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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_supporting_and_opposing_facilitated_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organizations supporting and opposing facilitated communication </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations_supporting_and_opposing_facilitated_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizations supporting and opposing facilitated communication subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations_supporting_and_opposing_facilitated_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Supporters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Opponents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_and_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_and_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Claims and evidence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Claims_and_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Claims and evidence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Claims_and_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authorship_of_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_of_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Authorship of messages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_of_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Autism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Opposition to research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blind_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blind_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Blind testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blind_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_proponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_proponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Previous proponents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presentation_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presentation_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presentation in the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presentation_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Institutional support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutional_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Institutional support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Institutional_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syracuse_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syracuse_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Syracuse University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syracuse_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Northern_Iowa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Northern_Iowa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 University of Northern Iowa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Northern_Iowa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_allegations_and_facilitator_misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_allegations_and_facilitator_misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Abuse allegations and facilitator misconduct </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abuse_allegations_and_facilitator_misconduct-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abuse allegations and 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data-title="تواصل ميسر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C3%BCtzte_Kommunikation" title="Gestützte Kommunikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gestützte Kommunikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikazio_erraztu" title="Komunikazio erraztu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komunikazio erraztu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_facilit%C3%A9e" title="Communication facilitée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communication facilitée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicazione_facilitata" title="Comunicazione facilitata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunicazione facilitata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="תקשורת מסוייעת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקשורת מסוייעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefaciliteerde_communicatie" title="Gefaciliteerde communicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gefaciliteerde communicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ファシリテイテッド・コミュニケーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファシリテイテッド・コミュニケーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasilitert_kommunikasjon" title="Fasilitert kommunikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fasilitert 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href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuettu_kommunikoinnin_harjoittelutekniikka" title="Tuettu kommunikoinnin harjoittelutekniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuettu kommunikoinnin harjoittelutekniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faciliterad_kommunikation" title="Faciliterad kommunikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Faciliterad kommunikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Полегшена комунікація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полегшена комунікація" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Discredited communication technique in disabled care</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the pseudoscientific technique. For devices and processes that facilitate communication for people with communication difficulties, see <a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Facilitated communication</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Claims</th><td class="infobox-data">Disabled people may be able to communicate by pointing at letters or with a keyboard if physically held and assisted by an expert facilitator.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related fields</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year proposed</th><td class="infobox-data">Late 20th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original proponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Crossley" title="Rosemary Crossley">Rosemary Crossley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent proponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Biklen" title="Douglas Biklen">Douglas Biklen</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification" title="Alternative medicine">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gu" title="Long gu">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Facilitated communication (FC), or supported typing, is a scientifically discredited technique,<a href="#cite_note-Autism_Wars-1">[1]</a> which claims to allow non-verbal people, such as those with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, to communicate. The technique involves a facilitator guiding the disabled person's arm or hand in an attempt to help them type on a keyboard or other such device which they are unable to properly use if unfacilitated.<a href="#cite_note-Facilitated_Communication_Is_a_Cult_That_Won’t_Die-2">[2]</a> There is widespread agreement within the scientific community and among disability advocacy organizations that FC is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Review_2018-3">[3]</a> Research indicates that the facilitator is the source of the messages obtained through FC, rather than the disabled person. The facilitator may believe they are not the source of the messages due to the <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a>, which is the same effect that guides a <a href="/wiki/Ouija_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouija board">Ouija board</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">dowsing</a> rods.<a href="#cite_note-Why_debunked_autism_treatment_fads_persist-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganz/Katsiyannis/Morin-5">[5]</a> Studies have consistently found that FC is unable to provide the correct response to even simple questions when the facilitator does not know the answers to the questions (e.g., showing the patient but not the facilitator an object).<a href="#cite_note-An_experimental_analysis_of_facilitated_communication-6">[6]</a> In addition, in numerous cases disabled persons have been assumed by facilitators to be typing a coherent message while the patient's eyes were closed or while they were looking away from or showing no particular interest in the letter board.<a href="#cite_note-Making_contact_with_a_helping_hand-7">[7]</a> Facilitated communication has been called "the single most scientifically discredited intervention in all of developmental disabilities".<a href="#cite_note-Wichert-8">[8]</a> Some promoters of the technique have claimed that FC cannot be clearly disproven because a testing environment might cause the subject to lose confidence.<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(1993)-9">[9]</a> However, there is a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> that facilitated communication is not a valid communication technique, and its use is strongly discouraged by most speech and language disability professional organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Review_2018-3">[3]</a> There have been a large number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication" title="List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication">false abuse allegations made through facilitated communication</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Facilitated communication is promoted as a means to assist people with severe communication disabilities in pointing to letters on an alphabet board, keyboard or other device so that they can communicate independently. It has also been called "supported typing",<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a> "progressive kinesthetic feedback",<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a> and "written output communication enhancement".<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a> It is related to the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Prompting_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Prompting Method">Rapid Prompting Method</a> (RPM),<a href="#cite_note-Burling,_Stacey_(2004)-12">[12]</a> also known as "informative pointing",<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a> which also has no evidence of efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-Wombles,_Kimberly_(2015)-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshaLeaderBlog-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-science20-15">[15]</a> The person with disabilities, who is often unable to rely on speech to communicate, is called the communication partner, while the person holding their arm is called the facilitator. The facilitator holds or touches the communication partner's elbow, wrist, hand, sleeve or other parts of the body<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Douglas_(1990)-16">[16]</a> while the communication partner points to letters of the alphabet on a keyboard or other device.<a href="#cite_note-Schwiegert,_Mary_Beth-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a> One device popular with early FC users was the Canon Communicator, which printed a tape of letters when activated.<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Morton,_Gold,_Berrigan,_Swaminatham_(1992)-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dillon,_Kathleen_M._(1993)-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dineen,_Janice_(1991)-20">[20]</a> However, two American companies were later charged by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> for making "false and unsubstantiated claims" that the device could enable disabled people to communicate using FC. The companies settled and stopped mentioning FC in their advertising campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-Boodman,_Sandra_(1995)-21">[21]</a> Proponents of FC claim that the reason people with autism cannot communicate effectively involves motor issues such as <a href="/wiki/Apraxia" title="Apraxia">apraxia</a>, and that they "lack confidence in their abilities"<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Douglas_(1990)-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a> but physical support helps them overcome this limitation. However, this claim is unsubstantiated. Research indicates that non-verbal autistics are unable to communicate due to intellectual disability.<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a> The facilitator is depicted as helping the patient with pointing to letters, controlling involuntary arm movements, avoiding mistakes, initiating movement,<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson,_Mulick,_Schwartz_(1995)-23">[23]</a> verbal prompts, and moral support.<a href="#cite_note-Schwiegert,_Mary_Beth-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mangiacasale,_Angela-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mostert,_Mark_(2012)-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenbaum,_Kurt_(1992)-27">[27]</a> It is also claimed that the facilitator must believe in the patient's ability to communicate.<a href="#cite_note-Kim,_Rose_(1992)-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libman,_Gary_(1992)-30">[30]</a> Former facilitator Janyce Boynton, who came to reject the technique after taking part in double-blind trials, later reported that her training<a href="#cite_note-Facilitated_Communication—what_harm_it_can_do:_Confessions_of_a_former_facilitator-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_facilitators_control_words-32">[32]</a> took for granted that the process worked, and that the complexity of facilitation made it hard to realise that messages were coming from her expectations and not from her patients: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">When you're facilitating, you're so distracted by other things. You're carrying on conversations, you're asking and answering questions, you're trying to look at the person to see if they're looking at the keyboard...Your brain is so engaged that you lose sight of what's happening with your hand...that's what makes it feel like it's working because the more you practice it, the more the movements feel really fluid.<a href="#cite_note-Facilitated_Communication—what_harm_it_can_do:_Confessions_of_a_former_facilitator-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Double_Talk-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_facilitators_control_words-32">[32]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Lilienfeld" title="Scott Lilienfeld">Scott Lilienfeld</a>, the Dobbs Professor of Psychology at Emory University, writing in The Neuroethics Blog, admonishes practitioners of mental health practice not to ignore their "epistemic duties – responsibilities to seek out and possess accurate knowledge about the world," and wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Ultimately, the proponents of facilitated communication very much wanted to help individuals with autism. But the facilitated communication tragedy teaches us that good intentions are not sufficient. Good intentions paired with grossly inaccurate knowledge and an absence of a self-critical mindset can be disastrous. This tragedy also teaches us that by not attending to their epistemic duties, professionals can do grave harm without intending to do so.<a href="#cite_note-lilienfeld-2016-34">[34]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynawrite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a communication device resembling a computer keyboard with a small liquid-crystal display attached to the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dynawrite.jpg/220px-Dynawrite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dynawrite.jpg/330px-Dynawrite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dynawrite.jpg/440px-Dynawrite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="1859" /></a><figcaption> Keyboard of the type used in facilitated communication</figcaption></figure> Techniques similar to FC appeared around the 1960s, with early observations regarding facilitated teaching of children with autism being published by Else Hansen (Denmark), <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Wing" title="Lorna Wing">Lorna Wing</a> (England), and Rosalind Oppenheimer (U.S.).<a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[35]</a> Studies were made in Denmark in the 1960s and 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a> but did not have an impact outside of the country,<a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a> and the debate there died out in the early 1980s due to a lack of scientific evidence.<a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a>: 11  In Australia, special educator <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Crossley" title="Rosemary Crossley">Rosemary Crossley</a> independently created facilitated communication in 1977,<a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a>: 12  where it became popular largely due to her efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon,_Kathleen_M._(1993)-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-lilienfeld-2016-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alferink,_Larry_A.-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(2012)-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Well,_Judith_(1994)-38">[38]</a> It was popularized in the United States beginning in the late 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Biklen" title="Douglas Biklen">Douglas Biklen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wright,_Pearce_(1999)-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Douglas_(1990)-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dillon,_Kathleen_M._(1993)-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson,_Mulick,_Schwartz_(1995)-23">[23]</a> FC has also received attention in Asia and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alferink,_Larry_A.-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gifford,_Aaron_(2000)-40">[40]</a> Early users of facilitated communication praised it for its apparent simplicity.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim,_Rose_(1992)-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Celiberti,_David_(2010)-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ballon,_Diana_(1992)-42">[42]</a> It was promoted as a "teaching strategy"<a href="#cite_note-Stengle,_Bernice-43">[43]</a> that did not require objective evaluation or close monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a> However, as early as 1991, more than 40 peer-reviewed studies had not only failed to demonstrate FC's efficacy, but indicated that any successes reported were due to facilitator influence.<a href="#cite_note-MostertActivist-44">[44]</a> This influence is usually attributed to non-conscious movements,<a href="#cite_note-Spitz,_Herman-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(2012)-46">[46]</a> and it is thought that facilitators are genuinely unaware that they are controlling the communications.<a href="#cite_note-Boodman,_Sandra_(1995)-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-BW-47">[47]</a> In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA),<a href="#cite_note-Rising,_Gerry-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a> passed a resolution cautioning against the use of facilitated communication, citing the lack of scientific evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Boodman,_Sandra_(1995)-21">[21]</a> They also stated that information obtained via FC should not be used to confirm or deny allegations of abuse or to make diagnostic or treatment decisions.<a href="#cite_note-BW-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann,_Lisa_Barrett_(2005)-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_(July_2000)-51">[51]</a> In recognition of the continued scientific evidence against the technique, this was followed by similar statements from the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a> (AACAP),<a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Speech-Language-Hearing_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Speech-Language-Hearing Association">American Speech-Language-Hearing Association</a> (ASHA),<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson,_Mulick,_Schwartz_(1995)-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECE-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duchan,_Judith_(2001)-53">[53]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Augmentative_and_Alternative_Communication" title="International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication">International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication</a> (ISAAC)<a href="#cite_note-Schlosser_et_al_2014-54">[54]</a> In 1998, a British government report concluded that "the phenomenon fails to materialise once facilitator effects have been controlled. It would be hard to justify further research on this".<a href="#cite_note-Making_contact_with_a_helping_hand-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Educational_Interventions_for_Children_With_Autism:_A_Literature_Review_of_Recent_And_Current_Research-55">[55]</a> By 2001, it was reported in a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature that "Facilitated Communication (FC) had largely been empirically discredited as an effective intervention for previously uncommunicative persons with disabilities, especially those with autism and related disorders. Key empirical findings consistently showed that the facilitator and not the client initiated communication."<a href="#cite_note-Mostert,_Mark_P._(2010)-56">[56]</a> Many people believed FC had passed its peak,<a href="#cite_note-Oswald,_Donald_P._(1996)-57">[57]</a> characterizing it as a fad<a href="#cite_note-Oswald,_Donald_P._(1996)-57">[57]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wombles,_Kimberly_(2015)-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Normand,_Matthew_P._(2008)-58">[58]</a> However, promotion of the technique continued, with supporters dismissing empirical investigations as irrelevant, flawed, or unnecessary, and calling FC an "effective and legitimate intervention".<a href="#cite_note-Mostert,_Mark_P._(2010)-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-MostertActivist-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Martin-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter,_Kayla-60">[60]</a> As of 2014, the facilitated communication movement remained popular and it continued to be used in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(2012)-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a> Mostert writes:<blockquote>All the newer pro-FC studies operate from the premise that FC works and is a legitimate practice to be used in investigating any number of other phenomena related to people with autism and other related severe communication problems. Such assumptions increasingly morph FC into a valid intervention among readers who are unaware of the empirical dismissal of the intervention and who might not be skilled in distinguishing solid from suspect research. In this regard, it is likely that FC will continue to reinforce the assumptions of efficacy among parents and practitioners. These perceptions will continue to be reinforced by professional organizations such as the Facilitated Communication Institute at Syracuse University, a fairly wide acceptance of FC internationally, and the vacuum created by few if any future solid empirical studies that are likely to dissuade the faithful.<a href="#cite_note-Mostert,_Mark_P._(2010)-56">[56]</a></blockquote>Facilitated communication is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">rapid prompting method</a> (RPM), in which the facilitator holds the letter board instead of touching the patient.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler,_Michael_(March_2017)-61">[61]</a> Proponents of RPM deny similarities with FC and state that the prompts are "nonspecific".<a href="#cite_note-Beach,_Patrick_(January_2008)-62">[62]</a> However, RPM contains subtle cuing that makes it highly susceptible to influence from the facilitator.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler,_Michael_(March_2017)-61">[61]</a> Other similarities between RPM and FC include: reluctance or refusal to test their claims in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">controlled</a> settings (purportedly because the process breaks the trust between facilitator and client), presumed competence, reliance on anecdotal accounts as proof of efficacy, maintenance of practices, techniques and claims that are inconsistent with the known research, claims of extraordinary literacy or intellectual breakthroughs, unconscious verbal or physical cuing by facilitators to obtain the expected responses, and inadequate or non-existent protocols to account for the effects of the facilitator.<a href="#cite_note-Tostanoski_et_al_(August_2014)-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todd,_James_(Rapid_Prompting)-64">[64]</a> In 2019, a dispute about the use of Spelling to Communicate (S2C), a brand of RPM, developed between the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Merion_School_District" title="Lower Merion School District">Lower Merion School District</a> and the parent of a child attending school there. The parents claimed the child was deprived of a free education because the district declined to pay for a private educational program based on S2C. In December of that year, the hearing officer in the Pennsylvania Office of Dispute Resolution found that there was no evidence that S2C enabled the child to communicate and thus the school district prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_supporting_and_opposing_facilitated_communication">Organizations supporting and opposing facilitated communication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organizations supporting and opposing facilitated communication">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporters">Supporters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supporters">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Reference Handbook mentioned the Autism National Committee (AutCom), a parent-led nonprofit, as the main example of an organization that continued promoting facilitated communication, despite research in the mid-1990s which found that facilitators were doing the communicating rather than the children themselves.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As of 2022, AutCom continues to state on its website that it "[stands] with autistics, along with their families, friends, and allies, and others who know and respect them, who are working to gain a reliable, autonomous voice", and lists methods it supports including "Facilitated Communication Training (FCT), Rapid Prompting Method (RPM), Spelling to Communicate (S2C), or Informative Pointing Method".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Other organizations supporting FC have included the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps (TASH) and the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opponents">Opponents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opponents">edit</a>]</div> Organizations opposing facilitated communication include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a> (AACAP)<a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> (AAP)<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Review_(2005)-69">[69]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_on_Intellectual_and_Developmental_Disabilities" title="American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities">American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities</a> (AAIDD), previously called the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR)<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Review_(2005)-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAIDD-70">[70]</a></li> <li>The American Psychiatric Association Council of Representatives (APACR)<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Review_(2005)-69">[69]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA)<a href="#cite_note-Rising,_Gerry-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Speech-Language-Hearing_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Speech-Language-Hearing Association">American Speech-Language-Hearing Association</a> (ASHA)<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson,_Mulick,_Schwartz_(1995)-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECE-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duchan,_Judith_(2001)-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASHA-71">[71]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a> (ABAI)<a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Review_(2005)-69">[69]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Science_in_Autism_Treatment" title="Association for Science in Autism Treatment">Association for Science in Autism Treatment</a><a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC)<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson,_Mulick,_Schwartz_(1995)-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Heilpädagogische Forschung<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a></li> <li>The Institute on Disability (IOD) at the University of New Hampshire<a href="#cite_note-FC_Vyse_2015-73">[73]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a><a href="#cite_note-Gazette2-74">[74]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Augmentative_and_Alternative_Communication" title="International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication">International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication</a> (ISAAC)<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> (NICE)<a href="#cite_note-NICE-75">[75]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Health" title="New York State Department of Health">New York State Department of Health</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Review_(2005)-69">[69]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Health (New Zealand)">New Zealand Ministries of Health and Education</a><a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Intercollegiate_Guidelines_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network">Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network</a><a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialstyrelsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialstyrelsen">Socialstyrelsen</a> (The National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden)<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-Language_and_Audiology_Canada" title="Speech-Language and Audiology Canada">Speech-Language and Audiology Canada</a> (SAC)<a href="#cite_note-SAC-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Pathology_Australia" title="Speech Pathology Australia">Speech Pathology Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a></li> <li>The Swedish Autism and Asperger Association<a href="#cite_note-Gunther,_Maria-77">[77]</a></li> <li>The Victorian Advocacy League for Individuals and Disabilities Inc. (VALID)<a href="#cite_note-ISAAC_Position_Statement_(2014)-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claims_and_evidence">Claims and evidence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Claims and evidence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_McDonald_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anne_McDonald_Centre.jpg/220px-Anne_McDonald_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anne_McDonald_Centre.jpg/330px-Anne_McDonald_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anne_McDonald_Centre.jpg/440px-Anne_McDonald_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anne_McDonald" title="Anne McDonald">Anne McDonald</a> Centre, a facilitated communication centre in Melbourne, Australia, directed by <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Crossley" title="Rosemary Crossley">Rosemary Crossley</a></figcaption></figure> There is widespread agreement within the scientific community and multiple disability advocacy organizations that FC is not a valid technique for communicating with those with autism spectrum disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Review_2018-3">[3]</a> Instead, research indicates that the facilitator is the source of the messages obtained through FC (involving <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a> guidance of the arm of the patient by the facilitator).<a href="#cite_note-Why_debunked_autism_treatment_fads_persist-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganz/Katsiyannis/Morin-5">[5]</a> Studies have consistently found that FC is unable to provide the correct response to even simple questions when the facilitator does not know the answers to the questions (e.g., showing the patient but not the facilitator an object).<a href="#cite_note-An_experimental_analysis_of_facilitated_communication-6">[6]</a> While video tapes exist that appear to show disabled people communicating through FC, or who have used it as a means to learn independent typing, these videos are widely regarded as inaccurate and misleading. According to one researcher, "You can edit videotape and show whatever you want. They'll show you a close-up of the finger moving across the keyboard... but you're not getting what else is going on."<a href="#cite_note-Mann,_Lisa_Barrett_(2005)-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship_of_messages">Authorship of messages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Authorship of messages">edit</a>]</div> Researchers attribute the facilitators' beliefs about authorship to the <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a> (also called the <a href="/wiki/Clever_Hans" title="Clever Hans">Clever Hans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a> effect).<a href="#cite_note-Hyman,_Ray_(1999)-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitz,_Herman-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dillon,_Kathleen_M._(1993)-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a> While proponents say that FC should never involve guiding the patient, researchers attending an FC class in 1993 observed that physical force was used to prevent the patients from moving their hand away from the keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-Mulick_et_all-79">[79]</a> Facilitators may also influence movements without realizing it.<a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Martin-59">[59]</a> Researcher Gina Green stated: "Very subtle influence can affect people's behavior. It doesn't even have to be touch. It can be the slightest sound, the slightest visual cue."<a href="#cite_note-Dillow,_Gordon_(1993)-80">[80]</a> Guidelines for facilitators instruct practitioners to expect the emergence of hidden skills and sensitive personal information, to use anecdotal data to validate authorship, to avoid objective scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a> Some observers have reported that while the facilitators were watching the letter board, their communication partners were often distracted, staring off into space, rolling around on the floor,<a href="#cite_note-Greenbaum,_Kurt_(1992)-27">[27]</a> falling asleep,<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a> or otherwise not paying attention.<a href="#cite_note-Schwiegert,_Mary_Beth-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stengle,_Bernice-43">[43]</a> In other cases, the communication partners spoke words that conflicted with the words being typed.<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(1993)-9">[9]</a> Individuals described as highly competent would also give wrong answers to simple questions or information that they should have readily known (e.g. the name of the family dog, the names of family members, the spelling of their own name) but which facilitators did not.<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Douglas_(1990)-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-MH021692-81">[81]</a> Proponents of the technique believed that patients who had not been taught reading, writing or mathematics were capable of writing down complex thoughts and solving multiplication problems.<a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim,_Rose_(1992)-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stengle,_Bernice-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Schubert_(1991)-82">[82]</a> Patients have also been claimed to write books and poetry,<a href="#cite_note-Dickerson,_Brian_(2008)-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reischman,_Rick-84">[84]</a> advocate for better treatment of people with disabilities,<a href="#cite_note-McKechnie,_Howell_(1993)-85">[85]</a> express a desire to get married,<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libman,_Gary_(1992)-30">[30]</a> have sexual relations,<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todd,_James_(2012)-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sundstrom,_Kathy_(2014)-87">[87]</a> decide important medical issues, and, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication" title="List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication">report abuses allegedly occurring in their homes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alferink,_Larry_A.-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papp,_Leslie_(1996)-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spake,_Amanda_(1992)-89">[89]</a> According to psychologist Adrienne Perry, "The adult or child with autism is made a 'screen' for a facilitator's hostilities, hopes, beliefs or suspicions".<a href="#cite_note-Papp,_Leslie_(1996)-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism">Autism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Autism">edit</a>]</div> While proponents of FC claim that autism is primarily a motor control problem that can be overcome with physical support,<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Douglas_(1990)-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Well,_Judith_(1994)-38">[38]</a> this view is not accepted by the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-reviewofcaa-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-bealsreview-91">[91]</a> Autism is often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disabilities</a> affecting language and communication which cannot be overcome by supportively holding someone's hand.<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calculator,_Stephen_(1999)-92">[92]</a> Facilitators reject objective data and use public opinion and qualitative studies<a href="#cite_note-TraversVoice-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-CardinalMaturingFC-94">[94]</a> to promote FC's efficacy despite contradicting a long history of autism research.<a href="#cite_note-Oswald,_Donald_P._(1996)-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuff,_John_Haslett_(1993)-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-SingerStandardsofProof-96">[96]</a> In some cases, patients learn to give specific responses to cues from the facilitator, such as in cases where the facilitator only touches their shoulder or does not touch the patient at all.<a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a> Proponents also say that a few individuals using FC have developed the ability to type independently or with minimal support,<a href="#cite_note-Broderick,_Kasa-Henderson_(2001)-97">[97]</a> but these claims are anecdotal and have not been substantiated.<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wombles,_Kimberly_(2015)-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPA_(2012)-98">[98]</a> Many facilitators deny they are influencing their communication partners' movements, even when faced with evidence to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(2012)-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> (AAP) clinical report, Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, published in January, 2020, the "Current scientific evidence does not support the use of facilitated communication in which a nonverbal individual is guided to communicate. This differs from <a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">augmentative and alternative communication</a>, in which the individual is taught to communicate independently."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Belief in facilitated communication is promoted by its status as a claimed "miracle cure" presented when parents are undergoing stress and grief from learning that their child has a disability. The only evidence of success is the transcript of apparent communication.<a href="#cite_note-Mulick_et_all-79">[79]</a> In some cases of autism, parents reject the diagnosis and say that their child's disability is physical rather than developmental, and with FC or RPM their beliefs are confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Vyse2018-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-bealsreview-91">[91]</a> Researchers James Mulick, John Jacobson and Frank Kobe state that FC is used to "...stroke their hopes with empty promises, regardless of their sincerity, while reaping personal or political rewards and working hard to prevent systematic verification of their claims". They add that "people with handicaps can be valued members of their families and communities without resorting to appeals to miracle cures" and that genuine help is available, but "advances in treatment and understanding come at the price of rigorous training, dedication to accuracy and scientific standards, and objective verification of all treatment claims".<a href="#cite_note-Mulick_et_all-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rimland" title="Bernard Rimland">Bernard Rimland</a>, a research psychologist who founded the <a href="/wiki/Autism_Research_Institute" title="Autism Research Institute">Autism Research Institute</a> of San Diego and the <a href="/wiki/Autism_Society_of_America" title="Autism Society of America">Autism Society of America</a>, asked "How is it possible that an autistic kid can pick up the last tiny crumbs of potato chips off a plate but not have sufficient motor coordination to type the letter E?"<a href="#cite_note-Boodman,_Sandra_(1995)-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Shane" title="Howard Shane">Howard Shane</a>, director of the Center for Communication Enhancement at Children's Hospital in Boston and an associate professor at Harvard Medical School, finds it "curious that those being facilitated can only create [these] insightful comments" when helped by an assistant.<a href="#cite_note-Healey,_Michelle_(2011)-101">[101]</a> Why, when technology allowed people with severe disabilities the opportunity to access independent communication with even the slightest movement (e.g., an eye wink, movement of an eyebrow, a puff of air into a straw), would a facilitator need to hold their hand?<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(1993)-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a> Testifying in the Anna Stubblefield court case, psychology professor James Todd called facilitated communication "the single most scientifically discredited intervention in all of developmental disabilities" and that every methodologically sound study of FC has shown it to be invalid.<a href="#cite_note-Wichert-8">[8]</a> Writing about that case in the journal "Disability and Society", Mark Sherry voiced similar concerns about FC's lack of scientific validity, calling it a "sham", "hoax" and a "fraud." Sherry's was the first article published in a Disability Studies journal which thoroughly critiqued Stubblefield's actions, a noteworthy contribution because Stubblefield had also been in Disability Studies and had previously published about FC in the journal Disability Studies Quarterly.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Sherry suggested that some of the defenders of Stubblefield (and FC more broadly) are either her personal friends or work in institutions which receive substantial income from providing FC.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> A newspaper editorial from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>, where the techniques relevant to the case had been taught, called it "inexcusable" and "embarrassing" that the university continues to support FC after over 25 years of research has discredited it.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_research">Opposition to research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition to research">edit</a>]</div> Members of the FC movement rely on anecdotal and observational data (e.g., the existence of unique spellings or unexpected skills or revelations made during the communication session)<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Morton,_Gold,_Berrigan,_Swaminatham_(1992)-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson,_Mulick,_Schwartz_(1995)-23">[23]</a> in order to back up their claims.<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Douglas_(1990)-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECE-52">[52]</a> However, because cueing is often subtle and it is not always possible to observe the influence of the facilitator, informal observations and facilitator reports have proven unreliable in determining authorship.<a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-reviewofcaa-90">[90]</a> Parents and researchers who questioned FC's effectiveness and supported evaluating FC by objective methods have been accused of being "oppressors of the disabled," told they were narrow-minded, outmoded, evil, jealous they were not the ones to discover FC,<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a> and, in some cases, accused of hate speech for advocating a more studied approach.<a href="#cite_note-Wombles,_Kimberly_(2015)-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mostert,_Mark_(2012)-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stubblefield,_Anna_(2011)-105">[105]</a> Proponents claim that testing is demeaning to the disabled person,<a href="#cite_note-Biklen,_Douglas_(1990)-16">[16]</a> that the testing environment creates performance anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-Goldman,_Daniel_(1993)-106">[106]</a> or that those being facilitated may purposely produce nonsense, refuse to respond, or give wrong answers to counteract the negative attitudes of those who are skeptical of the technique.<a href="#cite_note-Crossley,_Remington-Gurney_(1992)-107">[107]</a> Mostert wrote in 2001, "FC proponents must be encouraged to subject their claims to further scientific verification, the claims of anecdotal evidence notwithstanding. If any small part of FC is ever to be found effective or even plausible, it is abundantly clear that only by careful use of controlled experimental methods will this be established."<a href="#cite_note-Mostert,_Mark_(2001)-108">[108]</a> The only way to determine whether communications are truly independent is to perform controlled testing, where the facilitator does not already know the answers to questions and, therefore, cannot inadvertently or purposefully cue their communication partner to obtain the desired answer.<a href="#cite_note-Wombles,_Kimberly_(2015)-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boynton,_Janyce-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman,_Daniel_(1993)-106">[106]</a> Even if the facilitator feels like they are not moving the other person's hand, they can still be providing cues that lead to specific letters on the keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon,_Kathleen_M._(1993)-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todd,_James_(2012)-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kezuka,_Emiko-110">[110]</a> In 1992, when FC was fairly new to the United States, Douglas Biklen was quoted in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> as saying he "welcomed scientific studies", but the article went on to say: <blockquote>he doesn't want to do them. He's an educator, not a psychiatrist, and like other educators who have written about facilitated communication, he is comfortable with the fact that there is often a lag time between the application of a new method and its scientific validation.<a href="#cite_note-Spake,_Amanda_(1992)-89">[89]</a></blockquote> Although proponents say that FC is difficult or impossible to objectively test, psychologist James T. Todd wrote: <blockquote>the determination of authorship in FC involves a straightforward application of basic experimental methods described comprehensively by <a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" title="Mill's Methods">Mill</a> (1843) more than a century and half ago, but understood for millennia. We are not speaking of obscure or controversial techniques. We are speaking of authorship validation by selectively presenting different information to two people then observing what is produced.<a href="#cite_note-Todd,_James_(2012)-86">[86]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blind_testing">Blind testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blind testing">edit</a>]</div> Despite the FC community's reluctance to participate in testing, researchers outside the community set up <a href="/wiki/Blinded_experiment" title="Blinded experiment">blinded experiments</a> to identify who was doing the communicating. Some of the tests were conducted as a direct response to cases involving sexual abuse allegations made through facilitated communication against parents, teachers, and caregivers of people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickerson,_Brian_(2008)-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shane,_Kearns_(1994)-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Twachtman-Cullen-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seebach,_Linda_(2008)-113">[113]</a> However, a number of controlled evaluations were also conducted by clinicians, researchers, and program administrators who were considering the use of FC, but wanted an objective, empirical basis for deciding what role, if any, FC would have in their programs.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a> The O.D. Heck Center in Schenectady, New York was one of the first in the United States to go public with their findings,<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a> which were that their clients produced meaningful responses through facilitated communication only when their facilitators had access to the correct responses.<a href="#cite_note-ECE-52">[52]</a> The report also ruled out issues of confidence or skepticism on the part of the evaluators. All twelve participants (people with disabilities) were chosen for the evaluation because their facilitators believed in their ability to communicate through FC. The study demonstrated that the communication partners were "systematically and unknowingly" being influenced by their facilitators. The researchers wrote:<blockquote>In fact, the nature of the findings permits us to assert that their output in facilitated communication was not only influenced, but was controlled and determined by the facilitators. To all appearances, these participants had been producing thoughtful communication, and several had consistently engaged in interactive conversations using facilitated communication. Many people serving these individuals believed that this output reflected the valid expressions of the participants.<a href="#cite_note-Boodman,_Sandra_(1995)-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler,_Jacobson,_Paglieri,_Schwartz_(1993)-114">[114]</a></blockquote>The result of the O.D. Heck study seemed so startling, especially in light of the positive response FC was getting in the popular press, that <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a> featured the story in its 1993 "Prisoners of Silence".<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(1993)-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(2012)-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Review_(2005)-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuff,_John_Haslett_(1993)-95">[95]</a> In 1993, Genae A. Hall, research director for the Behavior Analysis Center for Autism, wrote: <blockquote>The fact that facilitators often control and direct the typing has been called "facilitator influence," which seems to be a misnomer. "Facilitator influence" suggests that the disabled person is emitting verbal behavior, and the facilitator is exerting partial control (or "influence") over that behavior. Although partial control certainly may occur when fading prompts within structured teaching programs, such control has not been demonstrated in most cases of FC. Rather than influencing the typed messages, the facilitator appears to be the sole author of those messages. Thus, the focus of analysis is shifted from the disabled person's behavior to the facilitator's behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Hall,_Genae_(1993)-115">[115]</a></blockquote> Multiple other double-blind studies were being conducted at the same time,<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a> and whenever conditions were adequately controlled to prevent the facilitator from knowing the answers to questions, the results revealed facilitator influence, if not direct authorship.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heinrich,_Paul_(February_1992)-116">[116]</a> In 1994, Thistledown Regional Centre in Ontario, Canada conducted an internal study of 20 people with autism and stopped using FC when the results showed facilitator influence was "contaminating the messages being produced."<a href="#cite_note-Papp,_Leslie_(1996)-88">[88]</a> By 1995, these results had been replicated by researchers worldwide in at least 24 studies in credible, peer-reviewed research journals using multiple different methods that ensure the facilitator does not know or cannot guess the expected message, or does not look at the letters.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a> In 1997, reflecting on the trajectory FC has taken in several countries, including Denmark, the U.S. and Australia, von Tetzchner wrote:<blockquote>In the struggle to keep up to date with an increasing number of published papers, both researchers and practitioners tend to forget history. In order to avoid making the same mistakes over again, the issues and processes underlying the rise and fall of facilitating techniques--as well as other intervention methods--in various countries should have a natural place in research reviews. When an intervention claimed to have exceptional effects disappears, the likely reason is lack of positive results.<a href="#cite_note-von_Tetzchner,_Stephen_(1997)-26">[26]</a></blockquote>By 2005, more than 50 controlled studies and blind tests had been conducted, in addition to numerous controlled tests conducted in legal cases. The studies consistently showed "without a doubt" that the messages obtained through facilitated communication were controlled by the facilitators and not their communication partners.<a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a> The vast majority of evidence now indicates that facilitated communication is not scientifically valid. However, this information has not stopped many individuals from using this technique under various circumstances and furthermore, advocating for its effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The overwhelming majority of studies conducted on the efficacy of this technique has revealed that any "positive" results indicating that facilitated communication has worked can be attributed to the facilitators themselves.<a href="#cite_note-reviewofcaa-90">[90]</a> Be it the facilitator attributing their own beliefs and views onto the individual, or creating a pseudo-personality for the disabled individual based on their previous encounters with them, it is clear that the facilitator is really the one doing all the communicating.<a href="#cite_note-bealsreviewjaswal-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA) issued a statement in 1994 that there was "no scientifically demonstrated support for its efficacy."<a href="#cite_note-APA_FC_statement-119">[119]</a> Finally, even further defining facilitated communication as a pseudoscience, the APA issued a statement indicating that facilitated communication studies have repeatedly demonstrated that it is not a scientifically valid technique and that it is a controversial and unproved communicative procedure with no scientifically demonstrated support for its efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-APA_FC_statement-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_proponents">Previous proponents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Previous proponents">edit</a>]</div> Pat Mirenda, a professor in the Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology and Special Education at the University of British Columbia, and co-author <a href="/wiki/David_Beukelman" title="David Beukelman">David R. Beukelman</a>, Barkley Professor of Communication Disorders at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, had included FC in early versions of their textbook Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Supporting Children and Adults with Complex Communication Needs. These versions are quoted in pro-FC literature. However, they decided not to include FC in revised versions, and in 2015 Mirenda stated that she, "came to recognize (painfully, to be honest) that my advocacy stance biased me to interpret what I saw on videotapes as independent typing even though other explanations were more plausible (e.g., subtle prompting, resulting in an ideomotor effect), and that, even if independent typing did occur subsequent to FC exposure, only correlational—but definitely not causal—evidence exists with regard to its relationship to FC. In short, I do not endorse FC as a communication or instructional technique, and I do not support its use."<a href="#cite_note-Mirenda,_Pat_(2015)-120">[120]</a> Stephen N. Calculator of the University of New Hampshire, an early proponent of FC, later distanced himself from the movement because he could not replicate claims of independent communication in his own research studies.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> He described the importance of determining the extent of facilitator influence: "The consequences of falsely attributing messages to communicators, rather than facilitators, continue to have significant financial, social and moral ramifications. Facilitators must take extraordinary precautions to assure that they are not unduly influencing messages and thereby impinging on communicators' freedom of speech. The rights of individuals to express their thoughts and ideas should not be circumvented by facilitators who communicate for them, unwilling or not."<a href="#cite_note-Calculator,_Stephen_(1999)-92">[92]</a> Janyce Boynton, who at one time was a strong FC proponent, is now one of FC's leading critics. In the early 1990s, she was the facilitator for a non-speaking high school girl with autism who <a href="/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication#The_Wheaton_case" title="List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication">seemed to describe</a> having been sexually abused by her parents, resulting in the girl and her brother being removed from their home. However, systematic testing by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Shane" title="Howard Shane">Howard Shane</a> revealed that the girl could not have been the author of the messages. The case was described in the 1993 PBS <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV program)">Frontline</a> documentary "Prisoners of Silence". Unlike many in the FC-proponent community, Boynton accepted the evidence from Shane's testing and other well-controlled scientific studies. She stopped using FC, convinced her school administration to implement a system-wide prohibition on its use, and apologized to the falsely accused parents of the girl she had worked with. In a presentation at the CSICON meetings in 2019, Boynton argued that most FC facilitators are well-meaning but are caught up in a belief system that leads them to discount the overwhelming evidence that FC does not work.<a href="#cite_note-CSICON2019-122">[122]</a> She maintains a clearinghouse of professional articles and media coverage about FC, and helped in convincing the University of Northern Iowa to stop sponsoring an annual workshop that included instruction in FC.<a href="#cite_note-Vyse_2-123">[123]</a> As stated by another member of that group (Stuart Vyse), "this is just the beginning. There are a number of other universities and governmental organizations that tacitly or explicitly endorse FC and/or its related techniques, and Ms. Boynton and her allies have their eyes on a number of these future targets".<a href="#cite_note-Vyse_1-124">[124]</a> In 2006, Belgian neurologist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Laureys" title="Steven Laureys">Steven Laureys</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Rom_Houben" title="Rom Houben">Rom Houben</a>, a comatose man, was able to type out thoughts on a keypad with the help of facilitated communications. However, when independent tests demonstrated that FC could not produce the correct answers to questions if the facilitator had not been in the room, he agreed that Houben had not been communicating.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation_in_the_media">Presentation in the media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presentation in the media">edit</a>]</div> Stories of purported successes are still reported in magazines such as <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Martin-59">[59]</a> in movies<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(2012)-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann,_Lisa_Barrett_(2005)-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Healey,_Michelle_(2011)-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray,_Steve-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCabe,_Bruce_(1994)-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shales,_Tom-128">[128]</a> and plays,<a href="#cite_note-Ruth,_Jim_(2001)-129">[129]</a> and on television shows such as ABC's <a href="/wiki/20/20_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="20/20 (U.S. TV series)">20/20</a> Prime Time Live with <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mostert,_Mark_(2012)-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(2012)-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECE-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorman,_Brian_J._(1998)-130">[130]</a> Thousands of people—teachers, parents, speech pathologists, psychologists—struggling to find a way to communicate with individuals who, otherwise, demonstrated little ability to use words to communicate—adopted FC with "blinding speed" with little public scrutiny or debate.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schopler" title="Eric Schopler">Eric Schopler</a>, then director of an autism education program at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and editor of the Journal of Autism, described promoting facilitated communication with no empirical evidence as "reckless".<a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Molly_T._(1992)-131">[131]</a> Describing this rapid rise in popularity, particularly in the United States, doctors John W. Jacobson, James A. Mulick, and Allen A. Schwartz wrote: <blockquote>The general acceptance of FC by the public and segments of the professional community has called into question the rigor with which educational and therapeutic interventions are evaluated in publicly funded programs and the ability of many professionals to critically assess the procedures they use. As such, FC serves as a case study in how the public and, alarmingly, some professionals, fail to recognize the role of science in distinguishing truth from falsity and its applicability to assessing the value of treatment modalities.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson,_Mulick,_Schwartz_(1995)-23">[23]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, a magician familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a> commonly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">dowsing</a> and later linked to FC,<a href="#cite_note-Spitz,_Herman-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgess,_et_al_(1998)-132">[132]</a> was called in to investigate facilitated communication at the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1992, and later called it "a crock that does more harm than good by raising false hopes among families of autistic children".<a href="#cite_note-Greenbaum,_Kurt_(1992)-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Martin-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a> has offered a million-dollar prize "to a valid demonstration of facilitated communication." In 2009, Randi responded in an interview for the <a href="/wiki/Rom_Houben" title="Rom Houben">Rom Houben</a> case, where it was shown that messages from a Belgian man who was believed to be in a coma for 23 years were generated by the facilitator, "Our prize is still there."<a href="#cite_note-Keim,_Brandon-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutional_support">Institutional support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Institutional support">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syracuse_University">Syracuse University</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Syracuse University">edit</a>]</div> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> founded the Facilitated Communication Institute to promote the use of FC. Douglas Biklen was appointed as the institute's first director. In 2010, the name was changed to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ici.syr.edu">Institute on Communication and Inclusion</a> (ICI). It is part of the Center on Disability and Inclusion of the School of Education. According to the ICI website, the Institute "... is an active research, training, and support center, and the nation’s leading resource for information about communication and inclusion for individuals who type to communicate." The Institute carries out training and research in FC and publishes scholarly articles, books, and films.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Northern_Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: University of Northern Iowa">edit</a>]</div> From 2014 through 2018, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a> (UNI) held the Midwest Summer Institute that focused on "inclusive schools, employment and daily living, as well as communication and supported or facilitated typing for people with autism spectrum disabilit[ies] and other complex communication needs."<a href="#cite_note-courier-2014-136">[136]</a> In 2018, following the release of a statement from scientists and academics arguing FC had long been discredited and calling it an "invalidated and demonstrably harmful practice," UNI announced it would stop supporting the conference.<a href="#cite_note-Gazette1-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gazette2-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abuse_allegations_and_facilitator_misconduct">Abuse allegations and facilitator misconduct</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Abuse allegations and facilitator misconduct">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_via_facilitated_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="List of abuse allegations made via facilitated communication">List of abuse allegations made via facilitated communication</a></div> There have been instances in which facilitated communication produces allegations of sexual or physical abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Spake,_Amanda_(1992)-89">[89]</a> Often, the alleged abuse is sexual and contains "extensive, explicit, pornographic details."<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1994)-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> It is not known whether FC generates more abuse allegations than other suggestive techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Hall,_Genae_(1993)-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Scott_O._(2007)-139">[139]</a> Researchers suspect that facilitators involved in this type of case may, mistakenly, believe there is a link between early abuse and autism, or suspect familial abuse for other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Hall,_Genae_(1993)-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Scott_O._(2007)-139">[139]</a> As Green wrote in a 1995 article:<blockquote>suggestions about sexual abuse permeate the culture. Just watch <a href="/wiki/Oprah" class="mw-redirect" title="Oprah">Oprah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phil_Donahue" title="Phil Donahue">Phil [Donahue]</a> almost any time or scan the pop psychology section at your local bookstore. Couple that with mandatory abuse reporting laws, mix in a little bit of crusading zeal to "save" people with disabilities from mistreatment, and you have a potent set of antecedents for facilitators to produce allegations.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-29">[29]</a></blockquote>In 1993, Frontline's "Prisoners of Silence" featured the story of Gerry Gherardi of North Carolina who was accused, through FC-generated messages, of sexually abusing his son. Despite protestations of innocence, Gherardi was forced to stay away from his home for six months.<a href="#cite_note-Palfreman,_Jon_(1993)-9">[9]</a> The charges were dropped when court-ordered double-blind tests showed that Gherardi's son could not write.<a href="#cite_note-Koehler,_Robert_(1993)-140">[140]</a> In the same year, Rimland reported in a <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> article that he knew of about 25 cases where families were accused through facilitated communication of sexually abusing their children.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman,_Daniel_(1993)-106">[106]</a> By 1995, there were 60 known cases,<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Scott_O._(2007)-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Margolin,_K.N._(1994)-141">[141]</a> with many others settled without reaching public visibility. Since then, the number of cases continues to increase. In addition to accusations of sexual abuse, facilitators have reportedly fallen in love with their communication partners and, relying on FC for consent, initiated sexual, physical contact with people in their care,<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld,_Marshall,_Todd,_Shane_(2015)-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sundstrom,_Kathy_(2014)-87">[87]</a> raising serious ethical and legal problems.<a href="#cite_note-Todd,_James_(2012)-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anna_Stubblefield">Anna Stubblefield</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anna Stubblefield">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Stubblefield" title="Anna Stubblefield">Anna Stubblefield</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Newark" title="Rutgers University–Newark">Rutgers University–Newark</a> philosophy professor, was found guilty of aggravated sexual assault against a man with severe mental disabilities. A proponent of facilitated communication, Stubblefield's web site described her as "certified as a Facilitated Communication Trainer by the FC Institute at the School of Education, Syracuse University. She provides <a href="/wiki/Motor_planning" title="Motor planning">motor planning</a> support for communication and literacy for adults and children."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> At the time the investigation began in 2011, Stubblefield was the chair of Rutgers-Newark's philosophy department, whose professional work centered on ethics, race, and disability rights,<a href="#cite_note-NYTM102015-143">[143]</a> but she was subsequently put on administrative leave without pay and removed as chair of the philosophy department.<a href="#cite_note-Wichert,_Bill_(2015)-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zambito,_Thomas_(2014)-145">[145]</a> The victim was identified as D.J., a 33-year-old African-American man with severe mental disabilities who cannot speak, has <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, and is unable to stand independently or accurately direct movements of his body. Based on his disability, his mother and brother were appointed his legal guardians.<a href="#cite_note-NYTM102015-143">[143]</a> Stubblefield stated that she had successfully communicated with him, determining he was of normal intelligence. She subsequently brought him to conferences where she "held him out as a success story". In 2011, she revealed to his mother and brother that she had had sexual relations with D.J. and said that they were in love, attributing consent to messages received while facilitating. Stubblefield stated that the two of them had a mutually consenting relationship established through facilitated communication. However, testing of D.J. by family members failed to establish the ability to communicate, and Stubblefield was thanked but denied further access to D.J. She continued to attempt to maintain contact with D.J. and began challenging control of D.J.'s legal guardians over him.<a href="#cite_note-NYTM102015-143">[143]</a> In August 2011, the family contacted the police.<a href="#cite_note-Wichert,_Bill_(2015)-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szteinbaum,_Sabrina-146">[146]</a> Stubblefield pleaded not guilty to the charges and said that FC revealed D.J. was mentally capable, while prosecutors said that FC was scientifically discredited and that D.J. did not have the ability to consent to sexual relations.<a href="#cite_note-Wichert,_Bill_(2015)-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zambito,_Thomas_(2014)-145">[145]</a> Experts evaluating D.J. testified he did not have the intellectual ability to consent to sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-Wichert-8">[8]</a> Facilitated communication testimony from D.J. was not allowed as the technique was ruled unreliable under New Jersey law.<a href="#cite_note-NYTM102015-143">[143]</a> After a three-week trial, the jury found Stubblefield guilty of two counts of first-degree aggravated sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-NYTM102015-143">[143]</a> After conviction, the judge revoked bail, saying that she was a flight risk,<a href="#cite_note-NYTM102015-143">[143]</a> and she was sentenced to 12 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-startribune.com-147">[147]</a> This included requiring her to register as a sex offender.<a href="#cite_note-startribune.com-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In July 2017, an appeals court overturned her conviction and ordered a retrial,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> and in 2018 she pleaded guilty to "third-degree aggravated criminal sexual contact" and was sentenced to time served.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> In October 2016, the family was awarded $4 million in a civil lawsuit against Stubblefield.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The 2023 documentary film <a href="/wiki/Tell_Them_You_Love_Me" title="Tell Them You Love Me">Tell Them You Love Me</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Theroux" title="Louis Theroux">Louis Theroux</a> covers the story.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martina_Susanne_Schweiger_case">Martina Susanne Schweiger case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Martina Susanne Schweiger case">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, Martina Susanne Schweiger of Queensland, Australia, received an 18-month suspended jail sentence for two counts of indecent dealing with a 21-year-old client with severe autism with whom she worked at a disability services home. The client required 24-hour support and was not able to speak, write or use manual sign-language. Schweiger believed the client expressed love for her through FC, which she claimed to reciprocate. She also believed the client, again through FC, indicated a desire to have sex. On one occasion, Schweiger removed her clothes in front of her client. On another, she "play wrestled" with him, touching his penis with her hands and mouth. She confessed her actions to her employer. After hearing reports from Alan Hudson, psychology professor at <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a>, that FC "did not work for the young man", Judge Gary Long of <a href="/wiki/Maroochydore" title="Maroochydore">Maroochydore</a> District Court found Schweiger guilty of the charges, indicating that FC was neither reliable nor accurate as a method of communication.<a href="#cite_note-Sundstrom,_Kathy_(2014)-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sundstrom,_Kathy_(2014b)-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie%27s_Coming_Out" title="Annie's Coming Out">Annie's Coming Out</a> – based on the case of <a href="/wiki/Anne_McDonald" title="Anne McDonald">Anne McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Is_a_World" title="Autism Is a World">Autism Is a World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deej" title="Deej">Deej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wretches_%26_Jabberers" title="Wretches & Jabberers">Wretches & Jabberers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Autism_Wars-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Autism_Wars_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVyse2018" class="citation web cs1">Vyse, Stuart (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/autism_wars_science_strikes_back">"Autism Wars: Science Strikes Back"</a>. 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"TV Review 'Prisoners' Puts Autism Technique to the Test". Los Angeles Times. No. Home Edition. Los Angeles, California. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=TV+Review+%27Prisoners%27+Puts+Autism+Technique+to+the+Test&rft.issue=Home+Edition&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1993-10-19&rft.aulast=Koehler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margolin,_K.N._(1994)-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Margolin,_K.N._(1994)_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolin1994" class="citation book cs1">Margolin, K.N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/facilitatedcommu0000unse/page/227">"How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System"</a>. In Shane, Howard C. (ed.). Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/facilitatedcommu0000unse/page/227">227–257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-565-93341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-565-93341-5"><bdi>978-1-565-93341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Shall+Facilitated+Communication+be+Judged%3F+Facilitated+Communication+and+the+Legal+System&rft.btitle=Facilitated+Communication%3A+The+Clinical+and+Social+Phenomenon&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=227-257&rft.pub=Singular+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-565-93341-5&rft.aulast=Margolin&rft.aufirst=K.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffacilitatedcommu0000unse%2Fpage%2F227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubblefield2010" class="citation web cs1">Stubblefield, Anna (27 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627171006/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~philos1/component/content/component/content/article/8-fac/7-anna.html">"Archived University Website of Anna Stubblefield"</a>. Anna Stubblefield. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~philos1/component/content/component/content/article/8-fac/7-anna.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anna+Stubblefield&rft.atitle=Archived+University+Website+of+Anna+Stubblefield&rft.date=2010-06-27&rft.aulast=Stubblefield&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandromeda.rutgers.edu%2F~philos1%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F8-fac%2F7-anna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTM102015-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM102015_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM102015_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM102015_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM102015_143-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM102015_143-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM102015_143-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Engber2015" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Engber (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/magazine/the-strange-case-of-anna-stubblefield.html">"The Strange Case of Anna Stubblefield"</a>. The New York Times Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020210800/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/magazine/the-strange-case-of-anna-stubblefield.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015. <q>...the judge ruled that facilitated communication failed New Jersey's test for scientific evidence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Case+of+Anna+Stubblefield&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.au=Daniel+Engber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F25%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-strange-case-of-anna-stubblefield.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wichert,_Bill_(2015)-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wichert,_Bill_(2015)_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wichert,_Bill_(2015)_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wichert,_Bill_(2015)_144-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichert2015" class="citation news cs1">Wichert, Bill (8 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2015/01/judge_approves_document_use_in_trial_of_rutgers_professor_accused_of_sexually_assaulting_mentally_di.html">"New Jersey: Judge OKs document detailing Rutgers professor's sexual relations with mentally disabled man"</a>. NJ Advance Media. New Jersey Online LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091353/http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2015/01/judge_approves_document_use_in_trial_of_rutgers_professor_accused_of_sexually_assaulting_mentally_di.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NJ+Advance+Media&rft.atitle=New+Jersey%3A+Judge+OKs+document+detailing+Rutgers+professor%27s+sexual+relations+with+mentally+disabled+man&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.aulast=Wichert&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fessex%2Findex.ssf%2F2015%2F01%2Fjudge_approves_document_use_in_trial_of_rutgers_professor_accused_of_sexually_assaulting_mentally_di.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zambito,_Thomas_(2014)-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zambito,_Thomas_(2014)_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zambito,_Thomas_(2014)_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZambito2014" class="citation news cs1">Zambito, Thomas (25 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2014/04/judge_questions_consent_defense_in_case_of_rutgersnewark_professor_accused_of_sex_assault.html">"Judge questions 'consent' defense in case of Rutgers-Newark professor accused of sexual assault"</a>. NJ Advance Media for NJ.com. New Jersey Online LLC. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NJ+Advance+Media+for+NJ.com&rft.atitle=Judge+questions+%27consent%27+defense+in+case+of+Rutgers-Newark+professor+accused+of+sexual+assault&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft.aulast=Zambito&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2014%2F04%2Fjudge_questions_consent_defense_in_case_of_rutgersnewark_professor_accused_of_sex_assault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> Dead link as of October 22, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szteinbaum,_Sabrina-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Szteinbaum,_Sabrina_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzteinbaum" class="citation news cs1">Szteinbaum, Sabrina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171541/http://www.dailytargum.com/article/2014/04/former-rutgers-newark-philosophydepartment-chairwoman-to-appear-in-court-for-alleged-sexual-abuse-o">"Former RutgersNewark philosophy department chairwoman to appear in court for alleged sexual abuse of mentally handicapped man"</a>. The Daily Targum. New Brunswick, New Jersey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytargum.com/article/2014/04/former-rutgers-newark-philosophydepartment-chairwoman-to-appear-in-court-for-alleged-sexual-abuse-o">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Targum&rft.atitle=Former+RutgersNewark+philosophy+department+chairwoman+to+appear+in+court+for+alleged+sexual+abuse+of+mentally+handicapped+man&rft.aulast=Szteinbaum&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytargum.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F04%2Fformer-rutgers-newark-philosophydepartment-chairwoman-to-appear-in-court-for-alleged-sexual-abuse-o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> Dead link as of October 22, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-startribune.com-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-startribune.com_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-startribune.com_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/sentencing-for-prof-convicted-of-sex-abuse-of-disabled-man/365390581/">"Professor who abused disabled man sentenced to prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> via <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+via+Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Professor+who+abused+disabled+man+sentenced+to+prison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fsentencing-for-prof-convicted-of-sex-abuse-of-disabled-man%2F365390581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Porter,_Associated_Press2016" class="citation web cs1">David Porter, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesunion.com/news/crime/article/Sentencing-for-prof-convicted-of-sex-abuse-of-6760684.php">"Professor who abused disabled man gets 12 years in prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Union_(Albany)" title="Times Union (Albany)">Times Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+who+abused+disabled+man+gets+12+years+in+prison&rft.pub=Times+Union&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.au=David+Porter%2C+Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesunion.com%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Farticle%2FSentencing-for-prof-convicted-of-sex-abuse-of-6760684.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite>State of New Jersey v. Stubblefield</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2725698065028411594">162 A.3d 1074</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division">N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div</a> 2017-06-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapoliello2018" class="citation news cs1">Napoliello, Alex (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2018/05/anna_stubblefield_sentenced_for_second_time.html">"No more prison for ex-Rutgers professor who sexually assaulted disabled student"</a>. NJ.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014216/https://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2018/05/anna_stubblefield_sentenced_for_second_time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+more+prison+for+ex-Rutgers+professor+who+sexually+assaulted+disabled+student&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Napoliello&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fessex%2Findex.ssf%2F2018%2F05%2Fanna_stubblefield_sentenced_for_second_time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty2018" class="citation web cs1">Moriarty, Thomas (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2018/03/ex-rutgers-newark_prof_admits_criminal_sexual_cont.html">"Ex-Rutgers prof admits it was a crime to have sex with disabled man"</a>. NJ.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319232326/http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2018/03/ex-rutgers-newark_prof_admits_criminal_sexual_cont.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-Rutgers+prof+admits+it+was+a+crime+to+have+sex+with+disabled+man&rft.pub=NJ.com&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fessex%2Findex.ssf%2F2018%2F03%2Fex-rutgers-newark_prof_admits_criminal_sexual_cont.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatif2024" class="citation web cs1">Latif, Leila (3 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/feb/03/tell-them-you-love-me-review-this-chilling-documentary-is-vital-challenging-tv">"Tell Them You Love Me review – this chilling documentary is vital, challenging TV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240204032218/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/feb/03/tell-them-you-love-me-review-this-chilling-documentary-is-vital-challenging-tv">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tell+Them+You+Love+Me+review+%E2%80%93+this+chilling+documentary+is+vital%2C+challenging+TV&rft.date=2024-02-03&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F03%2Ftell-them-you-love-me-review-this-chilling-documentary-is-vital-challenging-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundstrom,_Kathy_(2014b)-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Sundstrom,_Kathy_(2014b)_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundstrom2014" class="citation news cs1">Sundstrom, Kathy (17 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/mother-angered-by-suspended-sentences/2422829/">"Mother angered by suspended sentences"</a>. Sunshine Coast Daily. Queensland, Australia. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220021/http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/mother-angered-by-suspended-sentences/2422829/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunshine+Coast+Daily&rft.atitle=Mother+angered+by+suspended+sentences&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.aulast=Sundstrom&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au%2Fnews%2Fmother-angered-by-suspended-sentences%2F2422829%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitated_communication&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (10 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4831">"Skeptoid #831: Facilitated Communication Isn't"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23831%3A+Facilitated+Communication+Isn%27t&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFacilitated+communication" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autism" title="Template:Autism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autism" title="Template talk:Autism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_autism" title="Causes of autism">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_autism" title="Diagnosis of autism">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism" title="Epidemiology of autism">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_autism" title="Epigenetics of autism">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_autism" title="Heritability of autism">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_autism" title="History of autism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_memory" title="Autism and memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathophysiology of autism">Pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Sex and gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism" title="Societal and cultural aspects of autism">Societal and cultural aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Therapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnoses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive developmental disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_autism" title="Classic autism">Autistic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated conditions and phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">Alexithymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_burnout" title="Autistic burnout">Autistic burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_catatonia" title="Autistic catatonia">Autistic catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_masking" title="Autistic masking">Autistic masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_meltdown" title="Autistic meltdown">Autistic meltdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">Echolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echopraxia" title="Echopraxia">Echopraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlexia" title="Hyperlexia">Hyperlexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodumping" title="Infodumping">Infodumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_talker" title="Late talker">Late talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotropism" title="Monotropism">Monotropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_autism" title="Nonverbal autism">Nonverbal autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance" title="Pathological demand avoidance">Pathological demand avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_reversal" title="Pronoun reversal">Pronoun reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">Special interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">Stimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_overload" title="Sensory overload">Sensory overload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conditions_comorbid_to_autism" title="Conditions comorbid to autism">Comorbid conditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder" title="Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder">Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">Developmental coordination disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_developmental_delay" title="Global developmental delay">Global developmental delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia" title="Developmental verbal dyspraxia">Developmental verbal dyspraxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndromic_autism" title="Syndromic autism">Associated syndromes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22q13_deletion_syndrome" title="22q13 deletion syndrome">22q13 deletion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelman_syndrome" title="Angelman syndrome">Angelman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHARGE_syndrome" title="CHARGE syndrome">CHARGE syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_syndrome" title="Cohen syndrome">Cohen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome" title="Cornelia de Lange syndrome">Cornelia de Lange syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_valproate_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal valproate spectrum disorder">Fetal valproate spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MECP2_duplication_syndrome" title="MECP2 duplication syndrome">MECP2 duplication syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I" title="Neurofibromatosis type I">Neurofibromatosis type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_hamartoma_syndrome" title="Multiple hamartoma syndrome">Multiple hamartoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome" title="Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome">Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_syndrome" title="Timothy syndrome">Timothy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_syndrome" title="Williams syndrome">Williams syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_autism_studies" title="Critical autism studies">Critical autism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">Double empathy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_complex_developmental_disorder" title="Multiple complex developmental disorder">Multiple complex developmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children" title="Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children">TEACCH program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twice_exceptional" title="Twice exceptional">Twice exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_autism" title="Violence and autism">Violence and autism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism" title="Controversies in autism">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combating_Autism_Act" title="Combating Autism Act">Combating Autism Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnostic scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Interview" title="Autism Diagnostic Interview">Autism Diagnostic Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Observation_Schedule" title="Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule">Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Rating_Scale" title="Childhood Autism Rating Scale">Childhood Autism Rating Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilliam_Asperger%27s_disorder_scale" title="Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale">Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-spectrum_quotient" title="Autism-spectrum quotient">Autism-spectrum quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Spectrum_Test" title="Childhood Autism Spectrum Test">Childhood Autism Spectrum Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritvo_Autism_and_Asperger_Diagnostic_Scale" title="Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale">Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism" title="Outline of autism">Autism-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autistic_fictional_characters" title="List of autistic fictional characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_for_people_on_the_autism_spectrum" title="List of schools for people on the autism spectrum">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accommodations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_friendly" title="Sensory friendly">Sensory friendly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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