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href="#quotations">Quotations</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#marking_up_contact_details">Marking up contact details</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#superscript_and_subscript">Superscript and subscript</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#representing_computer_code">Representing computer code</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#marking_up_times_and_dates">Marking up times and dates</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#summary">Summary</a></li></ul></section></div></div><div class="sidebar-body"><ol><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started">Getting started modules</a></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup">Environment setup</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Installing_software">Installing basic software</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Browsing_the_web">Browsing the web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Code_editors">Code editors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Dealing_with_files">Dealing with files</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Command_line">Command line crash course</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website">Your first website</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/What_will_your_website_look_like">What will your website look like?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Creating_the_content">HTML: Creating the content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Styling_the_content">CSS: Styling the content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Adding_interactivity">JavaScript: Adding interactivity</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Publishing_your_website">Publishing your website</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards">Web standards</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards/How_the_web_works">How the web works</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards/The_web_standards_model">The web standards model</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards/How_browsers_load_websites">How browsers load websites</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills">Soft skills</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Research_and_learning">Research and learning</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Collaboration_and_teamwork">Collaboration and teamwork</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Workflows_and_processes">Workflows and processes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Job_interviews">Succeeding in job interviews</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core">Core modules</a></li><li class="toggle"><details open=""><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content">Structuring content with HTML</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Basic_HTML_syntax">Basic HTML syntax</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Webpage_metadata">What's in the head? Webpage metadata</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Headings_and_paragraphs">Headings and paragraphs in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Emphasis_and_importance">Emphasis and importance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Lists">Lists</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_documents">Structuring documents</a></li><li><em><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features" aria-current="page">Advanced text features</a></em></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Creating_links">Creating links</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Marking_up_a_letter">Challenge: Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Challenge: Structuring a page of content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_images">HTML images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_video_and_audio">HTML video and audio</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Mozilla_splash_page">Challenge: Mozilla splash page</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_table_basics">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Table_accessibility">HTML table accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Planet_data_table">Challenge: Structuring a planet data table</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_forms">Forms and buttons in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics">CSS styling basics</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/What_is_CSS">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Getting_started">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Styling_a_bio_page">Challenge: Styling a biography page</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Basic_selectors">Basic CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Attribute_selectors">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Pseudo_classes_and_elements">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Combinators">Combinators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Box_model">The box model</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Handling_conflicts">Handling conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Values_and_units">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Sizing">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Backgrounds_and_borders">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Overflow">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Images_media_forms">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Tables">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Debugging_CSS">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension">Challenge: Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Fancy_letterheaded_paper">Challenge: Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Cool-looking_box">Challenge: A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling">CSS text styling</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Fundamentals">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Styling_lists">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Styling_links">Styling links</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Web_fonts">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Typesetting_a_homepage">Challenge: Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout">CSS layout</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Introduction">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Floats">Floats</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Positioning">Positioning</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Flexbox">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Grids">CSS grid layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Media_queries">Media query fundamentals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension">Challenge: Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting">Dynamic scripting with JavaScript</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/What_is_JavaScript">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/A_first_splash">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/What_went_wrong">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Variables">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Math">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Strings">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Useful_string_methods">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Arrays">Arrays</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Silly_story_generator">Challenge: Silly story generator</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Conditionals">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Loops">Looping code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Functions">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Build_your_own_function">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Return_values">Function return values</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Events">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Event_bubbling">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Image_gallery">Challenge: Image gallery</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Object_basics">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/DOM_scripting">DOM scripting introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Network_requests">Making network requests with JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/JSON">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Debugging_JavaScript">Debugging JavaScript and handling errors</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries">JavaScript frameworks and libraries</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/Introduction">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/Main_features">Framework main features</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_getting_started">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_components">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_interactivity_events_state">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_accessibility">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_resources">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Tooling">Accessibility tooling and assistive technology</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/HTML">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Multimedia">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Mobile">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting">Challenge: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Design_for_developers">Design for developers</a></li><li><a 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list and detail views</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Sessions">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Authentication">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Forms">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Testing">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Deployment">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/web_application_security">Django web application security</a></li><li><a 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href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/CSS">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/business_case_for_performance">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing">Testing</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Introduction">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Testing_strategies">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/HTML_and_CSS">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Feature_detection">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Automated_testing">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Your_own_automation_environment">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Transform_animate">Transform and animate CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Security_privacy">Security and privacy</a></li><li class="section">Further resources</li><li class="toggle"><details><summary><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto">How to solve common problems</a></summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Solve_HTML_problems">Solve common HTML problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Solve_CSS_problems">Solve common CSS problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Solve_JavaScript_problems">Solve common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Web_mechanics">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Tools_and_setup">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Design_and_accessibility">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/About">About</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Educators">Resources for educators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Changelog">Changelog</a></li></ol></div></div><section class="place side"></section></nav></aside><div class="toc-container"><aside class="toc"><nav><div class="document-toc-container"><section class="document-toc"><header><h2 class="document-toc-heading">In this article</h2></header><ul class="document-toc-list"><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#quotations">Quotations</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#marking_up_contact_details">Marking up contact details</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#superscript_and_subscript">Superscript and subscript</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#representing_computer_code">Representing computer code</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#marking_up_times_and_dates">Marking up times and dates</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#summary">Summary</a></li></ul></section></div></nav></aside><section class="place side"></section></div></div><main id="content" class="main-content "><article class="main-page-content" lang="en-US"><header><h1>Advanced text features</h1></header><div class="section-content"><ul class="prev-next"><li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_documents"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li><li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: Structuring content with HTML</span></a></li><li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Creating_links"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li></ul> <p>There are many other elements in HTML for defining text semantics, which we didn't get to in the <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Emphasis_and_importance">Emphasis and importance</a> article. The elements described in this article are less known, but still useful to know about (and this is still not a complete list by any means). Here you'll learn about marking up quotations, description lists, computer code and other related text, subscript and superscript, contact information, and more.</p> <figure class="table-container"><table> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">Prerequisites:</th> <td> Basic HTML familiarity, as covered in <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Basic_HTML_syntax">Basic HTML Syntax</a>. Text-level semantics such as <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Headings_and_paragraphs">headings and paragraphs</a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Lists">lists</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Learning outcomes:</th> <td> <ul> <li>Quotations.</li> <li>Abbreviations and acronyms.</li> <li>Addresses.</li> <li>Times and dates.</li> <li>Superscript and subscript.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div><section aria-labelledby="quotations"><h2 id="quotations"><a href="#quotations">Quotations</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>HTML contains features available for marking up quotations; which element you use depends on whether you are marking up a block or inline quotation.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="blockquotes"><h3 id="blockquotes"><a href="#blockquotes">Blockquotes</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>If a section of block level content (be it a paragraph, multiple paragraphs, a list, etc.) is quoted from somewhere else, you should wrap it inside a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote"><code><blockquote></code></a> element to signify this, and include a URL pointing to the source of the quote inside a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote#cite"><code>cite</code></a> attribute. For example, the following markup is taken from the MDN <code><blockquote></code> element page:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><p> The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or <em>HTML Block Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation. </p> </code></pre></div> <p>To turn this into a block quote, we would just do this:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><p>Here is a blockquote:</p> <blockquote cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote"> <p> The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or <em>HTML Block Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation. </p> </blockquote> </code></pre></div> <p>Browser default styling will render this as an indented paragraph, as an indicator that it is a quote; the paragraph above the quotation is there to demonstrate that.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Blockquotes sample" id="frame_blockquotes" width="100%" height="200px" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="blockquotes" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="inline_quotations"><h3 id="inline_quotations"><a href="#inline_quotations">Inline quotations</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>Inline quotations work in exactly the same way, except that they use the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q"><code><q></code></a> element. For example, the below bit of markup contains a quotation from the MDN <code><q></code> page:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><p> The quote element — <code>&lt;q&gt;</code> — is <q cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q"> intended for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks. </q> </p> </code></pre></div> <p>Browser default styling will render this as normal text put in quotes to indicate a quotation, like so:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Inline quotations sample" id="frame_inline_quotations" width="100%" height="78px" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="inline_quotations" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="citations"><h3 id="citations"><a href="#citations">Citations</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>The content of the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote#cite"><code>cite</code></a> attribute sounds useful, but unfortunately browsers, screen readers, etc. don't really do much with it. There is no way to get the browser to display the contents of <code>cite</code>, without writing your own solution using JavaScript or CSS. If you want to make the source of the quotation available on the page you need to make it available in the text via a link or some other appropriate way.</p> <p>There is a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/cite"><code><cite></code></a> element, but this is meant to contain the title of the resource being quoted, e.g. the name of the book. There is no reason, however, why you couldn't link the text inside <code><cite></code> to the quote source in some way:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><p> According to the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote"> <cite>MDN blockquote page</cite></a>: </p> <blockquote cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote"> <p> The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or <em>HTML Block Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation. </p> </blockquote> <p> The quote element — <code>&lt;q&gt;</code> — is <q cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q"> intended for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks. </q> — <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q"><cite>MDN q page</cite></a>. </p> </code></pre></div> <p>Citations are styled in italic font by default.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Citations sample" id="frame_citations" width="100%" height="179px" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="citations" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="active_learning_who_said_that"><h3 id="active_learning_who_said_that"><a href="#active_learning_who_said_that">Active learning: Who said that?</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>Time for another active learning example! In this example we'd like you to:</p> <ol> <li>Turn the middle paragraph into a blockquote, which includes a <code>cite</code> attribute.</li> <li>Turn "The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk" in the third paragraph into an inline quote, and include a <code>cite</code> attribute.</li> <li>Wrap the title of each source in <code><cite></code> tags and turn each one into a link to that source.</li> </ol> <p>The citation sources you need are:</p> <ul> <li><code>http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html</code> for the Confucius quote</li> <li><code>http://example.com/affirmationsforpositivethinking</code> for "The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk".</li> </ul> <p>If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the <em>Reset</em> button. If you get really stuck, press the <em>Show solution</em> button to see the answer.</p> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: html hidden notranslate"><code><h2>Live output</h2> <div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"></div> <h2>Editable code</h2> <p class="a11y-label"> Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character). </p> <textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 150px; width: 95%"> <p>Hello and welcome to my motivation page. As Confucius' quotes site says:</p> <p>It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.</p> <p>I also love the concept of positive thinking, and The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk (as mentioned in Affirmations for Positive Thinking.)</p> </textarea> <div class="playable-buttons"> <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" /> <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution" /> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: css hidden notranslate"><code>html { font-family: sans-serif; } h2 { font-size: 16px; } .a11y-label { margin: 0; text-align: right; font-size: 0.7rem; width: 98%; } body { margin: 10px; background: #f5f9fa; } </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: js hidden notranslate"><code>const textarea = document.getElementById("code"); const reset = document.getElementById("reset"); const solution = document.getElementById("solution"); const output = document.querySelector(".output"); const code = textarea.value; let userEntry = textarea.value; function updateCode() { output.innerHTML = textarea.value; } const htmlSolution = '<p>Hello and welcome to my motivation page. As <a href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html"><cite>Confucius\' quotes site</cite></a> says:</p>\n\n<blockquote cite="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html">\n <p>It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I also love the concept of positive thinking, and <q cite="http://example.com/affirmationsforpositivethinking">The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk</q> (as mentioned in <a href="http://example.com/affirmationsforpositivethinking"><cite>Affirmations for Positive Thinking</cite></a>.)</p>'; let solutionEntry = htmlSolution; reset.addEventListener("click", () => { textarea.value = code; userEntry = textarea.value; solutionEntry = htmlSolution; solution.value = "Show solution"; updateCode(); }); solution.addEventListener("click", () => { if (solution.value === "Show solution") { textarea.value = solutionEntry; solution.value = "Hide solution"; } else { textarea.value = userEntry; solution.value = "Show solution"; } updateCode(); }); textarea.addEventListener("input", updateCode); window.addEventListener("load", updateCode); // stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and // make it write a tab at the caret position instead textarea.onkeydown = (e) => { if (e.code === "Tab") { e.preventDefault(); insertAtCaret("\t"); } if (e.code === "Escape") { textarea.blur(); } }; function insertAtCaret(text) { const scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop; let caretPos = textarea.selectionStart; const front = textarea.value.substring(0, caretPos); const back = textarea.value.substring( textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length, ); textarea.value = front + text + back; caretPos += text.length; textarea.selectionStart = caretPos; textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos; textarea.focus(); textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos; } // Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code textarea.onkeyup = () => { // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown, // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code if (solution.value === "Show solution") { userEntry = textarea.value; } else { solutionEntry = textarea.value; } updateCode(); }; </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Active learning Who said that sample" id="frame_active_learning_who_said_that" width="700" height="450" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="active_learning_who_said_that" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="abbreviations"><h2 id="abbreviations"><a href="#abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>Another fairly common element you'll meet when looking around the Web is <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/abbr"><code><abbr></code></a> — this is used to wrap around an abbreviation or acronym. When including either, provide a full expansion of the term in plain text on first use, along with the <code><abbr></code> to mark up the abbreviation. This provides a hint to user agents on how to announce/display the content while informing all users what the abbreviation means.</p> <p>If providing the expansion in addition to the abbreviation makes little sense, and the abbreviation or acronym is a fairly shortened term, provide the full expansion of the term as the value of <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title"><code>title</code></a> attribute:</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="abbreviation_example"><h3 id="abbreviation_example"><a href="#abbreviation_example">Abbreviation example</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>Let's look at an example.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><p> We use <abbr>HTML</abbr>, Hypertext Markup Language, to structure our web documents. </p> <p> I think <abbr title="Reverend">Rev.</abbr> Green did it in the kitchen with the chainsaw. </p> </code></pre></div> <p>These will come out looking something like this:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Abbreviation example sample" id="frame_abbreviation_example" width="100%" height="150" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="abbreviation_example" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Earlier versions of html also included support for the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/acronym"><code><acronym></code></a> element, but it was removed from the HTML spec in favor of using <code><abbr></code> to represent both abbreviations and acronyms. <code><acronym></code> should not be used.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation"><h3 id="active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation"><a href="#active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation">Active learning: marking up an abbreviation</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>For this simple active learning assignment, we'd like you to mark up an abbreviation. You can use our sample below, or replace it with one of your own.</p> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: html hidden notranslate"><code><h2>Live output</h2> <div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"></div> <h2>Editable code</h2> <p class="a11y-label"> Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character). </p> <textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 50px; width: 95%"> <p>NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, sure does some exciting work.</p> </textarea> <div class="playable-buttons"> <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" /> <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution" /> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: css hidden notranslate"><code>html { font-family: sans-serif; } h2 { font-size: 16px; } .a11y-label { margin: 0; text-align: right; font-size: 0.7rem; width: 98%; } body { margin: 10px; background: #f5f9fa; } </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: js hidden notranslate"><code>const textarea = document.getElementById("code"); const reset = document.getElementById("reset"); const solution = document.getElementById("solution"); const output = document.querySelector(".output"); const code = textarea.value; let userEntry = textarea.value; function updateCode() { output.innerHTML = textarea.value; } const htmlSolution = "<p><abbr>NASA</abbr>, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, sure does some exciting work.</p>"; let solutionEntry = htmlSolution; reset.addEventListener("click", () => { textarea.value = code; userEntry = textarea.value; solutionEntry = htmlSolution; solution.value = "Show solution"; updateCode(); }); solution.addEventListener("click", () => { if (solution.value === "Show solution") { textarea.value = solutionEntry; solution.value = "Hide solution"; } else { textarea.value = userEntry; solution.value = "Show solution"; } updateCode(); }); textarea.addEventListener("input", updateCode); window.addEventListener("load", updateCode); // stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and // make it write a tab at the caret position instead textarea.onkeydown = (e) => { if (e.code === "Tab") { e.preventDefault(); insertAtCaret("\t"); } if (e.code === "Escape") { textarea.blur(); } }; function insertAtCaret(text) { const scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop; let caretPos = textarea.selectionStart; const front = textarea.value.substring(0, caretPos); const back = textarea.value.substring( textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length, ); textarea.value = front + text + back; caretPos += text.length; textarea.selectionStart = caretPos; textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos; textarea.focus(); textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos; } // Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code textarea.onkeyup = () => { // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown, // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code if (solution.value === "Show solution") { userEntry = textarea.value; } else { solutionEntry = textarea.value; } updateCode(); }; </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Active learning marking up an abbreviation sample" id="frame_active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation" width="700" height="300" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="marking_up_contact_details"><h2 id="marking_up_contact_details"><a href="#marking_up_contact_details">Marking up contact details</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>HTML has an element for marking up contact details — <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/address"><code><address></code></a>. This wraps around your contact details, for example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><address>Chris Mills, Manchester, The Grim North, UK</address> </code></pre></div> <p>It could also include more complex markup, and other forms of contact information, for example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><address> <p> Chris Mills<br /> Manchester<br /> The Grim North<br /> UK </p> <ul> <li>Tel: 01234 567 890</li> <li>Email: me@grim-north.co.uk</li> </ul> </address> </code></pre></div> <p>Note that something like this would also be OK, if the linked page contained the contact information:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><address> Page written by <a href="../authors/chris-mills/">Chris Mills</a>. </address> </code></pre></div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/address"><code><address></code></a> element should only be used to provide contact information for the document contained with the nearest <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article"><code><article></code></a> or <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/body"><code><body></code></a> element. It would be correct to use it in the footer of a site to include the contact information of the entire site, or inside an article for the contact details of the author, but not to mark up a list of addresses unrelated to the content of that page.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="superscript_and_subscript"><h2 id="superscript_and_subscript"><a href="#superscript_and_subscript">Superscript and subscript</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>You will occasionally need to use superscript and subscript when marking up items like dates, chemical formulae, and mathematical equations so they have the correct meaning. The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/sup"><code><sup></code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/sub"><code><sub></code></a> elements handle this job. For example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><p>My birthday is on the 25<sup>th</sup> of May 2001.</p> <p> Caffeine's chemical formula is C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. </p> <p>If x<sup>2</sup> is 9, x must equal 3 or -3.</p> </code></pre></div> <p>The output of this code looks like so:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Superscript and subscript sample" id="frame_superscript_and_subscript" width="100%" height="160" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="superscript_and_subscript" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="representing_computer_code"><h2 id="representing_computer_code"><a href="#representing_computer_code">Representing computer code</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>There are a number of elements available for marking up computer code using HTML:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/code"><code><code></code></a>: For marking up generic pieces of computer code.</li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/pre"><code><pre></code></a>: For retaining whitespace (generally code blocks) — if you use indentation or excess whitespace inside your text, browsers will ignore it and you will not see it on your rendered page. If you wrap the text in <code><pre></pre></code> tags however, your whitespace will be rendered identically to how you see it in your text editor.</li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/var"><code><var></code></a>: For specifically marking up variable names.</li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/kbd"><code><kbd></code></a>: For marking up keyboard (and other types of) input entered into the computer.</li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/samp"><code><samp></code></a>: For marking up the output of a computer program.</li> </ul> <p>Let's look at examples of these elements and how they're used to represent computer code. If you want to see the full file, take a look at the <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/introduction-to-html/advanced-text-formatting/other-semantics.html" class="external" target="_blank">other-semantics.html</a> sample file. You can download the file and open it in your browser to see for yourself, but here is a snippet of the code:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><pre><code>const para = document.querySelector('p'); para.onclick = function() { alert('Owww, stop poking me!'); }</code></pre> <p> You shouldn't use presentational elements like <code>&lt;font&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;center&gt;</code>. </p> <p> In the above JavaScript example, <var>para</var> represents a paragraph element. </p> <p>Select all the text with <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>/<kbd>Cmd</kbd> + <kbd>A</kbd>.</p> <pre>$ <kbd>ping mozilla.org</kbd> <samp>PING mozilla.org (63.245.215.20): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 63.245.215.20: icmp_seq=0 ttl=40 time=158.233 ms</samp></pre> </code></pre></div> <p>The above code will look like so:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="Representing computer code sample" id="frame_representing_computer_code" width="100%" height="350" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/" data-live-id="representing_computer_code" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="marking_up_times_and_dates"><h2 id="marking_up_times_and_dates"><a href="#marking_up_times_and_dates">Marking up times and dates</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>HTML also provides the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/time"><code><time></code></a> element for marking up times and dates in a machine-readable format. For example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><time datetime="2016-01-20">20 January 2016</time> </code></pre></div> <p>Why is this useful? Well, there are many different ways that humans write down dates. The above date could be written as:</p>  <ul> <li>20 January 2016</li> <li>20th January 2016</li> <li>Jan 20 2016</li> <li>20/01/16</li> <li>01/20/16</li> <li>The 20th of next month</li> <li><span lang="fr">20e Janvier 2016</span></li> <li><span lang="ja">2016 年 1 月 20 日</span></li> <li>And so on</li> </ul>  <p>But these different forms cannot be easily recognized by computers — what if you wanted to automatically grab the dates of all events in a page and insert them into a calendar? The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/time"><code><time></code></a> element allows you to attach an unambiguous, machine-readable time/date for this purpose.</p> <p>The basic example above just provides a simple machine readable date, but there are many other options that are possible, for example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code> <time datetime="2016-01-20">20 January 2016</time>  <time datetime="2016-01">January 2016</time>  <time datetime="01-20">20 January</time>  <time datetime="19:30">19:30</time>  <time datetime="19:30:01.856">19:30:01.856</time>  <time datetime="2016-01-20T19:30">7.30pm, 20 January 2016</time>  <time datetime="2016-01-20T19:30+01:00"> 7.30pm, 20 January 2016 is 8.30pm in France </time>  <time datetime="2016-W04">The fourth week of 2016</time> </code></pre></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="test_your_skills!"><h2 id="test_your_skills!"><a href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Test_your_skills:_Advanced_HTML_text">Test your skills: Advanced HTML text</a>.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="summary"><h2 id="summary"><a href="#summary">Summary</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>That marks the end of our study of less-common HTML text semantics. What you have seen during this course is not an exhaustive list of HTML text elements — we wanted to try to cover the essentials, and some of the more common ones you will see in the wild. Next up, we'll look at links, one of the most important features of the web.</p> <ul class="prev-next"><li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_documents"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li><li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: Structuring content with HTML</span></a></li><li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Creating_links"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li></ul></div></section></article><aside class="article-footer"><div class="article-footer-inner"><div class="svg-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="162" height="162" viewBox="0 0 162 162" fill="none" role="none"><mask id="b" fill="#fff"><path d="M97.203 47.04c8.113-7.886 18.004-13.871 28.906-17.492a78 78 0 0 1 33.969-3.39c11.443 1.39 22.401 5.295 32.024 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contributors. Content available under <a href="/en-US/docs/MDN/Writing_guidelines/Attrib_copyright_license">a Creative Commons license</a>.</p></div></div></footer></div><script type="application/json" id="hydration">{"url":"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features","doc":{"body":[{"type":"prose","value":{"id":null,"title":null,"isH3":false,"content":"<ul class=\"prev-next\"><li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_documents\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li><li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: Structuring content with HTML</span></a></li><li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Creating_links\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li></ul>\n<p>There are many other elements in HTML for defining text semantics, which we didn't get to in the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Emphasis_and_importance\">Emphasis and importance</a> article. The elements described in this article are less known, but still useful to know about (and this is still not a complete list by any means). Here you'll learn about marking up quotations, description lists, computer code and other related text, subscript and superscript, contact information, and more.</p>\n<figure class=\"table-container\"><table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Prerequisites:</th>\n <td>\n Basic HTML familiarity, as covered in\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Basic_HTML_syntax\">Basic HTML Syntax</a>. Text-level semantics such as <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Headings_and_paragraphs\">headings and paragraphs</a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Lists\">lists</a>.\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Learning outcomes:</th>\n <td>\n <ul>\n <li>Quotations.</li>\n <li>Abbreviations and acronyms.</li>\n <li>Addresses.</li>\n <li>Times and dates.</li>\n <li>Superscript and subscript.</li>\n </ul>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table></figure>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"quotations","title":"Quotations","isH3":false,"content":"<p>HTML contains features available for marking up quotations; which element you use depends on whether you are marking up a block or inline quotation.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"blockquotes","title":"Blockquotes","isH3":true,"content":"<p>If a section of block level content (be it a paragraph, multiple paragraphs, a list, etc.) is quoted from somewhere else, you should wrap it inside a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote\"><code><blockquote></code></a> element to signify this, and include a URL pointing to the source of the quote inside a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote#cite\"><code>cite</code></a> attribute. For example, the following markup is taken from the MDN <code><blockquote></code> element page:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><p>\n The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or\n <em>HTML Block Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an\n extended quotation.\n</p>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>To turn this into a block quote, we would just do this:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><p>Here is a blockquote:</p>\n<blockquote\n cite=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote\">\n <p>\n The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or\n <em>HTML Block Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is\n an extended quotation.\n </p>\n</blockquote>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Browser default styling will render this as an indented paragraph, as an indicator that it is a quote; the paragraph above the quotation is there to demonstrate that.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Blockquotes sample\" id=\"frame_blockquotes\" width=\"100%\" height=\"200px\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"blockquotes\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"inline_quotations","title":"Inline quotations","isH3":true,"content":"<p>Inline quotations work in exactly the same way, except that they use the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q\"><code><q></code></a> element. For example, the below bit of markup contains a quotation from the MDN <code><q></code> page:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><p>\n The quote element — <code>&lt;q&gt;</code> — is\n <q cite=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q\">\n intended for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks.\n </q>\n</p>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Browser default styling will render this as normal text put in quotes to indicate a quotation, like so:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Inline quotations sample\" id=\"frame_inline_quotations\" width=\"100%\" height=\"78px\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"inline_quotations\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"citations","title":"Citations","isH3":true,"content":"<p>The content of the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote#cite\"><code>cite</code></a> attribute sounds useful, but unfortunately browsers, screen readers, etc. don't really do much with it. There is no way to get the browser to display the contents of <code>cite</code>, without writing your own solution using JavaScript or CSS. If you want to make the source of the quotation available on the page you need to make it available in the text via a link or some other appropriate way.</p>\n<p>There is a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/cite\"><code><cite></code></a> element, but this is meant to contain the title of the resource being quoted, e.g. the name of the book. There is no reason, however, why you couldn't link the text inside <code><cite></code> to the quote source in some way:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><p>\n According to the\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote\">\n <cite>MDN blockquote page</cite></a>:\n</p>\n\n<blockquote\n cite=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote\">\n <p>\n The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or\n <em>HTML Block Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is\n an extended quotation.\n </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>\n The quote element — <code>&lt;q&gt;</code> — is\n <q cite=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q\">\n intended for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks.\n </q>\n — <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q\"><cite>MDN q page</cite></a>.\n</p>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Citations are styled in italic font by default.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Citations sample\" id=\"frame_citations\" width=\"100%\" height=\"179px\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"citations\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"active_learning_who_said_that","title":"Active learning: Who said that?","isH3":true,"content":"<p>Time for another active learning example! In this example we'd like you to:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Turn the middle paragraph into a blockquote, which includes a <code>cite</code> attribute.</li>\n<li>Turn \"The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk\" in the third paragraph into an inline quote, and include a <code>cite</code> attribute.</li>\n<li>Wrap the title of each source in <code><cite></code> tags and turn each one into a link to that source.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The citation sources you need are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html</code> for the Confucius quote</li>\n<li><code>http://example.com/affirmationsforpositivethinking</code> for \"The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk\".</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the <em>Reset</em> button. If you get really stuck, press the <em>Show solution</em> button to see the answer.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: html hidden notranslate\"><code><h2>Live output</h2>\n\n<div class=\"output\" style=\"min-height: 50px;\"></div>\n\n<h2>Editable code</h2>\n<p class=\"a11y-label\">\n Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).\n</p>\n\n<textarea id=\"code\" class=\"input\" style=\"min-height: 150px; width: 95%\">\n<p>Hello and welcome to my motivation page. As Confucius' quotes site says:</p>\n<p>It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.</p>\n<p>I also love the concept of positive thinking, and The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk (as mentioned in Affirmations for Positive Thinking.)</p>\n</textarea>\n\n<div class=\"playable-buttons\">\n <input id=\"reset\" type=\"button\" value=\"Reset\" />\n <input id=\"solution\" type=\"button\" value=\"Show solution\" />\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: css hidden notranslate\"><code>html {\n font-family: sans-serif;\n}\n\nh2 {\n font-size: 16px;\n}\n\n.a11y-label {\n margin: 0;\n text-align: right;\n font-size: 0.7rem;\n width: 98%;\n}\n\nbody {\n margin: 10px;\n background: #f5f9fa;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: js hidden notranslate\"><code>const textarea = document.getElementById(\"code\");\nconst reset = document.getElementById(\"reset\");\nconst solution = document.getElementById(\"solution\");\nconst output = document.querySelector(\".output\");\nconst code = textarea.value;\nlet userEntry = textarea.value;\n\nfunction updateCode() {\n output.innerHTML = textarea.value;\n}\n\nconst htmlSolution =\n '<p>Hello and welcome to my motivation page. As <a href=\"http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html\"><cite>Confucius\\' quotes site</cite></a> says:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote cite=\"http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html\">\\n <p>It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.</p>\\n</blockquote>\\n\\n<p>I also love the concept of positive thinking, and <q cite=\"http://example.com/affirmationsforpositivethinking\">The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk</q> (as mentioned in <a href=\"http://example.com/affirmationsforpositivethinking\"><cite>Affirmations for Positive Thinking</cite></a>.)</p>';\nlet solutionEntry = htmlSolution;\n\nreset.addEventListener(\"click\", () => {\n textarea.value = code;\n userEntry = textarea.value;\n solutionEntry = htmlSolution;\n solution.value = \"Show solution\";\n updateCode();\n});\n\nsolution.addEventListener(\"click\", () => {\n if (solution.value === \"Show solution\") {\n textarea.value = solutionEntry;\n solution.value = \"Hide solution\";\n } else {\n textarea.value = userEntry;\n solution.value = \"Show solution\";\n }\n updateCode();\n});\n\ntextarea.addEventListener(\"input\", updateCode);\nwindow.addEventListener(\"load\", updateCode);\n\n// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and\n// make it write a tab at the caret position instead\n\ntextarea.onkeydown = (e) => {\n if (e.code === \"Tab\") {\n e.preventDefault();\n insertAtCaret(\"\\t\");\n }\n\n if (e.code === \"Escape\") {\n textarea.blur();\n }\n};\n\nfunction insertAtCaret(text) {\n const scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;\n let caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;\n\n const front = textarea.value.substring(0, caretPos);\n const back = textarea.value.substring(\n textarea.selectionEnd,\n textarea.value.length,\n );\n textarea.value = front + text + back;\n caretPos += text.length;\n textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;\n textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;\n textarea.focus();\n textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;\n}\n\n// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code\ntextarea.onkeyup = () => {\n // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,\n // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code\n if (solution.value === \"Show solution\") {\n userEntry = textarea.value;\n } else {\n solutionEntry = textarea.value;\n }\n\n updateCode();\n};\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Active learning Who said that sample\" id=\"frame_active_learning_who_said_that\" width=\"700\" height=\"450\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"active_learning_who_said_that\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"abbreviations","title":"Abbreviations","isH3":false,"content":"<p>Another fairly common element you'll meet when looking around the Web is <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/abbr\"><code><abbr></code></a> — this is used to wrap around an abbreviation or acronym. When including either, provide a full expansion of the term in plain text on first use, along with the <code><abbr></code> to mark up the abbreviation. This provides a hint to user agents on how to announce/display the content while informing all users what the abbreviation means.</p>\n<p>If providing the expansion in addition to the abbreviation makes little sense, and the abbreviation or acronym is a fairly shortened term, provide the full expansion of the term as the value of <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title\"><code>title</code></a> attribute:</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"abbreviation_example","title":"Abbreviation example","isH3":true,"content":"<p>Let's look at an example.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><p>\n We use <abbr>HTML</abbr>, Hypertext Markup Language, to structure our web\n documents.\n</p>\n\n<p>\n I think <abbr title=\"Reverend\">Rev.</abbr> Green did it in the kitchen with\n the chainsaw.\n</p>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>These will come out looking something like this:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Abbreviation example sample\" id=\"frame_abbreviation_example\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"abbreviation_example\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n<p><strong>Note:</strong>\nEarlier versions of html also included support for the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/acronym\"><code><acronym></code></a> element, but it was removed from the HTML spec in favor of using <code><abbr></code> to represent both abbreviations and acronyms. <code><acronym></code> should not be used.</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation","title":"Active learning: marking up an abbreviation","isH3":true,"content":"<p>For this simple active learning assignment, we'd like you to mark up an abbreviation. You can use our sample below, or replace it with one of your own.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: html hidden notranslate\"><code><h2>Live output</h2>\n\n<div class=\"output\" style=\"min-height: 50px;\"></div>\n\n<h2>Editable code</h2>\n<p class=\"a11y-label\">\n Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).\n</p>\n\n<textarea id=\"code\" class=\"input\" style=\"min-height: 50px; width: 95%\">\n<p>NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, sure does some exciting work.</p>\n</textarea>\n\n<div class=\"playable-buttons\">\n <input id=\"reset\" type=\"button\" value=\"Reset\" />\n <input id=\"solution\" type=\"button\" value=\"Show solution\" />\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: css hidden notranslate\"><code>html {\n font-family: sans-serif;\n}\n\nh2 {\n font-size: 16px;\n}\n\n.a11y-label {\n margin: 0;\n text-align: right;\n font-size: 0.7rem;\n width: 98%;\n}\n\nbody {\n margin: 10px;\n background: #f5f9fa;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: js hidden notranslate\"><code>const textarea = document.getElementById(\"code\");\nconst reset = document.getElementById(\"reset\");\nconst solution = document.getElementById(\"solution\");\nconst output = document.querySelector(\".output\");\nconst code = textarea.value;\nlet userEntry = textarea.value;\n\nfunction updateCode() {\n output.innerHTML = textarea.value;\n}\n\nconst htmlSolution =\n \"<p><abbr>NASA</abbr>, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, sure does some exciting work.</p>\";\nlet solutionEntry = htmlSolution;\n\nreset.addEventListener(\"click\", () => {\n textarea.value = code;\n userEntry = textarea.value;\n solutionEntry = htmlSolution;\n solution.value = \"Show solution\";\n updateCode();\n});\n\nsolution.addEventListener(\"click\", () => {\n if (solution.value === \"Show solution\") {\n textarea.value = solutionEntry;\n solution.value = \"Hide solution\";\n } else {\n textarea.value = userEntry;\n solution.value = \"Show solution\";\n }\n updateCode();\n});\n\ntextarea.addEventListener(\"input\", updateCode);\nwindow.addEventListener(\"load\", updateCode);\n\n// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and\n// make it write a tab at the caret position instead\n\ntextarea.onkeydown = (e) => {\n if (e.code === \"Tab\") {\n e.preventDefault();\n insertAtCaret(\"\\t\");\n }\n\n if (e.code === \"Escape\") {\n textarea.blur();\n }\n};\n\nfunction insertAtCaret(text) {\n const scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;\n let caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;\n\n const front = textarea.value.substring(0, caretPos);\n const back = textarea.value.substring(\n textarea.selectionEnd,\n textarea.value.length,\n );\n textarea.value = front + text + back;\n caretPos += text.length;\n textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;\n textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;\n textarea.focus();\n textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;\n}\n\n// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code\ntextarea.onkeyup = () => {\n // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,\n // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code\n if (solution.value === \"Show solution\") {\n userEntry = textarea.value;\n } else {\n solutionEntry = textarea.value;\n }\n\n updateCode();\n};\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Active learning marking up an abbreviation sample\" id=\"frame_active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"active_learning_marking_up_an_abbreviation\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"marking_up_contact_details","title":"Marking up contact details","isH3":false,"content":"<p>HTML has an element for marking up contact details — <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/address\"><code><address></code></a>. This wraps around your contact details, for example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><address>Chris Mills, Manchester, The Grim North, UK</address>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>It could also include more complex markup, and other forms of contact information, for example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><address>\n <p>\n Chris Mills<br />\n Manchester<br />\n The Grim North<br />\n UK\n </p>\n\n <ul>\n <li>Tel: 01234 567 890</li>\n <li>Email: me@grim-north.co.uk</li>\n </ul>\n</address>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Note that something like this would also be OK, if the linked page contained the contact information:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><address>\n Page written by <a href=\"../authors/chris-mills/\">Chris Mills</a>.\n</address>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n<p><strong>Note:</strong>\nThe <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/address\"><code><address></code></a> element should only be used to provide contact information for the document contained with the nearest <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article\"><code><article></code></a> or <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/body\"><code><body></code></a> element. It would be correct to use it in the footer of a site to include the contact information of the entire site, or inside an article for the contact details of the author, but not to mark up a list of addresses unrelated to the content of that page.</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"superscript_and_subscript","title":"Superscript and subscript","isH3":false,"content":"<p>You will occasionally need to use superscript and subscript when marking up items like dates, chemical formulae, and mathematical equations so they have the correct meaning. The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/sup\"><code><sup></code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/sub\"><code><sub></code></a> elements handle this job. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><p>My birthday is on the 25<sup>th</sup> of May 2001.</p>\n<p>\n Caffeine's chemical formula is\n C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.\n</p>\n<p>If x<sup>2</sup> is 9, x must equal 3 or -3.</p>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>The output of this code looks like so:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Superscript and subscript sample\" id=\"frame_superscript_and_subscript\" width=\"100%\" height=\"160\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"superscript_and_subscript\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"representing_computer_code","title":"Representing computer code","isH3":false,"content":"<p>There are a number of elements available for marking up computer code using HTML:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/code\"><code><code></code></a>: For marking up generic pieces of computer code.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/pre\"><code><pre></code></a>: For retaining whitespace (generally code blocks) — if you use indentation or excess whitespace inside your text, browsers will ignore it and you will not see it on your rendered page. If you wrap the text in <code><pre></pre></code> tags however, your whitespace will be rendered identically to how you see it in your text editor.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/var\"><code><var></code></a>: For specifically marking up variable names.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/kbd\"><code><kbd></code></a>: For marking up keyboard (and other types of) input entered into the computer.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/samp\"><code><samp></code></a>: For marking up the output of a computer program.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Let's look at examples of these elements and how they're used to represent computer code.\nIf you want to see the full file, take a look at the <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/introduction-to-html/advanced-text-formatting/other-semantics.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">other-semantics.html</a> sample file.\nYou can download the file and open it in your browser to see for yourself, but here is a snippet of the code:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><pre><code>const para = document.querySelector('p');\n\npara.onclick = function() {\n alert('Owww, stop poking me!');\n}</code></pre>\n\n<p>\n You shouldn't use presentational elements like <code>&lt;font&gt;</code> and\n <code>&lt;center&gt;</code>.\n</p>\n\n<p>\n In the above JavaScript example, <var>para</var> represents a paragraph\n element.\n</p>\n\n<p>Select all the text with <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>/<kbd>Cmd</kbd> + <kbd>A</kbd>.</p>\n\n<pre>$ <kbd>ping mozilla.org</kbd>\n<samp>PING mozilla.org (63.245.215.20): 56 data bytes\n64 bytes from 63.245.215.20: icmp_seq=0 ttl=40 time=158.233 ms</samp></pre>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>The above code will look like so:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"Representing computer code sample\" id=\"frame_representing_computer_code\" width=\"100%\" height=\"350\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features/\" data-live-id=\"representing_computer_code\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"marking_up_times_and_dates","title":"Marking up times and dates","isH3":false,"content":"<p>HTML also provides the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/time\"><code><time></code></a> element for marking up times and dates in a machine-readable format. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><time datetime=\"2016-01-20\">20 January 2016</time>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Why is this useful? Well, there are many different ways that humans write down dates. The above date could be written as:</p>\n\u003c!-- markdownlint-disable MD033 -->\n<ul>\n<li>20 January 2016</li>\n<li>20th January 2016</li>\n<li>Jan 20 2016</li>\n<li>20/01/16</li>\n<li>01/20/16</li>\n<li>The 20th of next month</li>\n<li><span lang=\"fr\">20e Janvier 2016</span></li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">2016 年 1 月 20 日</span></li>\n<li>And so on</li>\n</ul>\n\u003c!-- markdownlint-enable MD033 -->\n<p>But these different forms cannot be easily recognized by computers — what if you wanted to automatically grab the dates of all events in a page and insert them into a calendar? The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/time\"><code><time></code></a> element allows you to attach an unambiguous, machine-readable time/date for this purpose.</p>\n<p>The basic example above just provides a simple machine readable date, but there are many other options that are possible, for example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code>\n<time datetime=\"2016-01-20\">20 January 2016</time>\n\n<time datetime=\"2016-01\">January 2016</time>\n\n<time datetime=\"01-20\">20 January</time>\n\n<time datetime=\"19:30\">19:30</time>\n\n<time datetime=\"19:30:01.856\">19:30:01.856</time>\n\n<time datetime=\"2016-01-20T19:30\">7.30pm, 20 January 2016</time>\n\n<time datetime=\"2016-01-20T19:30+01:00\">\n 7.30pm, 20 January 2016 is 8.30pm in France\n</time>\n\n<time datetime=\"2016-W04\">The fourth week of 2016</time>\n</code></pre></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"test_your_skills!","title":"Test your skills!","isH3":false,"content":"<p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Test_your_skills:_Advanced_HTML_text\">Test your skills: Advanced HTML text</a>.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isH3":false,"content":"<p>That marks the end of our study of less-common HTML text semantics. What you have seen during this course is not an exhaustive list of HTML text elements — we wanted to try to cover the essentials, and some of the more common ones you will see in the wild. Next up, we'll look at links, one of the most important features of the web.</p>\n<ul class=\"prev-next\"><li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_documents\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li><li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: Structuring content with HTML</span></a></li><li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Creating_links\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li></ul>"}}],"isActive":true,"isMarkdown":true,"isTranslated":false,"locale":"en-US","mdn_url":"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features","modified":"2024-12-19T15:37:45.000Z","native":"English (US)","noIndexing":false,"other_translations":[{"locale":"de","title":"Erweiterte Textfunktionen","native":"Deutsch"},{"locale":"es","title":"Formateo de texto avanzado","native":"Español"},{"locale":"fr","title":"Formatage avancé du texte","native":"Français"},{"locale":"ja","title":"高度なテキスト装飾","native":"日本語"},{"locale":"ko","title":"고급 텍스트 서식 지정","native":"한국어"},{"locale":"pt-BR","title":"Formatação avançada de texto","native":"Português (do Brasil)"},{"locale":"ru","title":"Продвинутое форматирование текста","native":"Русский"},{"locale":"zh-CN","title":"文本格式进阶","native":"中文 (简体)"}],"pageTitle":"Advanced text features - Learn web development | MDN","parents":[{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development","title":"Learn"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core","title":"Core learning modules"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content","title":"Structuring content with HTML"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features","title":"Advanced text features"}],"popularity":null,"short_title":"Advanced text features","sidebarHTML":"<ol><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started\">Getting started modules</a></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup\">Environment setup</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Installing_software\">Installing basic software</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Browsing_the_web\">Browsing the web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Code_editors\">Code editors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Dealing_with_files\">Dealing with files</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Environment_setup/Command_line\">Command line crash course</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website\">Your first website</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/What_will_your_website_look_like\">What will your website look like?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Creating_the_content\">HTML: Creating the content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Styling_the_content\">CSS: Styling the content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Adding_interactivity\">JavaScript: Adding interactivity</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Your_first_website/Publishing_your_website\">Publishing your website</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards\">Web standards</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards/How_the_web_works\">How the web works</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards/The_web_standards_model\">The web standards model</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Web_standards/How_browsers_load_websites\">How browsers load websites</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills\">Soft skills</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Research_and_learning\">Research and learning</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Collaboration_and_teamwork\">Collaboration and teamwork</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Workflows_and_processes\">Workflows and processes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Getting_started/Soft_skills/Job_interviews\">Succeeding in job interviews</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core\">Core modules</a></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details open=\"\"><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content\">Structuring content with HTML</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Basic_HTML_syntax\">Basic HTML syntax</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Webpage_metadata\">What's in the head? Webpage metadata</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Headings_and_paragraphs\">Headings and paragraphs in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Emphasis_and_importance\">Emphasis and importance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Lists\">Lists</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_documents\">Structuring documents</a></li><li><em><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Advanced_text_features\" aria-current=\"page\">Advanced text features</a></em></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Creating_links\">Creating links</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Marking_up_a_letter\">Challenge: Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Structuring_a_page_of_content\">Challenge: Structuring a page of content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_images\">HTML images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_video_and_audio\">HTML video and audio</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Mozilla_splash_page\">Challenge: Mozilla splash page</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_table_basics\">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Table_accessibility\">HTML table accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Planet_data_table\">Challenge: Structuring a planet data table</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/HTML_forms\">Forms and buttons in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Structuring_content/Debugging_HTML\">Debugging HTML</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics\">CSS styling basics</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/What_is_CSS\">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Getting_started\">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Styling_a_bio_page\">Challenge: Styling a biography page</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Basic_selectors\">Basic CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Attribute_selectors\">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Pseudo_classes_and_elements\">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Combinators\">Combinators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Box_model\">The box model</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Handling_conflicts\">Handling conflicts</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Values_and_units\">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Sizing\">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Backgrounds_and_borders\">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Overflow\">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Images_media_forms\">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Tables\">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Debugging_CSS\">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension\">Challenge: Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Fancy_letterheaded_paper\">Challenge: Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Styling_basics/Cool-looking_box\">Challenge: A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling\">CSS text styling</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Fundamentals\">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Styling_lists\">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Styling_links\">Styling links</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Web_fonts\">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Text_styling/Typesetting_a_homepage\">Challenge: Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout\">CSS layout</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Introduction\">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Floats\">Floats</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Positioning\">Positioning</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Flexbox\">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Grids\">CSS grid layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design\">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Media_queries\">Media query fundamentals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension\">Challenge: Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting\">Dynamic scripting with JavaScript</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/What_is_JavaScript\">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/A_first_splash\">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/What_went_wrong\">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Variables\">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Math\">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Strings\">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Useful_string_methods\">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Arrays\">Arrays</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Silly_story_generator\">Challenge: Silly story generator</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Conditionals\">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Loops\">Looping code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Functions\">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Build_your_own_function\">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Return_values\">Function return values</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Events\">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Event_bubbling\">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Image_gallery\">Challenge: Image gallery</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Object_basics\">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/DOM_scripting\">DOM scripting introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Network_requests\">Making network requests with JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/JSON\">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting/Debugging_JavaScript\">Debugging JavaScript and handling errors</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries\">JavaScript frameworks and libraries</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/Introduction\">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/Main_features\">Framework main features</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_getting_started\">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_components\">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_interactivity_events_state\">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering\">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_accessibility\">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Frameworks_libraries/React_resources\">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility\">Accessibility</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility\">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Tooling\">Accessibility tooling and assistive technology</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/HTML\">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript\">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics\">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Multimedia\">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Mobile\">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting\">Challenge: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Design_for_developers\">Design for developers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Version_control\">Version control</a></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions\">Extension modules</a></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Advanced_JavaScript_objects\">Advanced JavaScript objects</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Advanced_JavaScript_objects/Object_prototypes\">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Advanced_JavaScript_objects/Object-oriented_programming\">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Advanced_JavaScript_objects/Classes_in_JavaScript\">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Advanced_JavaScript_objects/Object_building_practice\">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Advanced_JavaScript_objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features\">Challenge: Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_APIs\">Client-side web APIs</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_APIs/Introduction\">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs\">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_APIs/Drawing_graphics\">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_APIs/Client-side_storage\">Client-side storage</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_APIs/Third_party_APIs\">Third-party APIs</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Async_JS\">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Async_JS/Introducing\">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Async_JS/Promises\">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Async_JS/Implementing_a_promise-based_API\">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Async_JS/Introducing_workers\">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Async_JS/Sequencing_animations\">Challenge: Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms\">Web forms</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/Your_first_form\">Your first form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form\">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls\">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/HTML5_input_types\">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/Other_form_controls\">Other form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/Styling_web_forms\">Styling web forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes\">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/Form_validation\">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data\">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_tools\">Understanding client-side tools</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_tools/Overview\">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_tools/Package_management\">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain\">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_tools/Deployment\">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side\">Server-side websites</a></summary><ol><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/First_steps\">Server-side first steps</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction\">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview\">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks\">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security\">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django\">Django web framework (Python)</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Introduction\">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/development_environment\">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website\">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Models\">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Admin_site\">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Home_page\">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Generic_views\">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Sessions\">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Authentication\">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Forms\">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Testing\">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/Deployment\">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/web_application_security\">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog\">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs\">Express web framework (Node.js)</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction\">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment\">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website\">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose\">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes\">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data\">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms\">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment\">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance\">Web performance</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/why_web_performance\">The \"why\" of web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/What_is_web_performance\">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/Perceived_performance\">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/Measuring_performance\">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/Multimedia\">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/video\">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/JavaScript\">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/HTML\">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/CSS\">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Performance/business_case_for_performance\">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing\">Testing</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Introduction\">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Testing_strategies\">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/HTML_and_CSS\">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Feature_detection\">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Automated_testing\">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Testing/Your_own_automation_environment\">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Transform_animate\">Transform and animate CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Security_privacy\">Security and privacy</a></li><li class=\"section\">Further resources</li><li class=\"toggle\"><details><summary><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto\">How to solve common problems</a></summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Solve_HTML_problems\">Solve common HTML problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Solve_CSS_problems\">Solve common CSS problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Solve_JavaScript_problems\">Solve common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Web_mechanics\">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Tools_and_setup\">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Howto/Design_and_accessibility\">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/About\">About</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Educators\">Resources for educators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Changelog\">Changelog</a></li></ol>","source":{"folder":"en-us/learn_web_development/core/structuring_content/advanced_text_features","github_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/learn_web_development/core/structuring_content/advanced_text_features/index.md","last_commit_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/commit/5b20f5f4265f988f80f513db0e4b35c7e0cd70dc","filename":"index.md"},"summary":"There are many other elements in HTML for defining text semantics, which we didn't get to in the Emphasis and importance article. The elements described in this article are less known, but still useful to know about (and this is still not a complete list by any means). Here you'll learn about marking up quotations, description lists, computer code and other related text, subscript and superscript, contact information, and more.","title":"Advanced text features","toc":[{"text":"Quotations","id":"quotations"},{"text":"Abbreviations","id":"abbreviations"},{"text":"Marking up contact details","id":"marking_up_contact_details"},{"text":"Superscript and subscript","id":"superscript_and_subscript"},{"text":"Representing computer code","id":"representing_computer_code"},{"text":"Marking up times and dates","id":"marking_up_times_and_dates"},{"text":"Test your skills!","id":"test_your_skills!"},{"text":"Summary","id":"summary"}],"pageType":"tutorial-chapter"}}</script></body></html>