caused by <i>C. gattii.</i> Though <i>C. gattii</i> was originally thought to be restricted to subtropical and tropical regions it has become more prevalent worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. gattii</i> has been found in over 90 people in the United States, most of these cases originating in Washington or Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_sub-Saharan_Africa">In sub-Saharan Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In sub-Saharan Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sub-Saharan Africa is the main hub for HIV/AIDS worldwide. HIV/AIDS accounts for about 0.5% of the world's population.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remarkably, sub-Saharan Africa holds 71% of HIV/AIDs cases.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cryptococcal meningitis is a primary contributor to mortality among individuals with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 160,000 cases of cryptococcal meningitis are reported in West Africa, resulting in 130,000 deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uganda is reported to have the highest occurrence of cryptococcus meningitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Alemayehu-2020_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alemayehu-2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting that, Ethiopia has the least occurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-Alemayehu-2020_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alemayehu-2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, treatment options involve either a 7 or 14-day regimen of amphotericin-B, coupled with oral antifungal tablets or oral fluconazole. It is important to note, amphotericin-B is not considered a treatment, as it showed not a significant reduction in the mortality rate.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cryptococcosis is also seen in cats and occasionally dogs. It is the most common deep fungal disease in cats, usually leading to chronic infection of the nose and sinuses, and skin ulcers. Cats may develop a bump over the bridge of the nose from local tissue inflammation. It can be associated with <a href="/wiki/FeLV" class="mw-redirect" title="FeLV">FeLV</a> infection in cats. Cryptococcosis is most common in dogs and cats but cattle, sheep, goats, horses, wild animals, and birds can also be infected. Soil, fowl manure, and <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a> droppings are among the sources of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NORD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NORD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cryptococcosis/">"Cryptococcosis"</a>. <i>NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NORD+%28National+Organization+for+Rare+Disorders%29&rft.atitle=Cryptococcosis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.org%2Frare-diseases%2Fcryptococcosis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACryptococcosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507044344/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cryptococcosis">"Cryptococcosis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathealth.com/FungalINFXdeep.htm">the original</a> on 2010-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deep+Fungal+Infections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathealth.com%2FFungalINFXdeep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACryptococcosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_Takeuchi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Akira Takeuchi, D. V. M. (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2003&PID=6653&O=Generic">"Feline Cryptococcosis – WSAVA 2003 Congress – VIN"</a>. <i>Vin.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vin.com&rft.atitle=Feline+Cryptococcosis+%E2%80%93+WSAVA+2003+Congress+%E2%80%93+VIN&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Akira+Takeuchi&rft.aufirst=D.+V.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vin.com%2Fproceedings%2FProceedings.plx%3FCID%3DWSAVA2003%26PID%3D6653%26O%3DGeneric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACryptococcosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerfect2010" class="citation journal cs1">Perfect JR, et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826644">"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Infectious_Diseases" title="Clinical Infectious Diseases">Clinical Infectious Diseases</a></i>. <b>50</b> (3): 291–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F649858">10.1086/649858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826644">5826644</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20047480">20047480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Clinical+practice+guidelines+for+the+management+of+cryptococcal+disease%3A+2010+update+by+the+infectious+diseases+society+of+america&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-322&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5826644%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20047480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F649858&rft.aulast=Perfect&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5826644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACryptococcosis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gullo FP, et al. (2013). "Cryptococcosis: epidemiology, fungal resistance, and new alternatives for treatment". <i>European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>32</b> (11): 1377–1391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10096-013-1915-8">10.1007/s10096-013-1915-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24141976">24141976</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11317427">11317427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology+%26+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cryptococcosis%3A+epidemiology%2C+fungal+resistance%2C+and+new+alternatives+for+treatment&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1377-1391&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11317427%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24141976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10096-013-1915-8&rft.aulast=Gullo&rft.aufirst=FP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACryptococcosis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerfect2005" class="citation journal cs1">Perfect JR, et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.femsim.2005.06.005">"<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>: a sugar-coated killer with designer genes"</a>. <i>FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology</i>. <b>45</b> (11): 395–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.femsim.2005.06.005">10.1016/j.femsim.2005.06.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16055314">16055314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Immunology+and+Medical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Cryptococcus+neoformans%3A+a+sugar-coated+killer+with+designer+genes&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=395-404&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.femsim.2005.06.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16055314&rft.aulast=Perfect&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.femsim.2005.06.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACryptococcosis" class="Z3988"></span> (Review)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215354-overview">Medscape entry on cryptococcosis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">mesomycetozoea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Superficial_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Superficial</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Cutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">cutaneous</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dermatomycosis" title="Dermatomycosis">dermatomycosis</a>):<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea">Tinea</a> = <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Piedra" title="Piedra">Piedra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exothrix" title="Exothrix">exothrix</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Endothrix" title="Endothrix">endothrix</a>) = <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Dermatophytosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_barbae" title="Tinea barbae">Tinea barbae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">tinea capitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerion" title="Kerion">Kerion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Tinea corporis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Tinea cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Tinea manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Tinea unguium/onychomycosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_superficial_onychomycosis" title="White superficial onychomycosis">White superficial onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Distal subungual onychomycosis">Distal subungual onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Proximal subungual onychomycosis">Proximal subungual onychomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis_gladiatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea corporis gladiatorum">Tinea corporis gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Tinea faciei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_imbricata" title="Tinea imbricata">Tinea imbricata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_incognito" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea incognito">Tinea incognito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favus" title="Favus">Favus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epidermophyton_floccosum" title="Epidermophyton floccosum">Epidermophyton floccosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_canis" title="Microsporum canis">Microsporum canis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_audouinii" title="Microsporum audouinii">Microsporum audouinii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_interdigitale" title="Trichophyton interdigitale">Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_tonsurans" title="Trichophyton tonsurans">Trichophyton tonsurans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">Trichophyton schoenleini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum" title="Trichophyton rubrum">Trichophyton rubrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_verrucosum" title="Trichophyton verrucosum">Trichophyton verrucosum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_nigra" title="Tinea nigra">Tinea nigra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piedraia_hortae" title="Piedraia hortae">Piedraia hortae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_piedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Black piedra">Black piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malassezia" title="Malassezia">Malassezia furfur</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia_folliculitis" title="Malassezia folliculitis">Malassezia folliculitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_piedra" title="White piedra">White piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Subcutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Subcutaneous</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_primary_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">systemic</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_opportunistic_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">opportunistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic</a><br />(yeast+mold)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onygenales" title="Onygenales">Onygenales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_posadasii" title="Coccidioides posadasii">Coccidioides posadasii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_coccidioidomycosis" title="Disseminated coccidioidomycosis">Disseminated coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis">Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis">Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum" title="Histoplasma capsulatum">Histoplasma capsulatum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis" title="Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis">Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_histoplasmosis" title="Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis">Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_disseminated_histoplasmosis" title="Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis">Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_duboisii" title="Histoplasma duboisii">Histoplasma duboisii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_histoplasmosis" title="African histoplasmosis">African histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacazia" title="Lacazia">Lacazia loboi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobomycosis" title="Lobomycosis">Lobomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis" title="Paracoccidioides brasiliensis">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">Paracoccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blastomyces_dermatitidis" title="Blastomyces dermatitidis">Blastomyces dermatitidis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">Blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">North American blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">South American blastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sporothrix_schenckii" title="Sporothrix schenckii">Sporothrix schenckii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sporotrichosis" title="Sporotrichosis">Sporotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaromycosis" title="Talaromycosis">Talaromycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scedosporiosis" title="Scedosporiosis">Scedosporiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsiosis" title="Emmonsiosis">Emmonsiosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emmonsia_parva" title="Emmonsia parva">Emmonsia parva</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaspiromycosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiaspiromycosis (page does not exist)">Adiaspiromycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Vulvovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic candidiasis">Antibiotic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">Candidal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_onychomycosis" title="Candidal onychomycosis">Candidal onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Candidal paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper candidiasis">Diaper candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cutaneous_candidiasis" title="Congenital cutaneous candidiasis">Congenital cutaneous candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal candidiasis">Perianal candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic candidiasis">Systemic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosio_interdigitalis_blastomycetica" title="Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica">Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_auris" title="Candida auris">C. auris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">C. glabrata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_lusitaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida lusitaniae">C. lusitaniae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">C. tropicalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystosis" title="Pneumocystosis">Pneumocystosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">Mold</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergilloma" title="Aspergilloma">Aspergilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_aspergillosis" title="Primary cutaneous aspergillosis">Primary cutaneous aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exophiala_jeanselmei" title="Exophiala jeanselmei">Exophiala jeanselmei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumycetoma" title="Eumycetoma">Eumycetoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_pedrosoi" title="Fonsecaea pedrosoi">Fonsecaea pedrosoi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_compacta" title="Fonsecaea compacta">Fonsecaea compacta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phialophora_verrucosa" title="Phialophora verrucosa">Phialophora verrucosa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis" title="Chromoblastomycosis">Chromoblastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichosis" title="Geotrichosis">Geotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Pseudallescheria boydii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Allescheriasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cryptococcosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a></i> spp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporonosis" title="Trichosporonosis">Trichosporonosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">Zygomycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Mucormycosis" title="Mucormycosis">Mucormycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucor_indicus" title="Mucor indicus">Mucor indicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia_corymbifera" title="Lichtheimia corymbifera">Lichtheimia corymbifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syncephalastrum_racemosum" title="Syncephalastrum racemosum">Syncephalastrum racemosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces_variabilis" title="Apophysomyces variabilis">Apophysomyces variabilis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophthorales" title="Entomophthorales">Entomophthorales</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Entomophthoramycosis" title="Entomophthoramycosis">Entomophthoramycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolus_ranarum" title="Basidiobolus ranarum">Basidiobolus ranarum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycosis" title="Basidiobolomycosis">Basidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_coronatus" title="Conidiobolus coronatus">Conidiobolus coronatus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_incongruus" title="Conidiobolus incongruus">Conidiobolus incongruus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolomycosis" title="Conidiobolomycosis">Conidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Microsporidiosis" title="Microsporidiosis">Microsporidiosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterocytozoon_bieneusi" title="Enterocytozoon bieneusi">Enterocytozoon bieneusi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Encephalitozoon_intestinalis" title="Encephalitozoon intestinalis">Encephalitozoon intestinalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidium_seeberi" title="Rhinosporidium seeberi">Rhinosporidium seeberi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidiosis" title="Rhinosporidiosis">Rhinosporidiosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternariosis" title="Alternariosis">Alternariosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_folliculitis" title="Fungal folliculitis">Fungal folliculitis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusariosis" title="Fusariosis">Fusariosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_gluteale_infantum" title="Granuloma gluteale infantum">Granuloma gluteale infantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyalohyphomycosis" title="Hyalohyphomycosis">Hyalohyphomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratomycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratomycosis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeohyphomycosis" title="Phaeohyphomycosis">Phaeohyphomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meningitis_and_other_diseases_of_meninges" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_meninges" title="Template:Diseases of meninges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_meninges" title="Template talk:Diseases of meninges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_meninges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of meninges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meningitis_and_other_diseases_of_meninges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a> and other diseases of meninges</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnoiditis" title="Arachnoiditis">Arachnoiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial meningitis">Bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_meningitis" title="Tuberculous meningitis">Tuberculous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_meningitis" title="Haemophilus meningitis">Haemophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">Viral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_meningitis" title="Fungal meningitis">Fungal</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cryptococcal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_meningitis" title="Aseptic meningitis">Aseptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_aseptic_meningitis" title="Drug-induced aseptic meningitis">Drug-induced</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470140" class="extiw" title="d:Q1470140">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B45">B45</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=117.5">117.5</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003453">D003453</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb3213.htm">3213</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001328.htm">001328</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/482-overview">med/482</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/Cryptococcosis">Cryptococcosis</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=1546">1546</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470140#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Torulosis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136196">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cryptococcose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124848526">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cryptococcose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124848526">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541469205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&oldid=1258102315">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptococcosis&oldid=1258102315</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_fungal_diseases" title="Category:Animal fungal diseases">Animal fungal diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_diseases" title="Category:Bird diseases">Bird 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