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网页性能优化 - 腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云
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class="cdc-m-header__placeholder"></div><div class="cdc-m-header__inner"><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner is-sticky"><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner__guide-mvp" track-exposure="{"areaId":118000}" track-click="{"areaId":118000}"><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner__guide-mvp-text">精选内容/技术社群/优惠产品,<em>尽在小程序</em></div><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner__guide-mvp-btn">立即前往</div></div></div><div class="cdc-m-header__main"><div class="cdc-m-header__trigger"></div><div class="cdc-m-header__logo"><i class="cdc-m-header__logo-icon"></i></div><div class="cdc-m-header__search"><i class="cdc-m-header__search-icon"></i></div><div class="cdc-m-header__operate"><span class="cdc-m-header__operate-icon"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="J-body col-body news-body"><div class="com-body" qct-area="快讯详情页"><div class="com-body-main"><div class="com-2-layout"><div class="layout-main"><div><section class="c-mod col-article"><h1 class="col-article-title">网页性能优化</h1><div class="col-article-infos"><span class="article-infos-item">文章来源：<!-- -->企鹅号 - 天成科技</span><div class="extra-part"><div class="com-operations"><a href="javascript:;" class="com-opt-link link-report link-hidden"><i class="com-i-warn"></i>举报</a></div></div></div><div id="news-detail-content-product-container"></div><div><div class="rno-markdown undefined rno-"><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-1000017/3idgh2gabz.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>网站的划分一般为二：前端和后台。我们可以理解成后台是用来实现网站的功能的，比如：实现用户注册，修改密码，为文章发表评论等等。而前端呢？其实应该是属于功能的表现。影响用户访问体验的绝大部分都来自前端页面，本文仅提供一个优化网页性能的大概思路，具体操作网上资料很多。</p><p><strong>1.加载时优化</strong></p><p>最好的优化是根本不下载资源。所以要尽量减少不必要的资源。</p><p>1. 评估所有依赖是否必要，权衡利弊。</p><p>2. 依赖的下载路径是否可靠，不可用时候是否会阻碍整个页面。</p><p><strong>2.压缩所有可以压缩的资源</strong></p><p>1. 代码，全部压缩。</p><p>2. 去掉不必要的图片。</p><p>3. 多使用css3来代替图片。</p><p>4. 使用压缩率更高的图片。特别是gif动图，一些视频格式（H.264或WebM）的体积比gif小很多。</p><p>5. 用艺术字字体，不要用图片。</p><p>6. 为使用更新浏览器的用户提供更现代的图片格式。</p><p>7. 多种分辨率的位图供不同页面大小使用。</p><p>8. 要给标签指明宽高，否则会导致reflow。</p><p>9. 使用HTTP/2。比如，精灵图是由很多小图片组成的一张大图片，可以减少http请求。但是却难以缓存，修改一个小图片，导致所有小图片缓存失效。HTTP/2，一个链接内可以发起多个请求，便无需使用精灵图。</p><p><strong>3.缓存优化</strong></p><p><strong>浏览器缓存机制</strong></p><p>1. 访问页面，请求各种资源，浏览器检查本地是否有缓存。</p><p>2. 如果有，检查资源是否过期。没过期，直接使用缓存。过期了，便向服务器发出请求。</p><p>3. 发出的请求中会带上etag和last-modified首部字段。</p><p>4. 服务器会通过Etag和last-modified来判断浏览器缓存的资源是否已经不可用。</p><p>5. 如果资源仍然有效，便返回304告知浏览器使用缓存。否则返回更新后的资源。</p><p>按照这一套逻辑，便可规划好网站的缓存。</p><p><strong>如果资源提前过期，如何通知浏览器更新资源？</strong></p><p><strong>4.关键渲染路径</strong></p><p>浏览器渲染一张网页通过以下步骤。</p><p>1. 处理 HTML 标记并构建 DOM 树。</p><p>2. 处理 CSS 标记并构建 CSSOM 树。</p><p>3. 将 DOM 与 CSSOM 合并成一个渲染树。</p><p>4. 根据渲染树来布局，以计算每个节点的几何信息。</p><p>5. 将各个节点绘制到屏幕上。</p><p>优化关键渲染路径，便是指优化这个渲染过程，让网页尽快呈现出来。</p><p><strong>css</strong></p><p>CSS文件会阻塞渲染。浏览器构建好DOM树后，必须等待CSSOM树构建完成。</p><p>在文档顶部防止外联CSS的标签，让浏览器尽快请求CSS文件。</p><p>避免在css文件中使用@import，因为只有包含import的文件被下载编译后，浏览器才会发现并下载import的css。</p><p>可以考虑使用内联CSS，无需额外请求，不会阻塞渲染。</p><p><strong>js</strong></p><p>在CSSOM构建完成前，js不会开始执行。</p><p>js也会阻止DOM树构建。除非在 标签上标记async。</p><p><strong>5.减少cookie传输</strong></p><p>一方面，cookie包含在每次请求和响应中，太大的cookie会严重影响数据传输，因此哪些数据需要写入cookie需要慎重考虑，尽量减少cookie中传输的数据量。另一方面，对于某些静态资源的访问，如CSS、script等，发送cookie没有意义，可以考虑静态资源使用独立域名访问，避免请求静态资源时发送cookie，减少cookie传输次数。</p><p><strong>6.CDN加速</strong></p><p>CDN（contentdistribute network，内容分发网络）的本质仍然是一个缓存，而且将数据缓存在离用户最近的地方，使用户以最快速度获取数据，即所谓网络访问第一跳。</p><p>由于CDN部署在网络运营商的机房，这些运营商又是终端用户的网络服务提供商，因此用户请求路由的第一跳就到达了CDN服务器，当CDN中存在浏览器请求的资源时，从CDN直接返回给浏览器，最短路径返回响应，加快用户访问速度，减少数据中心负载压力。</p><p>CDN缓存的一般是静态资源，如图片、文件、CSS、script脚本、静态网页等，但是这些文件访问频度很高，将其缓存在CDN可极大改善网页的打开速度。</p><p>作者：付晓波</p><p>获取更多干货，别忘了关注天成科技哟~</p></div></div><div id="J-viewLargeImageBox" 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