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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_(2100_B.C._–_1500_A.D.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_(2100_B.C._–_1500_A.D.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient (2100 B.C. – 1500 A.D.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_(2100_B.C._–_1500_A.D.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_new_age_(1500_A.D._-_Present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_new_age_(1500_A.D._-_Present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>A new age (1500 A.D. - Present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_new_age_(1500_A.D._-_Present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="الصين (منطقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصين (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2_(%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90)" title="ܨܝܢ (ܐܪܥܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܨܝܢ (ܐܪܥܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C2%B7ina" title="Ch·ina – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ch·ina" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_(i%C5%8Dng-g%C3%AD)" title="Tiong-kok (iōng-gí) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok (iōng-gí)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC" title="ཀྲུང་གོ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུང་གོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieina" title="Tsieina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82" title="རྒྱ་ནག – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="རྒྱ་ནག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_(maa)" title="Hiina (maa) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina (maa)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(region)" title="China (region) – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="China (region)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="China (región) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="China (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inio_(regiono)" title="Ĉinio (regiono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinio (regiono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinaren_izenak" title="Txinaren izenak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinaren izenak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ملت چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملت چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADn" title="An tSín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heen" title="Yn Çheen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACona_(roinn_chultarach)" title="Sìona (roinn chultarach) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìona (roinn chultarach)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(rexi%C3%B3n)" title="China (rexión) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="China (rexión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_(thi-kh%C3%AE)" title="Chûng-koet (thi-khî) – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-koet (thi-khî)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD" title="중국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok_(istilah)" title="Tiongkok (istilah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiongkok (istilah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_(menningarsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Kína (menningarsvæði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kína (menningarsvæði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8)" title="סין (אזור) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סין (אזור)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಚೀನಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Къытай (тарих регион) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай (тарих регион)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinae_(regio)" title="Sinae (regio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinae (regio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna_(re%C4%A3ions)" title="Ķīna (reģions) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīna (reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinija_(regionas)" title="Kinija (regionas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinija (regionas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചൈനീസ് സംസ്കാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(kawasan)" title="China (kawasan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="China (kawasan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k_(d%C3%AA-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%86)" title="Dṳ̆ng-guók (dê-kṳ̆) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-guók (dê-kṳ̆)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_(kulturomr%C3%A5de)" title="Kina (kulturområde) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kina (kulturområde)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina-regionen" title="Kina-regionen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kina-regionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinne" title="Chinne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chinne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaina" title="Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kine" title="Kine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina_(kainkain_mining)" title="Saina (kainkain mining) – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saina (kainkain mining)" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiny_(region)" title="Chiny (region) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chiny (region)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa" title="Chunwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="चीनः (क्षेत्रम्) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनः (क्षेत्रम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenae_(region)" title="Cheenae (region) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenae (region)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna_(civiliz%C3%A1cia)" title="Čína (civilizácia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čína (civilizácia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajska" title="Kitajska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85)" title="چین (ھەرێم) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چین (ھەرێم)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Кина (регион) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кина (регион)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok_(istilah)" title="Tiongkok (istilah) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tiongkok (istilah)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_(region)" title="Kina (region) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kina (region)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சீனா (பக்கவழி நெறிப்படுத்துதல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனா (பக்கவழி நெறிப்படுத்துதல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_(b%C3%B6lge)" title="Çin (bölge) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin (bölge)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="خىتاي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خىتاي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghgoz_(digih)" title="Cunghgoz (digih) – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghgoz (digih)" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_(khu_v%E1%BB%B1c)" title="Trung Quốc (khu vực) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Quốc (khu vực)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Ṣáínà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97_(%C5%A1al%C4%97s)" title="Kėnėjė (šalės) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnėjė (šalės)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8538344">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Complex plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> used in this article or section <b>may not be easy for everybody to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help Wikipedia by reading <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_Simple_English_pages" title="Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages">Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages</a>, then simplifying the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8538344"><table class="box-Mergefrom plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that the text on <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging_and_moving_pages" title="Wikipedia:Merging and moving pages">merged into (added to)</a> this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:China#Merge_discussion" title="Talk:China">Discuss</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8087921">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">People's Republic of China</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6670383">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">中华人民共和国</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó</i></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div>National Emblem</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>""</li><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">义勇军进行曲</span></span></li></ul></div><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg/March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-mo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-MO" label="中文（澳門） ‪(zh-mo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHN_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Area controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green."><img alt="Area controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/220px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/330px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/440px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Area controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9430902">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=China&params=39_55_N_116_23_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">116°23′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.917°N 116.383°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.917; 116.383</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-langlaw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langlaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang">Official written language</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Written_vernacular_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Written vernacular Chinese (not yet started)">Vernacular Chinese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-langlaw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langlaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>91.51% <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a><sup id="cite_ref-census_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">55 minorities</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; list-style: none none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.30% <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.86% <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.79% <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.79% <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.72% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miao_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miao people (not yet started)">Miao</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.65% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yi people (not yet started)">Yi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.62% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujia_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujia people (not yet started)">Tujia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.47% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_Mongols_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic Mongols in China (not yet started)">Mongol</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.44% <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.26% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buyei (not yet started)">Buyei</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.15% <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Korean</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.05% others </li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state">Socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single-party_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party state">Single-party state</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">Party General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (not yet started)">Congress Chairman</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (not yet started)">Conference Chairman</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Zhengsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Zhengsheng (not yet started)">Yu Zhengsheng</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First-ranked Secretary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of China (not yet started)">Secretariat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (not yet started)">Secretary of Discipline Inspection Commission</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vice_Premier_of_the_State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vice Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (not yet started)">Vice Premier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin%27s_wars_of_unification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qin's wars of unification (not yet started)">First Unification of China</a> under the Qin Dynasty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">221 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution#Establishment_of_the_Republic" title="Xinhai Revolution">Republic established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">People's Republic proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,596,961 km<sup>2</sup> (3,705,407 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">3rd/4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.28%<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2016 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,403,500,365<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2010<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,339,724,852<sup id="cite_ref-groups_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groups-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">139.6/km<sup>2</sup> (361.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$27.449 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$19,559<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">79th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$15.543 trillion (IMF)<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />$15.224 trillion (China NBS)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$11,074<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2015)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">46.2<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBTRPG_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBTRPG-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkred">high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2017)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.752<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">86th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi (yuan)</a>(¥)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">CNY</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8</span> (<a href="/wiki/China_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="China Standard Time">China Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>yyyy-mm-dd</li><li><i>or</i> yyyy<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">年</span></span>m<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">月</span></span>d<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">日</span></span></li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">CE-1949</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%2B86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="+86 (not yet started)">+86</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:CN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:CN (not yet started)">CN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.cn" class="mw-redirect" title=".cn">.cn</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=.%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".中國 (not yet started)">.中國</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=.%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".中国 (not yet started)">.中国</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; background-color:#b0c4de;">China</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinaimg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chinaimg.png/220px-Chinaimg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chinaimg.png/330px-Chinaimg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chinaimg.png/440px-Chinaimg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:國">國</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:国">国</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh (not yet started)">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jong gwo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chung<sup>1</sup>kuo<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jhong<sup>1</sup>guo<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (not yet started)">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jung<sup>1</sup>guo<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋkwǒ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao%27erjing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao'erjing (not yet started)">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Tson<sup>平</sup>kueh<sup>入</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Gan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="gan-Latn">Tung-koe̍t</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiang Chinese (not yet started)">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Xiang Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hsn-Latn">[tan<sup>55</sup>kua<sup>13</sup>]</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangdong_Romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangdong Romanization (not yet started)">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Dung<sup>24</sup>Gued<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" title="Cantonese language">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese (not yet started)">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jūnggwok</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Zung<sup>1</sup>gwok<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī (not yet started)">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tiong-kok</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Min (not yet started)">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foochow_Romanized&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foochow Romanized (not yet started)">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Cdo_D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k.ogg" class="internal" title="Cdo Dṳ̆ng-guók.ogg">Dṳ̆ng-guók</a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor:help;">help</span></a>·<a href="/wiki/File:Cdo_D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k.ogg" title="File:Cdo Dṳ̆ng-guók.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;">info</span></a>)</small></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>China</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中国</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中國</span> <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Zhōngguó) is a <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. The official name is <b>People's Republic of China</b> or <b>PRC</b>. </p><p>The latest <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927–1949) resulted from two different political powers today: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> The <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China (ROC)</a> </i>(since 1911), commonly known as <i>China since 1 January, 1911 to 25 October, 1971.</i> Now commonly known as <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i>, Taiwan has control over the islands of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Kinmen</a>, and Matsu.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> The <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China (PRC)</a> </i>(since 1949), commonly known as <i>China</i>, has control over <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> and the largely self-governing territories of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (since 1997) and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (since 1999).</li></ul> <p>China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, having the oldest continuous civilization near the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence found that is over 5,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China also has one of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">writing systems</a> (and the oldest in use today). China has been the source of making many major <a href="/wiki/Inventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions">inventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagg_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically, China’s longest river is the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, which runs through mega cities and is home to many <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. It is the world’s third longest river. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Origins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origins"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded use of the word "China" is dated to be 190.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEty_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from <i>chīnī</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> adjective meaning 'Chinese' which was popularized in Europe by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEty_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatwall-SA1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Greatwall-SA1.jpg/220px-Greatwall-SA1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Greatwall-SA1.jpg/330px-Greatwall-SA1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Greatwall-SA1.jpg/440px-Greatwall-SA1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Great Wall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_(2100_B.C._–_1500_A.D.)"><span id="Ancient_.282100_B.C._.E2.80.93_1500_A.D..29"></span>Ancient (2100 B.C. – 1500 A.D.)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Ancient (2100 B.C. – 1500 A.D.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ancient (2100 B.C. – 1500 A.D.)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a> was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>, and was active since the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. Chinese civilization was also one of the few to invent <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hagg_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the others being <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient China reached its golden age during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a> (c. A.D. 10th century). Home of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>, it had great influence on nearby countries including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam in the areas of political system, philosophy, religion, art, writing and literature. China is home to some of the oldest artwork in the world. Statues and pottery, as well as decorations made of <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, are some classic examples. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Qin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Dynasty">Qin Dynasty</a> united China, there were many small feudal states, nominally loyal to the Zhou King, which typically fought each other for hundreds of years in battles for control of China. The majority of these states were ruled by relatives and clansmen of the Zhou royal house and carried the surname Ji (姬), and were tied by family bonds to the Zhou king, to whom they were ritually subordinate, as members of collateral or lesser lineages. A minority of these states, such as the Qin and Chu, were ruled by non-Zhou clansmen, and were awarded their fiefs on account of some merit. Over time, these feudal states attained to power and wealth, that exceeded that of their Zhou nominal overlord, whose direct authority became confined to a very small territory near present-day <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>. These states also began to acquire some distinctive characteristics and identities of their own during the long centuries of loose control by the Zhou. Eventually, the Zhou kings were eclipsed in power by two especially problematic vassals - the Qin and Chu, and the functional independence of the Qin later led to its gradual conquest of all other vassal states and the formal supplantation of the Zhou to form a heavily centralised Empire. </p><p>The long decline of the Zhou, incidentally the longest ruling dynastic house of China, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States Period">Warring States Period</a>. Despite the bloodiness and strife of the period, this was the time when many great philosophies emerged - including <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> as a response to disintegrating central authority of the Zhou kings and fluctuating power of the vassal states, and the general uncertainty of that era. Confucianism and Daoism have been the foundation of many social values seen in modern east Asian cultures today. </p><p>Other notable dynasties include the Han (from which is derived the ethnonym the Han Chinese, which is synonymous with the older self-referential term - the Huaxia) as well as dynasties such as the Tang, Song, and Ming, which were characterised by periods of affluence, wealth, population growth, and the proliferation of literature. </p><p>During the later years, China was often raided or invaded by northern <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic people">nomadic people</a> such as the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Jurchens and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> (the latter led by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>). One effect of regular nomadic invasion and the collapse of native dynasties was the massive migration of Han Chinese - especially the aristocratic elite and the literati, to sparsely populated frontier regions south of the Yangzi river such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian. Several notable waves of Han Chinese immigration to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian took place during the collapse of the Jin, the Tang, and the Song. </p><p>Some nomadic groups succeeded in conquering the whole territory of China, establishing dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan</a> (Mongol) and <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> (Manchu). Each time, they also brought new elements into Chinese culture - for instance, military uniform, the qipao and the pigtail, the latter of which was deeply resented by the Han Chinese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_new_age_(1500_A.D._-_Present)"><span id="A_new_age_.281500_A.D._-_Present.29"></span>A new age (1500 A.D. - Present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: A new age (1500 A.D. - Present)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: A new age (1500 A.D. - Present)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While China achieved many things in the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium">First millennium</a> and early <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, it became an <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> country in the <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century C.E.</a> This was because Spain found enormous silver in the new continent, which was the main currency (money) in China and Europe at the time, and China did not want to be bought by the foreigners. </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, European powers started to take over other countries in Asia. While China was never actually taken over, many <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">countries</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> built <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spheres_of_influence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spheres of influence (not yet started)">spheres of influence</a> in China. Since China had cut itself off from the world over the previous few <a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">centuries</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>, it had fallen behind other countries in <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, and was helpless to stop this from happening. This had become clear when it lost the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a> to <a href="/wiki/Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain">Britain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>. </p><p>Still influenced by Western sources, China faced internal strife. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Taiping_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Taiping Rebellion (not yet started)">The Taiping Rebellion</a> or Taiping War occurred in China from 1851 through 1864. The <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> was led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Xiuquan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Xiuquan (not yet started)">Hong Xiuquan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. Hong Xiuquan was influenced by Christian missionaries and declared himself the brother of Jesus. Hong made his mission to bring down the Qing Dynasty. Gaining influence on the southern Chinese population, the Taiping Rebellion attracted tens of thousands of supporters. The Taiping regime successfully created a state within the Qing Empire with the capital at Nanjing. Hong called his new state the Taiping Tianguo or "The Heavenly State of Great Peace". Local armies eventually suppressed the rebellion at the final battle of Nanjing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, the Republic of China was founded after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhai_revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhai revolution (not yet started)">Xinhai revolution</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, but its government was very weak. <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlords</a> controlled many areas. <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> led wars against them, and he became president and dictator. </p><p>In 1931, Japan invaded <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, a place in the northeastern part of China. On July 7, 1937, the Japanese attacked the rest of the country, starting what was called the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p><p>On December 13 of that same year, The Japanese Army killed an estimated (guessed) 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians (people) which is called <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>. The war later became part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The war was fought for eight years and millions of Chinese people were killed. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> later started between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Nationalists) of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (ROC) and the Communists of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Communists wanted to make China like the Soviet Union, whereas the other side wanted to keep China in its current state at the time. The Communists were led by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, Zhou Enlai and others. The Communists eventually won the war by uniting all the people from different positions. The Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to the island of Taiwan and set up their new capital city in Taipei. After the Chinese Civil War, the Communist leader Mao Zedong declared a new country, the People's Republic of China (PRC), in Beijing on October 1, 1949. </p><p>Under Mao the country stayed poor while Taiwan became richer. His attempt at <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and collectivization with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> led to the deaths of many people from <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> caused great social upheaval. After 1976, China underwent <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> reforms under <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, and experienced rapid economic growth, which made the former progress made by Taiwan became overshadowed. China is now one of the largest economies in the world, relying mainly on exports and manufacturing. </p><p>In recent history, China has had problems with protests, blocking of information on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of news. 1989 was notable for the controversial <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests">Tiananmen Square protests</a>. Since the 2008 Olympics, China has hosted many major international events, and the 2022 Winter Olympics were held in Beijing, China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Geography" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Geography"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for China</figcaption></figure> <p>China's landscape is vast and diverse. It ranges from the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Deserts</a> in the north to subtropical forests in the south. The <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamir_mountain_range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamir mountain range (not yet started)">Pamir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountain ranges separate China from much of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow Rivers</a> run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern coast. The Yangtze River is the third-longest river in the world while the Yellow River is the sixth-longest. China's coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> is 14,500 kilometers (9,000 mi) long. It is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China seas</a>. China connects through the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakh</a> border to the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. The Eurasian Steppe has been an artery of communication between East and West since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> through the Steppe route. The Steppe Route is the ancestor of the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road(s)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Politics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Politics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/220px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/330px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/440px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption>The Great Hall of the People where the National People's Congress is held</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhongnanhai06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zhongnanhai06.jpg/220px-Zhongnanhai06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zhongnanhai06.jpg/330px-Zhongnanhai06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zhongnanhai06.jpg/440px-Zhongnanhai06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>The Zhongnanhai, a headquarter of the Chinese government and Communist Party of China</figcaption></figure> <p>China's constitution states that The People's Republic of China "is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants". It also states the state organs "apply the principle of democratic centralism." The PRC is one of the world's only socialist states openly being communist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Military" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Military"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With 2.3 million active troops, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the largest standing military force in the world. The PLA is commanded by the Central Military Commission (CMC).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has the second-biggest military reserve force, only behind North Korea. The PLA consists of the Ground Force (PLAGF), the Navy (PLAN), the Air Force (PLAAF), and the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF). According to the Chinese government, China's military budget for 2017 was US$151,5 billion. China has the world's second-largest military budget. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Science and technology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Science and technology"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/220px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/330px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/440px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the <i>Wujing Zongyao</i> of 1044 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>China was once a world leader in science and technology up until the Ming dynasty. There are many Ancient Chinese discoveries and inventions. For example, papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are known as the Four Great Inventions. They became widespread across East Asia, the Middle East and later to Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers. By the 17th century, Europe and the Western world became better than China in science and technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Demographics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Demographics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The national census of 2010 recorded the population of the People's Republic of China to be about 1,370,536,875. About 16.60% of the population were 14 years old or younger, 70.14% were between 15 and 59 years old, and 13.26% were over 60 years old. The population growth rate for 2013 is estimated to be 0.46%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Culture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is the origin of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial arts</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Kung-fu" title="Kung-fu">Kung Fu</a> or its first name Wushu. China is also the home of the well-respected <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spa Monastery (not yet started)">Spa Monastery</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wudang_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wudang Mountains (not yet started)">Wudang Mountains</a>. Martial art started more for the purpose of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival (not yet started)">survival</a>, defense, and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a> than <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>. Over time some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_form&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art form (not yet started)">art forms</a> have branched off, while others have retained their distinct Chinese flavor. </p><p>China has had renowned <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a> including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wong_Fei_Hung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wong Fei Hung (not yet started)">Wong Fei Hung</a> (Huang Fei Hung or Hwang Fei Hung) and many others. <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a> has also co-existed with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a> including the more standard 18 colors. Legendary and controversial moves like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Mak (not yet started)">Big Mak</a> are also praised and talked about within the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. </p><p>China has many traditional <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, such as Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-autumn Festival and so on. The most important is <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>. People in China will have holidays to celebrate these festivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Festivals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Festivals"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spring Festival is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a> is celebrated to commemorate the death of Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet of the State of Chu during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warring_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warring States (not yet started)">Warring States</a> period. He persuaded his emperor not to accept Qin's diplomats' offers several times but his emperor did not listen to him. He was very sad and ended up jumping into the river to end his life. The people loved him so much that they did not want the fish to eat his corpse. They made and threw rice dumplings into the river. They hope the fish eat these dumplings instead of the poet's corpse. They also rowed dragon boats in the river to get rid of the fish. Such practices, eating rice dumplings and holding dragon boat races, become what Chinese do in this festival nowadays. </p><p>Held on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, <a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a> is a festival for families. Now when the festival sets in, people would sit together to eat moon cakes, appreciate the bright full moon cakes, appreciate the bright full moon, celebrate the bumper harvest and enjoy the family love and happiness. To the Chinese people, the full moon symbolizes family reunion, as does the "moon cakes." Hence the Mid-Autumn Festival is also called the Family Reunion Festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Or (previously) "Peking"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> only), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> only)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnic minorities that are recognized officially</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Jinping holds four concurrent positions: <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">General Secretary of the Communist Party of China</a> (<i>de facto</i> paramount leader), <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of the People's Republic of China</a> (<i>de jure</i> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>), and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (<a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a>) for both state and party.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The area given is the official United Nations figure for <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">the mainland</a> and excludes <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Stat_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Stat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also excludes the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a> (5,800 km<sup>2</sup> (2,200 sq mi)), <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> (37,244 km<sup>2</sup> (14,380 sq mi)) and other territories in dispute with India. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900 km<sup>2</sup> (3,696,100 sq mi) by the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This figure was calculated using data from the CIA World Factbook.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hong Kong Dollar is used in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and the Macanese pataca is used in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Except <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eden, Richard. <i>Decades of the New World</i> (1555) 'The great China whose kyng is thought the greatest prince in the world.'</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChan,_Kam_Wing2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Kam Wing (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf">"Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eurasian Geography and Economics</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2747%2F1538-7216.48.4.383">10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-7216">1538-7216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153676671">153676671</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Geography+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Misconceptions+and+Complexities+in+the+Study+of+China%27s+Cities%3A+Definitions%2C+Statistics%2C+and+Implications&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153676671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-7216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2747%2F1538-7216.48.4.383&rft.au=Chan%2C+Kam+Wing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.washington.edu%2Fchinageo%2FChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langlaw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-langlaw_3-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-langlaw_3-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm">"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)"</a>. Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm">the original</a> on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+the+Standard+Spoken+and+Written+Chinese+Language+%28Order+of+the+President+No.37%29&rft.pub=Chinese+Government&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Flaws%2F2005-09%2F19%2Fcontent_64906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-census_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm">"Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China"</a>. China Statistics Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabulation+of+the+2010+Census+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fstatisticaldata%2Fcensusdata%2Frkpc2010%2Findexch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225141156/http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Constitution/2007-11/15/content_1372963.htm">"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"</a>. The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. 15 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Constitution/2007-11/15/content_1372963.htm">the original</a> on 25 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=The+National+People%27s+Congress+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.gov.cn%2Fenglishnpc%2FConstitution%2F2007-11%2F15%2Fcontent_1372963.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116225447/http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/">the original</a> on 2012-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22New+man+at+helm%3A+Xi+Jinping+elected+to+lead+China%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frt.com%2Fnews%2Fchina-new-leader-xi-734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span>. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Stat-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_Stat_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf">"Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UN Statistics. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook%E2%80%94Table+3%3A+Population+by+sex%2C+rate+of+population+increase%2C+surface+area+and+density&rft.pub=UN+Statistics&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2007%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China">"China"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F111803%2FChina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">"CIA – The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf">"United Nations world population prospects"</a>(PDF) 2015 revision</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groups-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-groups_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htm">"Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census (No. 1)"</a>. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 28 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+Major+Figures+of+the+2010+Population+Census+%28No.+1%29&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fnewsandcomingevents%2Ft20110428_402722244.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST">"Population density (people per km<sup>2</sup> of land area)"</a>. IMF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+density+%28people+per+km%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+of+land+area%29&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FEN.POP.DNST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_18-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_18-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_18-2">12.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_18-3">12.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=63&pr1.y=10&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"IMF report for China"</a>. IMF. October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+report+for+China&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2018%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2018%26ey%3D2019%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D63%26pr1.y%3D10%26c%3D924%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123213853/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/21/c_137762705.htm">"Xinhua Headlines: Chinese economy powering ahead, fulfilling 2018 targets"</a>. Xinhuanet News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/21/c_137762705.htm">the original</a> on 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xinhua+Headlines%3A+Chinese+economy+powering+ahead%2C+fulfilling+2018+targets&rft.pub=Xinhuanet+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2019-01%2F21%2Fc_137762705.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201901/t20190121_1645832.html">"National Economic Performance Maintained within an Appropriate Range in 2018 with Main Development Goals Achieved"</a>. National Bureau of Statistics of China<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Economic+Performance+Maintained+within+an+Appropriate+Range+in+2018+with+Main+Development+Goals+Achieved&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F201901%2Ft20190121_1645832.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905195114/http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6928.short">"Income inequality in today's China"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6928.short">the original</a> on 2015-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Income+inequality+in+today%27s+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F111%2F19%2F6928.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBTRPG-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GBTRPG_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/857619.shtml">"Rich-poor gap widens: study"</a>. <i>Global Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Times&rft.atitle=Rich-poor+gap+widens%3A+study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaltimes.cn%2Fcontent%2F857619.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf">"2014 Human Development Report Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Human+Development+Report+Summary&rft.pages=21-25&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr14-summary-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902024847/http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/grade3/whatisa.html">"What Is a Culture?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/grade3/whatisa.html">the original</a> on 2006-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+a+Culture%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsc.nysed.gov%2Fciai%2Fsocst%2Fgrade3%2Fwhatisa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagg-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hagg_27-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hagg_27-1">19.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hagg_27-2">19.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHaggett2002" class="citation book cs1">Haggett, Peter (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of World Geography</i>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7289-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-7289-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Geography&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7289-6&rft.aulast=Haggett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEty-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEty_29-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEty_29-1">20.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=china">China</a>", <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Francis, <i>Did Marco Polo go to China</i> (1995), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGernetGERNETGernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Gernet, Jacques; GERNET, JACQUES AUTOR; Gernet, Professor Jacques (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0"><i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=GERNET%2C+JACQUES+AUTOR&rft.au=Gernet%2C+Professor+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitter, Rana, <i>Modern China: A Very Short Introduction</i> p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20318047">"The new generals in charge of China's guns"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2012-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+new+generals+in+charge+of+China%27s+guns&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-20318047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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