Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">  <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/amphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporter-in-adult-101798.html"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.11.2/css/all.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/css/bootstrap-select.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.carousel.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.theme.default.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/global.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/styles.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/custom.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/author.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/coolautosuggest.css"> <link rel="icon" href="/assets/img/favicon.ico" type="image/gif" sizes="16x16">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-97CYJNEWHS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-97CYJNEWHS'); </script>  <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 110px;"> <div><p>GET THE APP</p></div> <a href=" https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.journals.hilarispublisher&hl=en" target="_blank" id="getAppModel"> <div class="a_icon"> <span><i class="fa fa-android"></i></span> </div> </a>  </div> <title>Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals</title> <meta name="keywords" content="RNA regulation, Dopamine Transporter, Amphetamines, DNA methylation"> <meta name="description" content="Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals, Rosemary Brecht"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Hilaris SRL"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Animal Health and Behavioural Science"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rosemary Brecht"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2023"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="7"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.37421/2952-8097.2023.7.205"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2952-8097"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/08/28"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=""> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/amphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporter-in-adult-101798.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/amphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporte.pdf"> <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage( theURL, winName, features ) { window.open( theURL, winName, features ); } </script> </head> <body> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/css/animate.css"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light py-3"> <div class="container"> <a class="navbar-brand d-smd-none" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here"><img src="/assets/img/hilaris-publisher.svg" alt=".." title="Click here" height="40px"></a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnlMain" aria-controls="navbarJrnlMain" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnlMain"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here">Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Journals" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true">Journals</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Journals"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/journals-by-title.html" title="A-Z Journals">A-Z Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access-journals.html" title="Browse By Subject">Browse By Subject</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Guidelines & Policies </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Guidelines"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editorial-policies.html" title="Editorial Policies">Editorial Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Online Submission">Online Submission</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Manuscript Guidelines">Manuscript Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/policies.html" title="Policies">Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/publication-ethics.html" title="Publication ethics">Publication ethics</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewers.html" title="Reviewers">Reviewers</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Terms and Conditions">Terms and Conditions</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Services" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Services </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Services"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advertisement.html" title="Advertisement">Advertisement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/membership.html" title="Membership">Membership</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reprints.html" title="Reprints">Reprints</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/subscription.html" title="Subscription"> Subscription</a> </div> </div>  <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/conferences.html" title="Conferences">Conferences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div>  </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary p-0 mb-3 nav-links-mobile-view"> <div class="container mx-3 mx-sm-auto"> <a class="navbar-brand d-block d-sm-none" href="#">Journal Menu</a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnl" aria-controls="navbarJrnl" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnl"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science.html" title="Journal Home"><i class="fas fa-home pr-2"></i> Journal</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Editorial Panel</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/editor-in-chief.html" title="Editor-in-Chief">Editor-in-Chief</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/editorial-board.html" title="Editorial Board">Editorial Board</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Instructions for Authors</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/instructionsforauthors.html" title="Instructions for Authors">Instructions for Authors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/aim-and-scope.html" title="Aim & Scope">Aim & Scope</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/ethical-malpractices.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/peer-review-process.html" title="Peer Review Process">Peer Review Process</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/submit-manuscript.html" title="Submit Manuscript">Submit Manuscript</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/inpress.html" title="In press">In press</a>  <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/archive.html" title="Archive">Archive</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="SpecialIssues" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Special Issues</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="SpecialIssues"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/guidelines.html" title="Guidelines">Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/upcoming-special-issues.html" title="Upcoming Special Issues">Upcoming Special Issues</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/contact.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <header class="container py-3"> <div class="row align-items-start"> <div class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 d-none d-sm-block"> <img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/flyers/journal-of-animal-health-and-behavioural-science-flyer.jpg" alt=".." title="Click here" class="img-fluid"> </div> <div class="col-lg col-md"> <h1 class="h2 text-primary">Journal of Animal Health and Behavioural Science</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <p class="mb-1">ISSN: 2952-8097 </p> </div> <div class="col"> Open Access </div> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> <script> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement( { pageLanguage: 'en' }, 'google_translate_element' ); } </script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4"> <div class="card bg-amber-400 border-0"> <div class="card-body p-2 d-flex align-items-center"> Submit Manuscript <a class="animate-icon mx-3 stretched-link" href="https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/animal-health-behavioural-science.html" title="Click here" target="_blank"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-horizontal"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> </span> </a> <img src="/assets/img/manuscript.svg" alt=".." width="50"> </div> </div> <div class="mt-2 cu_whatsapp"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-md btn-fb waves-effect waves-light bg-primary text-white cu_wtsapp"><span class="wow flash bg_cu p-4 rounded" data-wow-duration="2s" data-wow-delay="1s" data-wow-iteration="infinite"><i class="fab fa-whatsapp-square text-white pr-1"></i></span><span class="pl-3 pos_cl">+447897072958 </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 full-text"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Perspective - (2023) Volume 7, Issue 4 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 text-right">  </div> </div> <h1 class="font-size-8 mt-2">Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals</h1> <a href='https://www.hilarispublisher.com/author/rosemary-brecht-39791' title='Rosemary Brecht' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Rosemary Brecht</a><sup><a href='#Rosemary_Brecht'>*</a></sup>  <br/> <div class="mb-2"></div> <a id="Rosemary_Brecht"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Rosemary Brecht, Department of Wildlife Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='rose.mary@b.ac.edu'></i> <div class="clearfix mt-2 mb-3"> <div class="float-left"><a href="#ai" class="btn_cu_color" id="changeicon" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#au_info"><strong>Author information</strong> <span><i class="fas fa-plus fa-sm"></i></span></a></div> <div class="float-right"> <nav class="nav a-mx-2 med_pdf"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/amphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporte.pdf" title="View PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 yellow-900 border-yellow-900" style="position: relative; right: 5px;"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/amphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporte.pdf&aid=101798" title="Download PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 border-blue-900"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="au_info" class="collapse"> <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body p-2 pb-0"> Department of Wildlife Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA<br>  <p> <strong>Received: </strong>02-Aug-2023, Manuscript No. ahbs-23-114002; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>04-Aug-2023, Pre QC No. P-114002; <strong>Reviewed: </strong>16-Aug-2023, QC No. Q-114002; <strong>Revised: </strong>21-Aug-2023, Manuscript No. R-114002; <strong>Published:</strong> 28-Aug-2023 , <strong>DOI:</strong> 10.37421/2952-8097.2023.7.205 <br> <strong>Citation:</strong> Brecht, Rosemary. “Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals.” J Anim Health Behav Sci 7 (2023): 205. <br> <strong>Copyright:</strong> © 2023 Brecht R. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. </p> </div> </div> </div> <h4>Introduction</h4> <p>The use of amphetamine, a powerful stimulant has been a subject of extensive research and debate for decades due to its widespread recreational and medicinal use. One of the central mechanisms through which amphetamine exerts its effects is the modulation of dopamine neurotransmission in the brain. While much is known about the acute and chronic effects of amphetamine on the brain's reward system and its impact on behavior less attention has been given to the potential long-lasting consequences of amphetamine exposure during early development. Emerging research suggests that exposure to amphetamines during embryogenesis may lead to lasting epigenetic modifications in the Dopamine Transporter (DAT), a key protein responsible for regulating dopamine levels in the brain. This article explores the current state of knowledge regarding amphetamine-induced epigenetic modifications during embryogenesis their potential consequences in adult animals, and the broader implications for understanding addiction, neurodevelopmental disorders, and epigenetic mechanisms.</p> <h4>Description</h4> <p>Amphetamines, including methamphetamine and its derivatives, are known to readily cross the placenta and affect the developing embryo. In pregnant women who use amphetamines, these compounds can reach the developing foetus exposing it to their pharmacological effects. This early exposure has been linked to various adverse outcomes including preterm birth, low birth weight and developmental abnormalities. During embryogenesis, the epigenome undergoes dynamic changes that play a crucial role in shaping cellular identity and function. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation, can influence gene expression patterns thereby affecting developmental processes. It is within this context that amphetamine exposure during embryogenesis may exert its long-lasting effects on the developing brain [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>].</p> <p>Recent research has uncovered evidence suggesting that amphetamine exposure during embryogenesis can lead to alterations in epigenetic marks within the dopaminergic system. Studies in animal models have demonstrated changes in DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications in genes related to dopamine signalling, including DAT. These epigenetic modifications are thought to persist into adulthood, potentially influencing the functioning of the dopaminergic system and related behaviors. The Dopamine Transporter (DAT) is a critical protein involved in the regulation of dopamine levels in the brain [<a href="#2" title="2">2</a>]. DAT is primarily responsible for the reuptake of extracellular dopamine into presynaptic neurons, thus terminating dopamine signalling and maintaining proper neurotransmission. Dysregulation of DAT function has been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders.</p> <p>The DAT gene, also known as SLC6A3 encodes the DAT protein. The expression of DAT is tightly regulated to ensure precise control of dopamine reuptake. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, play a pivotal role in modulating DAT gene expression. Changes in the epigenetic landscape of the DAT gene can lead to alterations in DAT protein levels, potentially influencing dopamine homeostasis in the brain. Dopaminergic signalling is essential for various cognitive and emotional functions, including reward processing, motivation and motor control. DAT by regulating dopamine reuptake modulates the duration and intensity of dopamine signalling at synapses [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>]. Dysregulated DAT function can lead to aberrant dopamine levels, which are implicated in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction.</p> <p>Amphetamine exposure during embryogenesis has been associated with epigenetic modifications in the dopaminergic system. These modifications can impact DAT gene expression and function, potentially leading to lasting changes in dopamine signalling in adult animals. Studies have shown that amphetamine exposure during embryogenesis can lead to altered DNA methylation patterns in the promoter region of the DAT gene. Hyper methylation of the DAT promoter is associated with decreased gene expression, leading to reduced DAT protein levels. This reduction in DAT function may result in elevated extracellular dopamine levels, which could contribute to behavioral alterations seen in adult animals exposed to amphetamines in utero [<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>].</p> <p>In addition to DNA methylation, amphetamine exposure has been linked to changes in histone modifications within the dopaminergic system. Histone modifications, such as acetylation and methylation can influence chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Amphetamine-induced alterations in histone acetylation patterns may contribute to long-lasting changes in the expression of genes involved in dopamine signalling, including DAT. The epigenetic modifications induced by amphetamine exposure during embryogenesis can have profound behavioral consequences in adult animals. These consequences are mediated through alterations in the dopaminergic system, affecting reward processing, impulsivity, and susceptibility to substance abuse. Amphetamineinduced epigenetic modifications may lead to changes in reward circuitry in the brain. Altered DAT function can result in prolonged dopamine signaling at synapses, which may contribute to heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli. This increased reward sensitivity could predispose adult animals to seek out rewarding substances and behaviors, potentially increasing the risk of addiction [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>].</p> <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>Amphetamine exposure during embryogenesis can induce long-lasting epigenetic modifications in the Dopamine Transporter (DAT) and other components of the dopaminergic system. These modifications have significant implications for behavior in adult animals, including altered reward processing, increased impulsivity, and susceptibility to substance abuse. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms underlying these effects provides valuable insights into addiction, neurodevelopmental disorders, and the developmental origins of behavioral dysfunction. Moreover, it opens up new avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating the long-term consequences of early amphetamine exposure on the brain. Further research in this field promises to deepen our understanding of the complex interplay between early-life experiences, epigenetics, and brain function.</p> <h4>Acknowledgement</h4> <p>None.</p> <h4>Conflict of Interest</h4> <p>None.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li><a name="1" id="1"></a>Hansen, Freja H., Tina Skjørringe, Saiqa Yasmeen and Natascha V. Arends, et al. “<a href="https://www.jci.org/articles/view/73778" target="_blank">Missense dopamine transporter mutations associate with adult parkinsonism and ADHD.</a>” <em>J Clin Investig</em> 124 (2014): 3107–3120. </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Missense+dopamine+transporter+mutations+associate+with+adult+parkinsonism+and+ADHD&author=Hansen,+F.H.&author=Skj%C3%B8rringei" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI73778" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24911152" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="2" id="2"></a>Herborg, Freja, Katherine L. Jensen, Sasha Tostoy and Natascha V. Arends, et al. “<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8492322/" target="_blank">Identifying dominat-negative actions of a dopamine transporter variant in patients with parkinsonism and neuropsychiatric disease.</a>” <em>JCI Insight</em> 6 (2021): e151496. </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Identifying+dominat-negative+actions+of+a+dopamine+transporter+variant+in+patients+with+parkinsonism+and+neuropsychiatric+disease&author=Herborg,+F.&author=Jensen,+K.L.&author=Tostoyi" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.151496" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34375312" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="3" id="3"></a>Masoud, S.T., L.M. Vecchio, Y. Bergeron and M.M. Hossain, et al. “<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996114003295" target="_blank">Increased expression of the dopamine transporter leads to loss of dopamine neurons, oxidative stress and l-DOPA reversible motor deficits.</a>” <em>Neurobiol Dis</em> 74 (2015): 66–75. </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Increased+expression+of+the+dopamine+transporter+leads+to+loss+of+dopamine+neurons,+oxidative+stress+and+l-DOPA+reversible+motor+deficits&author=Masoud,+S.T.&author=Vecchio,i" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.016" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25447236" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="4" id="4"></a>Ross, Emily J., Devon L. Graham, Kelli M. Money and Gregg D. Stanwood, et al. “<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2014147" target="_blank">Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: What we know and what we still must learn.</a>” <em>Neuropsychopharmacology</em> 40 (2015): 61–87. </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Developmental+consequences+of+fetal+exposure+to+drugs:+What+we+know+and+what+we+still+must+learn&author=Ross,+E.J.&author=Grahami" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.147" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24938210" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="5" id="5"></a>Weaver, Ian C.G., Nadia Cervoni, Frances A. Champagne and Ana C. D’Alessio, et al. “<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1276" target="_blank">Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior.</a>” <em>Nat Neurosci</em> 7 (2004): 847–854. </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Epigenetic+programming+by+maternal+behavior&author=Weaver,+I.C.G.&author=Cervoni" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1276" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15220929" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> </ol> </div> <div class="col-sm-3">    <div class="mb-3"> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/awards-nomination.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4">Awards & Nominations</a></h4> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science-online-visitors-readers-85.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4"><i class="fas fa-book-reader"></i> 50+ Million Readerbase</a></h4> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Famphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporter-in-adult-101798.html&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals" />  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0">             <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Famphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporter-in-adult-101798.html"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Famphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporter-in-adult-101798.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Famphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporter-in-adult-101798.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Famphetamine-stimulation-throughout-embryogenesis-promotes-longlasting-epigenetic-modification-in-the-dopamine-transporter-in-adult-101798.html" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div> <h4>Journal Highlights</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:50vh;"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-behaviour-journals-articles-ppts-list-1954.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Behaviour"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Behaviour</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-health-australia-journals-articles-ppts-list-1919.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Health Australia"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Health Australia</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-health-technicians-journals-articles-ppts-list-1917.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Health Technicians"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Health Technicians</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-medicines-journals-articles-ppts-list-1909.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Medicines"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Medicines</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-nutrition-journals-articles-ppts-list-1914.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Nutrition"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Nutrition</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-nutrition-journals-articles-ppts-list-1915.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Nutrition"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Nutrition</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-science-journals-articles-ppts-list-1911.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Science"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Science</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-vaccines-journals-articles-ppts-list-1910.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Vaccines"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Vaccines</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/animal-welfare-journals-articles-ppts-list-1912.html" class="nav-link" title="Animal Welfare"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Animal Welfare</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/applied-animal-behaviour-journals-articles-ppts-list-1913.html" class="nav-link" title="Applied Animal Behaviour"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Applied Animal Behaviour</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/emergency-animal-diseases-journals-articles-ppts-list-1916.html" class="nav-link" title="Emergency Animal Diseases"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Emergency Animal Diseases</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/farm-animal-care-journals-articles-ppts-list-1918.html" class="nav-link" title="Farm Animal Care"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Farm Animal Care</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/tropical-animal-health-journals-articles-ppts-list-1920.html" class="nav-link" title="Tropical Animal Health"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Tropical Animal Health</a> </nav> </div>  <h6><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&pli=1&user=COq_lMAAAAAJ" title="Click here">Google Scholar citation report</a></h6> <h6 style="font-weight:bold;">Citations: 38</h6> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&pli=1&user=COq_lMAAAAAJ" title="Click here">Journal of Animal Health and Behavioural Science received 38 citations as per Google Scholar report</a></p> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/citation.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/citation-images/journal-of-animal-health-and-behavioural-science-citation.PNG" alt="Citation image" class="img-fluid p_rel" /></a> </div>  <h6><a href="https://publons.com/journal/93629/journal-of-animal-health-and-behavioural-science/" target="_blank" title="Click here">Journal of Animal Health and Behavioural Science peer review process verified at publons</a></h6> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://publons.com/journal/93629/journal-of-animal-health-and-behavioural-science/" target="_blank" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/publon-images/journal-of-animal-health-and-behavioural-science-publoan.png" alt="Publon image" height="200px" width="100%" class="p_rel" /></a> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <h4>Indexed In</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:40vh;"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Index Copernicus<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Google Scholar<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Sherpa Romeo<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Open J Gate<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> VieSearch<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Scimago<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> SCOPUS<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> RefSeek<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Publons<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF)<br> </nav> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Related Links</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/covid-19-peer-reviewed-journals-articles-special-issues.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">COVID-19 Special Issues</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/indexing.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Abstracting and Indexing</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/funded-articles.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Funded Work</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/citation.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Citations Report</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/animal-health-behavioural-science/archive.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Table of Contents</span></a> </nav> </div> </div>       <div class="sidebar pt-20 pl-10 mt-xs-0"> <a class="twitter-timeline" href="https://twitter.com/AnimalHealthan1" data-width="450" data-height="300">Tweets by AnimalHealthan1</a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Open Access Journals</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Business & Management</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Chemistry</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Clinical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Engineering</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Genetics & Molecular Biology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Immunology & Microbiology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Medical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Neuroscience & Psychology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Pharmaceutical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Science & Technology</span></a> </nav> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(window).scroll(function() { var scroll = $(window).scrollTop(); if (scroll >= 1000) { $(".Information").addClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } else{ $(".Information").removeClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } }); </script> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="container-fluid bg-grey-300 border-top-1"> <div class="row py-3"> <div class="col-sm"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Categories</h5> <nav class="nav row a-py-2"> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/chemistry-journals.html" title="Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div>">Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div></a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Genetics & Molecular Biology">Genetics & Molecular Biology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Immunology & Microbiology">Immunology & Microbiology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Medical Sciences">Medical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Neuroscience & Psychology">Neuroscience & Psychology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Pharmaceutical Sciences">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Science & Technology">Science & Technology</a> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Guidelines</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editor-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Editor Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewer-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Reviewer Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">About Hilaris</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/about-us.html" title="Click here">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access.html" title="Click here">Open Access</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Click here">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Click here">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/faq.html" title="Click here">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here">Site Map</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Follow Us</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/hilarispublisher/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-square"></i> Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/hilarispublish2" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter-square"></i> Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/31133357/admin/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i> LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/hilaris_publisher/?hl=en" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i> Instagram</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i> Youtube</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p class="border-top-1 pt-2 text-right">Copyright © 2024 All rights reserved by <strong><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Hilaris">Hilaris</a></strong></p> </div> </div> </footer>  <a class="cd-top js-cd-top animate-icon" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Scroll to Top"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-vertical"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> </span> </a>   <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/grids.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script> jQuery(function($) { $(window).scroll(function fix_element() { $('#target').css( $(window).scrollTop() > 100 ? { 'position': 'fixed', 'top': '440px' } : { 'position': 'absolute', 'top': '440px' } ); return fix_element; }()); }); </script>   <script src="/assets/js/scroll-to-top.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Equal Height var EqualHeight = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Equal Height var handleEqualHeight = function() { $(function($) { var i; for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { //alert(i); $('.equal-height-'+i).responsiveEqualHeightGrid(); } }); } return { init: function() { handleEqualHeight(); // initial setup for equal height } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { EqualHeight.init(); }); </script> <script> $(function() { $('.match-height').matchHeight({ byRow: true, property: 'height', target: null, }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $('.subject-carousel').owlCarousel({ margin: 20, rewind: true, dots: false, nav: true, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 6 } } }) }); </script> <script> $('.eb-carousel').owlCarousel({ loop: true, margin: 20, dots: false, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 4 } } }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.concat.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Scrollbar var Scrollbar = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Scrollbar Linear var handleScrollbarLinear = function() { $(".scrollbar").mCustomScrollbar({ theme: "minimal-dark" }); } return { init: function() { handleScrollbarLinear(); // initial setup for scrollbar linear } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { Scrollbar.init(); }); /*========================== Bootstrap Popover ============================*/ $(function () { $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover() }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.malihu.PageScroll2id.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">(function($){ $(window).on("load",function(){ $("a[rel='m_PageScroll2id']").mPageScroll2id(); }); })(jQuery); </script>     <script type="text/javascript">function add_chatinline(){var hccid=93340644;var nt=document.createElement("script");nt.async=true;nt.src="https://mylivechat.com/chatinline.aspx?hccid="+hccid;var ct=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];ct.parentNode.insertBefore(nt,ct);} add_chatinline(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#changeicon').click(function(){ $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-minus'); $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-plus'); }); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Amphetamine Stimulation throughout Embryogenesis Promotes Long-lasting Epigenetic Modification in the Dopamine Transporter in Adult Animals