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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vowel harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimbundu_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimbundu_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kimbundu alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimbundu_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Loans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Loans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Loans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Kimbunduñe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kimbunduñe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbunda_lingvo" title="Kimbunda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kimbunda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinbundu" title="Kinbundu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kinbundu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu_bhasa" title="Kimbundu bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kimbundu bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kimbundu" title="Lingua kimbundu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kimbondo" title="Fiteny kimbondo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kimbondo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="キンブンド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キンブンド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurd_Mbundu_(Spriik)" title="Nuurd Mbundu (Spriik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurd Mbundu (Spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Mbundu" title="Lenga Mbundu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Mbundu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_mbundu" title="Język mbundu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język mbundu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_quimbundo" title="Língua quimbundo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua quimbundo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Северный мбунду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северный мбунду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94" title="කිම්බුන්ඩු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කිම්බුන්ඩු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kimbundu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Північна мбунду – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна мбунду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bantu language of northwest Angola</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kimbundu" title="Special:EditPage/Kimbundu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kimbundu%22">"Kimbundu"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kimbundu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kimbundu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kimbundu%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kimbundu%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kimbundu%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Kimbundu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">North Mbundu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Luanda_Province" title="Luanda Province">Luanda Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengo_Province" title="Bengo Province">Bengo Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malanje_Province" title="Malanje Province">Malanje Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ambundu" title="Ambundu">Ambundu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.7 million (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_H" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone H</a>)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kimbundu_languages" title="Kimbundu languages">Kimbundu languages</a> (H.20)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kimbundu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Kimbundu proper (Ngola)</li> <li>Mbamba (Njinga)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> ("National language")</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=238">kmb</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kmb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kmb">kmb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kimb1241">kimb1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>H.21</code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="112" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_António_speaking_Kimbundu.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ant%C3%B3nio_speaking_Kimbundu.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Kimbundu speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kimbundu</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a> which has sometimes been called <b>Mbundu</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>North Mbundu</b> (to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Umbundu" title="Umbundu">Umbundu</a>, sometimes called South Mbundu),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the second-most-widely-spoken Bantu language in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. </p><p>Its speakers are concentrated in the north-west of the country, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Luanda_Province" title="Luanda Province">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengo_Province" title="Bengo Province">Bengo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malanje_Province" title="Malanje Province">Malanje</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cuanza_Norte_Province" title="Cuanza Norte Province">Cuanza Norte</a> provinces. It is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Ambundu" title="Ambundu">Ambundu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Northern Mbundu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Mumbundu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Ambundu or Akwambundu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Kimbundu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Ndongo and Matamba</td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶬv</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿz</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Allophones: </p><p>[ɸ] and [β] are allophones of /p/ and /b/, respectively, before /a/ and /u/. The phoneme /l/ is phonetically a flap [ɾ], a voiced plosive [d] or its palatalized version [dʲ] when before the front high vowel /i/. In the same way, the alveolars /s/, /z/ and /n/ are palatalized to [ʃ], [ʒ] and [ɲ], respectively, before [i]. There may be an epenthesis of [g] after /ŋ/ in word medial positions, thus creating a phonetic cluster [ŋg] in a process of <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortition</a>. </p><p>There is long distance <a href="/wiki/Nasal_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal harmony">nasal harmony</a>, in which /l/ is realized as [n] if the previous morphemes contain /m/ or /n/, but not prenasalized stops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two contrasting tones: a high (á) and a low tone (à). There is also a downstep in cases of <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tonal sandhi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> in two groups (the high vowels /i, u/ and the mid and low vowels /e, o, a/) that applies only for verbal morphology. In some morphemes, vowels may be consistently deleted to avoid a hiatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Xavier_2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xavier_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kimbundu_alphabet">Kimbundu alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kimbundu alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Consonants</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>B D F G H J K L M N P S T V W X Y Z </p><p><b>Vowels</b> </p><p>A E I O U </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loans">Loans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Loans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Portuguese">European Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a small number of words of Kimbundu origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Angolan Portuguese</a>. </p><p>The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Angolan and European Portuguese include </p><p><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">bué</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[bwɛ]</a></span>, "very, a lot"),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cota</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈkɔtɐ]</a></span>, "old person"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mambo</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈmɐ̃bu]</a></span>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conjugation">Conjugation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Personal pronouns </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Eme </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eie / Eye </td> <td>You </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muene </td> <td>He or she </td></tr> <tr> <td>Etu </td> <td>We </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enu </td> <td>You </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ene </td> <td>They </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conjugating the verb to be (<i>kuala</i>; also <i>kukala</i> in Kimbundu) in the present:<sup id="cite_ref-ciberduvidas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciberduvidas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td>Eme ngala </td> <td>I am </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eie uala / Eye uala / Eie wala / Eye wala </td> <td>You are </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muene uala / Muene wala </td> <td>He or she is </td></tr> <tr> <td>Etu tuala / Etu twala </td> <td>We are </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enu nuala / Enu nwala </td> <td>You are </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ene ala </td> <td>They are </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conjugating the verb to have (<i>kuala ni</i>; also <i>kukala ni</i> in Kimbundu) in the present : </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td>Eme ngala ni </td> <td>I have </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eie / Eye uala ni </td> <td>You have </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muene uala ni </td> <td>He or she has </td></tr> <tr> <td>Etu tuala ni </td> <td>We have </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enu nuala ni </td> <td>You have </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ene ala ni </td> <td>They have </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/kmb">Kimbundu</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf">New Updated Guthrie List Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A language name 'mbundu' was used by Guthrie in his 1948 classification, for his group R10 (the language is Umbundu, the Ovimbundu's language. Kimbundu is found as Ndongo-H21). This has become obsolete: In his 1971 classification, the group H20 is called the Kimbundu group, and the R10 group is called Umbundu group. See: M. Guthrie, The Classification of the Bantu Languages (OUP, 1948), and M. Guthrie, Comparative Bantu, Vol 2 (Gregg Press, 1971). Glottolog classifies Kimbundu in a Mbundu group, which is in the Northern Njila group, and Umbundu (the Ovimbundu's language) in the Kunene group, which is itself in the Southern Njila group. see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kimb1241">the Glottolog entry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Narrow Bantu "H"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195139778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195139778.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narrow+Bantu+%22H%22&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195139778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513977-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimbundu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambundu is the short form for Akwa Mbundu, where 'Akwa' means 'from', or 'of', or more originally 'originally from' and 'belonging to'. In Kimbundu language, the particle Akwa is shortened into simply A, so that instead of Akwa Mbndu, it becomes Ambundu; similarly the term Akwa Ngola becomes ANgola, then Angola. Ngola was the title for kings in the historic Northern Angolan kingdom, before the Portuguese invasion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xavier_2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xavier_2010_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier2010" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Xavier, Francisco da Silva (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-20102010-091425/"><i>Fonologia segmental e supra-segmental do Quimbundo: variedades de Luanda, Bengo, Quanza Norte e Malange</i></a> (Ph.D. thesis) (in Portuguese). University of São Paulo. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11606%2Ft.8.2010.tde-20102010-091425">10.11606/t.8.2010.tde-20102010-091425</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fonologia+segmental+e+supra-segmental+do+Quimbundo%3A+variedades+de+Luanda%2C+Bengo%2C+Quanza+Norte+e+Malange&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=University+of+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11606%2Ft.8.2010.tde-20102010-091425&rft.aulast=Xavier&rft.aufirst=Francisco+da+Silva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teses.usp.br%2Fteses%2Fdisponiveis%2F8%2F8139%2Ftde-20102010-091425%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimbundu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/kimbundu.htm">Omniglot - Kimbundu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.A" class="citation web cs1">S.A, Priberam Informática. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dicionario.priberam.org/bué">"bué"</a>. <i>Dicionário Priberam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Priberam&rft.atitle=bu%C3%A9&rft.aulast=S.A&rft.aufirst=Priberam+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdicionario.priberam.org%2Fbu%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimbundu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.A" class="citation web cs1">S.A, Priberam Informática. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dicionario.priberam.org/cota">"Cota"</a>. <i>Dicionário Priberam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Priberam&rft.atitle=Cota&rft.aulast=S.A&rft.aufirst=Priberam+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdicionario.priberam.org%2Fcota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimbundu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciberduvidas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ciberduvidas_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/outros/diversidades/a-lingua-kimbundu/351">"A língua kimbundu"</a>. <i>Ciberduvidas da lingua portuguesa</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ciberduvidas+da+lingua+portuguesa&rft.atitle=A+l%C3%ADngua+kimbundu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt%2Foutros%2Fdiversidades%2Fa-lingua-kimbundu%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimbundu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimbundu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artedalinguadean00dias">The art of the language of Angola, author Father Pedro Dias, published in 1697</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111071245/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/kimbundu.html">Emuseum article on Kimbundu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Kimbundu">PanAfrican L10n page on Kimbundu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111071245/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/kimbundu.html">Kimbundu people</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124055/http://www.bjornthegreat.com/angola/ancient/ethnic.php">Ethnic groups of Angola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Angola" title="Template:Languages of Angola"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Angola" title="Template talk:Languages of Angola"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Angola" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Angola"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Angola" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Angola" title="Languages of Angola">Languages of Angola</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_language" title="Bolo language">Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakaona_language" title="Hakaona language">Hakaona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holu_language" title="Holu language">Holu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibinda" title="Ibinda">Ibinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Khwe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kimbundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">!Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoka_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekoka !Kung">Kung-Ekoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvale_language" title="Kuvale language">Kuvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwadi_language" title="Kwadi language">Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Kwangali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama dialect">Kwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_language" title="Mbunda language">Mbunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga dialect">Ndonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Oshiwambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbundu" title="Umbundu">Umbundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucazi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucazi language">Lucazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luimbi_language" title="Luimbi language">Luimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvale_language" title="Luvale language">Luvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luyana_language" title="Luyana language">Luyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashi_language" title="Mashi language">Mashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbali_language" title="Mbali language">Mbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbangala_language" title="Mbangala language">Mbangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Mbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndombe_language" title="Ndombe language">Ndombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngambwe_language" title="Ngambwe language">Ngambwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoya_language" title="Ngoya language">Ngoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkumbi_language" title="Nkumbi language">Nkumbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsongo_language" title="Nsongo language">Nsongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaneka_language" title="Nyaneka language">Nyaneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyengo_language" title="Nyengo language">Nyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language_(Angola)" title="Sama language (Angola)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekele_language" title="Sekele language">Sekele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">Zemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E–H)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E–H)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones E–H) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E11 <a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Nyoro</a></li> <li>[J]E12 <a href="/wiki/Tooro_language" title="Tooro language">Tooro</a></li> <li>[J]E13 <a href="/wiki/Nkore_language" title="Nkore language">Nyankore</a></li> <li>[J]E14 <a href="/wiki/Kiga_language" title="Kiga language">Ciga</a></li> <li>[J]E15 <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Ganda</a></li> <li>[J]E16 <a href="/wiki/Soga_language" title="Soga language">Soga</a></li> <li>[J]E17 <a href="/wiki/Gwere_language" title="Gwere language">Gwere</a></li> <li>[J]E18 <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Nyala</a></li> <li>[JE101 <a href="/wiki/Gungu_language" title="Gungu language">Gungu</a></li> <li>JE102 <a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga-Bwisi</a></li> <li>JE103 <a href="/wiki/Ruuli_language" title="Ruuli language">Ruli</a></li> <li>JE121 <a href="/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E21 <a href="/wiki/Nyambo_language" title="Nyambo language">Nyambo</a></li> <li>[J]E22 <a href="/wiki/Haya_language" title="Haya language">Ziba</a></li> <li>[J]E23 <a href="/wiki/Zinza_language" title="Zinza language">Dzindza</a></li> <li>[J]E24 <a href="/wiki/Kerewe_language" title="Kerewe language">Kerebe</a></li> <li>[J]E25 <a href="/wiki/Jita_language" title="Jita language">Jita</a></li> <li>[JE221 <a href="/wiki/Haya_language" title="Haya language">Rashi</a></li> <li>JE251 <a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Kwaya</a></li> <li>JE252 <a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kara language (Tanzania)">Kara</a></li> <li>JE253 <a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Ruri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E31a <a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Gisu</a></li> <li>[J]E31b <a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Kisu</a></li> <li>[J]E31c <a href="/wiki/Bukusu_dialect" title="Bukusu dialect">Bukusu</a></li> <li>[J]E32a <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Hanga</a></li> <li>[J]E32b <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Tsotso</a></li> <li>[J]E33 <a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Kenya)" title="Nyole language (Kenya)">Nyore</a></li> <li>[J]E34 <a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Saamia</a></li> <li>[J]E35 <a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Uganda)" title="Nyole language (Uganda)">Nyuli</a></li> <li>[JE341 <a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Xaayo</a></li> <li>JE342 <a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li>JE343 <a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Songa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]E40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]E41 <a href="/wiki/Logooli_language" title="Logooli language">Logooli</a></li> <li>[J]E42 <a href="/wiki/Gusii_language" title="Gusii language">Gusii</a></li> <li>[J]E43 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Koria</a></li> <li>[J]E44 <a href="/wiki/Zanaki_language" title="Zanaki language">Zanaki</a></li> <li>[J]E45 <a href="/wiki/Ikoma_language" title="Ikoma language">Nata</a></li> <li>E46 <a href="/wiki/Sonjo_language" title="Sonjo language">Sonjo</a></li> <li>[JE401 <a href="/wiki/Ngoreme_language" title="Ngoreme language">Nguruimi</a></li> <li>JE402 <a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Ikizu</a></li> <li>JE403 <a href="/wiki/Suba_language" title="Suba language">Suba</a>/<a href="/wiki/Suba-Simbiti_language" title="Suba-Simbiti language">Suba-Simbiti</a></li> <li>JE404 <a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Shashi</a></li> <li>JE405 <a href="/wiki/Kabwa_language" title="Kabwa language">Kabwa</a></li> <li>JE406 <a href="/wiki/Singa_language" title="Singa language">Singa</a></li> <li>JE407 <a href="/wiki/Ware_language" title="Ware language">Ware</a></li> <li>JE411 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Idaxo</a></li> <li>JE412 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Isuxa</a></li> <li>JE413 <a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Tiriki</a></li> <li>JE431 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Simbiti</a></li> <li>JE432 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Hacha</a></li> <li>JE433 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Surwa</a></li> <li>JE434 <a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Sweta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E51 <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_language" title="Kikuyu language">Kikuyu</a></li> <li>E52 <a href="/wiki/Embu_language" title="Embu language">Embu</a></li> <li>E53 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Meru</a></li> <li>E54 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Saraka</a></li> <li>E55 <a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a></li> <li>E56 <a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Daiso</a></li> <li>[E531 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Mwimbi-Muthambi</a></li> <li>E541 <a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Cuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E61[621a] <a href="/wiki/West_Kilimanjaro_language" title="West Kilimanjaro language">Rwo</a></li> <li>E62a[621b,622a] <a href="/wiki/West_Kilimanjaro_language" title="West Kilimanjaro language">Hai</a></li> <li>E62b[622c] <a href="/wiki/Central_Kilimanjaro_language" title="Central Kilimanjaro language">Wunjo</a></li> <li>E62c[623] <a href="/wiki/Rombo_language" title="Rombo language">Rombo</a></li> <li>E63 <a href="/wiki/Rusa_language" title="Rusa language">Rusa</a></li> <li>E64 <a href="/wiki/Kahe_language" title="Kahe language">Kahe</a></li> <li>E65 <a href="/wiki/Gweno_language" title="Gweno language">Gweno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E70</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E71 <a href="/wiki/Pokomo_language" title="Pokomo language">Pokomo</a></li> <li>E72a <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Gyriama</a></li> <li>E72b <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Kauma</a></li> <li>E72c <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Conyi</a></li> <li>E72d <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Duruma</a></li> <li>E72e <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Rabai</a></li> <li>E73 <a href="/wiki/Digo_language" title="Digo language">Digo</a></li> <li>E74a <a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Dabida</a></li> <li>E74b[741] <a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Sagala</a></li> <li>[E701 <a href="/wiki/Ilwana_language" title="Ilwana language">Elwana</a></li> <li>E731 <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Segeju</a></li> <li>E732 <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Degere</a></li> <li>E74 <a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Taita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>F11 <a href="/wiki/Tongwe_language" title="Tongwe language">Tongwe</a></li> <li>F12 <a href="/wiki/Tongwe_language" title="Tongwe language">Bende</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[J]F20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[J]F21 <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Sukuma</a></li> <li>[J]F22 <a href="/wiki/Nyamwezi_language" title="Nyamwezi language">Nyamwezi</a></li> <li>[J]F23 <a href="/wiki/Sumbwa_language" title="Sumbwa language">Sumbwa</a></li> <li>[J]F24 <a href="/wiki/Kimbu_language" title="Kimbu language">Kimbu</a></li> <li>[J]F25 <a href="/wiki/Bungu_language" title="Bungu language">Bungu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>F31 <a href="/wiki/Iramba_language" title="Iramba language">Nilamba</a></li> <li>F32 <a href="/wiki/Turu_language" title="Turu language">Remi</a></li> <li>F33 <a href="/wiki/Rangi_language" title="Rangi language">Langi</a></li> <li>F34 <a href="/wiki/Mbugwe_language" title="Mbugwe language">Mbugwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone G</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G11 <a href="/wiki/Gogo_language" title="Gogo language">Gogo</a></li> <li>G12 <a href="/wiki/Kagulu_language" title="Kagulu language">Kaguru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G21 <a href="/wiki/Taveta_language" title="Taveta language">Tubeta</a></li> <li>G22 <a href="/wiki/Pare_language" title="Pare language">Asu</a></li> <li>G23 <a href="/wiki/Shambala_language" title="Shambala language">Shambala</a></li> <li>G24 <a href="/wiki/Bondei_language" title="Bondei language">Bondei</a></li> <li>[G221 <a href="/wiki/Mbugu_language" title="Mbugu language">Mbugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G31 <a href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Zigula</a></li> <li>G32 <a href="/wiki/Kwere_language" title="Kwere language">Ngwele</a></li> <li>G33 <a href="/wiki/Zaramo_language" title="Zaramo language">Zaramo</a></li> <li>G34 <a href="/wiki/Ngulu_language" title="Ngulu language">Ngulu</a></li> <li>G35 <a href="/wiki/Luguru_language" title="Luguru language">Ruguru</a></li> <li>G36 <a href="/wiki/Kami_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kami language (Tanzania)">Kami</a></li> <li>G37 <a href="/wiki/Kutu_language" title="Kutu language">Kutu</a></li> <li>G38 <a href="/wiki/Vidunda_language" title="Vidunda language">Vidunda</a></li> <li>G39 <a href="/wiki/Sagara_language" title="Sagara language">Sagala</a></li> <li>[G301 <a href="/wiki/Doe_language" title="Doe language">Doe</a></li> <li>G311 <a href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Mushungulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G41 <a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Tikuu</a></li> <li>G42a <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Amu</a></li> <li>G42b <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Mvita</a></li> <li>G42c <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Mrima</a></li> <li>G42d <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Unguja</a></li> <li>G43a <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Phemba</a></li> <li>G43b <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Tumbatu</a></li> <li>G43c <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Hadimu</a></li> <li>G44a <a href="/wiki/Comorian_languages" title="Comorian languages">Ngazija</a></li> <li>G44b <a href="/wiki/Comorian_languages" title="Comorian languages">Njuani</a></li> <li>[G402 <a href="/wiki/Makwe_language" title="Makwe language">Makwe</a></li> <li>G403 <a href="/wiki/Mwani_language" title="Mwani language">Mwani</a></li> <li>G404 <a href="/wiki/Sidi_language" title="Sidi language">Sidi</a></li> <li>G411 <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Swahili_language" title="Socotra Swahili language">Socotra Swahili</a></li> <li>G412 <a href="/wiki/Bravanese_dialect" title="Bravanese dialect">Mwiini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G51 <a href="/wiki/Pogolo_language" title="Pogolo language">Pogolo</a></li> <li>G52 <a href="/wiki/Ndamba_language" title="Ndamba language">Ndamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G61 <a href="/wiki/Sangu_language_(Tanzania)" title="Sangu language (Tanzania)">Sango</a></li> <li>G62 <a href="/wiki/Hehe_language" title="Hehe language">Hehe</a></li> <li>G63 <a href="/wiki/Bena_language" title="Bena language">Bena</a></li> <li>G64 <a href="/wiki/Pangwa_language" title="Pangwa language">Pangwa</a></li> <li>G65 <a href="/wiki/Kinga_language" title="Kinga language">Kinga</a></li> <li>G66 <a href="/wiki/Vwanji_language" title="Vwanji language">Wanji</a></li> <li>G67 <a href="/wiki/Kisi_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kisi language (Tanzania)">Kisi</a></li> <li>[G651 <a href="/wiki/Magoma_language" title="Magoma language">Magoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone H</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H11 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Beembe</a></li> <li>H12 <a href="/wiki/Vili_language" title="Vili language">Vili</a></li> <li>H13 <a href="/wiki/Kunyi_language" title="Kunyi language">Kunyi</a></li> <li>H14 <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Ndingi</a></li> <li>H15 <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Mboka</a></li> <li>H16a <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">South Kongo</a></li> <li>H16b <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Central Kongo</a></li> <li>H16c <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Yombe</a></li> <li>H16d <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Fiote</a></li> <li>H16e <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Bwende</a></li> <li>H16f <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Laadi</a></li> <li>H16g <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">East Kongo</a></li> <li>H16h <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Southeast Kongo</a></li> <li>[H111 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Hangala</a></li> <li>H112 <a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Kamba</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bembe_language_(Kibembe)" title="Bembe language (Kibembe)">Doondo</a></li> <li>H131 <a href="/wiki/Suundi_language" title="Suundi language">Suundi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H21a <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kimbundu</a></li> <li>H21b <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mbamba</a></li> <li>H22 <a href="/wiki/Sama_language_(Angola)" title="Sama language (Angola)">Sama</a></li> <li>H23 <a href="/wiki/Bolo_language" title="Bolo language">Bolo</a></li> <li>H24 <a href="/wiki/Nsongo_language" title="Nsongo language">Songo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H31 <a href="/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)" title="Yaka language (Congo–Angola)">Yaka</a></li> <li>H32 <a href="/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a></li> <li>H33 [L12b] <a href="/wiki/Holu_language" title="Holu language">Hungu</a></li> <li>H34 <a href="/wiki/Mbangala_language" title="Mbangala language">Mbangala</a></li> <li>H35 <a href="/wiki/Shinji_language" title="Shinji language">Sinji</a></li> <li>[H321 <a href="/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Soonde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>H41 <a href="/wiki/Mbala_language" title="Mbala language">Mbala</a></li> <li>H42 <a href="/wiki/Hungana_language" title="Hungana language">Hunganna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072353">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119750920">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119750920">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543570505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027782522">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style 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