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<li id="toc-Roman_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roman walls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multangular_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multangular_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Multangular Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multangular_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Angle_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Angle_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>East Angle Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Angle_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Romans" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bootham Bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootham_Bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monk_Bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monk_Bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Monk Bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monk_Bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walmgate_Bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walmgate_Bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Walmgate Bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walmgate_Bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micklegate_Bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micklegate_Bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Micklegate Bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micklegate_Bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_bars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_bars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Minor bars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minor_bars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Minor bars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Minor_bars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fishergate_Bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishergate_Bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fishergate Bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishergate_Bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victoria_Bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria_Bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Victoria Bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria_Bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Posterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Towers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=York_city_walls&params=53.9553_N_1.0810_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°57′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°04′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.9553°N 1.0810°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.9553; -1.0810</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grade I listed urban defence in England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">York city walls</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:York_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/York_city.jpg/250px-York_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/York_city.jpg/375px-York_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/York_city.jpg/500px-York_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of the city, looking north-east from the city wall, near the railway station. The brown spire at left in the middle distance is the <a href="/wiki/York_Oratory" title="York Oratory">Oratory Church of Saint Wilfrid</a>, and the three towers of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> are visible behind</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">2.11 miles (3.40 kilometres)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">13th-14th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data">Urban defence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Restored</th><td class="infobox-data">19th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Current use</th><td class="infobox-data">Open as a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Architectural style(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">City of York Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.gov.uk/CityWalls">www.york.gov.uk/CityWalls</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Bootham Bar City Wall from Bootham Bar to Layerthorpe, Monk Bar, Robin Hoods Tower</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1259293<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">York Minster Cathedral Precinct: including Bootham Bar and the length of City Walls extending round the precinct up to Monk Bar</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">8 October 1937</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1017777<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">City Walls, gates, posterns, moats, mounds, Bayle (or Baile) Hill, St Leonard's Hospital and Merchant Taylor's Hall, Aldwark</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1922<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1004910<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_(2023).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="York city walls is located in North Yorkshire"><img alt="York city walls is located in North Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg/240px-North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg/360px-North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg/480px-North_Yorkshire_UK_location_map_%282023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1037" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.794%;left:60.76%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="York city walls"><img alt="York city walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of York city walls in North Yorkshire</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> has, since <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> times, been defended by <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">walls</a> of one form or another. To this day, substantial portions of the walls remain, and York has more miles of intact wall than any other city in England. They are known variously as <b>York City Walls</b>, the <b>Bar Walls</b> and the <b>Roman walls</b> (though this last is a misnomer as very little of the extant stonework is of Roman origin, and the course of the wall has been substantially altered since Roman times). The walls are generally 13 feet (4m) high and 6 feet (1.8m) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the longest town walls in England.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 300px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; 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position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 211.767241196px; left: 235.61391101483px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #7A0101; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Fishergate Bar</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 155.88978003244px; left: 47.150135280489px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Micklegate Bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 159.88978003244px; left: 51.650135280489px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #7A0101; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Micklegate Bar</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 169.11702505383px; left: 283.82660829255px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Walmgate Bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 174.11702505383px; left: 279.32660829255px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #7A0101; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Walmgate Bar</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 17.191512226046px; left: 193.02397539804px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Monk Bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 35.191512226046px; left: 197.52397539804px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #7A0101; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Monk Bar</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 18.193749917337px; left: 114.83937071094px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Bootham Bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 23.193749917337px; left: 110.33937071094px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #7A0101; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Bootham Bar</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 264px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/15/53.958/-1.0825/en" data-zoom="15" data-lat="53.958" data-lon="-1.0825" data-overlays="["_fd22a2cc680ba249da30d416017a3d87164da13e"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Location map of the major features of York city walls</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_walls">Roman walls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman walls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original walls were built around 71 AD, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> erected a fort (<a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a>) occupying about 50 acres or 21.5 hectares near the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a>. The rectangle of walls was built as part of the fort's defences. The foundations and the line of about half of these Roman walls form part of the existing walls, as follows: </p> <ul><li>a section (the west corner, including the Multangular Tower) in the Museum Gardens</li> <li>the north-west and north-east sections between Bootham Bar and Monk Bar</li> <li>a further stretch between Monk Bar and the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_Hall,_York" title="Merchant Taylors' Hall, York">Merchant Taylors' Hall</a>, at the end of which the lower courses of the east corner of the Roman wall can be seen on the city-centre side of the existing wall.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_city_walls_in_1807_showing_the_Multangular_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/York_city_walls_in_1807_showing_the_Multangular_Tower.jpg/290px-York_city_walls_in_1807_showing_the_Multangular_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/York_city_walls_in_1807_showing_the_Multangular_Tower.jpg/435px-York_city_walls_in_1807_showing_the_Multangular_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/York_city_walls_in_1807_showing_the_Multangular_Tower.jpg/580px-York_city_walls_in_1807_showing_the_Multangular_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from 1807 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> showing the Multangular Tower and the city walls </figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_York_england.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_York_england.jpg/310px-A_map_of_York_england.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_York_england.jpg/465px-A_map_of_York_england.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_York_england.jpg/620px-A_map_of_York_england.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>A map of York from 1611 by <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The line of the rest of the Roman wall went south-west from the east corner, crossing the <i>via principalis</i> of the fortress where <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Square_(York)" title="King's Square (York)">King's Square</a> is now located. The south corner was in what is now <a href="/wiki/Feasegate" title="Feasegate">Feasegate</a>, and from here the wall continued northwest to the west corner. The point where the wall crossed the <i>via praetoria</i> is marked by a plaque in <a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Square" title="St Helen's Square">St Helen's Square</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_York" title="Mansion House, York">Mansion House</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multangular_Tower">Multangular Tower</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multangular Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Multangular Tower in the <a href="/wiki/York_Museum_Gardens" title="York Museum Gardens">Museum Gardens</a> is the most noticeable and intact structure remaining from the Roman walls. It was constructed as part of a series of eight similar defensive towers. The walls are almost certainly the creation of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>; however, the Multangular Tower is probably a later addition of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> around 310–320 AD. It has ten sides, based on a regular fourteen-sided figure designed so that a circle through the internal angles of the internal face is tangential to the curve.<sup id="cite_ref-Eboracum_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eboracum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rear four sides are missing to provide access to the interior of the tower. A low plinth or skirt extends out from the lowest course. </p><p>The tower stands almost 30 feet (9.1 m) tall, has an external diameter of 48.5 feet (14.8 m) at the base and 46 feet (14 m) above the skirt.<sup id="cite_ref-Eboracum_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eboracum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Length of each side varies from 7.5 feet (2.3 m) to 11 feet (3.4 m) on the inner face.<sup id="cite_ref-Eboracum_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eboracum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower projects beyond the curtain wall to a distance of 36.75 feet (11.20 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Eboracum_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eboracum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations are concrete, atop which the tower extends having a rubble and mortar core between <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> faced courses of small magnesian <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Eboracum_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eboracum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 15 feet (4.6 m) a scarcement reduces the thickness of the wall from 5 feet (1.5 m) to 3.25 feet (0.99 m), which continues for a further 4 feet (1.2 m) before being capped by 11 feet (3.4 m) of 13th century masonry<sup id="cite_ref-Eboracum_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eboracum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">arrowslits</a> can be seen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Angle_Tower">East Angle Tower</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: East Angle Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Less well-known than the Multangular Tower is the East Angle Tower. It is visible above ground in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_Hall,_York" title="Merchant Taylors' Hall, York">Merchant Taylors Hall</a>. Partly excavated in 1926, the remains that can be seen today were exposed in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Romans">After the Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After the Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish people">Danes</a> occupied the city in 867. By this time the Roman defences were in poor repair, and the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Danes</a> demolished all the towers save the Multangular Tower and restored the walls. </p><p>The majority of the remaining walls, which encircle the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> city, date from the 13th – 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the east corner of the Roman walls, the medieval wall extends to <a href="/wiki/Bridges_of_York#Bridges_over_the_Foss" title="Bridges of York">Layerthorpe Bridge</a>. After the bridge, the King's Fishpool, a swamp created by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>' damming of the <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">River Foss</a>, provided adequate security for the city, and no walls were ever built in this area. </p><p>In the Middle Ages the defence of the city was further helped not just by the walls but on the rampart underneath and the ditch surrounding them. The ditch along the walls was once 60 feet (18.3m) wide and 10 feet (3m) deep. In modern times the ditch was almost all filled in and no longer exists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason the ground directly around the walls is higher in most places than it would have been in medieval times. </p><p>The walls resume beyond the now <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canalised</a> Foss at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Tower_(York)" title="Red Tower (York)">Red Tower</a>, a brick building which has been much restored over the years. They continue south and west around the <a href="/wiki/Walmgate" title="Walmgate">Walmgate</a> area, terminating in another tower (Fishergate Postern), near <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">York Castle</a>, which was formerly surrounded by its own walls and a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>. </p><p>A small stretch of wall on the west side of Tower Gardens terminates at <a href="/wiki/Davy_Tower" title="Davy Tower">Davy Tower</a>, another brick tower located next to the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a>. This originally ran up to the castle walls, with a <a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">postern</a> on Tower Street. </p><p>Beyond the Ouse, the walls resume at <a href="/wiki/Skeldergate" title="Skeldergate">Skeldergate</a>, where there was once another postern. They climb past <a href="/wiki/Baile_Hill" title="Baile Hill">Baile Hill</a>, take a right turn and proceed north-west parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Beltway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway">Inner Ring Road</a>. Near the <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">railway station</a>, they turn right again in a north-easterly direction, finishing at Barker Tower on the Ouse. </p><p>Barker Tower was once linked to <a href="/wiki/Lendal_Tower" title="Lendal Tower">Lendal Tower</a> by a chain across the river, parallel to the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Bridges_of_York#Lendal_Bridge_(1863)" title="Bridges of York">Lendal Bridge</a>. A small stretch of wall then leads to the entrance to Museum Gardens, the Multangular Tower and the original line of the Roman walls. </p><p>The walls were repaired during <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">the English Civil War</a> by Parliamentarians<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as during the later <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite Risings</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to fears of an invasion from Scotland. </p><p>The walls were restored in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> period after falling into disrepair. The Victorians widened the wall-walk as well as extending it in some areas, (such as in the northern area with views of the cathedral), previously, in some areas, there probably would have only been narrow ledges that could be used to support a timber wall-walk in times of danger.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also rebuilt the battlements and sometimes the tops of the walls. Some slit windows are at the wrong height and some are narrow for the full width of the parapet. Some parts of the walls still have small holes called musket loops from the 17th century for muskets to fire from although they are of uncertain age due to restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northern area where you have views of the Cathedral, the walls were defended from interval towers which would have been higher than they are now after the Victorian restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a> spaced along the walls were added by the Victorians. However,some pre-date this period as can be seen in the 1782 Micklegate Bar illustration and the 1807 illustration showing the Multangular Tower and walls, although, very few original Medieval <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a> remain.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps one of the most notable additions to the wall was Robin Hood tower, built in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Today the walls are a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_ancient_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled ancient monument">scheduled ancient monument</a> and a grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micklegate_Bar_etching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Micklegate_Bar_etching.jpg/220px-Micklegate_Bar_etching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Micklegate_Bar_etching.jpg/330px-Micklegate_Bar_etching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Micklegate_Bar_etching.jpg/440px-Micklegate_Bar_etching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Etching of 1814, showing Micklegate Bar with its ruined barbican still in place</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micklegate_Bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Micklegate_Bar.jpg/220px-Micklegate_Bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Micklegate_Bar.jpg/330px-Micklegate_Bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Micklegate_Bar.jpg/440px-Micklegate_Bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Micklegate Bar after restoration, with the barbican now demolished</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bars">Bars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bootham_Bar_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bootham_Bar_2.JPG/220px-Bootham_Bar_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bootham_Bar_2.JPG/330px-Bootham_Bar_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bootham_Bar_2.JPG/440px-Bootham_Bar_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Bootham Bar in the shadow of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmgate_Bar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Walmgate_Bar.JPG/220px-Walmgate_Bar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Walmgate_Bar.JPG/330px-Walmgate_Bar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Walmgate_Bar.JPG/440px-Walmgate_Bar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Walmgate Bar with its <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a>, seen from outside the walls</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micklegate_Bar,_Hospital_of_St._Thomas,_York,_England._Engra_Wellcome_V0014644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Micklegate_Bar%2C_Hospital_of_St._Thomas%2C_York%2C_England._Engra_Wellcome_V0014644.jpg/250px-Micklegate_Bar%2C_Hospital_of_St._Thomas%2C_York%2C_England._Engra_Wellcome_V0014644.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Micklegate_Bar%2C_Hospital_of_St._Thomas%2C_York%2C_England._Engra_Wellcome_V0014644.jpg/375px-Micklegate_Bar%2C_Hospital_of_St._Thomas%2C_York%2C_England._Engra_Wellcome_V0014644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Micklegate_Bar%2C_Hospital_of_St._Thomas%2C_York%2C_England._Engra_Wellcome_V0014644.jpg/500px-Micklegate_Bar%2C_Hospital_of_St._Thomas%2C_York%2C_England._Engra_Wellcome_V0014644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>A 1782 engraving showing Micklegate Bar which notes earlier repairs </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmgate_Bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walmgate_Bar.png/280px-Walmgate_Bar.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walmgate_Bar.png/420px-Walmgate_Bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walmgate_Bar.png/560px-Walmgate_Bar.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Walmgate Bar in the 1820s before restoration </figcaption></figure><p>The walls are punctuated by four main <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouses</a>, or 'bars', (Bootham Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar and Micklegate Bar below). These restricted traffic in medieval times, and were used to extract <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">tolls</a>, as well as being defensive positions in times of war. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootham_Bar">Bootham Bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bootham Bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although much of Bootham Bar was built in the 14th and 19th centuries, it also has some of the oldest surviving stonework, dating to the 11th century. It stands almost on the site of <i>porta principalis dextra</i>, the north western gate of Eboracum. It was named in the 12th century as <i>barram de Bootham</i>, meaning bar at the booths, after the nearby market booths. It was the last of the bars to lose its <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a>, which was removed in 1835. </p><p>Land grant records from the 11th century suggest that the Roman Gate was still in use in the late 7th century<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century, a portcullis and barbican were added to the bar and its height increased to accommodate them. The gateway was damaged in the Civil War siege of 1644 but repaired a year later. The barbican, and a section of wall, were demolished to make way for the construction of St Leonards Place in the 1830s. </p><p>Currently, the bar has doorways on the first floor and three windows to the northeast lighting the second floor. The portcullis slot is still visible but blocked and the portcullis itself is fixed into its current position. The southwest doorway has remained unchanged, but there was one to the west which is now marked by a low recess in the room's wall. The original entrance would have been from an adjoining house. Access is by a stone staircase to the first floor situated in St Leonards Place. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monk_Bar">Monk Bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monk Bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This four-storey gatehouse is the tallest and most elaborate of the four, and was built in the early 14th century. It was intended as a self-contained fort, and each floor is capable of being defended separately. The current gatehouse was built to replace a 12th-century gate known as Munecagate, which stood 100 yards (91 m) to the north-west, on the site of the Roman gate <i>porta decumana</i> – that location is indicated by a slight dip in the earth rampart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonMee200553_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonMee200553-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1993 to 2020, Monk Bar housed a museum called the <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_Experience_at_Monk_Bar" title="Richard III Experience at Monk Bar">Richard III Experience at Monk Bar</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today, it retains its <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a> in working order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walmgate_Bar">Walmgate Bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Walmgate Bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Walmgate Bar was built during the 14th century, although the inner gateway dates from the 12th century. It was originally called <i>Walbegate</i>, the word Walbe possibly being an Anglo-Scandinavian personal name. The Bar's most notable feature is its <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a>, which is the only one surviving on a town gate in England. It also retains its <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a> and has reproduction 15th century oak doors. On the inner side, an <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> house, supported by stone <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">Tuscan order</a> columns (originally of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> origin but modified in 1584), extends out over the gateway. The house was occupied until 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bar has been repaired and restored many times over the years, most notably in 1648, following the 1644 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_York" title="Siege of York">Siege of York</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> when it was bombarded by cannon fire, and in 1840 after it had suffered years of neglect. It was also damaged in 1489 when, along with Fishergate Bar, it was burnt by rebels who were rioting over tax raises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micklegate_Bar">Micklegate Bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Micklegate Bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of this four-storey-high gatehouse is from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> '<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">mykla gata</i></span>' or 'great road', and leads onto <a href="/wiki/Micklegate" title="Micklegate">Micklegate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the traditional ceremonial gate for monarchs entering the city, who, in a tradition dating to <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> in 1389, touch the state sword when entering the gate. </p><p>The lower section was built in the 12th century while the top storeys in the 14th; the original barbican was removed in 1826. At least six reigning monarchs passed through this gate.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its symbolic value led to traitors' severed heads being displayed on the defences. Heads left there to rot included: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hotspur_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hotspur Percy">Henry Hotspur Percy</a> (1403), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Scrope,_3rd_Baron_Scrope_of_Masham" title="Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham">Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham</a> (1415), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York</a> (1461), and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_7th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland">Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland</a> (1572). </p><p>The Bar was inhabited until the 20th century. The upper two floors contain living quarters, which today are a museum known as the <a href="/wiki/City_Walls_Experience_at_Micklegate_Bar" title="City Walls Experience at Micklegate Bar">City Walls Experience at Micklegate Bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A restoration of the Bar was completed in late 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minor_bars">Minor bars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Minor bars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the four main bars, there are two smaller bars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishergate_Bar">Fishergate Bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fishergate Bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Bar originally dates from around 1315, when it was documented as being called Barram Fishergate.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was bricked up following riots in 1489, but was reopened in 1827 and today provides pedestrian access through the walls between the Fishergate area (actually Fawcett Street/Paragon Street) and George Street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victoria_Bar">Victoria Bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Victoria Bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the name suggests, this bar is a 19th-century addition to the walls. It was opened in 1838 to provide direct access between Nunnery Lane and <a href="/wiki/Bishophill" title="Bishophill">Bishophill</a>. However, during its construction the remains of an ancient gateway were found beneath it. This was probably the gateway known in the 12th century as the lounelith or secluded gateway<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonMee200536_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonMee200536-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in comparison to Micklegate Bar or the great bar located four hundred yards away). This was a small entrance to the city which dated back to early medieval times but was blocked up later with earth and stone, possibly during the period when the walls consisted solely of a wooden palisade before they were rebuilt in stone (from around 1250). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posterns">Posterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">postern</a> is a secondary <a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">door</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">gate</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">city wall</a> or <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a>. Posterns were often located in a concealed location which allowed the occupants to come and go inconspicuously. In the event of a <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>, a postern could act as a <a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">sally port</a>, allowing defenders to make a <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sortie</a> on the besiegers. Placed in a less exposed, less visible location, they were usually relatively small, and therefore easily defensible.<sup id="cite_ref-van_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York,_Fishgate_Postern_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/York%2C_Fishgate_Postern_Tower.jpg/220px-York%2C_Fishgate_Postern_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/York%2C_Fishgate_Postern_Tower.jpg/330px-York%2C_Fishgate_Postern_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/York%2C_Fishgate_Postern_Tower.jpg/440px-York%2C_Fishgate_Postern_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption>Fishergate Postern tower in the present day</figcaption></figure> <p>The York City walls have many intact posterns along their length, as well as records of others that have been demolished due to the expansion of the city. </p><p><b>Castlegate Postern</b> </p><p>The site of Castlegate postern is currently located under the pedestrian crossing on the B1227, Tower Street, in front of <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">Clifford's Tower</a>. The postern was demolished between 1826 and 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Friargate Postern</b> </p><p>Another postern that was demolished around 1840 and its location is to the northwest of St George's Field where it meets the end of the southern section of the Esplanade.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Skeldergate Postern (a.k.a. Crane Tower)</b> </p><p>Records describe it as a narrow arch with round turrets to either side and is estimated to have been built around 1315. It was similar in appearance to the North Street Postern and had been intact until its demolition in 1808. It was located on Terry Avenue outside The Bonding Warehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Red Tower</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_Tower_(York)" title="Red Tower (York)">Red Tower</a> marks an endpoint of the walls and is located on Foss Islands Road just south of its junction with Navigation Road. Records show that it was built around 1490 and is in good condition to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b> North Street Postern Tower (a.k.a. Barker Tower)</b> </p><p>Located on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> on Wellington Row just to the north of Lendal Bridge. Built in the 14th century for use as a boom tower, it was restored for modern-day usage in 1930. Its original use was to have a chain secured to it and the other end attached to Lendal Tower on the opposite bank.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was another postern very close to the North Street Postern. It was replaced by the Great North of England Railway Company for the multi-arch construction seen currently.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Lendal Tower</b> </p><p>Located on the north bank of the River Ouse on <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Dame Judi Dench Walk</a>, the tower served as the complimentary boom tower to the North Street Postern Tower and was built at the same time. It was converted in the 17th century to a water tower, though remains of the original structure can still be seen in the waterworks yard. It was restructured again in the 19th century for offices and is currently a holiday rental property.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Fishergate Postern (a.k.a. St George's Postern)</b> </p><p>Recorded as being built in 1440, this postern is located on the corner of Fishergate and Piccadilly. It was altered in 1505 and was separated from the walls of York Castle by water. It has four floors. It is currently leased from the City Council to the Friends Of York Walls, who maintain displays of the walls within.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Layerthorpe Postern (a.k.a. Peasholme Green Postern)</b> </p><p>This postern was located at the current junction of Peasholme Green, Layerthorpe, Foss Islands Road, and Jewbury. It was recorded as being built in the 13th century and demolished around 1829-30 during the construction of a new bridge over the <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">River Foss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towers">Towers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than the Postern Towers, the city walls have many interval towers. In 1972 the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England documented all the towers of the city walls and assigned them a number. There are 39 towers in total and they vary in build type. Only a few have recorded names. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of Towers on York City Walls </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tower Number</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Shape</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Baille Hill</td> <td></td> <td>built in 1878 as an endpoint to the walls when the walls to Skeldergate Bridge were demolished. It is located at the junction of Cromwell Road, Skeldergate, and Bishopgate Street. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>A semi-circular interval tower</td> <td>facing Bishopsgate Street. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The "Bitch Daughter" or "Biche Doughter" tower</td> <td></td> <td>is placed in the southwest corner of the walls. Located at the junction of Bishopsgate Steet and Price's Lane. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td>A semi-circular interval tower</td> <td>facing Price's Lane. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>A demi-hexagonal interval tower</td> <td>facing Price's Lane </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td>A rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Nunnery Lane close to Victoria Bar. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Sadler Tower</td> <td>a D-shaped interval tower</td> <td>facing Nunnery Lane close to Victoria Bar. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td>A rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Nunnery Lane. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td>A D-shaped interval tower</td> <td>facing Nunnery Lane. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td>A rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Nunnery Lane. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td></td> <td>A semi-circular interval tower</td> <td>facing Nunnery Lane close to Micklegate Bar. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td>A rectangular interval tower close to Micklegate Bar</td> <td>facing Queens Street. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Tofts Tower</td> <td></td> <td>forms the northwestern corner of the walls and has a chamber inside. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No longer exists, but the site is recorded. It was a demi-hexagonal interval tower demolished to create an arch for the railway to run through. It is located facing Queens Street and York Station. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td>A rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Queens Street and York Station. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td></td> <td>A demi-hexagonal interval tower</td> <td>located where Queens Street changes to Station Road opposite the hotel formerly known as the Royal Station Hotel. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td></td> <td>A demi-hexagonal interval tower</td> <td>located at the junction of Station Road and Station Rise. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>North Street Postern Tower/Barkers Tower</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Lendal Tower</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>The site of this tower is now the Lodge at the entrance to the Museum Gardens. </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>It no longer exists; it was demolished during the construction of St Leonards Place and is located where the De Gray Rooms are currently. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td></td> <td>A demi-hexagonal interval tower</td> <td>overlooking gardens on Gillygate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td>A demi-hexagonal interval tower</td> <td>overlooking gardens on Gillygate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td></td> <td>A demi-hexagonal interval tower</td> <td>overlooking gardens on Gillygate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td></td> <td>A semi-circular interval tower</td> <td>overlooking gardens on Gillygate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td></td> <td>A semi-circular interval tower</td> <td>overlooking gardens on Gillygate. A 20th-century replacement for the original 14th-century tower. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>Robin Hood Tower</td> <td></td> <td>Forms the northwestern corner of the walls facing Lord Mayor's Walk. It has also been known as Bawing Tower and Frost Tower. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td></td> <td>A semi-circular interval tower</td> <td>facing Lord Mayor's Walk. </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>This tower no longer exists, but was recorded as being here until the 19th century at least. It was also a gateway close to the Roman <i>porta decumana</i> site. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Site of semi-circular interval tower removed around 1822 facing St Maurices Road. It overlooks the remains of an east-facing Roman angular tower. </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>Harlot Hill Tower</td> <td>is a semi-circular interval tower</td> <td>facing the point where St Maurice's Road changes to Jewbury. </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>New Tower</td> <td>is an oval tower</td> <td>facing Jewbury. </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td></td> <td>Rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Jewbury. </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>Layerthorpe Tower</td> <td></td> <td>on the junction of Jewbury, Layerthorpe, Peaseholme Green, and Foss Islands Road. It is an endpoint to the walls. </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td></td> <td>Rectangular interval tower</td> <td>after the wall recommences at Red Tower. Faces Foss Islands Road. </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td></td> <td>Rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Foss Islands Road close to Walmgate Bar. </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td></td> <td>Rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Foss Islands Road close to Walmgate Bar. </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td></td> <td>Rectangular interval tower</td> <td>facing Paragon Street after Fishergate Bar. </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td></td> <td>Angled tower</td> <td>at the junction of Fishergate and Paragon Street. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_walls_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of town walls in England and Wales">List of town walls in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">History of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum Gardens">Museum Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_York" title="Siege of York">Siege of York</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visityork.org/business-directory/yorks-city-walls#:~:text=York%27s%20city%20centre%20is%20surrounded,medieval%20town%20walls%20in%20England.">"York's City Walls"</a>. Visit York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=York%27s+City+Walls&rft.pub=Visit+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visityork.org%2Fbusiness-directory%2Fyorks-city-walls%23%3A~%3Atext%3DYork%2527s%2520city%2520centre%2520is%2520surrounded%2Cmedieval%2520town%2520walls%2520in%2520England.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1259293" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1259293?section=official-list-entry">"BOOTHAM BAR CITY WALL FROM BOOTHAM BAR TO LAYERTHORPE MONK BAR ROBIN HOODS TOWER (1259293)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=BOOTHAM+BAR+CITY+WALL+FROM+BOOTHAM+BAR+TO+LAYERTHORPE+MONK+BAR+ROBIN+HOODS+TOWER+%281259293%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1259293%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1017777" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1017777?section=official-list-entry">"York Minster cathedral precinct: including Bootham Bar and the length of City Walls extending round the precinct up to Monk Bar (1017777)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=York+Minster+cathedral+precinct%3A+including+Bootham+Bar+and+the+length+of+City+Walls+extending+round+the+precinct+up+to+Monk+Bar+%281017777%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1017777%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp7-34#anchorn206">"History: The Defences"</a>. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences</i>. Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+City+of+York%2C+Volume+2%2C+the+Defences&rft.atitle=History%3A+The+Defences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Frchme%2Fyork%2Fvol2%2Fpp7-34%23anchorn206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1004910" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1004910?section=official-list-entry">"City Walls, gates, posterns (not including the section from Bootham Bar to Monk Bar, N of the Minster, now part of National Monument No 13280), moats, mounds, Bayle (or Baile) Hill, St Leonard's Hospital and Merchant Taylor's Hall, Aldwark (1004910)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=City+Walls%2C+gates%2C+posterns+%28not+including+the+section+from+Bootham+Bar+to+Monk+Bar%2C+N+of+the+Minster%2C+now+part+of+National+Monument+No+13280%29%2C+moats%2C+mounds%2C+Bayle+%28or+Baile%29+Hill%2C+St+Leonard%27s+Hospital+and+Merchant+Taylor%27s+Hall%2C+Aldwark+%281004910%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1004910%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/tpl/uploads/1Walls.pdf">"The Walls"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>visityork</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.pages=159&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1972_Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments" class="citation book cs1">1972 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>. pp. 90–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.pages=90-91&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1972_Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments" class="citation book cs1">1972 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.pages=139&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1972_Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments" class="citation book cs1">1972 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1972_Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments" class="citation book cs1">1972 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.pages=156&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1972_Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments" class="citation book cs1">1972 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.pages=108&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1972_Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments" class="citation book cs1">1972 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.pages=156&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1972_Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments" class="citation book cs1">1972 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. <i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of York, Volume II The Defences</i>. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+the+City+of+York%2C+Volume+II+The+Defences&rft.pages=137&rft.au=1972+Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsnerNeave1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a>; Neave, David (1995) [1972]. <i>Yorkshire: York and the East Riding</i> (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-071061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-071061-8"><bdi>978-0-14-071061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yorkshire%3A+York+and+the+East+Riding&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-071061-8&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft.au=Neave%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMee2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Barbara; Mee, Frances (2005). <i>The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence</i>. York Archaeological Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874454-36-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874454-36-6"><bdi>978-1-874454-36-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+Walls+and+Castles+of+York%3A+The+Pictorial+Evidence&rft.pub=York+Archaeological+Trust&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-874454-36-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Mee%2C+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Walking the Walls: An easy stage by stage guide to York's medieval walls</i>. Huntington, York: Village. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+the+Walls%3A+An+easy+stage+by+stage+guide+to+York%27s+medieval+walls&rft.place=Huntington%2C+York&rft.pub=Village&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal1994" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Pauline (1994). <i>Walking the Walls</i>. Village Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+the+Walls&rft.pub=Village+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYork+city+walls" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=York_city_walls&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:City_walls,_York" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:City walls, York">City walls, York</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.gov.uk/CityWalls">York City Walls – information from City of York Council (responsible for caring for the City Walls)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkwalls.org.uk">The Friends of York Walls website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkwalls.org.uk/?page_id=3690">"York' City Walls Trail" – by The Friends of York Walls</a></li> <li>A new audio guide using the Guide.AI app – "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkwalls.org.uk/?page_id=8183">Introducing – "York’s City Walls Audio Trail"</a>" – Friends of York Walls CIO.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york-united-kingdom.co.uk/walls/">York Walls Walk - Walking Tour of York City Walls</a>", york-united-kingdom.co.uk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/the-york-city-walls">"Theme: The York City Walls" on the History of York website</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=York_city_walls&params=53.9553_N_1.0810_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°57′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°04′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.9553°N 1.0810°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.9553; 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