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itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Blog</span></a></li> </ul></div></nav><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-593 page type-page status-publish entry" aria-label="Thomas Alva Edison" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Thomas Alva Edison</h1> </header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"><p><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/scientist-photos/thomas-alva-edison.jpg" decoding="async" alt="Thomas Alva Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison"><noscript><img decoding="async" src="//www.famousscientists.org/scientist-photos/thomas-alva-edison.jpg" alt="Thomas Alva Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison" /></noscript></p> <p>Thomas Alva Edison is one of the greatest American inventors who held countless patents, majority of them related to electricity and power. While two of his most famous inventions are the incandescent lamp and the phonograph, arguably the most significant invention of Edison is considered to be large-scale organized research.</p> <div class="center-340"> <span class="adstyle">Advertisements</span><br /> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9461632227417539" data-ad-slot="4853610001" data-ad-format="auto"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div> <h3>Early Life:</h3> <p>Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in the small village of Milan, Ohio, the youngest of seven children. His father was a versatile person and a man-of-all-work, while his mother was a teacher. Edison was mostly homeschooled by his mother. Edison became a salesman of fruit, paper and other goods on the Grand Trunk Railroad at the tender age of 12. With the help of his tiny handpress in a trash car, he wrote and published the <em>Grand Trunk Herald</em> in 1862, which was sent to 400 railroad employees. The same year Edison worked as a telegraph operator, trained by the father of a child whose life he had saved. Edison was a tramp telegrapher, as he was exempted from military service due to his deafness. In 1868, he was then recruited by Western Union Telegraph Company in Boston.</p> <h3>Early Conceptions:</h3> <p>Perhaps the first invention of Edison was a telegraph repeater in 1864 which worked automatically, while his earliest patent was for an electric vote recorder. He acquired a partnership in a New York electrical company in 1869, where he honed the stock ticker and by 1871 had designed the universal stock printer. The New York Stock Exchange bought nearly 5,000 of Edison’s universal tickers between 1871 and 1874. With the money he received, Edison paid for his own factory in Newark, N.J., where he hired technicians to help him with more inventions. His dream was to create an “invention factory.” Almost 80 “earnest men,” including physicists, mathematicians and chemists, were among his collaborators. “Invention to order” made him good money at his laboratory.</p> <p>From 1870 to 1875 Edison devised many telegraphic advances including receivers, transmitters, the duplex, tape and automatic printers. He also collaborated in 1871 with Christopher Sholes, known as “father of the typewriter,” to ameliorate the typing machine. Edison claimed to have made twelve typewriters at Newark in 1870. As a result, the Remington Company purchased his interests.</p> <p>Edison’s carbon telegraph transmitter for Western Union was a useful breakthrough for the development of the commercial Bell telephone. The money he got from Western Union for the transmitter was spent establishing a factory at Menlo Park, N.J. He used scientific talent to register over 300 patents in just 6 years. His electric pen (1877) used as a perforating device, developed stencils to produce copies.</p> <h3>Other Inventions and Contributions:</h3> <p>Probably his most impressive invention, the phonograph, for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound, was patented in 1877. The Edison Speaking Phonograph Company was established in early 1878, to exploit the new machine. Edison received $10,000 for the manufacturing and sales rights and 20% of the profits; by 1890 he held over 80 phonograph patents.</p> <p>To explore incandescence, Edison and his fellows, among them J. P. Morgan, developed the Edison Electric Light Company in 1878. Years later, the company became the General Electric Company. Edison invented the first practical incandescent lamp in 1879. With months of hard work researching metal filaments, Edison and his staff analyzed 6,000 organic fibers around the world and determined that the Japanese bamboo was ideal for mass production. Large scale production of these cheap lamps turned out to be profitable. He later patented the first fluorescent lamp in 1896.</p> <p>In 1882 Edison made an amazing scientific discovery termed the Edison Effect. He discovered that in a vacuum, electrons flowed from a heated element (such as an incandescent filament) to a cooler metal plate. The electrons flow only one way, from the hot element to the cool plate, like a diode. This effect is now called “thermionic emission.” </p> <p>A method to transmit telegraphic “aerial” signals over short distances was patented by Edison in 1885. The “wireless” patent was later sold to Guglielmo Marconi.</p> <p>Edison established the huge West Orange, N.J., factory in 1887 and supervised it until 1931. This was probably the world’s most cutting-edge research laboratory, and a forerunner to modern research and development laboratories, with experts systematically investigating and researching for the solution to problems.</p> <p>The Edison battery, developed in 1910, used an alkaline electrolyte, and proved to be a superb storage device. He enhanced the copper oxide battery, strikingly similar to modern dry cells, in 1902.</p> <p>He operated his first commercial electric power station in London in 1882, and America’s first electric station opened in New York City later that same year using a DC supply system.</p> <p>The kinetograph, his motion picture camera, photographed action on 50-foot strips of film, and produced sixteen images per foot. Edison built a small movie production studio in 1893 called the “Black Maria,” which made the first Edison movies. The kinetoscope projector of 1893 displayed the films. The earliest commercial movie theater, a peepshow, was established in New York in 1884. After developing and modifying the projector of Thomas Armat in 1895, Edison commercialized it as the “Vitascope”.</p> <p>The Edison Company created over 1,700 movies. Edison set the benchmark for talking pictures in 1904 by synchronizing movies with the phonograph. His cinemaphone adjusted the film speed to the phonograph speed. The kinetophone projected talking pictures in 1913. The phonograph, behind the screen, was synchronized by pulleys and ropes with the projector. Edison brought forth many “talkies.”</p> <p>The universal motor, which utilized alternating or direct current, was devised in 1907. The electric safety lantern, patented in 1914, significantly reduced casualties among miners. The same year Edison devised the telescribe, which unified characteristics of the telephone and dictating phonograph.</p> <h3>Services for the Government:</h3> <p>Edison presided on the U.S. Navy Consulting Board throughout World War I and developed 45 inventions towards the war effort. These inventions included substitutes for antecedently imported chemicals (such as carbolic acid), a ship-telephone system, an underwater searchlight and defensive instruments against U-boats. Later on, Edison launched the Naval Research Laboratory, the eminent American institution for organized research involving weapons.</p> <h3>Death:</h3> <p>This multi-genius died on Oct. 18, 1931, aged 84 in West Orange, N.J. 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href="https://www.famousscientists.org/man-who-proved-einstein-wrong/">Howard Robertson – the Man who Proved Einstein Wrong</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.famousscientists.org/susskind-alice-wave-particle/">Susskind, Alice, and Wave-Particle Gullibility</a> </li> </ul> </div></section> <section id="text-9" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><p><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br /> <br /> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9461632227417539" data-ad-slot="6449546408" data-ad-format="link"></ins><br /> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></p> </div> </div></section> </aside></div><div class="footer-widgets"><div class="wrap"><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-1 footer-widget-area"><section id="text-8" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Alphabetical List of Scientists</h4> <div class="textwidget"><p><a title="Louis Agassiz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/louis-agassiz/">Louis Agassiz</a> | <a title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maria-gaetana-agnesi/">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a> | <a title="Al-Battani" href="//www.famousscientists.org/al-battani/">Al-Battani</a><a title="Abu Nasr Al-Farabi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/abu-nasr-al-farabi/">Abu Nasr Al-Farabi</a> | <a title="Alhazen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alhazen/">Alhazen</a> | <a title="Jim Al-Khalili" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jim-al-khalili/">Jim Al-Khalili</a> | <a title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/muhammad-ibn-musa-al-khwarizmi/">Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi</a> | <a title="Mihailo Petrovic Alas" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mihailo-petrovic-alas/">Mihailo Petrovic Alas</a> | <a title="Angel Alcala" href="//www.famousscientists.org/angel-alcala/">Angel Alcala</a> | <a title="Salim Ali" href="//www.famousscientists.org/salim-ali/">Salim Ali</a> | <a title="Luis Alvarez" href="//www.famousscientists.org/luis-alvarez/">Luis Alvarez</a> | <a title="Andre Marie Ampère" href="//www.famousscientists.org/andre-marie-ampere/">Andre Marie Ampère</a> | <a title="Anaximander" href="//www.famousscientists.org/anaximander/">Anaximander</a> | <a title="Carl Anderson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-anderson/">Carl Anderson</a> | <a title="Mary Anning" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mary-anning/">Mary Anning</a> | <a title="Virginia Apgar" href="//www.famousscientists.org/virginia-apgar/">Virginia Apgar</a> | <a title="Archimedes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/archimedes/">Archimedes</a> | <a title="Agnes Arber" href="//www.famousscientists.org/agnes-arber/">Agnes Arber</a> | <a title="Aristarchus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aristarchus/">Aristarchus</a> | <a title="Aristotle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> | <a title="Svante Arrhenius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/svante-arrhenius/">Svante Arrhenius</a> | <a title="Oswald Avery" href="//www.famousscientists.org/oswald-avery/">Oswald Avery</a> | <a title="Amedeo Avogadro" href="//www.famousscientists.org/amedeo-avogadro/">Amedeo Avogadro</a> | <a title="Avicenna" href="//www.famousscientists.org/avicenna/">Avicenna</a></p> <p><a title="Charles Babbage" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-babbage/">Charles Babbage</a> | <a title="Francis Bacon" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francis-bacon/">Francis Bacon</a> | <a title="Alexander Bain" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-bain/">Alexander Bain</a> | <a title="John Logie Baird" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-logie-baird/">John Logie Baird</a> | <a title="Joseph Banks" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-banks/">Joseph Banks</a> | <a title="Ramon Barba" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ramon-barba/">Ramon Barba</a> | <a title="John Bardeen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-bardeen/">John Bardeen</a> | <a title="Charles Barkla" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-barkla/">Charles Barkla</a> | <a title="Ibn Battuta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ibn-battuta/">Ibn Battuta</a> | <a title="William Bayliss" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-bayliss/">William Bayliss</a> | <a title="George Beadle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-beadle/">George Beadle</a> | <a title="Arnold Orville Beckman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arnold-orville-beckman/">Arnold Orville Beckman</a> | <a title="Henri Becquerel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henri-becquerel/">Henri Becquerel</a> | <a title="Emil Adolf Behring" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-adolf-behring/">Emil Adolf Behring</a> | <a title="Alexander Graham Bell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-graham-bell/">Alexander Graham Bell</a> | <a title="Emile Berliner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-berliner/">Emile Berliner</a> | <a title="Claude Bernard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/claude-bernard/">Claude Bernard</a> | <a title="Timothy John Berners-Lee" href="//www.famousscientists.org/timothy-john-berners-lee/">Timothy John Berners-Lee</a> | <a title="Daniel Bernoulli" href="//www.famousscientists.org/daniel-bernoulli/">Daniel Bernoulli</a> | <a title="Jacob Berzelius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jacob-berzelius/">Jacob Berzelius</a> | <a title="Henry Bessemer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-bessemer/">Henry Bessemer</a> | <a title="Hans Bethe" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hans-bethe/">Hans Bethe</a> | <a title="Homi Jehangir Bhabha" href="//www.famousscientists.org/homi-jehangir-bhabha/">Homi Jehangir Bhabha</a> | <a title="Alfred Binet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-binet/">Alfred Binet</a> | <a title="Clarence Birdseye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/clarence-birdseye/">Clarence Birdseye</a> | <a title="Kristian Birkeland" href="//www.famousscientists.org/kristian-birkeland/">Kristian Birkeland</a> | <a title="James Black" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-black/">James Black</a> | <a title="Elizabeth Blackwell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/elizabeth-blackwell/">Elizabeth Blackwell</a> | <a title="Alfred Blalock" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-blalock/">Alfred Blalock</a> | <a title="Katharine Burr Blodgett" href="//www.famousscientists.org/katharine-burr-blodgett/">Katharine Burr Blodgett</a> | <a title="Franz Boas" href="//www.famousscientists.org/franz-boas/">Franz Boas</a> | <a title="David Bohm" href="//www.famousscientists.org/david-bohm/">David Bohm</a> | <a title="Aage Bohr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aage-bohr/">Aage Bohr</a> | <a title="Niels Bohr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/niels-bohr/">Niels Bohr</a> | <a title="Ludwig Boltzmann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ludwig-boltzmann/">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> | <a title="Max Born" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-born/">Max Born</a> | <a title="Carl Bosch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-bosch/">Carl Bosch</a> | <a title="Robert Bosch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-bosch/">Robert Bosch</a> | <a title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jagadish-chandra-bose/">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> | <a title="S. N. Bose" href="//www.famousscientists.org/s-n-bose/">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> | <a title="Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe" href="//www.famousscientists.org/walther-wilhelm-georg-bothe/">Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe</a> | <a title="Robert Boyle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-boyle/">Robert Boyle</a> | <a title="Lawrence Bragg" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lawrence-bragg/">Lawrence Bragg</a> | <a title="Tycho Brahe" href="//www.famousscientists.org/tycho-brahe/">Tycho Brahe</a> | <a title="Brahmagupta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/brahmagupta/">Brahmagupta</a> | <a title="Hennig Brand" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hennig-brand/">Hennig Brand</a> | <a title="Georg Brandt" href=" //www.famousscientists.org/georg-brandt/">Georg Brandt</a> | <a title="Wernher Von Braun" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wernher-von-braun/">Wernher Von Braun</a> | <a title="J Harlen Bretz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-harlen-bretz/">J Harlen Bretz</a> | <a title="Louis de Broglie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/louis-de-broglie/">Louis de Broglie</a> | <a title="Alexander Brongniart" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-brongniart/">Alexander Brongniart</a> | <a title="Robert Brown" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-brown/">Robert Brown</a> | <a title="Michael E. Brown" href="//www.famousscientists.org/michael-e-brown/">Michael E. Brown</a> | <a title="Lester R. Brown" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lester-r-brown/">Lester R. Brown</a> | <a title="Eduard Buchner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/eduard-buchner//">Eduard Buchner</a> | <a title="Linda Buck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/linda-buck/">Linda Buck</a> | <a title="William Buckland" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-buckland/">William Buckland</a> | <a title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georges-louis-leclerc-comte-de-buffon/">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a> | <a title="Robert Bunsen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-bunsen/">Robert Bunsen</a> | <a title="Luther Burbank" href="//www.famousscientists.org/luther-burbank/">Luther Burbank</a> | <a title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jocelyn-bell-burnell/">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> | <a title="Macfarlane" href="//www.famousscientists.org/macfarlane-burnet/">Macfarlane Burnet</a> | <a title="Thomas Burnet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-burnet/">Thomas Burnet</a></p> <p><a title="Benjamin Cabrera" href="//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-cabrera/">Benjamin Cabrera</a> | <a title="Santiago Ramon y Cajal" href="//www.famousscientists.org/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/">Santiago Ramon y Cajal</a> | <a title="Rachel Carson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rachel-carson/">Rachel Carson</a> | <a title="George Washington Carver" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-washington-carver/">George Washington Carver</a> | <a title="Henry Cavendish" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-cavendish/">Henry Cavendish</a> | <a title="Anders Celsius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/anders-celsius/">Anders Celsius</a> | <a title="James Chadwick" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-chadwick/">James Chadwick</a> | <a title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" href="//www.famousscientists.org/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar/">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> | <a title="Erwin Chargaff" href="//www.famousscientists.org/erwin-chargaff/">Erwin Chargaff</a> | <a title="Noam Chomsky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/noam-chomsky/">Noam Chomsky</a> | <a title="Steven Chu" href="//www.famousscientists.org/steven-chu/">Steven Chu</a> | <a title="Leland Clark" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leland-clark/">Leland Clark</a> | <a title="John Cockcroft" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-cockcroft/">John Cockcroft</a> | <a title="Arthur Compton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arthur-compton/">Arthur Compton</a> | <a title="Nicolaus Copernicus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nicolaus-copernicus/">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> | <a title="Gerty Theresa Cori" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gerty-theresa-cori/">Gerty Theresa Cori</a> | <a title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-augustin-de-coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> | <a title="Jacques Cousteau" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jacques-cousteau/">Jacques Cousteau</a> | <a title="Brian Cox" href="//www.famousscientists.org//brian-cox/">Brian Cox</a> | <a title="Francis Crick" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francis-crick/">Francis Crick</a> | <a title="James Croll" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-croll/">James Croll</a> | <a title="Nicholas Culpeper" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nicholas-culpeper/">Nicholas Culpeper</a> | <a title="Marie Curie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/marie-curie/">Marie Curie</a> | <a title="Pierre Curie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-curie/">Pierre Curie</a> | <a title="Georges Cuvier" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georges-cuvier/">Georges Cuvier</a> | <a title="Adalbert Czerny" href="//www.famousscientists.org/adalbert-czerny/">Adalbert Czerny</a></p> <p><a title="Gottlieb Daimler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gottlieb-daimler/">Gottlieb Daimler</a> | <a title="John Dalton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-dalton/">John Dalton</a> | <a title="James Dwight Dana" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-dwight-dana/">James Dwight Dana</a> | <a title="Charles Darwin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-darwin/">Charles Darwin</a> | <a title="Humphry Davy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/humphry-davy/">Humphry Davy</a> | <a title="Peter Debye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/peter-debye/">Peter Debye</a> | <a title="Max Delbruck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-delbruck/">Max Delbruck</a> | <a title="Jean Andre Deluc" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jean-andre-deluc/">Jean Andre Deluc</a> | <a title="Democritus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/democritus/">Democritus</a> | <a title="René Descartes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rene-descartes/">René Descartes</a> | <a title="Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rudolf-christian-karl-diesel/">Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel</a> | <a title="Diophantus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/diophantus/">Diophantus</a> | <a title="Paul Dirac" href="//www.famousscientists.org/paul-dirac/">Paul Dirac</a> | <a title="Prokop Divis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/prokop-divis/">Prokop Divis</a> | <a title="Theodosius Dobzhansky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/theodosius-dobzhansky/">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> | <a title="Frank Drake" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frank-drake/">Frank Drake</a> | <a title="K. Eric Drexler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/k-eric-drexler/">K. Eric Drexler</a></p> <p><a title="John Eccles" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-eccles/">John Eccles</a> | <a title="Arthur Eddington" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arthur-eddington/">Arthur Eddington</a> | <a title="Thomas Alva Edison" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-alva-edison/">Thomas Edison</a> | <a title="Paul Ehrlich" href="//www.famousscientists.org/paul-ehrlich/">Paul Ehrlich</a> | <a title="Albert Einstein" href="//www.famousscientists.org/albert-einstein/">Albert Einstein</a> | <a title="Gertrude Elion" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gertrude-b-elion/">Gertrude Elion</a> | <a title="Empedocles" href="//www.famousscientists.org/empedocles/">Empedocles</a> | <a title="Eratosthenes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/eratosthenes/">Eratosthenes</a> | <a title="Euclid" href="//www.famousscientists.org/euclid/">Euclid</a> | <a title="Eudoxus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/eudoxus-of-cnidus/">Eudoxus</a> | <a title="Leonhard Euler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leonhard-euler/">Leonhard Euler</a></p> <p><a title="Michael Faraday" href="//www.famousscientists.org/michael-faraday/">Michael Faraday</a> | <a title="Pierre de Fermat" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-de-fermat/">Pierre de Fermat</a> | <a title="Enrico Fermi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/enrico-fermi/">Enrico Fermi</a> | <a title="Richard Feynman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/richard-feynman/">Richard Feynman</a> | <a title="Fibonacci" href="//www.famousscientists.org/fibonacci-leonardo-of-pisa/">Fibonacci – Leonardo of Pisa</a> | <a title="Emil Fischer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-fischer/">Emil Fischer</a> | <a title="Ronald Fisher" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ronald-fisher/">Ronald Fisher</a> | <a title="Alexander Fleming" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-fleming/">Alexander Fleming</a> | <a title="John Ambrose Fleming" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-ambrose-fleming/">John Ambrose Fleming</a> | <a title="Howard Florey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/howard-florey/">Howard Florey</a> | <a title="Henry Ford" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-ford/">Henry Ford</a> | <a title="Lee De Forest" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lee-de-forest/">Lee De Forest</a> | <a title="Dian Fossey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/dian-fossey-2/">Dian Fossey</a> | <a title="Leon Foucault" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/">Leon Foucault</a> | <a title="Benjamin Franklin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-franklin/">Benjamin Franklin</a> | <a title="Rosalind Franklin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rosalind-franklin/">Rosalind Franklin</a> | <a title="Sigmund Freud" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sigmund-freud/">Sigmund Freud</a> | <a title="Elizebeth Smith Friedman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/elizebeth-smith-friedman/">Elizebeth Smith Friedman</a></p> <p><a title="Galen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/galen/">Galen</a> | <a title="Galileo Galilei" href="//www.famousscientists.org/galileo-galilei/">Galileo Galilei</a> | <a title="Francis Galton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francis-galton/">Francis Galton</a> | <a title="Luigi Galvani" href="//www.famousscientists.org/luigi-galvani/">Luigi Galvani</a> | <a title="George Gamow" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-gamow/">George Gamow</a> | <a title="Martin Gardner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/martin-gardner/">Martin Gardner</a> | <a title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-friedrich-gauss/">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> | <a title="Murray Gell-Mann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/murray-gell-mann/">Murray Gell-Mann</a> | <a title="Sophie Germain" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sophie-germain/">Sophie Germain</a> | <a title="Willard Gibbs" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-willard-gibbs/">Willard Gibbs</a> | <a title="William Gilbert" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-gilbert/">William Gilbert</a> | <a title="Sheldon Lee Glashow" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sheldon-lee-glashow/">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a> | <a title="Robert Goddard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-goddard/">Robert Goddard</a> | <a title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maria-goeppert-mayer/">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> | <a title="Thomas Gold" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-gold/">Thomas Gold</a> | <a title="Jane Goodall" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jane-goodall/">Jane Goodall</a> | <a title="Stephen Jay Gould" href="//www.famousscientists.org/stephen-jay-gould/">Stephen Jay Gould</a> | <a title="Otto von Guericke" href="//www.famousscientists.org/otto-von-guericke/">Otto von Guericke</a></p> <p><a title="Fritz Haber" href="//www.famousscientists.org/fritz-haber/">Fritz Haber</a> | <a title="Ernst Haeckel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-haeckel/">Ernst Haeckel</a> | <a title="Otto Hahn" href="//www.famousscientists.org/otto-hahn/">Otto Hahn</a> | <a title="Albrecht von Haller" href="//www.famousscientists.org/albrecht-von-haller/">Albrecht von Haller</a> | <a title="Edmund Halley" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edmund-halley/">Edmund Halley</a> | <a title="Alister Hardy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alister-hardy/">Alister Hardy</a> | <a title="Thomas Harriot" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-harriot/">Thomas Harriot</a> | <a title="William Harvey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-harvey/">William Harvey</a> | <a title="Stephen Hawking" href="//www.famousscientists.org/stephen-hawking/">Stephen Hawking</a> | <a title="Otto Haxel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/otto-haxel/">Otto Haxel</a> | <a title="Werner Heisenberg" href="//www.famousscientists.org/werner-heisenberg/">Werner Heisenberg</a> | <a title="Hermann von Helmholtz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-von-helmholtz/">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> | <a title="Jan Baptist von Helmont" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jan-baptist-von-helmont/">Jan Baptist von Helmont</a> | <a title="Joseph Henry" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-henry-2/">Joseph Henry</a> | <a title="Caroline Herschel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/caroline-herschel/">Caroline Herschel</a> | <a title="John Herschel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-herschel/">John Herschel</a> | <a title="William Herschel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-herschel/">William Herschel</a> | <a title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gustav-ludwig-hertz/">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a> | <a title="Heinrich Hertz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/heinrich-hertz/">Heinrich Hertz</a> | <a title="Karl F. Herzfeld" href="//www.famousscientists.org/karl-f-herzfeld/">Karl F. Herzfeld</a> | <a title="George de Hevesy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-de-hevesy/">George de Hevesy</a> | <a title="Antony Hewish" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antony-hewish/">Antony Hewish</a> | <a title="David Hilbert" href="//www.famousscientists.org/david-hilbert/">David Hilbert</a> | <a title="Maurice Hilleman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maurice-hilleman/">Maurice Hilleman</a> | <a title="Hipparchus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hipparchus/">Hipparchus</a> | <a title="Hippocrates" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hippocrates/">Hippocrates</a> | <a title="Shintaro Hirase" href="//www.famousscientists.org/shintaro-hirase/">Shintaro Hirase</a> | <a title="Dorothy Hodgkin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/dorothy-hodgkin/">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> | <a title="Robert Hooke" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-hooke/">Robert Hooke</a> | <a title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-gowland-hopkins/">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> | <a title="William Hopkins" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-hopkins/">William Hopkins</a> | <a title="Grace Murray Hopper" href="//www.famousscientists.org/grace-murray-hopper/">Grace Murray Hopper</a> | <a title="Frank Hornby" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frank-hornby/">Frank Hornby</a> | <a title="Jack Horner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jack-horner/">Jack Horner</a> | <a title="Bernardo Houssay" href="//www.famousscientists.org/bernardo-houssay/">Bernardo Houssay</a> | <a title="Fred Hoyle" href=" //www.famousscientists.org/fred-hoyle/">Fred Hoyle</a> | <a title="Edwin Hubble" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edwin-hubble/">Edwin Hubble</a> | <a title="Alexander von Humboldt" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-von-humboldt/">Alexander von Humboldt</a> | <a title="Zora Neale Hurston" href="//www.famousscientists.org/zora-neale-hurston/">Zora Neale Hurston</a> | <a title="James Hutton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-hutton/">James Hutton</a> | <a title="Christiaan Huygens" href="//www.famousscientists.org/christiaan-huygens/">Christiaan Huygens</a> | <a title="Hypatia" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hypatia/">Hypatia</a></p> <p><a title="Ernesto Illy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernesto-illy/">Ernesto Illy</a> | <a title="Jan Ingenhousz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jan-ingenhousz/">Jan Ingenhousz</a> | <a title="Ernst Ising" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-ising/">Ernst Ising</a> | <a title="Keisuke Ito" href="//www.famousscientists.org/keisuke-ito/">Keisuke Ito</a></p> <p><a title="Mae Carol Jemison" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mae-carol-jemison/">Mae Carol Jemison</a> | <a title="Edward Jenner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edward-anthony-jenner/">Edward Jenner</a> | <a title="J. Hans D. Jensen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-hans-d-jensen/">J. Hans D. Jensen</a> | <a title="Irene Joliot-Curie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/irene-joliot-curie/">Irene Joliot-Curie</a> | <a title="James Prescott Joule" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-prescott-joule/">James Prescott Joule</a> | <a title="Percy Lavon Julian" href="//www.famousscientists.org/percy-lavon-julian/">Percy Lavon Julian</a></p> <p><a title="Michio Kaku" href="//www.famousscientists.org/michio-kaku/">Michio Kaku</a> | <a title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/heike-kamerlingh-onnes/">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> | <a title="Pyotr Kapitsa" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pyotr-kapitsa/">Pyotr Kapitsa</a> | <a title="Friedrich August Kekulé" href="//www.famousscientists.org/friedrich-august-kekule/">Friedrich August Kekulé</a> | <a title="Frances Kelsey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frances-kelsey/">Frances Kelsey</a> | <a title="Pearl Kendrick" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pearl-kendrick/">Pearl Kendrick</a> | <a title="Johannes Kepler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/johannes-kepler/">Johannes Kepler</a> | <a title="Abdul Qadeer Khan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/abdul-qadeer-khan/">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> | <a title="Omar Khayyam" href="//www.famousscientists.org/omar-khayyam/">Omar Khayyam</a> | <a title="Alfred Kinsey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-kinsey/">Alfred Kinsey</a> | <a title="Gustav Kirchoff" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gustav-kirchoff/">Gustav Kirchoff</a> | <a title="Martin Klaproth" href="//www.famousscientists.org/martin-klaproth/">Martin Klaproth</a> | <a title="Robert Koch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-koch/">Robert Koch</a> | <a title="Emil Kraepelin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-kraepelin/">Emil Kraepelin</a> | <a title="Thomas Kuhn" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-kuhn/">Thomas Kuhn</a> | <a title="Stephanie Kwolek" href="//www.famousscientists.org/stephanie-kwolek/">Stephanie Kwolek</a></p> <p><a title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-louis-lagrange/">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> | <a title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jean-baptiste-lamarck/">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> | <a title="Hedy Lamarr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hedy-lamarr/">Hedy Lamarr</a> | <a title="Edwin Herbert Land" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edwin-herbert-land/">Edwin Herbert Land</a> | <a title="Karl Landsteiner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/karl-landsteiner/">Karl Landsteiner</a> | <a title="Pierre-Simon Laplace" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> | <a title="Max von Laue" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-von-laue/">Max von Laue</a> | <a title="Antoine Lavoisier" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antoine-lavoisier/">Antoine Lavoisier</a> | <a title="Ernest Lawrence" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-lawrence/">Ernest Lawrence</a> | <a title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henrietta-swan-leavitt/">Henrietta Leavitt</a> | <a title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek/">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> | <a title="Inge Lehmann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/inge-lehmann/">Inge Lehmann</a> | <a title="Gottfried Leibniz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gottfried-leibniz/">Gottfried Leibniz</a> | <a title="Georges Lemaître" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georges-lemaitre/">Georges Lemaître</a> | <a title="Leonardo da Vinci" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leonardo-da-vinci/">Leonardo da Vinci</a> | <a title="Niccolo Leoniceno" href="//www.famousscientists.org/niccolo-leoniceno/">Niccolo Leoniceno</a> | <a title="Aldo Leopold" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aldo-leopold/">Aldo Leopold</a> | <a title="Rita Levi-Montalcini" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rita-levi-montalcini/">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> | <a title="Claude Levi-Strauss" href="//www.famousscientists.org/claude-levi-strauss/">Claude Levi-Strauss</a> | <a title="Willard Frank Libby" href="//www.famousscientists.org/willard-frank-libby/">Willard Frank Libby</a> | <a title="Justus von Liebig" href="//www.famousscientists.org/justus-von-liebig/">Justus von Liebig</a> | <a title="Carolus Linnaeus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carolus-linnaeus/">Carolus Linnaeus</a> | <a title="Joseph Lister" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-lister/">Joseph Lister</a> | <a title="John Locke" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-locke/">John Locke</a> | <a title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hendrik-antoon-lorentz/">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> | <a title="Konrad Lorenz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/konrad-lorenz/">Konrad Lorenz</a> | <a title="Ada Lovelace" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ada-lovelace/">Ada Lovelace</a> | <a title="Percival Lowell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/percival-lowell/">Percival Lowell</a> | <a title="Lucretius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lucretius/">Lucretius</a> | <a title="Charles Lyell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-lyell/">Charles Lyell</a> | <a title="Trofim Lysenko" href="//www.famousscientists.org/trofim-lysenko/">Trofim Lysenko</a></p> <p><a title="Ernst Mach" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-mach/">Ernst Mach</a> | <a title="Marcello Malpighi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/marcello-malpighi/">Marcello Malpighi</a> | <a title="Jane Marcet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jane-marcet/">Jane Marcet</a> | <a title="Guglielmo Marconi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/guglielmo-marconi/">Guglielmo Marconi</a> | <a title="Lynn Margulis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lynn-margulis/">Lynn Margulis</a> | <a title="Barry Marshall" href="//www.famousscientists.org/barry-marshall/">Barry Marshall</a> | <a title="Polly Matzinger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/polly-matzinger/">Polly Matzinger</a> | <a title="Matthew Maury" href="//www.famousscientists.org/matthew-maury/">Matthew Maury</a> | <a title="James Clerk Maxwell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-clerk-maxwell/">James Clerk Maxwell</a> | <a title="Ernst Mayr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-mayr/">Ernst Mayr</a> | <a title="Barbara McClintock" href="//www.famousscientists.org/barbara-mcclintock/">Barbara McClintock</a> | <a title="Lise Meitner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lise-meitner/">Lise Meitner</a> | <a title="Gregor Mendel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gregor-mendel/">Gregor Mendel</a> | <a title="Dmitri Mendeleev" href="//www.famousscientists.org/dmitri-mendeleev/">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> | <a title="Franz Mesmer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/franz-mesmer/">Franz Mesmer</a> | <a title="Antonio Meucci" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antonio-meucci/">Antonio Meucci</a> | <a title="John Michell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-michell/">John Michell</a> | <a title="Albert Abraham Michelson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/albert-abraham-michelson/">Albert Abraham Michelson</a> | <a title="Thomas Midgeley Jr." href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-midgeley-jr/">Thomas Midgeley Jr.</a> | <a title="Milutin Milankovitch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/milutin-milankovic/">Milutin Milankovic</a> | <a title="Maria Mitchell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maria-mitchell/">Maria Mitchell</a> | <a title="Mario Molina" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mario-molina/">Mario Molina</a> | <a title="Thomas Hunt Morgan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-hunt-morgan/">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> | <a title="Samuel Morse" href="//www.famousscientists.org/samuel-morse/">Samuel Morse</a> | <a title="Henry Moseley" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-moseley/">Henry Moseley</a></p> <p><a title="Ukichiro Nakaya" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ukichiro-nakaya/">Ukichiro Nakaya</a> | <a title="John Napier" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-napier/">John Napier</a> | <a title="Giulio Natta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/giulio-natta/">Giulio Natta</a> | <a title="John Needham" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-needham/">John Needham</a> | <a title="John von Neumann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-von-neumann/">John von Neumann</a> | <a title="Thomas Newcomen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-Newcomen/">Thomas Newcomen</a> | <a title="Isaac Newton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/isaac-newton/">Isaac Newton</a> | <a title="Charles Nicolle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-nicolle/">Charles Nicolle</a> | <a title="Florence Nightingale" href="//www.famousscientists.org/florence-nightingale/">Florence Nightingale</a> | <a title="Tim Noakes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/tim-noakes/">Tim Noakes</a> | <a title="Alfred Nobel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-nobel/">Alfred Nobel</a> | <a title="Emmy Noether" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emmy-noether/">Emmy Noether</a> | <a title="Christiane Nusslein-Volhard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/christiane-nusslein-volhard/">Christiane Nusslein-Volhard</a> | <a title="Bill Nye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/bill-nye/">Bill Nye</a></p> <p><a title="Hans Christian Oersted" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hans-christian-oersted/">Hans Christian Oersted</a> | <a title="Georg Ohm" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georg-ohm/">Georg Ohm</a> | <a title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-robert-oppenheimer/">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> | <a title="Wilhelm Ostwald" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-ostwald/">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> | <a title="William Oughtred" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-oughtred/">William Oughtred</a></p> <p><a title="Blaise Pascal" href="//www.famousscientists.org/blaise-pascal/">Blaise Pascal</a> | <a title="Louis Pasteur" href="//www.famousscientists.org/louis-pasteur/">Louis Pasteur</a> | <a title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wolfgang-ernst-pauli/">Wolfgang Ernst Pauli</a> | <a title="Linus Pauling" href="//www.famousscientists.org/linus-pauling/">Linus Pauling</a> | <a title="Randy Pausch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/randy-pausch/">Randy Pausch</a> | <a title="Ivan Pavlov" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ivan-pavlov/">Ivan Pavlov</a> | <a title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/cecilia-payne-gaposchkin/">Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin</a> | <a title="Wilder Penfield" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilder-penfield/">Wilder Penfield</a> | <a title="Marguerite Perey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/marguerite-perey/">Marguerite Perey</a> | <a title="William Perkin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-perkin/">William Perkin</a> | <a title="John Philoponus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-philoponus/">John Philoponus</a> | <a title="Jean Piaget" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jean-piaget/">Jean Piaget</a> | <a title="Philippe Pinel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/philippe-pinel/">Philippe Pinel</a> | <a title="Max Planck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-planck/">Max Planck</a> | <a title="Pliny the Elder" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pliny-the-elder/">Pliny the Elder</a> | <a title="Henri Poincaré" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henri-poincare/">Henri Poincaré</a> | <a title="Karl Popper" href="//www.famousscientists.org/karl-popper/">Karl Popper</a> | <a title="Beatrix Potter" href="//www.famousscientists.org/beatrix-potter/">Beatrix Potter</a> | <a title="Joseph Priestley" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-priestley/">Joseph Priestley</a> | <a title="Proclus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/proclus/">Proclus</a> | <a title="Claudius Ptolemy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/claudius-ptolemy/">Claudius Ptolemy</a> | <a title="Pythagoras" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pythagoras/">Pythagoras</a></p> <p><a title="Adolphe Quetelet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/adolphe-quetelet/">Adolphe Quetelet</a> | <a title="Harriet Quimby" href="//www.famousscientists.org/harriet-quimby/">Harriet Quimby</a> | <a title="Thabit ibn Qurra" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thabit-ibn-qurra/">Thabit ibn Qurra</a></p> <p><a title="C. V. Raman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/c-v-raman/">C. V. Raman</a> | <a title="Srinivasa Ramanujan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/srinivasa-ramanujan/">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a> | <a title="William Ramsay" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-ramsay/">William Ramsay</a> | <a title="John Ray" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-ray/">John Ray</a> | <a title="Prafulla Chandra Ray" href="//www.famousscientists.org/prafulla-chandra-ray/">Prafulla Chandra Ray</a> | <a title="Francesco Redi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francesco-redi/">Francesco Redi</a> | <a title="Sally Ride" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sally-ride/">Sally Ride</a> | <a title="Bernhard Riemann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/bernhard-riemann/">Bernhard Riemann</a> | <a title="Wilhelm Röntgen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-rontgen/">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> | <a title="Hermann Rorschach" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-rorschach/">Hermann Rorschach</a> | <a title="Ronald Ross" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ronald-ross/">Ronald Ross</a> | <a title="Ibn Rushd" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ibn-rushd/">Ibn Rushd</a> | <a title="Ernest Rutherford" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-rutherford/">Ernest Rutherford</a></p> <p><a title="Carl Sagan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-sagan/">Carl Sagan</a> | <a title="Abdus Salam" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mohammad-abdus-salam/">Abdus Salam</a> | <a title="Jonas Salk" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jonas-salk/">Jonas Salk</a> | <a title="Frederick Sanger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-sanger/">Frederick Sanger</a> | <a title="Alberto Santos-Dumont" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alberto-santos-dumont/">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> | <a title="Walter Schottky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/walter-schottky/">Walter Schottky</a> | <a title="Erwin Schrödinger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/erwin-schrodinger/">Erwin Schrödinger</a> | <a title="Theodor Schwann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/theodor-schwann/">Theodor Schwann</a> | <a title="Glenn Seaborg" href="//www.famousscientists.org/glenn-seaborg/">Glenn Seaborg</a> | <a title="Hans Selye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hans-selye/">Hans Selye</a> | <a title="Charles Sherrington" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-sherrington/">Charles Sherrington</a> | <a title="Gene Shoemaker" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gene-shoemaker/">Gene Shoemaker</a> | <a title="Ernst Werner von Siemens" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernstwerner-von-siemens/">Ernst Werner von Siemens</a> | <a title="George Gaylord Simpson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-gaylord-simpson/">George Gaylord Simpson</a> | <a title="B. F. Skinner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/b-f-skinner/">B. F. Skinner</a> | <a title="William Smith" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-smith/">William Smith</a> | <a title="Frederick Soddy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-soddy/">Frederick Soddy</a> | <a title="Mary Somerville" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mary-somerville/">Mary Somerville</a> | <a title="Arnold Sommerfeld" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arnold-sommerfeld/">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> | <a title="Hermann Staudinger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-staudinger/">Hermann Staudinger</a> | <a title="Nicolas Steno" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nicolas-steno/">Nicolas Steno</a> | <a title="Nettie Stevens" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nettie-stevens/">Nettie Stevens</a> | <a title="William John Swainson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-john-swainson/">William John Swainson</a> | <a title="Leo Szilard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leo-szilard/">Leo Szilard</a></p> <p><a title="Niccolo Tartaglia" href="//www.famousscientists.org/niccolo-tartaglia/">Niccolo Tartaglia</a> | <a title="Edward Teller" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edward-teller/">Edward Teller</a> | <a title="Nikola Tesla" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nikola-tesla/">Nikola Tesla</a> | <a title="Thales of Miletus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thales/">Thales of Miletus</a> | <a title="Theon of Alexandria" href="//www.famousscientists.org/theon-of-alexandria/">Theon of Alexandria</a> | <a title="Benjamin Thompson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-thompson/">Benjamin Thompson</a> | <a title="J. J. Thomson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-j-thomson/">J. J. Thomson</a> | <a title="William Thomson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-thomson/">William Thomson</a> | <a title="Henry David Thoreau" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-david-thoreau/">Henry David Thoreau</a> | <a title="Kip S. Thorne" href="//www.famousscientists.org/kip-s-thorne/">Kip S. Thorne</a> | <a title="Clyde Tombaugh" href="//www.famousscientists.org/clyde-tombaugh/">Clyde Tombaugh</a> | <a title="Susumu Tonegawa" href="//www.famousscientists.org/susumu-tonegawa/">Susumu Tonegawa</a> | <a title="Evangelista Torricelli" href="//www.famousscientists.org/evangelista-torricelli/">Evangelista Torricelli</a> | <a title="Charles Townes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-townes/">Charles Townes</a> | <a title="Youyou Tu" href="//www.famousscientists.org/youyou-tu/">Youyou Tu</a> | <a title="Alan Turing" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alan-turing/">Alan Turing</a> | <a title="Neil deGrasse Tyson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/neil-degrasse-tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></p> <p><a title="Harold Urey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/harold-urey/">Harold Urey</a></p> <p><a title="Craig Venter" href="//www.famousscientists.org/craig-venter/">Craig Venter</a> | <a title="Vladimir Vernadsky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/vladimir-vernadsky/">Vladimir Vernadsky</a> | <a title="Andreas Vesalius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/andreas-vesalius/">Andreas Vesalius</a> | <a title="Rudolf Virchow" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rudolf-virchow/">Rudolf Virchow</a> | <a title="Artturi Virtanen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/artturi-virtanen/">Artturi Virtanen</a> | <a title="Alessandro Volta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alessandro-volta/">Alessandro Volta</a></p> <p><a title="Selman Waksman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/selman-waksman/">Selman Waksman</a> | <a title="George Wald" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-wald/">George Wald</a> | <a title="Alfred Russel Wallace" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-russel-wallace/">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> | <a title="John Wallis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-wallis/">John Wallis</a> | <a title="Ernest Walton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-walton/">Ernest Walton</a> | <a title="James Watson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-watson/">James Watson</a> | <a title="James Watt" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/">James Watt</a> | <a title="Alfred Wegener" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-wegener/">Alfred Wegener</a> | <a title="John Archibald Wheeler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-archibald-wheeler/">John Archibald Wheeler</a> | <a title="Maurice Wilkins" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maurice-wilkins/">Maurice Wilkins</a> | <a title="Thomas Willis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-willis/">Thomas Willis</a> | <a title="E. 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