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Most importantly, it offers a new theory to explain why Jebel Barkal assumed such extraordinary religious and political significance in Egyptian history. A lone butte just below the 4th Cataract, Jebel Barkal was identified as a major manifestation of the Primeval Mound because its 75 m high pinnacle was conceptualized by ancient onlookers as a gigantic vision of the Creator god: a supernatural being combining within himself the forms of an erect phallus, a rearing uraeus, and a tall conical crown. The figure was thus imagined as male (father), female (mother), and royal child, all in one. He was the embodiment of Kamutef, source of the royal ka. Sometime in the early or mid-fourth millennium BCE, as the Egyptians, through contacts with Nubian traders and Eastern Desert nomads, became increasingly acquainted with this god, called Min (Mnw), they adopted him as one their own, even while recognizing his foreign origins. By the Archaic Period, his cult had spread throughout Egypt. It is our belief that the Jebel Barkal pinnacle, which perfectly models the shape of the White Crown, was the original inspiration for it, and that by adopting a crown of this shape a ruler, whether Nubian or Egyptian, could present himself as the son and heir of Min (who was simply a form of Horus). With the emergence of a powerful Upper Egyptian monarchy at Thebes in Dynasties 11 and 12, the Theban god Amun appropriated Min’s identity and became the Theban king’s recognized father and source of his crowns. In Dynasty 18, after years of conflict with Kush, the Theban pharaohs finally destroyed its monarchy, centered at Kerma, and secured their control of the Nile as far upstream as Jebel Barkal, probably with full knowledge that this mountain was the ultimate cultic and political prize with which to establish their own royal legitimacy in the South. There they would have recognized the ancient Nubian god Min as the “ka” (primeval aspect) of their own god, Amun of Karnak, and by claiming their descent, crowns and kingship from him, they were now able seamlessly to merge the ancient Nubian cult of kingship with their own, to declare them identical, and to merge Nubia with Egypt under a single kingship – an event repeated in reverse by the Kushites of Dynasty 25.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"timothy kendall","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/timothykendall","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17126320/10258396/11448212/s200_timothy.kendall.jpg_oh_0c55d5d24f37fbe6b409b40718fcef3b_oe_56a528c5___gda___1453551962_95e41cb02e42e1acef11471f15cc1853","sameAs":[]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-10-11","dateModified":"2023-10-11","datePublished":"2023-01-01","headline":"Sudan's Holy Mountain. Jebel Barkal and Its Temples","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106499731/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Egyptology","New Kingdom (Egyptology)","25th Dynasty (Egyptology)","Ancient Egyptian Architecture","Ancient Nubia","Ancient Egyptian kingship","Amun-Re","Meroitic Studies","Kushite Archaeology","The Egyptian god Min","Egyptian Crowns","Egyptian goddesses","Ancient Nubian Religion","Napatan Period","deity Wedjat or Uraeus"],"publication":"Sudan's Holy Mountain: Jebel Barkal and Its Temples. A Visitor's Guide.","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106499731/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/107994334/Sudans_Holy_Mountain_Jebel_Barkal_and_Its_Temples"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":107994334,"created_at":"2023-10-11T10:18:36.669-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-10-11T12:07:02.765-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"The book offers an introduction to the site and monuments of Jebel Barkal, Sudan, to the origin and nature of the local Amun cult, as well as to the history of the archaeological exploration of the site. Most importantly, it offers a new theory to explain why Jebel Barkal assumed such extraordinary religious and political significance in Egyptian history. A lone butte just below the 4th Cataract, Jebel Barkal was identified as a major manifestation of the Primeval Mound because its 75 m high pinnacle was conceptualized by ancient onlookers as a gigantic vision of the Creator god: a supernatural being combining within himself the forms of an erect phallus, a rearing uraeus, and a tall conical crown. The figure was thus imagined as male (father), female (mother), and royal child, all in one. He was the embodiment of Kamutef, source of the royal ka. Sometime in the early or mid-fourth millennium BCE, as the Egyptians, through contacts with Nubian traders and Eastern Desert nomads, became increasingly acquainted with this god, called Min (Mnw), they adopted him as one their own, even while recognizing his foreign origins. By the Archaic Period, his cult had spread throughout Egypt. It is our belief that the Jebel Barkal pinnacle, which perfectly models the shape of the White Crown, was the original inspiration for it, and that by adopting a crown of this shape a ruler, whether Nubian or Egyptian, could present himself as the son and heir of Min (who was simply a form of Horus). With the emergence of a powerful Upper Egyptian monarchy at Thebes in Dynasties 11 and 12, the Theban god Amun appropriated Min’s identity and became the Theban king’s recognized father and source of his crowns. In Dynasty 18, after years of conflict with Kush, the Theban pharaohs finally destroyed its monarchy, centered at Kerma, and secured their control of the Nile as far upstream as Jebel Barkal, probably with full knowledge that this mountain was the ultimate cultic and political prize with which to establish their own royal legitimacy in the South. There they would have recognized the ancient Nubian god Min as the “ka” (primeval aspect) of their own god, Amun of Karnak, and by claiming their descent, crowns and kingship from him, they were now able seamlessly to merge the ancient Nubian cult of kingship with their own, to declare them identical, and to merge Nubia with Egypt under a single kingship – an event repeated in reverse by the Kushites of Dynasty 25. \n","publication_date":"2023,,","publication_name":"Sudan's Holy Mountain: Jebel Barkal and Its Temples. A Visitor's Guide."},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Sudan's Holy Mountain. Jebel Barkal and Its Temples","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [17126320]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "daring_sidebar"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.showExperimentalOverhaulLoginForm = false window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="safe-loswp--grid-container"><div class="safe-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="safe-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":106499731,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Sudan's Holy Mountain. 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Jebel Barkal and Its Temples</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17126320" href="https://independent.academia.edu/timothykendall"><img alt="Profile image of timothy kendall" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/17126320/10258396/11448212/s65_timothy.kendall.jpg_oh_0c55d5d24f37fbe6b409b40718fcef3b_oe_56a528c5___gda___1453551962_95e41cb02e42e1acef11471f15cc1853" />timothy kendall</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Sudan's Holy Mountain: Jebel Barkal and Its Temples. 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Most importantly, it offers a new theory to explain why Jebel Barkal assumed such extraordinary religious and political significance in Egyptian history. A lone butte just below the 4th Cataract, Jebel Barkal was identified as a major manifestation of the Primeval Mound because its 75 m high pinnacle was conceptualized by ancient onlookers as a gigantic vision of the Creator god: a supernatural being combining within himself the forms of an erect phallus, a rearing uraeus, and a tall conical crown. The figure was thus imagined as male (father), female (mother), and royal child, all in one. He was the embodiment of Kamutef, source of the royal ka. Sometime in the early or mid-fourth millennium BCE, as the Egyptians, through contacts with Nubian traders and Eastern Desert nomads, became increasingly acquainted with this god, called Min (Mnw), they adopted him as one their own, even while recognizing his foreign origins. By the Archaic Period, his cult had spread throughout Egypt. It is our belief that the Jebel Barkal pinnacle, which perfectly models the shape of the White Crown, was the original inspiration for it, and that by adopting a crown of this shape a ruler, whether Nubian or Egyptian, could present himself as the son and heir of Min (who was simply a form of Horus). With the emergence of a powerful Upper Egyptian monarchy at Thebes in Dynasties 11 and 12, the Theban god Amun appropriated Min’s identity and became the Theban king’s recognized father and source of his crowns. In Dynasty 18, after years of conflict with Kush, the Theban pharaohs finally destroyed its monarchy, centered at Kerma, and secured their control of the Nile as far upstream as Jebel Barkal, probably with full knowledge that this mountain was the ultimate cultic and political prize with which to establish their own royal legitimacy in the South. There they would have recognized the ancient Nubian god Min as the “ka” (primeval aspect) of their own god, Amun of Karnak, and by claiming their descent, crowns and kingship from him, they were now able seamlessly to merge the ancient Nubian cult of kingship with their own, to declare them identical, and to merge Nubia with Egypt under a single kingship – an event repeated in reverse by the Kushites of Dynasty 25. </p><div class="toggle-truncation-button js-toggle-truncation-button--abstract"><button class="safe-abstract--toggle-truncation-button"><span>... </span><span class="safe-abstract--toggle-truncation-button-text">Read more</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="safe-right-rail--container"><div class="safe-right-rail--related-works"><h2 class="safe-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="safe-related-content--container"><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2537326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2537326/The_Ordination_of_Amenirdis_I_at_Thebes_and_the_Emergence_of_Kushite_Authority_in_Upper_Egypt">The Ordination of Amenirdis I at Thebes and the Emergence of Kushite Authority in Upper Egypt</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="202965" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/RachaelMayoh">Rachael Mayoh</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ordination of Amenirdis I at Thebes and the Emergence of Kushite Authority in Upper Egypt","attachmentId":30551967,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2537326/The_Ordination_of_Amenirdis_I_at_Thebes_and_the_Emergence_of_Kushite_Authority_in_Upper_Egypt","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2537326/The_Ordination_of_Amenirdis_I_at_Thebes_and_the_Emergence_of_Kushite_Authority_in_Upper_Egypt"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="91185357" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91185357/The_Nubian_pharoahs_black_kings_on_the_Nile">The Nubian pharoahs: black kings on the Nile</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6384313" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DominiqueValbelle">Dominique Valbelle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Choice Reviews Online, 2007</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Krzysztof Grzymski After briefly catching the world's attention during the 1960s, when an international archaeological salvage campaign was carried out between Aswan in Egypt and Wadi Halfa in the Sudan, Nubia returned to its quiet, almost anonymous existence. It took a while to realize that south of the man-made Lake Nasser (as it is called in Egypt) or Lake Nubia (as it is known to the Sudanese) lies an archaeological promised land. Despite the fact that entire buried cities were to be discovered on the banks of the Middle Nile, very few archaeologists decided to explore the sites of Upper Nubia and Central Sudan. The logistical difficulties of mounting an archaeological excavation in the backcountry of the Sudan meant that only the most intrepid scholars undertook the challenge, among them a Swiss archaeologist, Charles Bonnet. He led the team from the University of Geneva that in 1973 began excavating the remains of the city of Kerma. The site, located south of the Third Cataract of the Nile, had previously been explored from 1913 to 1916 by Reisner's Boston expedition. Reisner worked mainly in the cemeteries, excavating enormous tumuli of the chiefs of Kerma. The Swiss mission concentrated its activity in the urban area near a large mudbrick structure known as the Western Deffufa. The patient and diligent work of Bonnet and his colleagues unearthed the foundations of numerous houses, workshops, and palaces, proving that as early as 2000 B.C.E. Kerma was a large urban center, presumably the capital city and a burial ground of the kings of Kush (Egyptian name for the Kerma Kingdom). Egyptians must have seen Kush as a formidable enemy, considering the size and number of fortresses erected near the Second Cataract by the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. Eventually, ca. 1550 B.C.E. the Egyptians finally invaded their southern neighbor, destroying Kerma and extending their control of the Nile Valley all the way to the Fourth Cataract. Bonnet has spent his life excavating the remains of the Kerma civilization, with remarkable results. Field reports were regularly published in Genava, and two volumes of final reports have already appeared. In 1990, he organized an exhibition on ancient Kerma in Geneva's Musée d'Art et d'Histoire. The first chapter of this elegantly published book gives an extensive outline of the history of the site from the Neolithic to the Meroitic periods based on the results of three decades of work. Yet the most dramatic discovery made by Bonnet, and the main subject of the book under review, did not belong to the Kerma culture. It was of a much later date and was the result of a side project on the Egyptian New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1080 B.C.E.) and the native Napatan-Meroitic (ca. 800 B.C.E.-350 C.E.) remains found at a place called Doukki Gel (a Nubian term meaning the "red mound") on the outskirts of modern Kerma. Some of this research was carried out by a Sudanese member of the Swiss team, Salah Mohammed Ahmed, who presented the first major overview of the excavations at the Meroitic temple of Doukki Gel at the Nubiology Congress held in Boston (T. Kendall, ed., Nubian Studies 1998 [Boston 2004], which should be added to the summary bibliography in Bonnet and Valbelle's book). It soon became apparent that the history of the Doukki Gel temple could be traced back to the Napatan and the New Kingdom periods. It is fortunate that shortly before the discovery of those Egyptian New Kingdom remains, the Swiss team was joined by an Egyptologist, Dominique Valbelle, coauthor of the book and responsible for the epigraphic aspects of the project. The discovery of the Doukki Gel temples and the identification of the place as ancient Pnubs is the subject of the second chapter. The original temple dedicated to Amun of Pnubs was founded by Thutmose III but destroyed in the later years of Akhenaten when the site was transformed to the worship of Aten. Nineteenth Dynasty kings then rebuilt the Amun temple. The native Nubian kings who ruled Egypt as the 25th Dynasty rebuilt the temple again, as did their Napatan successors. It was</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Nubian pharoahs: black kings on the Nile","attachmentId":94543855,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91185357/The_Nubian_pharoahs_black_kings_on_the_Nile","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91185357/The_Nubian_pharoahs_black_kings_on_the_Nile"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="4755933" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4755933/Onderka_P_Pestle_W_Thebes_under_the_Nubian_Pharaohs_2007_">Onderka, P. - Pestle, W.: Thebes under the Nubian Pharaohs (2007).</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1813743" href="https://nm.academia.edu/PavelOnderka">Pavel Onderka</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Onderka, P. - Pestle, W.: Thebes under the Nubian Pharaohs (2007).","attachmentId":32066159,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4755933/Onderka_P_Pestle_W_Thebes_under_the_Nubian_Pharaohs_2007_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4755933/Onderka_P_Pestle_W_Thebes_under_the_Nubian_Pharaohs_2007_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="58066012" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58066012/The_Amun_Cult_and_Its_Development_in_Nubia">The Amun Cult and Its Development in Nubia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1300099" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/GaboldeLuc">Gabolde Luc</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oxford Encyclopaedy of Ancient Nubia, 2020</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">This chapter examines the origins of the god Amun, of his name, his ram-headed form, and their connections to Nubia, which seem to have been overestimated. Amun appears to be the major deity worshipped in Nubia after the Egyptian conquest of the New King dom. Considered to be a national and universal god, he became the protector of Kushite kingship, spread through the religious conversion of the Kushite elite to Egyptian reli gious beliefs. Amun is a solarized deity figured as a man (occasionally ithyphallic) with a two-feather headdress primarily as the god of Karnak, and as a ram-headed deity as that of Jebel Barkal. He may also appear as a bull, a goose, and more questionably as a croco dile or a cobra. His main sacred cities were Napata, Pnubs, Kawa, Sanam, and Tara. He is occasionally accompanied by Mut, Khonsu, Satis, and Anukis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Amun Cult and Its Development in Nubia","attachmentId":72657939,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58066012/The_Amun_Cult_and_Its_Development_in_Nubia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58066012/The_Amun_Cult_and_Its_Development_in_Nubia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="24422993" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24422993/The_Rising_Power_of_the_House_of_Amun_in_the_New_Kingdom">The Rising Power of the House of Amun in the New Kingdom</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22632644" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/BenHaring">Ben Haring</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Rising Power of the House of Amun in the New Kingdom","attachmentId":44753791,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24422993/The_Rising_Power_of_the_House_of_Amun_in_the_New_Kingdom","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24422993/The_Rising_Power_of_the_House_of_Amun_in_the_New_Kingdom"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="9761745" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9761745/A_Nameless_Pyramid_The_State_Doctrine_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Heracleopolitan_Monarchy_Aegyptiaca_I_St_Petersburg_2005_in_Russian_The_English_summary">A Nameless Pyramid. The State Doctrine of the Ancient Egyptian Heracleopolitan Monarchy (Aegyptiaca I), St. Petersburg 2005 (in Russian). The English summary.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1770255" href="https://spbu.academia.edu/ArkadiyDemidchik">Arkadiy Demidchik</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Nameless Pyramid. The State Doctrine of the Ancient Egyptian Heracleopolitan Monarchy (Aegyptiaca I), St. Petersburg 2005 (in Russian). The English summary.","attachmentId":35942462,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9761745/A_Nameless_Pyramid_The_State_Doctrine_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Heracleopolitan_Monarchy_Aegyptiaca_I_St_Petersburg_2005_in_Russian_The_English_summary","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9761745/A_Nameless_Pyramid_The_State_Doctrine_of_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Heracleopolitan_Monarchy_Aegyptiaca_I_St_Petersburg_2005_in_Russian_The_English_summary"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2556665" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2556665/En_collaboration_avec_V_Rondot_rubrique_The_Montu_Precinct_at_North_Karnak_dans_K_A_Bard_%C3%A9d_Encyclopedia_of_the_Archaelogy_of_Ancient_Egypt_Garlang_Publishing_New_York_1999_p_394_397">En collaboration avec V. Rondot, rubrique « The Montu Precinct at North-Karnak » dans K.A. Bard éd. Encyclopedia of the Archaelogy of Ancient Egypt, Garlang Publishing, New-York 1999, p. 394-397</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1300099" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/GaboldeLuc">Gabolde Luc</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">and feasting show those officials being honored squatting before the façade of the palace, with a head-smiting scene in the background. This can only be the large relief of Akhenaten which decorated the reveals of the gate of Pylon III at Karnak, and lay just south of the royal palace. Whether a large colonnade decorated with figures of Nefertiti once stood on the site of the present Pylon II must remain moot; it remains a possibility that some parts of the Amen temple remained in operation, at least until the celebration of the jubilee. Thereafter, we find the high priest of Amen, Maya, sent to the quarries (year 4), and the writing of the name "Amen" obliterated intentionally throughout Karnak and the whole Theban area. On the eve of Akhenaten's abandonment of Thebes for Amarna the king changed his name from "Amenhotep" to "Akhenaten," and had every cartouche modified accordingly. After this hejira, work stopped on his Theban buildings: none of the later changes in nomenclature or art style appears at Thebes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"En collaboration avec V. Rondot, rubrique « The Montu Precinct at North-Karnak » dans K.A. Bard éd. Encyclopedia of the Archaelogy of Ancient Egypt, Garlang Publishing, New-York 1999, p. 394-397","attachmentId":54101941,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2556665/En_collaboration_avec_V_Rondot_rubrique_The_Montu_Precinct_at_North_Karnak_dans_K_A_Bard_%C3%A9d_Encyclopedia_of_the_Archaelogy_of_Ancient_Egypt_Garlang_Publishing_New_York_1999_p_394_397","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2556665/En_collaboration_avec_V_Rondot_rubrique_The_Montu_Precinct_at_North_Karnak_dans_K_A_Bard_%C3%A9d_Encyclopedia_of_the_Archaelogy_of_Ancient_Egypt_Garlang_Publishing_New_York_1999_p_394_397"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="37181454" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37181454/Egyptian_Rule_over_Kush_Ethiopia_and_Ahmose_Nefertari_Foremother_of_Oromos_and_Sudanese_Part_III_2010_">Egyptian Rule over Kush-Ethiopia, and Ahmose Nefertari, Foremother of Oromos and Sudanese. Part III (2010)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44497389" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShamsaddinMegalommatis">Shamsaddin Megalommatis</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">On the other hand, Jan Assman cannot possibly deceive every one! His interpretation of the pictorial presentation of the evil worshipped by Hyksos as god cannot be left so incomplete. Certainly, the Hyksos worshipped Seth (Zety) and Apophis (Apope), but the depiction of Seth under the combined form of man and hippopotamus has nothing to do with artistic inventions due to a fictional need of "personalizing" Seth. Furthermore, Seth was not a properly speaking "desert god", as Assman implies; Seth was cast in the desert which represented for the Ancient Egyptians the concept of vacuum, the "non existence". But Seth was originally conceived as Satan, and according to the religious – spiritual concepts and fundamentals of the Ancient Egyptian Art, Satan was represented as a hippopotamus (and at times as a crocodile), when the apocalyptic level of mythical semiotics was involved. A perfect example in this case is the Messiah – Satan conflict narrative at Edfu (inner part of the Western Outer Wall) that antedates and clearly supersedes the Christian Book of the Revelation. The fact that the Hyksos pseudo-pharaoh Apope dispatched a delegation to Thebes to demand the immediate termination of the traditional Egyptian game of harpooning hippopotamuses (which in the Ancient Egyptian culture was a theatrical act, aptly pre-modeling the ultimate victory of Messiah – Horus over Satan – Seth) illuminates his Satanic identity, while shedding also light on the real identity of any modern scholar presenting a pro-Hyksos version of Egyptian History. All this is necessary to take into consideration, when the History of Ancient Kush / Ethiopia is concerned. Ideological – religious – spiritual identification clarifies much the situation and helps draw the correct conclusions. In fact, the same ideological – spiritual – religious clash that characterized Egypt for millennia can be attested in Ancient Kush / Ethiopia, and this greatly helps in properly assessing historical developments as the outcome of clash between two priesthoods. As societies are not monolithic phenomena, one should not imagine that the kingdom of Kerma that sided with the Hyksos rulers was entirely under control of a priesthood dedicated to Satan – Seth. Ancient Egypt and Kush / Ethiopia were highly nuanced societies whereby the rival priesthoods coexisted for millennia, perpetuating their fight by means of myth interpretational variants, educational literature, socioeconomic involvement, and grip over the political – military power. First published in AfroArticles, Buzzle and American Chronicle on 12th March 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Egyptian Rule over Kush-Ethiopia, and Ahmose Nefertari, Foremother of Oromos and Sudanese. Part III (2010)","attachmentId":57132776,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37181454/Egyptian_Rule_over_Kush_Ethiopia_and_Ahmose_Nefertari_Foremother_of_Oromos_and_Sudanese_Part_III_2010_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37181454/Egyptian_Rule_over_Kush_Ethiopia_and_Ahmose_Nefertari_Foremother_of_Oromos_and_Sudanese_Part_III_2010_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="34080501" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34080501/Anchor_produced_from_an_obsolete_Egyptian_engraving_from_Megadim_Coast_In_Ben_Tor_D_et_al_2016_Pharaoh_in_Canaan_The_Untold_Story_The_Israel_Museum_Jerusalem_Catalogue_no_637_Jerusalem_77_78_Combined_English_and_Hebrew_versions_">Anchor produced from an obsolete Egyptian engraving [from Megadim Coast]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 77-78. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2357494" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/EranArie">Eran Arie</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anchor produced from an obsolete Egyptian engraving [from Megadim Coast]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 77-78. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]","attachmentId":54014364,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34080501/Anchor_produced_from_an_obsolete_Egyptian_engraving_from_Megadim_Coast_In_Ben_Tor_D_et_al_2016_Pharaoh_in_Canaan_The_Untold_Story_The_Israel_Museum_Jerusalem_Catalogue_no_637_Jerusalem_77_78_Combined_English_and_Hebrew_versions_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34080501/Anchor_produced_from_an_obsolete_Egyptian_engraving_from_Megadim_Coast_In_Ben_Tor_D_et_al_2016_Pharaoh_in_Canaan_The_Untold_Story_The_Israel_Museum_Jerusalem_Catalogue_no_637_Jerusalem_77_78_Combined_English_and_Hebrew_versions_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="26433731" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26433731/A_rebirth_for_the_pharaoh_reflections_on_the_classification_of_the_new_kingdom_divine_birth_cycle_as_a_ritual">A rebirth for the pharaoh: reflections on the classification of the new kingdom divine birth cycle as a ritual</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="340655" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MiaRikala">Mia Rikala</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A rebirth for the pharaoh: reflections on the classification of the new kingdom divine birth cycle as a ritual","attachmentId":46730554,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26433731/A_rebirth_for_the_pharaoh_reflections_on_the_classification_of_the_new_kingdom_divine_birth_cycle_as_a_ritual","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26433731/A_rebirth_for_the_pharaoh_reflections_on_the_classification_of_the_new_kingdom_divine_birth_cycle_as_a_ritual"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="41484107" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41484107/Kushites_Expressing_Egyptian_Kingship_Nubian_Dynasties_in_Hieroglyphic_Texts_and_a_Phantom_Kushite_King">Kushites Expressing ‘Egyptian’ Kingship: Nubian Dynasties in Hieroglyphic Texts and a Phantom Kushite King</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="668526" href="https://mq.academia.edu/JulienCooper">Julien Cooper</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ägypten und Levante XXVIII, 2018</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">The Lower Nubian borderlands of the Second Intermediate Period, situated between Kush and Egypt, was witness to one of the most culturally complex episodes in the Pharaonic period. The intersection of an ascendant Kush over local Egypto-Nubian elites living in C-Group lands provided for a set of mixed cultural expressions. This region was witness to one of the few episodes in Pharaonic Egypt where Egyptian administrators served a foreign king, in this case the ruler of Kush. A number of documents produced by this elite give us unique insights into the power of Kerma and its efforts to project that power in its newly acquired territories. A reassessment of one particular stele (Khartoum no. 18) demonstrates that its ruler of Kush ‘Nedjeh’ is not a reference to an individual King at all but rather a rare title, a counterpart to the common Second Intermediate epithet ‘strong king’. This stele, along with other documents in the new Kushite realm, reveals the attempts of Nubian rulers to adopt a new elite Egyptianizing language of power to express their local dominance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kushites Expressing ‘Egyptian’ Kingship: Nubian Dynasties in Hieroglyphic Texts and a Phantom Kushite King","attachmentId":61852480,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41484107/Kushites_Expressing_Egyptian_Kingship_Nubian_Dynasties_in_Hieroglyphic_Texts_and_a_Phantom_Kushite_King","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41484107/Kushites_Expressing_Egyptian_Kingship_Nubian_Dynasties_in_Hieroglyphic_Texts_and_a_Phantom_Kushite_King"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="36674653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36674653/Nubia_in_the_New_Kingdom_the_Egyptians_at_Kurgus">Nubia in the New Kingdom: the Egyptians at Kurgus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30958804" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/WilliamVivianDavies">William Vivian Davies</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In: Nubia in the New Kingdom: Lived experience, pharaonic control and indigenous traditions, ed. N. Spencer, A. Stevens and M. Binder. BMPES 3. Peeters. Leuven-Paris-Bristol, CT. , 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nubia in the New Kingdom: the Egyptians at Kurgus","attachmentId":56611326,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36674653/Nubia_in_the_New_Kingdom_the_Egyptians_at_Kurgus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36674653/Nubia_in_the_New_Kingdom_the_Egyptians_at_Kurgus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="38874799" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38874799/The_Image_of_Pharaoh_Royal_Ideology_and_Historical_Reality_in_the_Light_of_Egyptian_Wisdom_Literature">The Image of Pharaoh: Royal Ideology and Historical Reality in the Light of Egyptian Wisdom Literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80917734" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/NiliShupak">Nili Shupak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Ancient Egyptian sources frequently depict Pharaoh as god's representative on earth during his lifetime and as a god after his death. In his lifetime, the king was identified with Horus, the god of heaven. After his death, he became Osiris, the god of the dead. On occasion, he was also named after other gods-for example, Montu, the war-god, Sekhemet, the plague-goddess, and Khnum, the potter-god of creation. At times, he was also described as "the living image of god x." According to Egyptian thought, those who sat on the royal throne were the earthly successors of the gods who ruled Egypt during the primordial period. The ruling king was called prt nṯr "seed of god" or nṯr "god." On occasion, the boundaries between king and god became so blurred that it is impossible to determine whether the title "god" refers to the king or god. When a king ascended the throne, he was given a five-fold name that included divine epithets: "son of Re (the sun-god)" or "Horus." 1 The king's divine lineage is clearly reflected in the illustrations portraying his birth and the inscriptions accompanying them. Herein, the god was given the features of the king's father and coupled with his earthly mother. 2 The king was thus regarded as god's son in the literal, physical sense. 3 1. In the official literature, the title "god" when referring to king usually comes with adjectives such as nfr "good," wr "great," wʿ "one, unique," mnḫ "excellent," etc.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Image of Pharaoh: Royal Ideology and Historical Reality in the Light of Egyptian Wisdom Literature","attachmentId":58971327,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38874799/The_Image_of_Pharaoh_Royal_Ideology_and_Historical_Reality_in_the_Light_of_Egyptian_Wisdom_Literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38874799/The_Image_of_Pharaoh_Royal_Ideology_and_Historical_Reality_in_the_Light_of_Egyptian_Wisdom_Literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="6902640" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6902640/B%C3%A1rta_M_2013_Egyptian_Kingship_during_the_Old_Kingdom_In_Experiencing_power_generating_authority_Cosmos_Politics_and_the_Ideology_of_Kingship_in_Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_eds_A_J_Hill_P_Jones_and_Morales_J_A_UPenn_Philadelphia_257_283">Bárta, M. 2013. "Egyptian Kingship during the Old Kingdom." In Experiencing power, generating authority. Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. , eds. A. J. Hill, P. Jones and Morales J. A. UPenn, Philadelphia. 257-283.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60098" href="https://cuni.academia.edu/MiroslavBarta">Miroslav Barta</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bárta, M. 2013. \"Egyptian Kingship during the Old Kingdom.\" In Experiencing power, generating authority. Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. , eds. A. J. Hill, P. Jones and Morales J. A. UPenn, Philadelphia. 257-283.","attachmentId":33582414,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6902640/B%C3%A1rta_M_2013_Egyptian_Kingship_during_the_Old_Kingdom_In_Experiencing_power_generating_authority_Cosmos_Politics_and_the_Ideology_of_Kingship_in_Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_eds_A_J_Hill_P_Jones_and_Morales_J_A_UPenn_Philadelphia_257_283","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6902640/B%C3%A1rta_M_2013_Egyptian_Kingship_during_the_Old_Kingdom_In_Experiencing_power_generating_authority_Cosmos_Politics_and_the_Ideology_of_Kingship_in_Ancient_Egypt_and_Mesopotamia_eds_A_J_Hill_P_Jones_and_Morales_J_A_UPenn_Philadelphia_257_283"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="2210803" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2210803/Hendrickx_S_Darnell_J_C_and_Gatto_M_C_The_earliest_representations_of_royal_power_in_Egypt_The_rock_drawings_of_Nag_el_Hamdulab_Aswan_Antiquity_86_334_2012_1068_1083">Hendrickx, S.; Darnell, J.C. & Gatto, M.C., The earliest representations of royal power in Egypt. The rock drawings of Nag el-Hamdulab (Aswan). Antiquity, 86, 334 (2012): 1068-1083.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="217888" href="https://pan-pl.academia.edu/MariaCGatto">Maria C. Gatto</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22777715" href="https://yale.academia.edu/JohnColemanDarnell">John Coleman Darnell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="389491" href="https://mad-fac.academia.edu/StanHendrickx">Stan Hendrickx</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">The vivid engravings on vertical rocks at the desert site of Nag el-Hamdulab west of the Nile comprise a rock art gallery of exceptional historical significance. The authors show that the images of boats with attendant prisoners, animals and the earliest representation of a pharaoh offer a window on Dynasty 0, and depict the moment that the religious procession of Predynastic Egypt became the triumphant tour of a tax-collecting monarch.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hendrickx, S.; Darnell, J.C. \u0026 Gatto, M.C., The earliest representations of royal power in Egypt. The rock drawings of Nag el-Hamdulab (Aswan). Antiquity, 86, 334 (2012): 1068-1083.","attachmentId":40409030,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2210803/Hendrickx_S_Darnell_J_C_and_Gatto_M_C_The_earliest_representations_of_royal_power_in_Egypt_The_rock_drawings_of_Nag_el_Hamdulab_Aswan_Antiquity_86_334_2012_1068_1083","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2210803/Hendrickx_S_Darnell_J_C_and_Gatto_M_C_The_earliest_representations_of_royal_power_in_Egypt_The_rock_drawings_of_Nag_el_Hamdulab_Aswan_Antiquity_86_334_2012_1068_1083"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="5073705" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5073705/Amenemhat_I_and_t_he_Early_Twelfth_Dynasty_a_t_Thebes_Lila_Acheson_Wallace_Curator_Egyptian_Art_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_AN_UNFINISHED_ROYAL_FUNERARY_MONU_MENT_AT_WESTERN_THEBES_ETWEEN_THE_HILLS_of_Sheikh_Abd_el">Amenemhat I and t he Early Twelfth Dynasty a t Thebes Lila Acheson Wallace Curator, Egyptian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art AN UNFINISHED ROYAL FUNERARY MONU- MENT AT WESTERN THEBES ETWEEN THE HILLS of Sheikh Abd el</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6785872" href="https://unadmexixo.academia.edu/BrujoD%C3%AFaz">Brujo Dïaz</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Qurna and Qurnet Marai in the Theban necropolis runs a valley that meets the floodplain at the site of the mortuary temple of Rameses II, the Ramesseum (Figures i, 2). The valley is a counterpart to the valley of Deir el-Bahri, where the temples of Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra and Hatshepsut are situated. But unlike the Deir el-Bahri valley, this valley does not contain famous standing monuments. Today, the valley presents a wild, almost desolate, appearance (Figures 3, 5, 21). A closer look, however, reveals features that indicate major landscaping efforts were undertaken in ancient times. Figures 2 and 3 show two separate places where quarrymen cut trenches into the rock preparatory to removing the entire rock face at the southwestern side of the valley.2 And at the western end of the valley where the limestone rock surrounds a natural bay, a considerable part of the ground was leveled to form an even plateau (Figure 3). Herbert E. Winlock in 1914 was the first to recognize that the plateau and trenches were traces of building activities.3 The discovery was important enough for him to record it in the opening paragraphs of The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes (1947). It is a memorable description of archaeological intuition: One day just before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the groom and I were exercising my horses behind Sheikh Abd el Kurneh Hill. The light was exactly right, and as I came to the highest bit of path, with the towering cliffs to the right and the lower hill to the left, I noticed below me for the first time a ? The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1991 Metropolitan Museum Journal 26 flat platform and the upper part of a sloping causeway ascending from the cultivation. In a flash I was spurring down the hill and up onto the level place to look down the line of the ancient roadway to the point where it disappeared behind the Ramesseum. I realized that in the flat terrace under the cliffs we had the grading for a temple like the one built in the Eleventh Dynasty at Deir el-Bahrijust to the north. In 1920-21 Winlock cleared the platform under the cliffs of later debris.4 In the course of this work, he recleared an underground passage and burial chamber (Figure 4) that had first been excavated by Robert Mond in the winter of 1903-4.5 Winlock rightly connected this burial chamber of royal proportions with the landscaping efforts described above, and he identified the ensemble as an unfinished royal funerary monument. At first, it seemed a simple matter to identify the individual for whom this monument had been intended. The similarities in the plan of the burial chamber-as well as in the general shape of the causeway and funerary temple-to the great funeral monument of Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra in the neighboring valley of Deir el-Bahri6 pointed to a successor of that king as the owner (Figure 1, nos. 1 and 5). Further indications of a late Eleventh Dynasty date for the structure were thought to exist because of the large tomb of the chancellor Meketra, situated at the northern side of the valley (Figure 5). This official was known to have served Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra as "overseer of the six great law-courts" around year 39 of that king's reign.7 During the last years of Nebhepetra's reign, Meketra was "chancellor" (imy-r' htmt) and was depicted or mentioned in this capacity several times in the relief decoration of Nebhepetra's funerary temple at Deir el-Bahri.8 The fact that Meketra's tomb was not sit-The notes for this article begin on page 41. 5 The Metropolitan Museum of Art is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Metropolitan Museum Journal www.jstor.org ® uated among the tombs of the other officials of Nebhepetra's court, on the slopes around the valley of Deir el-Bahri (Figure i, nos. 6 and 7),9 suggested to Winlock and others that Meketra outlived Nebhepetra and went on to serve his successor, Mentuhotep III Seankhkara. It was therefore logical to assume that the unfinished royal tomb in the valley, situated below the tomb of Meketra, belonged to King Mentuhotep III Seankhkara. (See Appendix I.) A group of inscriptions on nearby rocks seemed to corroborate the identification of the unfinished monument as the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep III. Between the valley, or rock bay, of Deir el-Bahri and the bay in which the unfinished royal funerary monument is situated lies yet another, smaller bay surrounded by limestone cliffs (Figure i, no. 4).1' In this smaller bay numerous graffiti of Middle Kingdom date are incised in the rock cliffs high above the valley floor. Winlock recognized that various groups of priests had incised their names here." Among these names, the greatest number were</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Amenemhat I and t he Early Twelfth Dynasty a t Thebes Lila Acheson Wallace Curator, Egyptian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art AN UNFINISHED ROYAL FUNERARY MONU- MENT AT WESTERN THEBES ETWEEN THE HILLS of Sheikh Abd el","attachmentId":32294265,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5073705/Amenemhat_I_and_t_he_Early_Twelfth_Dynasty_a_t_Thebes_Lila_Acheson_Wallace_Curator_Egyptian_Art_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_AN_UNFINISHED_ROYAL_FUNERARY_MONU_MENT_AT_WESTERN_THEBES_ETWEEN_THE_HILLS_of_Sheikh_Abd_el","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5073705/Amenemhat_I_and_t_he_Early_Twelfth_Dynasty_a_t_Thebes_Lila_Acheson_Wallace_Curator_Egyptian_Art_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_AN_UNFINISHED_ROYAL_FUNERARY_MONU_MENT_AT_WESTERN_THEBES_ETWEEN_THE_HILLS_of_Sheikh_Abd_el"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="5815618" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5815618/Identity_of_the_Old_Kingdom_Egyptian_Ruler_Image_Based_on_Archaeological_Sources_Connectivity_and_Identity">Identity of the Old Kingdom Egyptian Ruler – Image Based on Archaeological Sources, Connectivity and Identity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1497094" href="https://pan-pl.academia.edu/JoannaPopielskaGrzybowska">Joanna Popielska-Grzybowska</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">L. Bombardieri, A. D’Agostino, G. Guarducci, V. Orsi, S. Valentini (eds), Identity and Connectivity Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence, Italy, 1–3 March 2012, I, Oxford 2013, p. 495-499 </p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">The author of the paper scrutinised, with reference to contextual arguments, the image of the Egyptian pharaoh in the Old Kingdom, showing his identity and uniqueness, based on textual and material archaeological sources. The project aims in part to prove that one may employ a method involving the most thorough analysis of archaeologically obtained sources to show the identity of a pharaoh as someone, firstly, who was unlike other Egyptian people and secondly, who differed from rulers in other parts of the ancient world. The Egyptian pharaoh seems to be perceived as the embodiment of the demiurge Atum and the total created world, which is also mirrored in the art at least of the Old Kingdom and most probably later as well, when the portrayals of the king are portrayals of the creator Atum concurrently. The most meaningful and crucial role is subscribed to the broadly understood archaeological context, the so-called 'life context'. As the study applies both to material remains and textual archaeological sources it creates the basis for an 'archaeology of notion' and brings us closer to the Egyptian religious way of description and thinking as far as the pharaoh was concerned.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Identity of the Old Kingdom Egyptian Ruler – Image Based on Archaeological Sources, Connectivity and Identity","attachmentId":55271335,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5815618/Identity_of_the_Old_Kingdom_Egyptian_Ruler_Image_Based_on_Archaeological_Sources_Connectivity_and_Identity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5815618/Identity_of_the_Old_Kingdom_Egyptian_Ruler_Image_Based_on_Archaeological_Sources_Connectivity_and_Identity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="64877823" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877823/Amenhotep_III_Egypts_radiant_pharaoh">Amenhotep III: Egypt's radiant pharaoh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51046524" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArielleKozloff">Arielle Kozloff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Choice Reviews Online, 2012</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">This book follows the life story of Amenhotep III, one of the most important rulers of ancient Egypt, from his birth and into the afterlife. Amenhotep III ruled for about 38 years, from circa 1391 to 1353 B.C., during the apex of Egypt's international and artistic power. Arielle P. Kozloff situates Amenhotep III in his time, chronicling the key political and military events that occurred during his lifetime and reign as well as the evolution of religious rituals and the cult of the pharaoh. She further examines the art and culture of the court, including its palaces, villas, furnishings, and fashions as well as his extended family, officials, and international relationships. Through the exploration of abundant evidence from the period, in the form of both textual and material culture, Kozloff richly recreates all aspects of Egyptian civilization at the height of the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age. Arielle P. Kozloff, former curator of ancient art at the Cleveland Museum of Art, is a private consultant and lecturer for museums and private collectors in the United States and abroad. She is the coauthor of Egypt's Dazzling Sun and The Gods Delight. She has contributed chapters to volumes including Egyptology Today, Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign, and Millions of Jubilees as well as articles to numerous journals, including Journal of Egyptian Archaeology and American Journal of Archaeology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Amenhotep III: Egypt's radiant pharaoh","attachmentId":76707429,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877823/Amenhotep_III_Egypts_radiant_pharaoh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877823/Amenhotep_III_Egypts_radiant_pharaoh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="6818716" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6818716/_The_Stones_of_Egypt_and_Nubia_">"The Stones of Egypt and Nubia,”</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="181973" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertBianchi4">Robert S Bianchi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs"> in Zahi A. Hawaas and Janet Richards [editors], The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor I (Cairo 2007) (=Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte Cahier 36), pages 109-117</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"The Stones of Egypt and Nubia,”","attachmentId":33516407,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6818716/_The_Stones_of_Egypt_and_Nubia_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6818716/_The_Stones_of_Egypt_and_Nubia_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="19067740" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19067740/The_Earliest_Representations_of_Royal_Power_in_Egypt_the_Rock_Drawings_of_Nag_el_Hamdulab_Aswan_">The Earliest Representations of Royal Power in Egypt: the Rock Drawings of Nag el-Hamdulab (Aswan)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22777715" href="https://yale.academia.edu/JohnColemanDarnell">John Coleman Darnell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="389491" href="https://mad-fac.academia.edu/StanHendrickx">Stan Hendrickx</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">S. Hendrickx and M. Gatto, co-authors, in Antiquity 86 (2012): 1-16</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">The vivid engravings on vertical rocks at the desert site of Nag el-Hamdulab west of the Nile comprise a rock art gallery of exceptional historical significance. The authors show that the images of boats with attendant prisoners, animals and the earliest representation of a pharaoh offer a window on Dynasty 0, and depict the moment that the religious procession of pre-Dynastic Egypt became the triumphant tour of a tax-collecting monarch.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Earliest Representations of Royal Power in Egypt: the Rock Drawings of Nag el-Hamdulab (Aswan)","attachmentId":40412349,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19067740/The_Earliest_Representations_of_Royal_Power_in_Egypt_the_Rock_Drawings_of_Nag_el_Hamdulab_Aswan_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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