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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Le <i><b>fœdus</b></i> (traité d'alliance, pacte, convention, alliance ou contrat, soit <i>fœdus, fœderis</i>, substantif neutre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a>) est un traité passé entre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome antique">Rome antique</a> et une cité ou un peuple étranger, qui prend alors le statut de cité alliée (<i>cīvitās fœderāta</i>) ou de « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuple_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peuple fédéré">peuple fédéré</a> ».</p> <p>Le mot <i>fœdus</i> s'apparente probablement au mot latin <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fides_(mythologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fides (mythologie)">fides</a></i>, qui désigne la bonne foi, la parole donnée, notion extrêmement forte dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome antique">Rome antique</a>. Le <i>fœdus</i> est un instrument important de la diplomatie romaine, surtout durant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_romaine_de_l%27Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conquête romaine de l'Italie">conquête de l'Italie</a> par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République romaine">République romaine</a>, et lors des derniers siècles de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C5%93dus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sous_la_Monarchie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Sous la Monarchie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C5%93dus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sous_la_R%C3%A9publique"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sous la République</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C5%93dus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dans_l'Empire_romain_tardif"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dans l'Empire romain tardif</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C5%93dus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Exemples"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Exemples</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C5%93dus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C5%93dus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources_et_bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources et bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C5%93dus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sous_la_Monarchie">Sous la Monarchie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C5%93dus&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sous la Monarchie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Dès la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchie_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchie romaine">monarchie</a>, les rois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89trusque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étrusque">étrusques</a> qui règnent sur Rome passent les premiers traités, comme avec Gabies (<i>fœdus Gabinum</i>, cité par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denys_d%27Halicarnasse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denys d'Halicarnasse">Denys d'Halicarnasse</a>).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sous_la_République"><span id="Sous_la_R.C3.A9publique"></span>Sous la République</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C5%93dus&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sous la République" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Après la période de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligue_latine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligue latine">Ligue latine</a> (493-388 av. J.-C.), durant laquelle Rome n’est qu’un membre non prépondérant de la ligue des cités latines, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénat de la République romaine">Sénat</a> de la jeune République romaine préfère conclure des <i>fœdera</i> bilatéraux avec les cités voisines. Chaque accord entre Rome et une autre cité latine ou italienne permet à Rome de se placer le plus souvent dans une position dominante, qu'elle ne peut revendiquer au sein de la Ligue latine. Cet accord est généralement un pacte d’assistance mutuelle, selon le principe <span class="citation">« mes ennemis sont vos ennemis, mes amis sont vos amis »</span>. La cité fédérée reste autonome et libre de sa gestion interne, Rome assure sa protection contre les agressions extérieures ; en contrepartie elle fournit en cas de guerre romaine des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troupes_auxiliaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Troupes auxiliaires">troupes auxiliaires</a> ou des approvisionnements.</p> <p>Ce système a un effet de boule de neige favorisant l’établissement de la domination romaine sur la péninsule : chaque traité accroît le potentiel d’effectifs mobilisables par Rome et étend le périmètre géographique des villes alliées (<i>socii</i> ou <i>Civites Foederatii</i>), occasion de nouveaux conflits ou de nouvelles alliances avec leurs voisins. Lorsque Rome se trouve engagée dans de durs conflits, comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerres_samnites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerres samnites">guerres samnites</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Pyrrhus_en_Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Pyrrhus en Italie">guerre de Pyrrhus en Italie</a>, et surtout la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_guerre_punique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deuxième guerre punique">deuxième guerre punique</a>, le soutien des villes alliées lui permet de reconstituer rapidement ses forces militaires après chaque défaite.</p> <p>Le système du <i>fœdus</i> s’étend hors d’Italie à la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_guerre_punique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deuxième guerre punique">deuxième guerre punique</a>, toujours par des accords bilatéraux, comme avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gad%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gadès">Gadès</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispanie">Hispanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pergame?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pergame">Pergame</a>, les cités grecques de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligue_ach%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligue achéenne">Ligue achéenne</a>. L’effet boule de neige joue à nouveau : les menaces exercées sur ces dernières cités provoquent de façon quasi automatique l’intervention romaine contre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Mac%C3%A9doine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Macédoine">royaume de Macédoine</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrie">royaume de Syrie</a>, puis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_du_Pont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume du Pont">royaume du Pont</a>, avec de nouvelles extensions et la formation d’un Empire romain, qui selon l’historien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Lot">Ferdinand Lot</a> est <span class="citation">« une fédération de cités, groupées autour de la plus puissante d’entre elles, Rome »</span>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Dans_l'Empire_romain_tardif"><span id="Dans_l.27Empire_romain_tardif"></span>Dans l'Empire romain tardif</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C5%93dus&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dans l'Empire romain tardif" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Le <i>foedus</i> ne s'établit plus avec une cité-État, comme sous la République, mais avec une tribu ou un peuple barbare.</p> <p>Il autorise l'installation de ce peuple sur le territoire sous domination romaine, aux conditions suivantes :</p> <ul> <li>le peuple fédéré s'installe de façon indépendante, avec ses propres lois et ses dirigeants ;</li> <li>le peuple fédéré n'est soumis ni à la loi romaine ni à l'impôt romain ;</li> <li>les Romains qui demeurent sur le territoire du fédéré dépendent de la loi romaine ;</li> <li>l'Empire romain peut recruter des soldats chez le fédéré, contre rétribution. Ces soldats combattent avec leur armement et leur chef et non un armement ou des officiers romains.</li> </ul> <p>Des clauses supplémentaires peuvent garantir un ravitaillement du peuple fédéré par les autorités romaines locales. Par le contrat de l'hospitalité, le peuple barbare fédéré reçoit une partie des terres et parfois une partie des esclaves ou des impôts prélevés sur les propriétés foncières.</p> <p>On constate les avantages que tire un peuple barbare de ce statut de fédéré. On est loin de l'installation par petits groupes ou de l'enrôlement forcé de barbares vaincus comme auxiliaires, pratiqué lorsque Rome était forte. En pratique, un <i>fœdus</i> constate presque toujours un rapport de force en faveur des barbares, consacre leur occupation de fait sur des territoires romains perdus et permet juste à l'Empire romain d'obtenir une paix pour quelques années et quelques troupes combatives tant qu'elles sont bien payées.</p> <p>Les barbares voient généralement un traité comme un engagement de personne à personne davantage qu'un accord avec une abstraction comme l'Empire romain. Ils considèrent donc le traité comme caduc à la disparition de l'empereur ou de sa famille.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C5%93dus&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li>En 295, les Wisigoths s'installent en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> sous <i>fœdus</i> avec les Romains.</li> <li>En 332, passé avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisigoths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisigoths">Wisigoths</a>, au nord du Danube, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, éteint en 364 avec la mort de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julien_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julien (empereur romain)">Julien</a>, dernier parent de Constantin.</li> <li>En 358, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francs_Saliens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs Saliens">Francs Saliens</a> se voient octroyer la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toxandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toxandrie">Toxandrie</a> par Julien selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammien_Marcellin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammien Marcellin">Ammien Marcellin</a>, respectant remarquablement bien l'entente avec Rome.</li> <li>En 374, passé entre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alamans">Alamans</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinien_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinien Ier">Valentinien <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, il installe ce peuple à l’ouest du Rhin. Ce traité fut violé chaque fois que les troupes romaines voisines furent dégarnies.</li> <li>En 382, passé entre les Wisigoths et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odose_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodose Ier">Théodose <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, pour les fixer en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mésie">Mésie</a> après plusieurs années de dévastation des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Le traité est respecté jusqu'au décès de Théodose en 395.</li> <li>En 418, les Wisigoths sont installés comme fédérés en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaule_aquitaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaule aquitaine">Gaule aquitaine</a>. En contrepartie, ils réalisent des opérations de pacification en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispanie">Hispanie</a> pour le compte de l'Empire.</li> <li>En 435, avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vandales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vandales">Vandales</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gens%C3%A9ric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genséric">Genséric</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrique (province romaine)">Afrique</a>, qui se ménage ainsi une pause avant son attaque de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carthage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> en 439.</li> <li>En 442, Genséric obtient un nouveau <i>fœdus</i>, légitimant ses conquêtes en Afrique du Nord ; mais le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_vandale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume vandale">royaume vandale</a>, reconnu par Rome, ne le sera pas par Constantinople.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C5%93dus&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources_et_bibliographie">Sources et bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C5%93dus&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sources et bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Petit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Petit">Paul Petit</a>, <i>Histoire générale de l’Empire romain</i>, Seuil, 1974, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2020026775?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2020026775"><span class="nowrap">2020026775</span></a>)</small></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C5%93dus&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuple_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peuple fédéré">Peuple fédéré</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_francs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fédérés francs">Fédérés francs</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A8tes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lètes">Lètes</a></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Droit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du droit"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/27px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/27px-P_parthenon.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="27" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/53px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Droit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Droit">Portail du droit</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Relations_internationales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des relations internationales"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/24px-MapL.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="562"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/24px-MapL.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/36px-MapL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/48px-MapL.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a 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