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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inflection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inflection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inflection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives,_adverbs,_pronouns,_and_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives,_adverbs,_pronouns,_and_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals</span> </div> 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Łowicz dialect</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Łowicz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect_group" title="Masovian dialect group">Masovian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Karaś_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karaś_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Łowicz dialect</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The dialect belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect_group" title="Masovian dialect group">Masovian dialect group</a> and is located in the part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. It borders the <a href="/wiki/Near_Mazovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Mazovian dialect">Near Mazovian dialect</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_dialect_group" title="Lesser Poland dialect group">Lesser Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Borderland_dialect" title="Masovian Borderland dialect">Masovian Borderland dialect</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_dialect" title="Łęczyca dialect">Łęczyca dialect</a> to the south and west.<sup id="cite_ref-Karaś_2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karaś_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classification of Łowicz is much debated. Traditionally it has been considered a Lesser Polish dialect, but there are many traits placing it within the Masovian group. Ties with Pogranicze Mazowsza have also been made. Łowicz shows many transitional features between Masovia, Greater Poland, and Lesser Poland. Many traits are also unevenly distributed across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical of Greater Polish as well as Lesser Polish dialects, voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, including before clitics. Some villages show devoicing under influence from Standard Polish. Typical of Masovian and Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration, however, this process is being undone for many speakers, but formed with mazuration are still dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in Lesser Polish dialects, i, y often lower before l, ł: urobieły (urobiły), liceła (liczyła). Similarly, iR, yR can lower to eR. Ablaut is often levelled: gnietły (gniotły), wietraki (wiatraki). Final -ej often shifts to -i / -y, particularly in the comparative of adverbs, the feminine genitive/locative ending -ej, and the adverb dzisiaj: downi (dawniej), wincy (więcej), ty włody (wej wody), dzisiej (dzisiaj). A few instances of initial ja-, ra- > je-, re- can be found, as in Masovian dialects: jek (jak), redzić (radzić). Mobile e is often inserted: meter (metr).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slanted_vowels">Slanted vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slanted vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historic slanted vowels are often realized the same as in Standard Polish due to influence from it, but may be realized differently. Slanted á may raise to o or be realized as a, or is sporadically and rarely retained as á. Slanted ó is generally retained as ó (between o and u). Slanted é has lowered and merged with e, where most neighboring dialects raise é to y/i, but inconsistent raising to y (after hard consonants)/i (after soft consonants) may sometimes be heard. Jasne e can be seen in adjectival declension replacing historic é, which is typical of Lesser Polish dialects, but reflexes é can also be seen, as in Masovian and more particularly Greater Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasal_vowels">Nasal vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nasal vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medially nasal vowels usually raise and decompose before non-sibilants: lyngły (lęgły), winkse (większe), przyglundała (przyglądała) or only raise to į (after soft consonants)/y̨ (after hard consonants) and ų before sibilants. Nasal vowels before l ł may give n: wzino (wzięło), zaceny (zaczęły). Final -ą usually decomposes to -om and sometimes raises to -um: oglądajom (oglądają), najedzum (najedzą). Final -ę usually denasalizes to -e and sometimes raises to -y: na marmolady (na marmoladę), takom jaglanom kase (taką jaglaną kasę). Generally the groups eN and oN often raise, but sometimes oN doesn't: chłopokim (chłopakiem), latym (latem), struny (strony), dónica, donica (donica). oN is most commonly not raised, which is the result of influence of Standard Polish. aN also often raises: nie móm (nie mam). Similarly, iN may sometimes lower to eN, as in Lesser Polish dialects: jendyk (indyk), and uN can lower to óN, oN.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prothesis">Prothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial o- typically labializes, as does rarely initial u-. Medial -o- may also sporadically labialize, as in Lesser Polish dialects. Initial u- may also gain prothetic j-, as in Greater Polish dialects: juzda (uzda). Initial a-, i- and sometimes medial -a-, -i- may gain a prothetic j-: jiść (iść), strojeły (stroiły).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>b may sporadically replace w, typical of Greater Polish dialects: grzyba (grzywa). Many consonant clusters are simplified. kt usually shifts to cht: chtoś (ktoś). n before k usually assimilates and is pronounced velarly, as in Greater Polish and Lesser Polish dialects. chrz changes to krz: krześcijanin (chrześcijanin). strz, zdrz, trz, drz are reduced to szcz, żdż, cz, dż. This is found in Lesser Poland and Greater Poland. dl often shifts to l. św’ may harden, as in Masovian dialects: śwyniom (świniom). li may harden, as in Masovian dialects: ślywki (śliwki). kie and gie may sporadically harden, as in Masovian dialects: cuker (cukier). chy may soften: pod pachi (pod pachy). Soft labials in verb conjugations can harden, as in Lesser Polish dialects: złame (złamię). tw may change to kw: kwardy (twardy); tch to ćch: ćchórz (tchórz); tw to cw: łacwo (łatwo). These are changes found in Lesser Polish dialects. As in Lesser Polish dialects, s may sometimes be geminated and then sometimes dissimilated: bosso, bosco (boso). w may rarely shift to ł, and w’ to j: dziełosłomb (dziewosłąb), strachoji (strachowi). Sporadic softening may occur. Some instances of this are innovative, others archaic: bibiuły (bibuły), wesielo (wesela).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraction">Contraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs often appear in uncontracted forms, as in Masovian dialects: sie bojała (bała się).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inflection">Inflection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Influences from multiple dialect groups can be seen in the inflection.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The masculine dative singular may be -oji instead of -owi due to sound changes. -oju may appear as the masculine singular dative via contamination of -owi and -u, as in Masovian dialects. The instrumental plural ending -ami often hardens to -amy, as in Masovian dialects: przed namy (przed nami). -ów is used as the genitive plural ending regardless of gender. An archaic feminine accusative singular -ą for nouns ending in historic -á is retained: w Wilijom (w Wigilię), na kolacyjo (na kolację). Sometimes neuter nouns ending in -ę have declension levelled, as in Masovian dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives,_adverbs,_pronouns,_and_numerals"><span id="Adjectives.2C_adverbs.2C_pronouns.2C_and_numerals"></span>Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dative singular of ja (mi) often hardens to my, as in Masovian dialects: jak my powies (jak mi powiesz). Similarly, -ymi/-imi of adjectival declension may also harden: z tymy (z tymi). The instrumental plural endings -ymi/-imi may also harden: z tymy (z tymi).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The past tense may be -uł instead of -ył/-ił due to sound changes. Final -aj shifts to -ej in the imperative of verbs: pogodej (pogadaj). This is common to Lesser Poland and Greater Poland. Some verb forms may appear with a hard consonants due to sound changes: złame (złamię). Some verbs show -ja- instead of -wa-, characteristic of Lesser Polish: dajać (dawać), wstajać (wstawać). Verbs ending in -nąć often do not have -ną-, -nę- in declensions: pragła (pragnęła). The second person plural of verbs is usually -ta: świętujeta (świętujecie), widzieliśta (widzieliście), chowejta (chowajcie). -wa for the first person plural past form and imperative of verbs can be encountered: przemówieliźwa się (przemówiliśmy się), nieśwa (nieśmy). This is typical of Lesser Polish and Masovian dialects. The first person plural imperative may also be formed with -ma, as in Greater Polish: nieśma (nieśmy). The third person plural of verbs may sometimes be -eli instead of Standard Polish -ali, as in Masovian dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions_and_prefixes">Prepositions and prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prepositions and prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prepositions w, z are often extended with mobile e, as in Greater Polish and Lesser Polish dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word-Formation">Word-Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Word-Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Influences from multiple dialect groups can be seen in the word-formation.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns_2">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diminutives may often be formed with -yszek, -yszko, -yszka, as in Greater Polish. Nouns denoting young animals and people are formed with -ok (< -ák), as in Masovian dialects: źrebok (źrebię).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>-ejszy may be used for comparatives of adjectives in place of Standard Polish -szy, as in Masovian dialects. However, sometimes -ni can be seen in place of Standard Polish -ny for some adjectives, which is typica of Lesser Polish: tylni (tylny). Similarly, many adjectives may be formed with -ity, -yty, -aty, as in Greater Polish dialects. Numerals often retain archaic -i in declensions, common to Greater Polish and Lesser Polish dialects: pięci (pięciu).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs_2">Verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the prefix roz- loses initial r-, as in Lesser Polish dialects. Frequentatives are formed with -ywać, as in Standard Polish and Masovian dialects, whereas in Lesser Poland -ować is used more. Some secondary frequentatives can also be found: strasywało (straszyło). -ać may also be used, which is also typical of Masovian dialects: kupać. -uwać may also occasionally be encountered, typical of Lesser Polish: wyjmuwać (wyjmować).<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often the masculine personal gender is merged into masculine animal: jak zyły teście (jak żyli teściowie). Sometimes the respectful plural is used: godali mój dziadek (gadał mój dziadek). Sometimes bez is confused for przez: bez dziurke (przez dziurkę). Dwa may be used for feminine nouns instead of dwie: dwa świnie (dwie świnie). Masovian na dwór (outside) is used instead of Lesser Polish na pole.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_the_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of the Polish language">Dialects of the Polish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81owicz_dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Karaś_2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karaś_2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karaś_2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaraś2010" class="citation web cs1">Karaś, Halina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&l3=lowickie">"Łowickie"</a>. <i>dialektologia.uw.edu.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dialektologia.uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=%C5%81owickie&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kara%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Halina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl%2Findex.php%3Fl1%3Dopis-dialektow%26l2%3Ddialekt-mazowiecki%26l3%3Dlowickie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%81owicz+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dialektologiagwararegionu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektologiagwararegionu_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraś2010" class="citation web cs1">Karaś, Halina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&l3=lowickie&l4=lowickie-gwara-regionu-mwr">"Gwary łowickie jako gwary pograniczne"</a>. <i>dialektologia.uw.edu.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dialektologia.uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Gwary+%C5%82owickie+jako+gwary+pograniczne&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kara%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Halina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl%2Findex.php%3Fl1%3Dopis-dialektow%26l2%3Ddialekt-mazowiecki%26l3%3Dlowickie%26l4%3Dlowickie-gwara-regionu-mwr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%81owicz+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Spelling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_orthography" title="History of Polish orthography">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_morphology" title="Polish morphology">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_mixed_dialects" title="New mixed dialects">New mixed dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_dialect_group" title="Greater Poland dialect group">Greater Poland dialect group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie_dialect" title="Kociewie dialect">Kociewie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bory_Tucholskie_dialect" title="Bory Tucholskie dialect">Bory Tucholskie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bydgoszcz dialect (page does not exist)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krajna_dialect" title="Krajna dialect">Krajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno-Dobrzy%C5%84_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect">Chełmno-Dobrzyń</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań dialect (page does not exist)">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian_dialect" title="Kuyavian dialect">Kujawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Greater Polish dialect">Northern Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greater Polish dialect">Western Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Greater Polish dialect">Central Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Greater Polish dialect">Eastern Greater Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Greater_Polish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Greater Polish dialect">Southern Greater Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_dialect_group" title="Masovian dialect group">Masovian dialect group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lubawa_dialect" title="Lubawa dialect">Lubawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3da_dialect" title="Ostróda dialect">Ostróda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmia dialect">Warmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_dialect" title="Suwałki dialect">Suwałki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Łowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Mazovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Mazovian dialect">Near Mazovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Mazovian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Mazovian dialect">Far Mazovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie_dialect" title="Kurpie dialect">Kurpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Podlachia dialect">Podlachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_dialect" title="Białystok dialect">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_dialect" title="Warsaw dialect">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_dialect_group" title="Lesser Poland dialect group">Lesser Poland dialect group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_dialect" title="Łęczyca dialect">Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz_dialect" title="Sieradz dialect">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Borderland_dialect" title="Masovian Borderland dialect">Masovian Borderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_dialect" title="Kielce dialect">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Kraków dialect">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovia_dialect" title="Lasovia dialect">Lasovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Krakow_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Krakow dialect">Eastern Krakow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podegrodzie_dialect" title="Podegrodzie dialect">Podegrodzie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limanowa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limanowa dialect (page does not exist)">Limanowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lublin_dialect" title="Western Lublin dialect">Western Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lublin_dialect" title="Eastern Lublin dialect">Eastern Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl_dialect" title="Przemyśl dialect">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biecz_dialect" title="Biecz dialect">Biecz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral ethnolect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_dialect" title="Żywiec dialect">Żywiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orawa_dialect" title="Orawa dialect">Orawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podhale_dialect" title="Podhale dialect">Podhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spisz_dialect" title="Spisz dialect">Spisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babia_G%C3%B3ra_dialect" title="Babia Góra dialect">Babia Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliszczak_dialect" title="Kliszczak dialect">Kliszczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieniny_dialect" title="Pieniny dialect">Pieniny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%85cko_dialect" title="Łącko dialect">Łącko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piwniczna_dialect" title="Piwniczna dialect">Piwniczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zag%C3%B3rze_dialect" title="Zagórze dialect">Zagórze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kysuce_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kysuce dialect (page does not exist)">Kysuce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ochotnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ochotnica dialect (page does not exist)">Ochotnica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liptov_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liptov dialect (page does not exist)">Liptov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Northern Borderlands dialect">Northern Borderlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Southern Borderlands dialect">Southern Borderlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydgoszcz_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bydgoszcz dialect (page does not exist)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Kraków dialect">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_dialect" title="Lwów dialect">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poznań dialect (page does not exist)">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_dialect" title="Warsaw dialect">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Łowicz_dialect&oldid=1255404713">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Łowicz_dialect&oldid=1255404713</a>"</div></div> <div 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