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id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wing_end-plates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_end-plates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Wing end-plates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wing_end-plates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoerner_wing_tips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoerner_wing_tips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hoerner wing tips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoerner_wing_tips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winglet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winglet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Winglet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Winglet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Winglet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Winglet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>NASA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Business aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Experimental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airliner_fuel_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airliner_fuel_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Airliner fuel efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airliner_fuel_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wingtip_fence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wingtip_fence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Wingtip fence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wingtip_fence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canted_winglets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canted_winglets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Canted winglets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canted_winglets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blended_winglets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blended_winglets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Blended winglets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blended_winglets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raked_wingtip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raked_wingtip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Raked wingtip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raked_wingtip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split-tip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split-tip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Split-tip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split-tip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Gliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-planar_wingtip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-planar_wingtip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-planar wingtip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-planar_wingtip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_wingtip_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_wingtip_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Active wingtip device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_wingtip_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actuating_wingtip_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actuating_wingtip_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Actuating wingtip device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actuating_wingtip_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_on_rotating_blades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_on_rotating_blades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use on rotating blades</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_on_rotating_blades-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use on rotating blades subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_on_rotating_blades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rotorcraft_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotorcraft_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Rotorcraft applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotorcraft_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propeller_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propeller_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Propeller applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propeller_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wingtip device: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="أجهزة طرف الجناح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أجهزة طرف الجناح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositiu_de_punta_alar" title="Dispositiu de punta alar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dispositiu de punta alar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinglet" title="Vinglet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vinglet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositivo_de_punta_alar" title="Dispositivo de punta alar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dispositivo de punta alar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="بالک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%99%EB%A0%9B" title="윙렛 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윙렛" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_ujung_sayap" title="Perangkat ujung sayap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat ujung sayap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletta_d%27estremit%C3%A0" title="Aletta d'estremità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aletta d'estremità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%94-%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A3" title="כנפון קצה-כנף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנפון קצה-כנף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglets" title="Winglets – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Winglets" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayap_lawi" title="Sayap lawi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sayap lawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ウィングレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィングレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Законцовка крыла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Законцовка крыла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krilce" title="Krilce – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krilce" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ving%C3%B6ron" title="Vingöron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vingöron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglet" title="Winglet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Winglet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Вінглет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вінглет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BC%E5%B0%96%E5%B0%8F%E7%BF%BC" title="翼尖小翼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="翼尖小翼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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winglets</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&diff=prev&oldid=1259301808" title="Wingtip device" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&oldid=1259304390" title="Wingtip device">Latest revision as of 12:30, 24 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit" title="Wingtip device">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-24T12:30:25Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&undoafter=1259301808&undo=1259304390" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Nimbus227" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Nimbus227" data-mw-revid="1259304390"><bdi>Nimbus227</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Nimbus227" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Nimbus227">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Nimbus227" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Nimbus227">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers" title="Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers">New page reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>53,436</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Reverted edits by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:8F8:1735:1837:543F:3B65:F5A3:4348" title="Special:Contributions/2001:8F8:1735:1837:543F:3B65:F5A3:4348">2001:8F8:1735:1837:543F:3B65:F5A3:4348</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2001:8F8:1735:1837:543F:3B65:F5A3:4348&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:2001:8F8:1735:1837:543F:3B65:F5A3:4348 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) to last version by 156.98.17.254</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-rollback"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollback</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 70:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 70:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Boeing]] announced a new version of the [[Boeing 747|747]], the [[747-400]], in 1985, with an extended range and capacity, using a combination of winglets and increased span to carry the additional load. The winglets increased the 747-400's range by 3.5% over the 747-300, which is otherwise aerodynamically identical but has no winglets. The 747-400D variant lacks the wingtip extensions and winglets included on other 747-400s since winglets would provide minimal benefits on short-haul routes while adding extra weight and cost, although the -400D may be converted to the long-range version if needed.<ref name="bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices"/> Winglets are preferred for Boeing derivative designs based on existing platforms, because they allow maximum re-use of existing components. Newer designs are favoring increased span, other wingtip devices or a combination of both, whenever possible.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Boeing]] announced a new version of the [[Boeing 747|747]], the [[747-400]], in 1985, with an extended range and capacity, using a combination of winglets and increased span to carry the additional load. The winglets increased the 747-400's range by 3.5% over the 747-300, which is otherwise aerodynamically identical but has no winglets. The 747-400D variant lacks the wingtip extensions and winglets included on other 747-400s since winglets would provide minimal benefits on short-haul routes while adding extra weight and cost, although the -400D may be converted to the long-range version if needed.<ref name="bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices"/> Winglets are preferred for Boeing derivative designs based on existing platforms, because they allow maximum re-use of existing components. Newer designs are favoring increased span, other wingtip devices or a combination of both, whenever possible.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[Ilyushin Il-96]] was the first Russian and modern jet to feature winglets in 1988. The [[Bombardier CRJ-100]]/200 was the first regional airliner to feature winglets in 1992. The [[Airbus A340|A340]]/[[Airbus A330|A330]] followed with canted winglets in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1992/</del>1993. The [[Tupolev Tu-204]] was the first [[narrowbody]] aircraft to feature winglets in 1994. The [[Airbus A220]] (née CSeries), from 2016, has canted winglets.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[Ilyushin Il-96]] was the first Russian and modern jet to feature winglets in 1988. The [[Bombardier CRJ-100]]/200 was the first regional airliner to feature winglets in 1992. The [[Airbus A340|A340]]/[[Airbus A330|A330]] followed with canted winglets in 1993<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/1994</ins>. The [[Tupolev Tu-204]] was the first [[narrowbody]] aircraft to feature winglets in 1994. The [[Airbus A220]] (née CSeries), from 2016, has canted winglets.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==== Blended winglets ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==== Blended winglets ====</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 12:30, 24 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft component fixed to the end of the wings to improve performance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Winglet" redirects here. For the personal transporter by Toyota, see <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Winglet" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Winglet">Toyota Winglet</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">wing fence</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_blended_winglet_ILA_Berlin_2016_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_blended_winglet_ILA_Berlin_2016_08.jpg/220px-Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_blended_winglet_ILA_Berlin_2016_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_blended_winglet_ILA_Berlin_2016_08.jpg/330px-Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_blended_winglet_ILA_Berlin_2016_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_blended_winglet_ILA_Berlin_2016_08.jpg/440px-Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_blended_winglet_ILA_Berlin_2016_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a> wingtip device</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:737-NG_winglet_effect_(simplified).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/737-NG_winglet_effect_%28simplified%29.svg/220px-737-NG_winglet_effect_%28simplified%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/737-NG_winglet_effect_%28simplified%29.svg/330px-737-NG_winglet_effect_%28simplified%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/737-NG_winglet_effect_%28simplified%29.svg/440px-737-NG_winglet_effect_%28simplified%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Line drawing of <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_vortices" title="Wingtip vortices">wingtip vortices</a> behind a conventional wingtip (on the left) and a blended winglet (on the right)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wingtip devices</b> are intended to improve the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> by reducing <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are several types of <a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">wing tip</a> devices which function in different manners, their intended effect is always to reduce an aircraft's drag. Wingtip devices can also improve aircraft handling characteristics and enhance safety for following aircraft. Such devices increase the effective <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(wing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect ratio (wing)">aspect ratio</a> of a wing without greatly increasing the <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a>. Extending the span would lower <a href="/wiki/Lift-induced_drag" title="Lift-induced drag">lift-induced drag</a>, but would increase <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_drag" title="Parasitic drag">parasitic drag</a> and would require boosting the strength and weight of the wing. At some point, there is no net benefit from further increased span. There may also be operational considerations that limit the allowable wingspan (e.g., available width at <a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">airport gates</a>). </p><p>Wingtip devices help prevent the flow around the wingtip of higher pressure air under the wing flowing to the lower pressure surface on top at the wingtip, which results in a vortex caused by the forward motion of the aircraft. Winglets also reduce the lift-induced drag caused by <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_vortices" title="Wingtip vortices">wingtip vortices</a> and improve <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a>. This increases <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> in powered aircraft and increases cross-country speed in <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliders</a>, in both cases increasing <a href="/wiki/Range_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (aircraft)">range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> studies indicate that a given improvement in fuel efficiency correlates directly with the causal increase in the aircraft's lift-to-drag ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wing_end-plates">Wing end-plates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wing end-plates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blohm_Voss_Ha_137_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Blohm_Voss_Ha_137_side_view.jpg/220px-Blohm_Voss_Ha_137_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Blohm_Voss_Ha_137_side_view.jpg/330px-Blohm_Voss_Ha_137_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Blohm_Voss_Ha_137_side_view.jpg/440px-Blohm_Voss_Ha_137_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Flugzeugbau_Ha_137" title="Hamburger Flugzeugbau Ha 137">Ha 137</a> prototype aircraft, fitted with vertical wing extensions, c.1935–1937</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial concept dates back to 1897, when English engineer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Lanchester" title="Frederick W. Lanchester">Frederick W. Lanchester</a> patented wing end-plates as a method for controlling wingtip vortices.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_c2r-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, Scottish-born engineer <a href="/wiki/William_E._Somerville" title="William E. Somerville">William E. Somerville</a> patented the first functional winglets in 1910. Somerville installed the devices on his early biplane and monoplane designs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Burnelli" title="Vincent Burnelli">Vincent Burnelli</a> received US Patent no: 1,774,474 for his "Airfoil Control Means" on August 26, 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simple flat end-plates did not cause a reduction in drag, because the increase in profile drag was greater than the decrease in induced drag.<sup id="cite_ref-McLean_Boeing_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLean_Boeing-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoerner_wing_tips">Hoerner wing tips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hoerner wing tips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_162A" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 162A">Heinkel He 162A</a> with <i>Lippisch-Ohren</i> wingtip devices</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the end of World War II, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Sighard_F._Hoerner" title="Sighard F. Hoerner">Sighard F. Hoerner</a> was a pioneer researcher in the field, having written a technical paper published in 1952<sup id="cite_ref-Aerodynamic_Shape_of_the_Wing_Tips_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aerodynamic_Shape_of_the_Wing_Tips-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that called for drooped wingtips whose pointed rear tips focused the resulting wingtip vortex away from the upper wing surface. Drooped wingtips are often called "Hoerner tips" in his honor. Gliders and light aircraft have made use of Hoerner tips for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Met-Co-Aire_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Met-Co-Aire-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aerodynamic_Shape_of_the_Wing_Tips_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aerodynamic_Shape_of_the_Wing_Tips-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest-known implementation of a Hoerner-style downward-angled "wingtip device" on a jet aircraft was during World War II. This was the so-called "Lippisch-Ohren" (Lippisch-ears), allegedly attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Messerschmitt Me 163</a>'s designer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lippisch" title="Alexander Lippisch">Alexander Lippisch</a>, and first added to the M3 and M4 third and fourth prototypes of the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_162" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 162">Heinkel He 162</a>A <i>Spatz</i> jet <a href="/wiki/Light_fighter" title="Light fighter">light fighter</a> for evaluation. This addition was done in order to counteract the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_roll" title="Dutch roll">dutch roll</a> characteristic present in the original He 162 design, related to its wings having a marked <a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)" title="Dihedral (aeronautics)">dihedral angle</a>. This became a standard feature of the approximately 320 completed He 162A jet fighters built, with hundreds more He 162A airframes going unfinished by <a href="/wiki/V-E_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="V-E Day">V-E Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winglet">Winglet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Winglet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winglet_with_attached_tufts_of_an_KC-135A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winglet_with_attached_tufts_of_an_KC-135A.jpg/220px-Winglet_with_attached_tufts_of_an_KC-135A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winglet_with_attached_tufts_of_an_KC-135A.jpg/330px-Winglet_with_attached_tufts_of_an_KC-135A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winglet_with_attached_tufts_of_an_KC-135A.jpg/440px-Winglet_with_attached_tufts_of_an_KC-135A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption>Winglet on <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a> with attached <a href="/wiki/Tuft_(aeronautics)" title="Tuft (aeronautics)">tufts</a> showing airflow during <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> tests in 1979–1980</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_GulfstreamV_in_wind_tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NASA_GulfstreamV_in_wind_tunnel.jpg/220px-NASA_GulfstreamV_in_wind_tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NASA_GulfstreamV_in_wind_tunnel.jpg/330px-NASA_GulfstreamV_in_wind_tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NASA_GulfstreamV_in_wind_tunnel.jpg/440px-NASA_GulfstreamV_in_wind_tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_V" title="Gulfstream V">Gulfstream V</a> model winglet <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity" title="Aeroelasticity">flutter</a> tests at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley</a> <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_and_transonic_wind_tunnel" title="Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel">transonic wind tunnel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "winglet" was previously used to describe an additional lifting surface on an aircraft, like a short section between wheels on fixed undercarriage. <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard Whitcomb's</a> research in the 1970s at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> first used winglet with its modern meaning referring to near-vertical extension of the <a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">wing tips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_innovation_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_innovation-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upward angle (or <i>cant</i>) of the winglet, its inward or outward angle (or <i>toe</i>), as well as its size and shape are critical for correct performance and are unique in each application. The wingtip vortex, which rotates around from below the wing, strikes the <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">cambered</a> surface of the winglet, generating a force that angles inward and slightly forward, analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailboat</a> sailing <a href="/wiki/Points_of_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Points of sail">close hauled</a>. The winglet converts some of the otherwise-wasted energy in the wingtip vortex to an apparent <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>. This small contribution can be worthwhile over the aircraft's lifetime, provided the benefit offsets the cost of installing and maintaining the winglets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another potential benefit of winglets is that they reduce the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Wake_vortices" class="mw-redirect" title="Wake vortices">wake vortices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those trail behind the plane and pose a hazard to other aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minimum spacing requirements between aircraft operations at airports are largely dictated by these factors. Aircraft are <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_weight_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft weight class">classified by weight</a> (e.g. "Light", "Heavy", etc.) because the vortex strength grows with the aircraft <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a>, and thus, the associated turbulence is greatest at low speed and high weight, which produced a high <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Winglets and wingtip fences also increase efficiency by reducing vortex interference with laminar airflow near the tips of the wing,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 'moving' the confluence of low-pressure (over wing) and high-pressure (under wing) air away from the surface of the wing. Wingtip vortices create turbulence, originating at the leading edge of the wingtip and propagating backwards and inboard. This turbulence 'delaminates' the airflow over a small triangular section of the outboard wing, which destroys lift in that area. The fence/winglet drives the area where the vortex forms upward away from the wing surface, since the center of the resulting vortex is now at the tip of the winglet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">fuel economy</a> improvement from winglets increases with the mission length.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blended winglets allow a steeper angle of attack reducing <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a> distance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-ALCF_(14410530949).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D-ALCF_%2814410530949%29.jpg/220px-D-ALCF_%2814410530949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D-ALCF_%2814410530949%29.jpg/330px-D-ALCF_%2814410530949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D-ALCF_%2814410530949%29.jpg/440px-D-ALCF_%2814410530949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Winglet of <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">McDonnell Douglas MD-11</a>F</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a>, an engineer at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a>, further developed Hoerner's concept in response to the sharp increase in the cost of fuel after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. With careful aeronautical design he showed that, for a given bending moment, a near-vertical winglet offers a greater drag reduction compared to a horizontal span extension.<sup id="cite_ref-McLean_Understanding_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLean_Understanding-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitcomb's designs were flight-tested in 1979–80 by a joint NASA/Air Force team, using a <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a> based at the <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden Flight Research Center">Dryden Flight Research Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_c2r-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1011">Lockheed L-1011</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a> were also used for testing, and the latter design was directly implemented by McDonnell Douglas on the derivative <a href="/wiki/MD-11" class="mw-redirect" title="MD-11">MD-11</a>, which was rolled out in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_c2r-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1983, a high school student at <a href="/wiki/Bowie_High_School_(Maryland)" title="Bowie High School (Maryland)">Bowie High School in Maryland</a> won a grand prize at the 34th <a href="/wiki/International_Science_and_Engineering_Fair" title="International Science and Engineering Fair">International Science and Engineering Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a> for the result of his research on wingtip devices to reduce drag.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not"><span title="The material preceding this tag may lack sufficient importance. (April 2021)">importance?</span></a></i>]</sup> The same month, he filed a U.S. patent for "wingtip airfoils", published in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not"><span title="The material preceding this tag may lack sufficient importance. (April 2021)">importance?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NASA">NASA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: NASA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA's most notable application of wingtip devices is on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a>. Located on the 747's horizontal stabilizers, the devices increase the tailplane's effectiveness under the weight of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_innovation_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_innovation-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these were more for directional stability than for drag reduction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. not wingtip devices (April 2021)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_aircraft">Business aircraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Business aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Learjet_28-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Learjet_28-29.jpg/220px-Learjet_28-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Learjet_28-29.jpg/330px-Learjet_28-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Learjet_28-29.jpg/440px-Learjet_28-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Learjet_28/29" class="mw-redirect" title="Learjet 28/29">Learjet 28/29</a>, the first commercial aircraft with winglets</figcaption></figure> <p>Learjet exhibited the prototype <a href="/wiki/Learjet_28" title="Learjet 28">Learjet 28</a> at the 1977 <a href="/wiki/National_Business_Aviation_Association" title="National Business Aviation Association">National Business Aviation Association</a> convention. It employed the first winglets ever used on a production aircraft, either civilian or military. Learjet developed the winglet design without NASA assistance. Although the Model 28 was intended to be a prototype experimental aircraft, performance was such that it resulted in a production commitment from Learjet. Flight tests showed that the winglets increased range by about 6.5 percent and improved directional stability. Learjet's application of winglets to production aircraft continued with newer models including the <a href="/wiki/Learjet_55" title="Learjet 55">Learjet 55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learjet_31" title="Learjet 31">31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learjet_60" title="Learjet 60">60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learjet_45" title="Learjet 45">45</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Learjet_40" title="Learjet 40">Learjet 40</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_Aerospace" title="Gulfstream Aerospace">Gulfstream Aerospace</a> explored winglets in the late 1970s and incorporated winglets in the <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_III" title="Gulfstream III">Gulfstream III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_IV" title="Gulfstream IV">Gulfstream IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_V" title="Gulfstream V">Gulfstream V</a>. The Gulfstream V <a href="/wiki/Range_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (aircraft)">range</a> of 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) allows nonstop routes such as New York–Tokyo, it holds over 70 world and national flight records.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_c2r-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rutan combined winglets-vertical stabilizer appeared on his <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Starship" title="Beechcraft Starship">Beechcraft Starship</a> business aircraft design that first flew in 1986. </p><p>Winglets are also applied to other business aircraft, reducing take-off distance to operate from smaller airports, and allowing higher cruise altitudes. Along winglets on new designs, aftermarket vendors developed retrofits. Winglet Technology, LLC of <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a> should have tested its elliptical winglets designed to increase <a href="/wiki/Payload-range" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload-range">payload-range</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hot_and_high" title="Hot and high">hot and high</a> departures to retrofit the <a href="/wiki/Citation_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation X">Citation X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experimental">Experimental</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Experimental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional winglets were fitted to Rutan's <a href="/wiki/Rutan_Voyager" title="Rutan Voyager">Rutan Voyager</a>, the first aircraft to circumnavigate the world without refueling in 1986. The aircraft's wingtips were damaged, however, when they dragged along the runway during takeoff, removing about 1 foot (30 cm) from each wingtip, so the flight was made without benefit of winglets.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airliner_fuel_efficiency">Airliner fuel efficiency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Airliner fuel efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average commercial jet sees a 4-6 percent increase in fuel efficiency and as much as a 6% decrease in in-flight noise from the use of winglets. Actual fuel savings and the related carbon output can vary significantly by plane, route and flight conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wingtip_fence">Wingtip fence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wingtip fence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wingtip fence refers to the winglets including surfaces extending both above and below the wingtip, as described in Whitcomb's early research.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_innovation_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_innovation-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both surfaces are shorter than or equivalent to a winglet possessing similar aerodynamic benefits. The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A310-300">Airbus A310-300</a> was the first airliner with wingtip fences in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Airbus models followed with the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300-600" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A300-600">A300-600</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A320ceo" class="mw-redirect" title="A320ceo">A320ceo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a>. Other Airbus models including the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_Enhanced" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320 Enhanced">Airbus A320 Enhanced</a>, <a href="/wiki/A320neo" class="mw-redirect" title="A320neo">A320neo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">A350</a> and <a href="/wiki/A330neo" class="mw-redirect" title="A330neo">A330neo</a> have blended winglets rather than wingtip fences. The <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-158" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonov An-158">Antonov An-158</a> uses wingtip fences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canted_winglets">Canted winglets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canted winglets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> announced a new version of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">747</a>, the <a href="/wiki/747-400" class="mw-redirect" title="747-400">747-400</a>, in 1985, with an extended range and capacity, using a combination of winglets and increased span to carry the additional load. The winglets increased the 747-400's range by 3.5% over the 747-300, which is otherwise aerodynamically identical but has no winglets. The 747-400D variant lacks the wingtip extensions and winglets included on other 747-400s since winglets would provide minimal benefits on short-haul routes while adding extra weight and cost, although the -400D may be converted to the long-range version if needed.<sup id="cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winglets are preferred for Boeing derivative designs based on existing platforms, because they allow maximum re-use of existing components. Newer designs are favoring increased span, other wingtip devices or a combination of both, whenever possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-96" title="Ilyushin Il-96">Ilyushin Il-96</a> was the first Russian and modern jet to feature winglets in 1988. The <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CRJ-100">Bombardier CRJ-100</a>/200 was the first regional airliner to feature winglets in 1992. The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340</a>/<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">A330</a> followed with canted winglets in 1993/1994. The <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-204" title="Tupolev Tu-204">Tupolev Tu-204</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Narrowbody" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrowbody">narrowbody</a> aircraft to feature winglets in 1994. The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A220" title="Airbus A220">Airbus A220</a> (née CSeries), from 2016, has canted winglets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blended_winglets">Blended winglets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Blended winglets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A blended winglet is attached to the wing with a smooth curve instead of a sharp angle and is intended to reduce <a href="/wiki/Interference_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference drag">interference drag</a> at the wing/winglet junction. A sharp interior angle in this region can interact with the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> flow causing a drag inducing vortex, negating some of the benefit of the winglet. <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Partners" title="Aviation Partners">Aviation Partners</a> develops blended winglets as retrofits for the <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfstream II">Gulfstream II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_800" title="Hawker 800">Hawker 800</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 2000">Falcon 2000</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winglet_and_nav_light_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boeing 747-400 canted winglet"><img alt="Boeing 747-400 canted winglet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Winglet_and_nav_light_arp.jpg/280px-Winglet_and_nav_light_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Winglet_and_nav_light_arp.jpg/421px-Winglet_and_nav_light_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Winglet_and_nav_light_arp.jpg/561px-Winglet_and_nav_light_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400</a> canted winglet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lufthansa_winglet_(14511808755).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airbus A320 sharklet (blended winglet)"><img alt="Airbus A320 sharklet (blended winglet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lufthansa_winglet_%2814511808755%29.jpg/280px-Lufthansa_winglet_%2814511808755%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lufthansa_winglet_%2814511808755%29.jpg/420px-Lufthansa_winglet_%2814511808755%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lufthansa_winglet_%2814511808755%29.jpg/560px-Lufthansa_winglet_%2814511808755%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3113" data-file-height="2335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/A320_family" class="mw-redirect" title="A320 family">Airbus A320</a> sharklet (blended winglet)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Air_Lines_767-400ER_@LHR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boeing 767-400ER with raked wingtips"><img alt="Boeing 767-400ER with raked wingtips" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Delta_Air_Lines_767-400ER_%40LHR.jpg/401px-Delta_Air_Lines_767-400ER_%40LHR.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Delta_Air_Lines_767-400ER_%40LHR.jpg/601px-Delta_Air_Lines_767-400ER_%40LHR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Delta_Air_Lines_767-400ER_%40LHR.jpg/801px-Delta_Air_Lines_767-400ER_%40LHR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4084" data-file-height="2143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767#767-400ER" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767-400ER</a> with raked wingtips</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wing.slat.600pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airbus A310-300 wingtip fence"><img alt="Airbus A310-300 wingtip fence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wing.slat.600pix.jpg/156px-Wing.slat.600pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wing.slat.600pix.jpg/233px-Wing.slat.600pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wing.slat.600pix.jpg/311px-Wing.slat.600pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A310-300">Airbus A310-300</a> wingtip fence</div> </li> </ul> <p>On February 18, 2000, blended winglets were announced as an option for the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation#737-800" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Boeing 737-800</a>; the first shipset was installed on 14 February 2001 and entered revenue service with <a href="/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd_Flug" title="Hapag-Lloyd Flug">Hapag-Lloyd Flug</a> on 8 May 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aviation Partners/Boeing 8 ft (2.4 m) extensions decrease <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">fuel consumption</a> by 4% for long-range flights and increase range by 130 or 200 nmi (240 or 370 km) for the 737-800 or the derivative <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet" title="Boeing Business Jet">Boeing Business Jet</a> as standard.<sup id="cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also offered for the <a href="/wiki/737_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="737 Classic">737 Classic</a>, many operators have retrofitted their fleets with these for the fuel savings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aviation Partners Boeing also offers blended winglets for the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">757</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">767-300ER</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 Airbus tested two candidate blended winglets, designed by Winglet Technology and Airbus for the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320 family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 Airbus launched its "Sharklet" blended winglet, designed to enhance the <a href="/wiki/Payload-range" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload-range">payload-range</a> of its <a href="/wiki/A320_family" class="mw-redirect" title="A320 family">A320 family</a> and reduce fuel burn by up to 4% over longer sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This corresponds to an annual CO<sub>2</sub> reduction of 700 tonnes per aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A320s fitted with Sharklets were delivered beginning in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Airbus15Nov09_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airbus15Nov09-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used on the <a href="/wiki/A320neo" class="mw-redirect" title="A320neo">A320neo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A330neo" class="mw-redirect" title="A330neo">A330neo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">A350</a>. They are also offered as a retrofit option.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raked_wingtip">Raked wingtip</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Raked wingtip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raked wingtips, where the tip has a greater <a href="/wiki/Wing_sweep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing sweep">wing sweep</a> than the rest of the wing, are featured on some <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Commercial_Airplanes" title="Boeing Commercial Airplanes">Boeing Commercial Airplanes</a> to improve <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, takeoff and climb performance. Like winglets, they increase the effective <a href="/wiki/Wing_aspect_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing aspect ratio">wing aspect ratio</a> and diminish <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_vortices" title="Wingtip vortices">wingtip vortices</a>, decreasing lift-induced drag. In testing by Boeing and NASA, they reduce drag by as much as 5.5%, compared to 3.5% to 4.5% for conventional winglets.<sup id="cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an increase in span would be more effective than a same-length winglet, its <a href="/wiki/Bending_moment" title="Bending moment">bending moment</a> is greater. A 3 ft (91 cm) winglet gives the performance gain of a 2 ft (61 cm) span increase but has the bending force of a 1 ft (30 cm) span increase.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raked wingtips offer several weight-reduction advantages relative to simply extending the conventional main <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a>. At high load-factor structural design conditions, the smaller <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)" title="Chord (aeronautics)">chords</a> of the wingtip are subjected to less load, and they result in less induced loading on the outboard main wing. Additionally, the leading-edge <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">sweep</a> results in the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_pressure_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)">center of pressure</a> being located farther aft than for simple extensions of the span of conventional main wings. At high load factors, this relative aft location of the center of pressure causes the raked wingtip to be twisted more leading-edge down, reducing the bending moment on the inboard wing. However, the relative aft-movement of the center of pressure accentuates <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity#Flutter" title="Aeroelasticity">flutter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raked wingtips are installed on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>-400ER (first flight on October 9, 1999), all generations of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> (June 12, 1994) including the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777X" title="Boeing 777X">777X</a>, the 737-derived <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">Boeing P-8 Poseidon</a> (25 April 2009), all variants of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a> (December 15, 2009) (the cancelled <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787#787-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787-3</a> would have had a 170 ft (51.7 m) wingspan to fit in <a href="/wiki/ICAO#Aerodrome_Reference_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code</a> D, as its wingspan was decreased by using blended winglets instead of raked wingtips <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8" title="Boeing 747-8">Boeing 747-8</a> (February 8, 2010). The Embraer <a href="/wiki/E-jet_E2" class="mw-redirect" title="E-jet E2">E-jet E2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embraer_C-390_Millennium" title="Embraer C-390 Millennium">C-390 Millennium</a> wings also have raked wingtips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Split-tip">Split-tip</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Split-tip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_737-8_MAX_Belyakov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Boeing_737-8_MAX_Belyakov.jpg/170px-Boeing_737-8_MAX_Belyakov.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Boeing_737-8_MAX_Belyakov.jpg/255px-Boeing_737-8_MAX_Belyakov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Boeing_737-8_MAX_Belyakov.jpg/340px-Boeing_737-8_MAX_Belyakov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>737 MAX split-tip winglet</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">McDonnell Douglas MD-11</a> was the first aircraft with split-tip winglets in 1990. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/737_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="737 Next Generation">737 Next Generation</a>, third-party vendor <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Partners" title="Aviation Partners">Aviation Partners</a> has introduced a similar design to the 737 MAX wingtip device known as the split scimitar winglet,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> as the launch customer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX" title="Boeing 737 MAX">Boeing 737 MAX</a> uses a new type of wingtip device.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resembling a three-way hybrid of a winglet, wingtip fence, and raked wingtip, Boeing claims that this new design should deliver an additional 1.5% improvement in fuel economy over the 10-12% improvement already expected from the 737 MAX. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gliders">Gliders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schempp-Hirth_Ventus_2b_glider_being_launched_at_Lasham_Airfield_in_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schempp-Hirth_Ventus_2b_glider_being_launched_at_Lasham_Airfield_in_UK.jpg/220px-Schempp-Hirth_Ventus_2b_glider_being_launched_at_Lasham_Airfield_in_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schempp-Hirth_Ventus_2b_glider_being_launched_at_Lasham_Airfield_in_UK.jpg/330px-Schempp-Hirth_Ventus_2b_glider_being_launched_at_Lasham_Airfield_in_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schempp-Hirth_Ventus_2b_glider_being_launched_at_Lasham_Airfield_in_UK.jpg/440px-Schempp-Hirth_Ventus_2b_glider_being_launched_at_Lasham_Airfield_in_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_Ventus-2" title="Schempp-Hirth Ventus-2">Schempp-Hirth Ventus-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">glider</a> with factory winglets <a href="/wiki/Gliding#winchlaunch" title="Gliding">winch-launching</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Masak" title="Peter Masak">Peter Masak</a> called on aerodynamicist <a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Maughmer" title="Mark D. Maughmer">Mark D. Maughmer</a>, an associate professor of aerospace engineering at the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, about designing winglets to improve performance on his 15-meter (49 ft) wingspan racing <a href="/wiki/Sailplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailplane">sailplane</a>. Others had attempted to apply Whitcomb's winglets to gliders before, and they did improve climb performance, but this did not offset the parasitic drag penalty in high-speed cruise. Masak was convinced it was possible to overcome this hurdle.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By trial and error, they ultimately developed successful winglet designs for <a href="/wiki/Gliding_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliding competitions">gliding competitions</a>, using a new PSU–90–125 <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a>, designed by Maughmer specifically for the winglet application. At the 1991 <a href="/wiki/World_Gliding_Championships" title="World Gliding Championships">World Gliding Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas" title="Uvalde, Texas">Uvalde, Texas</a>, the trophy for the highest speed went to a winglet-equipped 15-meter class limited wingspan glider, exceeding the highest speed in the unlimited span <a href="/wiki/Glider_competition_classes" title="Glider competition classes">Open Class</a>, an exceptional result.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masak went on to win the 1993 U.S. 15 Meter Nationals gliding competition, using winglets on his prototype <a href="/wiki/Masak_Scimitar" title="Masak Scimitar">Masak Scimitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSU-90-125.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PSU-90-125.PNG/220px-PSU-90-125.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PSU-90-125.PNG/330px-PSU-90-125.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PSU-90-125.PNG/440px-PSU-90-125.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>PSU-90-125 winglet <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> profile</figcaption></figure> <p>The Masak winglets were originally retrofitted to production sailplanes, but within 10 years of their introduction, most high-performance gliders were equipped from the factory with winglets or other wingtip devices.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took over a decade for winglets to first appear on a production airliner, the original application that was the focus of the NASA development. Yet, once the advantages of winglets were proven in competition, adoption was swift with gliders. The point difference between the winner and the runner-up in soaring competition is often less than one percent, so even a small improvement in efficiency is a significant competitive advantage. Many non-competition pilots fitted winglets for handling benefits such as increased <a href="/wiki/Roll_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll (flight)">roll rate</a> and roll authority and reduced tendency for wing tip <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stall</a>. The benefits are notable, because sailplane winglets must be removable to allow the glider to be stored in a <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)" title="Trailer (vehicle)">trailer</a>, so they are usually installed only at the pilot's preference.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glaser-Dirks_DG-300" title="Glaser-Dirks DG-300">Glaser-Dirks DG-303</a>, an early glider derivative design, incorporating winglets as factory standard equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-planar_wingtip">Non-planar wingtip</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-planar wingtip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiroid_winglet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spiroid_winglet.jpg/220px-Spiroid_winglet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spiroid_winglet.jpg/330px-Spiroid_winglet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spiroid_winglet.jpg/440px-Spiroid_winglet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>A Falcon 50 with a spiroid winglet</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Partners" title="Aviation Partners">Aviation Partners</a> developed and flight tested a <a href="/wiki/Closed_wing" title="Closed wing">closed-surface</a> Spiroid winglet on a <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_50" title="Dassault Falcon 50">Falcon 50</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-planar wingtips are normally angled upwards in a polyhedral wing configuration, increasing the local <a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihedral (aircraft)">dihedral</a> near the wing tip, with polyhedral wing designs themselves having been popular on <a href="/wiki/Free_flight_(model_aircraft)" title="Free flight (model aircraft)">free-flight</a> model aircraft designs for decades. Non-planar wingtips provide the wake control benefit of winglets, with less parasitic drag penalty, if designed carefully. The non-planar wing tip is often swept back like a <a href="#Raked_wingtip">raked wingtip</a> and may also be combined with a <a href="#Winglet">winglet</a>. A winglet is also a special case of a non-planar wingtip.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aircraft designers employed mostly planar wing designs with simple dihedral after World War II, prior to the introduction of winglets. With the wide acceptance of winglets in new sailplane designs of the 1990s, designers sought to further optimize the aerodynamic performance of their wingtip designs. Glider winglets were originally retrofitted directly to planar wings, with only a small, nearly right-angle, transition area. Once the performance of the winglet itself was optimized, attention was turned to the transition between the wing and winglet. A common application was tapering the transition area from the wing tip <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord (aircraft)">chord</a> to the winglet chord and raking the transition area back, to place the winglet in the optimal position. If the tapered portion was canted upward, the winglet height could also be reduced. Eventually, designers employed multiple non-planar sections, each canting up at a greater angle, dispensing with the winglets entirely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_Discus-2" title="Schempp-Hirth Discus-2">Schempp-Hirth Discus-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_Duo_Discus" title="Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus">Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus</a> use non-planar wingtips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_wingtip_device">Active wingtip device</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Active wingtip device"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamarack_Aerospace_-_AV.N86LA.RAMP.102315.6.7x5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tamarack_Aerospace_-_AV.N86LA.RAMP.102315.6.7x5.jpg/220px-Tamarack_Aerospace_-_AV.N86LA.RAMP.102315.6.7x5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tamarack_Aerospace_-_AV.N86LA.RAMP.102315.6.7x5.jpg/330px-Tamarack_Aerospace_-_AV.N86LA.RAMP.102315.6.7x5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tamarack_Aerospace_-_AV.N86LA.RAMP.102315.6.7x5.jpg/440px-Tamarack_Aerospace_-_AV.N86LA.RAMP.102315.6.7x5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>Tamarack Aerospace's active wingtip device</figcaption></figure> <p>Tamarack Aerospace Group, a company founded in 2010 by aerospace structural engineer Nicholas Guida, has patented an Active Technology Load Alleviation System (ATLAS), a modified version of a wingtip device.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system uses Tamarack Active Camber Surfaces (TACS) to aerodynamically "switch off" the effects of the wingtip device when the aircraft is experiencing high-g events such as large gusts or severe pull-ups. TACS are movable panels, similar to <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>, on the trailing edge of the wing extension.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is controlled by the aircraft's electrical system and a high-speed <a href="/wiki/Servomotor" title="Servomotor">servo</a> which is activated when the aircraft senses an oncoming stress event, essentially simulating an actuating wingtip. However, the wingtip itself is fixed and the TACS are the only moving part of the wingtip system. Tamarack first introduced ATLAS for the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_family" title="Cessna Citation family">Cessna Citation family</a> aircraft,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has been certified for use by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actuating_wingtip_device">Actuating wingtip device</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Actuating wingtip device"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been research into actuating wingtip devices, including a filed patent application,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though no aircraft currently uses this feature as described. The <a href="/wiki/XB-70_Valkyrie" class="mw-redirect" title="XB-70 Valkyrie">XB-70 Valkyrie</a>'s wingtips were capable of drooping downward in flight, to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach 3</a> flight using <a href="/wiki/WaveRider" class="mw-redirect" title="WaveRider">waveriding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_on_rotating_blades">Use on rotating blades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Use on rotating blades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wingtip devices are also used on rotating <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (aircraft)">propeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">helicopter rotor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> blades to reduce drag, reduce diameter, reduce noise and/or improve efficiency. By reducing aircraft blade tip vortices interacting with the ground surface during <a href="/wiki/Taxiing" title="Taxiing">taxiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hover_(helicopter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hover (helicopter)">hover</a>, these devices can reduce damage from dirt and small stones picked up in the vortices.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merlin_at_RIAT_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin showing BERP rotor with distinctive blade tip profile"><img alt="AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin showing BERP rotor with distinctive blade tip profile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Merlin_at_RIAT_2009.JPG/350px-Merlin_at_RIAT_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="234" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Merlin_at_RIAT_2009.JPG/525px-Merlin_at_RIAT_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Merlin_at_RIAT_2009.JPG/700px-Merlin_at_RIAT_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">AgustaWestland AW101</a> Merlin showing <a href="/wiki/BERP_rotor" title="BERP rotor">BERP rotor</a> with distinctive blade tip profile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercules.propeller.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-130J Super Hercules showing scimitar propellers with raked tips"><img alt="C-130J Super Hercules showing scimitar propellers with raked tips" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hercules.propeller.arp.jpg/286px-Hercules.propeller.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hercules.propeller.arp.jpg/429px-Hercules.propeller.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hercules.propeller.arp.jpg/572px-Hercules.propeller.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C-130J_Super_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130J Super Hercules">C-130J Super Hercules</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">scimitar propellers</a> with raked tips</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WindTurbine_Rotor_Winglet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail view of the wingtip device on a wind turbine rotor-blade"><img alt="Detail view of the wingtip device on a wind turbine rotor-blade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WindTurbine_Rotor_Winglet.JPG/350px-WindTurbine_Rotor_Winglet.JPG" decoding="async" width="234" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WindTurbine_Rotor_Winglet.JPG/525px-WindTurbine_Rotor_Winglet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WindTurbine_Rotor_Winglet.JPG/700px-WindTurbine_Rotor_Winglet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3244" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail view of the wingtip device on a wind turbine rotor-blade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_fan_at_Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceiling fan with wingtip devices"><img alt="Ceiling fan with wingtip devices" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ceiling_fan_at_Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport.jpg/315px-Ceiling_fan_at_Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ceiling_fan_at_Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport.jpg/472px-Ceiling_fan_at_Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ceiling_fan_at_Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport.jpg/630px-Ceiling_fan_at_Chicago_O%27Hare_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceiling fan with wingtip devices</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotorcraft_applications">Rotorcraft applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rotorcraft applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ILA_2018,_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_(1X7A5334).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ILA_2018%2C_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_%281X7A5334%29.jpg/220px-ILA_2018%2C_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_%281X7A5334%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ILA_2018%2C_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_%281X7A5334%29.jpg/330px-ILA_2018%2C_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_%281X7A5334%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ILA_2018%2C_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_%281X7A5334%29.jpg/440px-ILA_2018%2C_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_%281X7A5334%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Wingtip device on a <a href="/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90" title="NHIndustries NH90">NHIndustries NH90</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main rotor blades of the <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">AgustaWestland AW101</a> (formerly the EH101) have a distinctive tip shape; pilots have found that this rotor design alters the downwash field and reduces <a href="/wiki/Brownout_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownout (aviation)">brownout</a> which limits visibility in dusty areas and leads to accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-NG_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propeller_applications">Propeller applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Propeller applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hartzell_Propeller" title="Hartzell Propeller">Hartzell Propeller</a> developed their "Q-tip" propeller used on the <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-42_Cheyenne" title="Piper PA-42 Cheyenne">Piper PA-42 Cheyenne</a> and several other fixed-wing aircraft types by bending the blade tips back at a 90-degree angle to get the same <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> from a reduced diameter propeller disk; the reduced propeller tip speed reduces noise, according to the manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">scimitar propellers</a> have increased <a href="/wiki/Sweepback" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweepback">sweepback</a> at the tips, resembling a raked tip on an aircraft wing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">ceiling fans</a> have wingtip devices. Fan manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Big_Ass_Fans" title="Big Ass Fans">Big Ass Fans</a> has claimed that their Isis fan, equipped with wingtip devices, has superior efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for certain high-volume, low-speed designs, wingtip devices may not improve efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-macroair_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macroair-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another application of the same principle was introduced to the keel of the "America's Cup"- winning Australian yacht <a href="/wiki/Australia_II" title="Australia II">Australia II</a> of 1982, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lexcen" title="Ben Lexcen">Ben Lexcen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bca_aero_17_wingtip_devices_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Faye,_Robert_Laprete,_Michael_Winter2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Robert Faye, Robert Laprete, Michael Winter (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_17/winglets.pdf">"Blended winglets for improved airplane performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aero magazine</i>. No. 17. Boeing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aero+magazine&rft.atitle=Blended+winglets+for+improved+airplane+performance&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2002-01&rft.au=Robert+Faye%2C+Robert+Laprete%2C+Michael+Winter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fcommercial%2Faeromagazine%2Faero_17%2Fwinglets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Assessment_of_Aircraft_Winglets_for_Large_Aircraft_Fuel_Efficiency2007" class="citation book cs1">Committee on Assessment of Aircraft Winglets for Large Aircraft Fuel Efficiency (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.nap.edu/cart/download.cgi?record_id=11839"><i>Assessment of Wingtip Modifications to Increase the Fuel Efficiency of Air Force Aircraft</i></a>. National Academies Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-38382-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-38382-0"><bdi>978-0-309-38382-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessment+of+Wingtip+Modifications+to+Increase+the+Fuel+Efficiency+of+Air+Force+Aircraft&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-309-38382-0&rft.au=Committee+on+Assessment+of+Aircraft+Winglets+for+Large+Aircraft+Fuel+Efficiency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.nap.edu%2Fcart%2Fdownload.cgi%3Frecord_id%3D11839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_c2r-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_c2r_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_R._Chambers2003" class="citation book cs1">Joseph R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2009</span>. <q>To counteract this, the EH101's 'winged-tip' rotor blades create what its pilots call the "donut effect" – a circular window of clear air inside the dust storm that allows them to see the ground as they come in to land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Archives&rft.atitle=Super+Chopper+%3A+Life-Saving+Features%3A+No+More+Brown-Outs&rft.date=2005-11-28&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngccommunity.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngcblogs%2Fexplorer%2Fengineering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNino_Machetti2010" class="citation news cs1">Nino Machetti (May 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthtechling.com/2010/05/isis-ceiling-fan-claims-higher-energy-efficiency/">"Isis ceiling fan claims higher efficiency"</a>. EarthTechling.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Isis+ceiling+fan+claims+higher+efficiency&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.au=Nino+Machetti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthtechling.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fisis-ceiling-fan-claims-higher-energy-efficiency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macroair-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macroair_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddie_Boyd2014" class="citation news cs1">Eddie Boyd (February 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macroairfans.com/blog/winglets-help-hindrance-hvls-fan-performance/">"Winglets: Help or Hindrance to HVLS Fan Performance?"</a>. MacroAir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Winglets%3A+Help+or+Hindrance+to+HVLS+Fan+Performance%3F&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.au=Eddie+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacroairfans.com%2Fblog%2Fwinglets-help-hindrance-hvls-fan-performance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wingtip_devices_(aircraft_wings)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wingtip devices (aircraft wings)">Wingtip devices (aircraft wings)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Masak1991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Masak" title="Peter Masak">Peter Masak</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soaridaho.com/Schreder/Technical/Winglets/Masak.htm">"Winglet Design for Sailplanes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winglet+Design+for+Sailplanes&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Peter+Masak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soaridaho.com%2FSchreder%2FTechnical%2FWinglets%2FMasak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Hepperle1993" class="citation web cs1">Martin Hepperle (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mh-aerotools.de/airfoils/winglets.htm">"A close Look at Winglets"</a>. <i>International Nurflügelmeeting des MFC Osnabrück</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Nurfl%C3%BCgelmeeting+des+MFC+Osnabr%C3%BCck&rft.atitle=A+close+Look+at+Winglets&rft.date=1993-05&rft.au=Martin+Hepperle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mh-aerotools.de%2Fairfoils%2Fwinglets.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/winglet-benefits-17118/">"Winglet benefits"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. May 1, 1996. Winglets could bring operational benefits to the Boeing 747-200F.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Winglet+benefits&rft.pages=Winglets+could+bring+operational+benefits+to+the+Boeing+747-200F&rft.date=1996-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fwinglet-benefits-17118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2003-10-16-New-Boeing-777-300ER-Bristles-with-Technology">"New Boeing 777-300ER Bristles with Technology"</a> (Press release). Boeing. October 16, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Boeing+777-300ER+Bristles+with+Technology&rft.pub=Boeing&rft.date=2003-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboeing.mediaroom.com%2F2003-10-16-New-Boeing-777-300ER-Bristles-with-Technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Yoon2003" class="citation web cs1">Joe Yoon (November 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/q0148.shtml">"Boeing 767 Raked Wingtips"</a>. <i>Aerospaceweb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aerospaceweb.org&rft.atitle=Boeing+767+Raked+Wingtips&rft.date=2003-11-02&rft.au=Joe+Yoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerospaceweb.org%2Fquestion%2Faerodynamics%2Fq0148.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationpartnersboeing.com/pdf/news/at69winglets.pdf">"Winglets: making their presence felt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aircraft Technology Engineering & Maintenance</i>. April–May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aircraft+Technology+Engineering+%26+Maintenance&rft.atitle=Winglets%3A+making+their+presence+felt&rft.date=2004-04%2F2004-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationpartnersboeing.com%2Fpdf%2Fnews%2Fat69winglets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_McLean2005" class="citation web cs1">Doug McLean (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/Wingtip_Devices.pdf">"Wingtip Devices: What They Do and How They Do It"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Performance and Flight Operations Engineering Conference</i>. Boeing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Performance+and+Flight+Operations+Engineering+Conference&rft.atitle=Wingtip+Devices%3A+What+They+Do+and+How+They+Do+It&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Doug+McLean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcockpit.com%2Fdocs%2FWingtip_Devices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingtip+device" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationpartnersboeing.com/pdf/news/109_FLTOPS_2.pdf">"The benefits of winglets and performance enhancing kits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aircraft Commerce</i>. No. 109. 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<li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&oldid=1259304390">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingtip_device&oldid=1259304390</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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