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href="#Legal_career,_1830–1843"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal career, 1830–1843</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_career,_1830–1843-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal career, 1830–1843 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_career,_1830–1843-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_training_and_early_career,_1830–1837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_training_and_early_career,_1830–1837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Legal training and early career, 1830–1837</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_training_and_early_career,_1830–1837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_prominence,_1837–1843" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_prominence,_1837–1843"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Professional prominence, 1837–1843</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_prominence,_1837–1843-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_rise,_1843–1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_rise,_1843–1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political rise, 1843–1864</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_rise,_1843–1864-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political rise, 1843–1864 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_rise,_1843–1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_advancement,_1843–1857" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_advancement,_1843–1857"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Parliamentary advancement, 1843–1857</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_advancement,_1843–1857-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_leader,_1858–1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_leader,_1858–1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Colonial leader, 1858–1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_leader,_1858–1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederation_of_Canada,_1864–1867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederation_of_Canada,_1864–1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Confederation of Canada, 1864–1867</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederation_of_Canada,_1864–1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime Minister of Canada</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Canada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister of Canada subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_majority,_1867–1871" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_majority,_1867–1871"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First majority, 1867–1871</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_majority,_1867–1871-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_majority_and_Pacific_Scandal,_1872–1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_majority_and_Pacific_Scandal,_1872–1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second majority and Pacific Scandal, 1872–1873</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_majority_and_Pacific_Scandal,_1872–1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition,_1873–1878" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition,_1873–1878"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Opposition, 1873–1878</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition,_1873–1878-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_and_fourth_majorities,_1878–1887" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_fourth_majorities,_1878–1887"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Third and fourth majorities, 1878–1887</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_fourth_majorities,_1878–1887-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_and_sixth_majorities,_1887–1891" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_and_sixth_majorities,_1887–1891"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fifth and sixth majorities, 1887–1891</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_and_sixth_majorities,_1887–1891-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John A. Macdonald</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جون ماكدونالد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ماكدونالد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macdonald" title="John Macdonald – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="John Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Aleksandr_Makdonald" title="Con Aleksandr Makdonald – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Aleksandr Makdonald" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Джон Мак-Дональд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Мак-Дональд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Macdonald" title="John Alexander Macdonald – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Alexander Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macdonald" title="John Macdonald – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζον Μακντόναλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Μακντόναλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C._%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جان ای. مک‌دانلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان ای. مک‌دانلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_MacDh%C3%B2mhnaill" title="Iain MacDhòmhnaill – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iain MacDhòmhnaill" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Macdonald" title="John Alexander Macdonald – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Alexander Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%EB%A7%A5%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C" title="존 알렉산더 맥도널드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 알렉산더 맥도널드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Macdonald" title="John Alexander Macdonald – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Alexander Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93" title="ג'ון אלכסנדר מקדונלד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון אלכסנדר מקדונלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Джон Александер Макдональд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Александер Макдональд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_A._Macdonald" title="Iohannes A. Macdonald – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iohannes A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Makdonalds" title="Džons Makdonalds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Makdonalds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F._%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जॉन ए. मॅकडोनाल्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन ए. मॅकडोनाल्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ალექსანდერ მაკდონალდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ ალექსანდერ მაკდონალდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89)" title="جون ماكدونالد (محامى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ماكدونالد (محامى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macdonald" title="John Macdonald – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F._%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="सर जोन ए. म्याकडोनाल्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सर जोन ए. म्याकडोनाल्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BBA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ジョン・A・マクドナルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・A・マクドナルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macdonald_(statsminister)" title="John Macdonald (statsminister) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Macdonald (statsminister)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Macdonald" title="John Alexander Macdonald – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Alexander Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DA%88" title="جان میکڈونلڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان میکڈونلڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9_%DA%89%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%89" title="جان الکساندر مک ډونالډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان الکساندر مک ډونالډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macdonald" title="John Macdonald – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Макдональд, Джон Александр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макдональд, Джон Александр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Џон А. Макдоналд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон А. Макдоналд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Джон Александр Мак-Дональд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Александр Мак-Дональд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93" title="דזשאן אלעקסאנדער מאקדאנאלד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשאן אלעקסאנדער מאקדאנאלד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John A. Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3" title="约翰·亚历山大·麦克唐纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·亚历山大·麦克唐纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128702#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_A._Macdonald" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Macdonald&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Canada (1867–1873; 1878–1891)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Canadian prime minister. For people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonald_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Macdonald (disambiguation)">John Macdonald (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Macdonald_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation)">John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir John A. Macdonald</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">GCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A_Macdonald_(ca._1875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Macdonald circa 1875 by George Lancefield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/220px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/330px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/440px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="763" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Macdonald, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1875</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 October 1878 – 6 June 1891</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">The Earl of Dufferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">Marquess of Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">The Lord Stanley of Preston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Abbott</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 July 1867 – 5 November 1873</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">The Viscount Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young,_1st_Baron_Lisgar" title="John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar">The Lord Lisgar</a></li> <li>The Earl of Dufferin</li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alexander Mackenzie</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 July 1867 – 6 June 1891</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Abbott</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1867 – 6 June 1891</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada">Joint-Premier of the Province of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 May 1864 – 30 June 1867</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Sandfield_Macdonald" title="John Sandfield Macdonald">John Sandfield Macdonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 August 1858 – 24 May 1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Sandfield Macdonald</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 May 1856 – 2 August 1858</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacNab" title="Allan MacNab">Allan MacNab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George Brown</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Alexander Mcdonald<sup id="cite_ref-officialbirthrecord_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialbirthrecord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br />10 or 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1815<sup id="cite_ref-born_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-born-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1891<span style="display:none">(1891-06-06)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_Cemetery" title="Cataraqui Cemetery">Cataraqui Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tory</a> (1843–1867)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Coalition" title="Great Coalition">Great Coalition</a> (1864–1867)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a> (1867–1873)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Macdonald" title="Isabella Macdonald">Isabella Clark</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1843; died 1857)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Macdonald,_1st_Baroness_Macdonald_of_Earnscliffe" title="Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe">Agnes Bernard</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1867)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald" title="Hugh John Macdonald">Hugh John Macdonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A_Macdonald_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John A. Macdonald's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_A_Macdonald_signature.svg/128px-John_A_Macdonald_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_A_Macdonald_signature.svg/192px-John_A_Macdonald_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_A_Macdonald_signature.svg/256px-John_A_Macdonald_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>"Old Tomorrow"</li><li>"The Old Chieftain"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Province of Upper Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Loyalist militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1837-1838</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">Ensign</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Upper_Canada#The_"Pretended_Bank"_(at_Kingston)_and_the_Commercial_Bank_of_the_Midland_District" title="Bank of Upper Canada">Commercial Bank Guard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27_Own_Regiment#Lineage" title="Princess of Wales' Own Regiment">3rd Frontenac Militia Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Montgomery's Tavern">Battle of Montgomery's Tavern</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:lavender;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Cabinet offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ontario" title="Attorney General of Ontario">Attorney General of Canada West</a> (1854–1862, 1864–1867) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Militia_and_Defence" title="Minister of Militia and Defence">Minister of Militia and Defence</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (1860–1867) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada</a> (1867–1873) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Minister of the Interior</a> (1878–1883, 1888) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Superintendent-General_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs">Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs</a> (1878–1887, 1888) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Privy Council">President of the Privy Council</a> (1883–1889) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Railways and Canals">Minister of Railways and Canals</a> (1889–1891) </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:lavender;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Leadership offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Conservative Party of Upper Canada</a> (1858–1867) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada</a> (1867–1891) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a> (1873–1878) </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:lavender;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Parliamentary offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament of the Province of Canada</a> (1843–1867) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> for Kingston (1867–1878, 1887–1891) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Member of the Canadian Parliament for Marquette (1878) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Member of the Canadian Parliament for Victoria (1878–1882) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Member of the Canadian Parliament for Lennox (1882) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Member of the Canadian Parliament for Carleton (1882–1887) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Category:Conservatism in Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#1034A6; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Canada</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/90px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/135px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_School" title="Calgary School">Calgary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right#Canada" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Right-wing populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Canada" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Toryism">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Toryism">Red</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#Canada" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Tories" title="Lower Canada Tories">Lower Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hope_Conference" title="Port Hope Conference">Port Hope Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_(Canada)" title="Unite the Right (Canada)">Unite the Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_K._Alexander" title="Bruce K. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Blackwood" title="Stephen J. Blackwood">Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Bouchard" title="Gérard Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Byfield" title="Ted Byfield">Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Brodie" title="Ian Brodie">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_F._Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry F. Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Duchesne" title="Ricardo Duchesne">Duchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dart" title="Ron Dart">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farthing" title="John Farthing">Farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flanagan_(political_scientist)" title="Tom Flanagan (political scientist)">Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley" title="Bruce Gilley">Gilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Granatstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell#Cold_War" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pageau" title="Jonathan Pageau">Pageau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tiger" title="Lionel Tiger">Tiger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett (R. B.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">Bennett (W. A. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime" title="Maxime">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Gordon Campbell (Canadian politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_De_Cosmos" title="Amor De Cosmos">De Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">Legault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning (Ernest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning (Preston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Vander_Zalm" title="Bill Vander Zalm">Vander Zalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Wall" title="Brad Wall">Wall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Chen" title="Lauren Chen">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Crowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Jivani" title="Jamil Jivani">Jivani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normand_Lester" title="Normand Lester">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McIntyre" title="Steve McIntyre">McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Murphy" title="Rex Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Segal" title="Hugh Segal">Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Speer" title="Sean Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Steyn" title="Mark Steyn">Steyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Canadian_Question" title="Canada and the Canadian Question">Canada and the Canadian Question</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lament_for_a_Nation" title="Lament for a Nation">Lament for a Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Canadian_History%3F" title="Who Killed Canadian History?">Who Killed Canadian History?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning" title="Maps of Meaning">Maps of Meaning</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_Canada_anglais" title="Le Livre noir du Canada anglais">The Black Book of English Canada</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Series; 2001–2003)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Uniqueness_of_Western_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Uniqueness of Western Civilization">The Uniqueness of Western Civilization</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harperism_(book)" title="Harperism (book)">Harperism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley#The_Case_for_Colonialism" title="Bruce Gilley">The Case for Colonialism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/12_Rules_for_Life" title="12 Rules for Life">12 Rules for Life</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whiteshift:_Populism,_Immigration_and_the_Future_of_White_Majorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities">Whiteshift</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_United" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia United">British Columbia United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Conservative Party of British Columbia">Conservative Party of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (2009–present)">Conservative Party of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba">Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party of NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Progressive Conservative Party of NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia">Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island">Progressive Conservative Party of PEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan">Progressive Conservative Party of Sask.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(historical)" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)">Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative Assoc. of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFRA" title="CFRA">CFRA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Audit" title="Climate Audit">Climate Audit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Dominion" title="Free Dominion">Free Dominion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeSiteNews" title="LifeSiteNews">LifeSiteNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_Millennial" title="The Post Millennial">The Post Millennial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_News_Network" title="Sun News Network">Sun News Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dorchester_Review" title="The Dorchester Review">The Dorchester Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun" title="Winnipeg Sun">Winnipeg Sun</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Life_Coalition" title="Campaign Life Coalition">Campaign Life Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Bio-Ethical_Reform" title="Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform">Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coalition_for_Democracies" title="Canadian Coalition for Democracies">Canadian Coalition for Democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation" title="Canadian Taxpayers Federation">Canadian Taxpayers Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Civil_Rights_League" title="Catholic Civil Rights League">Catholic Civil Rights League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family_Canada" title="Focus on the Family Canada">Focus on the Family Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Research_on_Public_Policy" title="Institute for Research on Public Policy">Institute for Research on Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTory" title="LGBTory">LGBTory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald%E2%80%93Laurier_Institute" title="Macdonald–Laurier Institute">Macdonald–Laurier Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Institute" title="Mackenzie Institute">Mackenzie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Economic_Institute" title="Montreal Economic Institute">Montreal Economic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens_Coalition" title="National Citizens Coalition">National Citizens Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Group_for_Independent_Business" title="Progressive Group for Independent Business">Progressive Group for Independent Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL_Women_of_Canada" title="REAL Women of Canada">REAL Women of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_North_Centre_for_Public_Policy" title="True North Centre for Public Policy">True North Centre for Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Canadians" title="Voice of Canadians">Voice of Canadians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Revolution" title="Common Sense Revolution">Common Sense Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada#Criticism_of_Canadian_censorship" title="Censorship in Canada">Censorship under the <i>Canadian Human<br />Rights Act</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Canada" title="Illegal immigration to Canada">Illegal immigration to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Pure laine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Agenda" title="Alberta Agenda">Alberta Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir John Alexander Macdonald</b><sup id="cite_ref-officialbirthrecord_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialbirthrecord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">GCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span></span> (10 or 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1815<sup id="cite_ref-born_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-born-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 1891) was the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a>, serving from 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 until his death in 1891. He was the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">dominant figure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, and had a political career that spanned almost half a century. </p><p>Macdonald was born in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>; when he was a boy his family immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> in the Province of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (today in eastern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>). As a lawyer, he was involved in several high-profile cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston, which elected him in 1844 to the legislature of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>. By 1857, he had become <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joint_Premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada">premier</a> under the colony's unstable political system. In 1864, when no party proved capable of governing for long, he agreed to a proposal from his political rival, <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a>, that the parties unite in a <a href="/wiki/Great_Coalition" title="Great Coalition">Great Coalition</a> to seek federation and political reform. He was a leading figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act</a> and the establishment of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867. </p><p>Macdonald was the first prime minister of the new nation, and served 19 years; only <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> has served longer. In his first term, he established the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> and expanded Canada by annexing the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>. In 1873, he resigned from office over <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Scandal" title="Pacific Scandal">a scandal</a> in which his party took bribes from businessmen seeking the contract to build the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>. He was reelected in <a href="/wiki/1878_Canadian_federal_election" title="1878 Canadian federal election">1878</a>. His greatest achievements were building and guiding a successful national government for the new Dominion, using patronage to forge a strong <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party</a>, promoting the protective tariff of the <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a>, and completing the railway. He fought to block provincial efforts to take power back from the national government in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. He approved the execution of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> for treason in 1885 which alienated many <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">francophones</a> from his Conservative Party. He sat until his death in 1891 and remains the oldest Canadian prime minister. </p><p>Macdonald came under criticism for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese head tax in Canada">Chinese head tax</a> and federal <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">policies toward Indigenous peoples</a>, including his actions during the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> that resulted in Riel's execution, and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">residential school system</a> designed to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilate</a> Indigenous children. He remains respected by others for his key role in Confederation. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada">Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada</a> have consistently made him one of the highest-rated in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian history">Canadian history</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years,_1815–1830"><span id="Early_years.2C_1815.E2.80.931830"></span>Early years, 1815–1830</h2></div> <p>John Alexander Macdonald was born<sup id="cite_ref-officialbirthrecord_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialbirthrecord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/The_Ramshorn" title="The Ramshorn">Ramshorn</a> parish in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, on 10 January (official record) or 11 (father's journal) 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-born_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-born-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haggis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haggis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Hugh, an unsuccessful merchant, had married John's mother, Helen Shaw, on 21 October 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix20066_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix20066-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Alexander Macdonald was the third of five children. After Hugh's business ventures left him in debt, the family immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (today the southern and eastern portions of Ontario), in 1820, as the family had several relatives and connections there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200713_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200713-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family initially lived together, then resided over a store which Hugh Macdonald ran. Soon after their arrival, John's younger brother James died from a blow to the head by a servant charged with taking care of the boys. After Hugh's store failed, the family moved to Hay Bay (south of <a href="/wiki/Napanee,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Napanee, Ontario">Napanee, Ontario</a>), west of Kingston, where Hugh unsuccessfully ran another shop. In 1829, his father was appointed as a magistrate for the <a href="/wiki/Midland_District,_Upper_Canada" title="Midland District, Upper Canada">Midland District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200623_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200623-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Macdonald's mother was a lifelong influence on her son, helping him in his difficult first marriage and remaining influential in his life until her 1862 death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod19891_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod19891-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald initially attended local schools. When he was aged 10, his family gathered enough money to send him to <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Collegiate_and_Vocational_Institute" title="Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute">Midland District Grammar School</a> in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod19891_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod19891-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald's formal schooling ended at 15, a common school-leaving age at a time when only children from the most prosperous families were able to attend university.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195218_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195218-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald later regretted leaving school when he did, remarking to his secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pope_(public_servant)" title="Joseph Pope (public servant)">Joseph Pope</a> that if he had attended university, he might have embarked on a literary career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope18944_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope18944-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career,_1830–1843"><span id="Legal_career.2C_1830.E2.80.931843"></span>Legal career, 1830–1843</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_training_and_early_career,_1830–1837"><span id="Legal_training_and_early_career.2C_1830.E2.80.931837"></span>Legal training and early career, 1830–1837</h3></div> <p>Macdonald's parents decided he should become a lawyer after leaving school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198919_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198919-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Donald_Creighton" title="Donald Creighton">Donald Creighton</a> (who penned a two-volume biography of Macdonald in the 1950s) wrote, "law was a broad, well-trodden path to comfort, influence, even to power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195219_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195219-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also "the obvious choice for a boy who seemed as attracted to study as he was uninterested in trade."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195219_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195219-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald needed to start earning money immediately to support his family because his father's businesses were failing. "I had no boyhood," he complained many years later. "From the age of 15, I began to earn my own living."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope18946_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope18946-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rideau-Street-house01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a two-story building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rideau-Street-house01.gif/220px-Rideau-Street-house01.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Rideau-Street-house01.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>A few months after he opened his first law office in 1835, Macdonald moved with his parents and sisters to this <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-storey stone house on Kingston's Rideau Street.</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald travelled by steamboat to Toronto (known until 1834 as <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a>), where he passed an examination set by <a href="/wiki/The_Law_Society_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Law Society of Upper Canada">The Law Society of Upper Canada</a>. British North America had no law schools in 1830; students were examined when beginning and ending their tutelage. Between the two examinations, they were apprenticed, or articled to established lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195219–20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195219–20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald began his apprenticeship with George Mackenzie, a prominent young lawyer who was a well-regarded member of Kingston's rising Scottish community. Mackenzie practised corporate law, a lucrative speciality that Macdonald himself would later pursue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200746–47_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200746–47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was a promising student, and in the summer of 1833, managed the Mackenzie office when his employer went on a business trip to Montreal and Quebec in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (today the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">province of Quebec</a>). Later that year, Macdonald was sent to manage the law office of a Mackenzie cousin who had fallen ill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195229–30_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195229–30-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1834, George Mackenzie died of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. With his supervising lawyer dead, Macdonald remained at the cousin's law office in Hallowell (today <a href="/wiki/Picton,_Ontario" title="Picton, Ontario">Picton, Ontario</a>). In 1835, Macdonald returned to Kingston, and even though not yet of age nor qualified, began his practice as a lawyer, hoping to gain his former employer's clients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195232–34_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195232–34-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald's parents and sisters also returned to Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200638_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200638-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Macdonald was <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the Bar</a> in February 1836, he arranged to take in two students; both became, like Macdonald, <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Oliver Mowat</a> became premier of Ontario, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Alexander Campbell</a> a federal cabinet minister and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ontario">Lieutenant Governor of Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198919_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198919-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One early client was Eliza Grimason, an Irish immigrant then aged sixteen, who sought advice concerning a shop she and her husband wanted to buy. Grimason would become one of Macdonald's richest and most loyal supporters, and may have also become his lover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200641_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200641-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald joined many local organisations, seeking to become well known in the town. He also sought out high-profile cases, representing accused child rapist William Brass. Brass was hanged for his crime, but Macdonald attracted positive press comments for the quality of his defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200641–42_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200641–42-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one of his biographers, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn_(Canadian_writer)" title="Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer)">Richard Gwyn</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>As a criminal lawyer who took on dramatic cases, Macdonald got himself noticed well beyond the narrow confines of the Kingston business community. He was operating now in the arena where he would spend by far the greatest part of his life – the court of public opinion. And, while there, he was learning the arts of argument and of persuasion that would serve him all his political life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200749_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200749-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service">Military service</h3></div> <p>All male Upper Canadians between 18 and 60 years of age were members of the Sedentary Militia, which was called into active duty during the <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions of 1837">Rebellions of 1837</a>. Macdonald served as a private in Captain George Well's Company of the Commercial Bank Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald and the militia marched to Toronto to confront the rebels, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pope_(public_servant)" title="Joseph Pope (public servant)">Joseph Pope</a>, Macdonald's private secretary, recalled Macdonald's account of his experience during the march: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I carried my musket in '37", he was wont to say in after years. One day he gave me an account of a long march his company made, I forget from what place, but Toronto was the objective point: "The day was hot, my feet were blistered – I was but a weary boy – and I thought I should have dropped under the weight of the old flint musket which galled my shoulder. But I managed to keep up with my companion, a grim old soldier who seemed impervious to fatigue."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope18949_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope18949-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The Bank Guard served on active duty in Toronto guarding the Commercial Bank of the Midland District on <a href="/wiki/King_Street_(Toronto)" title="King Street (Toronto)">King Street</a>. The company was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Montgomery's Tavern">Battle of Montgomery's Tavern</a> and Macdonald recalled in an 1887 letter to <a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Gowan" title="James Robert Gowan">Sir James Gowan</a> that:<sup id="cite_ref-Blatherwick_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatherwick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I was in the Second or Third Company behind the cannon that opened out on Montgomery’s House. During the week of the rebellion I was [in] the Commercial Bank Guard in the house on King Street, afterward the habitat of <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown’s</a> '<a href="/wiki/The_Globe_(Toronto_newspaper)" title="The Globe (Toronto newspaper)">Globe</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Bank Guard was taken off active service on 17 December 1837, and returned to Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 February 1838, Macdonald was appointed an ensign in the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27_Own_Regiment#Lineage" title="Princess of Wales' Own Regiment">3rd (East) Regiment of Frontenac Militia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Blatherwick_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatherwick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not take up the position, serving briefly as a private in the regiment, patrolling the area around Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town saw no real action during 1838 and Macdonald was not called upon to fire on the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200643_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200643-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Frontenac Militia regiments stayed on active duty in Kingston while the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill" title="Battle of the Windmill">Battle of the Windmill</a> occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_prominence,_1837–1843"><span id="Professional_prominence.2C_1837.E2.80.931843"></span>Professional prominence, 1837–1843</h3></div> <p>Although most of the trials resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a> took place in Toronto, Macdonald represented one of the defendants in the one trial to take place in Kingston. All the Kingston defendants were acquitted, and a local paper described Macdonald as "one of the youngest barristers in the Province [who] is rapidly rising in his profession".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195253–54_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195253–54-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg/330px-Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Battle_of_the_Windmill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Windmill, near Prescott, Upper Canada, 13 November 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1838, Macdonald agreed to advise one of a group of American raiders who had crossed the border to overthrow British rule in Canada. The raiders had been captured by government forces after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windmill" title="Battle of the Windmill">Battle of the Windmill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Ontario" title="Prescott, Ontario">Prescott, Upper Canada</a>. Public opinion was inflamed against the prisoners, as they were accused of mutilating the body of a dead Canadian lieutenant. Macdonald could not represent the prisoners, as they were tried by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> and civilian counsel had no standing. At the request of Kingston relatives of Daniel George, paymaster of the ill-fated invasion, Macdonald agreed to advise George, who, like the other prisoners, had to conduct his own defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195261–63_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195261–63-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George was convicted and hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195267_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195267-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Macdonald biographer Donald Swainson, "By 1838, Macdonald's position was secure. He was a public figure, a popular young man, and a senior lawyer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198921_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198921-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald continued to expand his practice while being appointed director of many companies, mainly in Kingston. He became both a director of and a lawyer for the new Commercial Bank of the Midland District. Throughout the 1840s, Macdonald invested heavily in real estate, including commercial properties in downtown Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200758_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200758-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, he was suffering from some illness, and in 1841, his father died. Sick and grieving, he decided to take a lengthy holiday in Britain in early 1842. He left for the journey well supplied with money, as he spent the last three days before his departure gambling at the card game <a href="/wiki/Loo_(card_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loo (card game)">loo</a> and winning substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198923_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198923-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime during his two months in Britain, he met his first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Macdonald" title="Isabella Macdonald">Isabella Clark</a>. As Macdonald did not mention her in his letters home, the circumstances of their meeting are not known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200656_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200656-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1842, Isabella journeyed to Kingston to visit with a sister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200657_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200657-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit stretched for nearly a year before John and Isabella Macdonald married on 1 September 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200659_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200659-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rise,_1843–1864"><span id="Political_rise.2C_1843.E2.80.931864"></span>Political rise, 1843–1864</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_A._Macdonald" title="Electoral history of John A. Macdonald">Electoral history of John A. Macdonald</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_advancement,_1843–1857"><span id="Parliamentary_advancement.2C_1843.E2.80.931857"></span>Parliamentary advancement, 1843–1857</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabella_Clark_Macdonald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Isabella_Clark_Macdonald.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Isabella Clark Macdonald, artist unknown</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 March 1843, Macdonald was elected as <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">alderman</a> in Kingston's Fourth Ward, with 156 votes against 43 for his opponent, Colonel Jackson. He also suffered what he termed his first downfall, as his supporters, carrying the victorious candidate, accidentally dropped him onto a slushy street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200759_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200759-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200659_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200659-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> had merged Upper and Lower Canada into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> in 1841. Kingston became the initial capital of the new province; Upper Canada and Lower Canada became known as Canada West and Canada East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198922_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198922-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1844, Macdonald was asked by local businessmen to stand as Conservative candidate for Kingston in <a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_Province_of_Canada#1844" title="List of elections in the Province of Canada">the upcoming legislative election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200663–64_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200663–64-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald followed the contemporary custom of supplying the voters with large quantities of alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198925_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198925-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Votes were publicly declared in this election, and Macdonald defeated his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Manahan" title="Anthony Manahan">Anthony Manahan</a>, by 275 "shouts" to 42 when the election concluded on 15 October 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200764_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200764-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was never an orator, and especially disliked the bombastic addresses of the time. Instead, he found a niche in becoming an expert on election law and parliamentary procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198928_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198928-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844, Isabella fell ill. She recovered, but the illness recurred the following year, and she became an invalid. John took his wife to <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, in the United States in 1845, hoping that the sea air and warmth would cure her ailments. John returned to Canada after six months and Isabella remained in the United States for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198928–29_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198928–29-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited her again in New York at the end of 1846 and returned several months later when she informed him she was pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200679–83_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200679–83-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1847 their son John Alexander Macdonald Jr. was born in New York, but as Isabella remained ill, relatives cared for the infant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198930–31_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198930–31-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he was often absent due to his wife's illness, Macdonald was able to gain professional and political advancement. In 1846, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a>. The same year, he was offered the non-cabinet post of <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Canada" title="Solicitor General of Canada">solicitor general</a>, but declined it. In 1847, Macdonald became <a href="/wiki/Receiver_General_for_Canada" title="Receiver General for Canada">receiver general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198931_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198931-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accepting the government post required Macdonald to give up his law firm income<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200683_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200683-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spend most of his time in Montreal, away from Isabella.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198931_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198931-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When elections were held in December 1848 and January 1849, Macdonald was easily reelected for Kingston, but the Conservatives lost seats and were forced to resign when the legislature reconvened in March 1848. Macdonald returned to Kingston when the legislature was not sitting, and Isabella joined him there in June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198931_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198931-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, their child died suddenly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200785–86_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200785–86-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1850, Isabella Macdonald gave birth to another boy, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald" title="Hugh John Macdonald">Hugh John Macdonald</a>, and his father wrote, "We have got Johnny back again, almost his image."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198937_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198937-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald began to drink heavily around this time, both in public and in private, which Patricia Phenix, who studied Macdonald's private life, attributes to his family troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006107_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006107-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liberals, or <a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Grits</a>, maintained power in the 1851 election but were soon divided by a parliamentary scandal. In September, the government resigned, and a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> government uniting parties from both parts of the province under <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacNab" title="Allan MacNab">Allan MacNab</a> took power. Macdonald did much of the work of putting the government together and served as <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a>. The coalition, which came to power in 1854, became known as the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservatives</a> (referred to, for short, as the Conservatives). In 1855, <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a> of Canada East (today Quebec) joined the Cabinet. Until Cartier's 1873 death, he would be Macdonald's political partner. In 1856, MacNab was eased out as premier by Macdonald, who became the leader of the Canada West Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198940–42_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198940–42-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald remained as attorney general when <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Paschal_Tach%C3%A9" title="Étienne-Paschal Taché">Étienne-Paschal Taché</a> became premier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007162_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007162-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_leader,_1858–1864"><span id="Colonial_leader.2C_1858.E2.80.931864"></span>Colonial leader, 1858–1864</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg/170px-John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg/255px-John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg/340px-John_A_Macdonald_in_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>John A. Macdonald in 1858</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1857, Macdonald departed for Britain to promote Canadian government projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006124–125_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006124–125-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return to Canada, he was appointed premier in place of the retiring Taché, just in time to lead the Conservatives in a general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198942_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198942-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was elected in Kingston by 1,189 votes to 9 for John Shaw; other Conservatives did poorly in Canada West and only French-Canadian support kept Macdonald in power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006129_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006129-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 December, Isabella Macdonald died, leaving John a widower with a seven-year-old son. Hugh John Macdonald would be principally raised by his paternal aunt and her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006130_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006130-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Assembly had voted to move the seat of government permanently to Quebec City. Macdonald opposed this and used his power to force the Assembly to reconsider in 1857. He proposed that <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> decide which city should be Canada's capital. Opponents, especially from Canada East, argued that she would not make the decision in isolation and was bound to receive informal advice from her Canadian ministers. His scheme was adopted, with Canada East support assured by allowing Quebec City to serve a three-year term as the seat of government before the Assembly moved to the permanent capital. He privately asked the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to ensure she would not respond for at least ten months, or until after the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1952248–249_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1952248–249-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1858, her choice was announced to the dismay of many legislators from both parts of the province: the isolated Canada West town of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> became the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198946–47_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198946–47-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 July 1858, an opposition Canada East member proposed an address to the Queen informing her that Ottawa was an unsuitable place for a national capital. Macdonald's Canada East party members <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">crossed the floor</a> to vote for the address, and the government was defeated. Macdonald resigned, and the governor general, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Walker_Head,_8th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet">Sir Edmund Walker Head</a>, invited opposition leader <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a> to form a government. Under the law at that time, Brown and his ministers lost their seats in the Assembly by accepting their positions, and had to face <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_by-election" title="Ministerial by-election">by-elections</a>. This gave Macdonald a majority pending the by-elections, and he promptly defeated the government. Head refused Brown's request for a dissolution of the Assembly, and Brown and his ministers resigned. Head then asked Macdonald to form a government. The law allowed anyone who had held a ministerial position within the last thirty days to accept a new position without needing to face a by-election; Macdonald and his ministers accepted new positions, then completed what was dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Double_Shuffle_(Canadian_political_episode)" title="Double Shuffle (Canadian political episode)">Double Shuffle</a>" by returning to their old posts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007175–177_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007175–177-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to give the appearance of fairness, Head insisted that Cartier be the titular premier, with Macdonald as his deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198948_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198948-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1850s and early 1860s, Canada enjoyed a period of great prosperity, while the railroad and telegraph improved communications. According to Macdonald biographer Richard Gwyn, "In short, Canadians began to become a single community."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007194–195_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007194–195-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the provincial government became increasingly difficult to manage. An act affecting both Canada East and Canada West required a "double majority" – a majority of legislators from each of the two sections of the province. This led to increasing deadlock in the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007201_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007201-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two sections each elected 65 legislators, even though Canada West had a larger population. One of Brown's major demands was representation by population, which would lead to Canada West having more seats; this was bitterly opposed by Canada East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198949_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198949-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> led to fears in Canada and in Britain that once the U.S. had concluded its internal warfare, they would invade Canada again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198952–53_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198952–53-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada was sometimes a safe haven for <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a> operations against the U.S.; many Canadian citizens and politicians were sympathetic to the Confederacy. This led to events such as the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Affair" title="Chesapeake Affair"><i>Chesapeake</i> Affair</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Albans_Raid" title="St. Albans Raid">St. Albans Raid</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_Manhattan" title="Confederate Army of Manhattan">failed attempt to burn down New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As attorney general of Canada West, Macdonald refused to prosecute Confederate operatives who were using Canada to launch attacks on U.S. soil across the border.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Canadians fearing invasion from the U.S., the British asked that Canadians pay a part of the expense of defence, and a Militia Bill was introduced in the Assembly in 1862. The opposition objected to the expense, and Canada East representatives feared that French-Canadians would have to fight in a war they wanted no part in. Macdonald was drinking heavily and failed to provide much leadership on behalf of the bill. The government fell over the bill, and the Grits took over under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/John_Sandfield_Macdonald" title="John Sandfield Macdonald">John Sandfield Macdonald</a> (no relation to John A. Macdonald).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198952–53_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198952–53-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parties held an almost equal number of seats, with a handful of independents able to destroy any government. The new government fell in May 1863, but Head allowed a new election, which did little to change party standings. In December 1863, Canada West MP <a href="/wiki/Albert_Norton_Richards" title="Albert Norton Richards">Albert Norton Richards</a> accepted the post of solicitor general, and so had to face a by-election. John A. Macdonald campaigned against Richards personally, and Richards was defeated by a Conservative. The switch in seats cost the Grits their majority, and they resigned in March. John A. Macdonald returned to office with Taché as titular premier. The Taché-Macdonald government was defeated in June. The parties were deadlocked to such an extent that, according to Swainson, "It was clear to everybody that the constitution of the Province of Canada was dead".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198954–55_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198954–55-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederation_of_Canada,_1864–1867"><span id="Confederation_of_Canada.2C_1864.E2.80.931867"></span>Confederation of Canada, 1864–1867</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QuebecConvention1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a group of men in a semi-circle consisting of two rows. The front row is seated. There is a desk in the middle of the semi-circle with a man seated behind it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/QuebecConvention1864.jpg/220px-QuebecConvention1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/QuebecConvention1864.jpg/330px-QuebecConvention1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/QuebecConvention1864.jpg/440px-QuebecConvention1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>The Quebec Conference. Macdonald is seated fourth from left.</figcaption></figure> <p>As his government had fallen again, Macdonald approached the new governor general, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">Lord Monck</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve the legislature</a>. Before Macdonald could act on this, Brown approached him through intermediaries; the Grit leader believed that the crisis gave the parties the opportunity to join together for constitutional reform. Brown had led a parliamentary committee on confederation among the British North American colonies, which had reported back just before the Taché-Macdonald government fell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007286–288_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007286–288-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown was more interested in representation by population; Macdonald's priority was a federation that the other colonies could join. The two compromised and agreed that the new government would support the "federative principle" – a conveniently elastic phrase. The discussions were not public knowledge and Macdonald stunned the Assembly by announcing that the dissolution was being postponed because of progress in negotiations with Brown – the two men were not only political rivals, but were known to hate each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007288–289_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007288–289-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parties resolved their differences, joining in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Coalition" title="Great Coalition">Great Coalition</a>, with only the <a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a> of Canada East, led by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89ric_Dorion" title="Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion">Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion</a>, remaining apart. A conference, called by the Colonial Office, was scheduled for 1 September 1864, in <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a>, Prince Edward Island; the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a> were to consider <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Union" title="Maritime Union">a union</a>. The Canadians obtained permission to send a delegation – led by Macdonald, Cartier, and Brown – to what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a>. At its conclusion, the Maritime delegations expressed a willingness to join a confederation if the details could be successfully negotiated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198963–65_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198963–65-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1864, delegates for Confederation met in Quebec City for the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference</a>, where they agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Seventy-Two Resolutions</a>, the basis of Canada's government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198967–69_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198967–69-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Coalition was endangered by Taché's 1865 death; Lord Monck asked Macdonald to become premier, but Brown felt that he had as good a claim on the position as his coalition partner. The disagreement was resolved by appointing another compromise candidate to serve as titular premier, <a href="/wiki/Narcisse-Fortunat_Belleau" title="Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau">Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198973_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198973-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnes_Macdonald.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of a woman in a dark dress standing in profile at an easel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Agnes_Macdonald.png/220px-Agnes_Macdonald.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Agnes_Macdonald.png/330px-Agnes_Macdonald.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Agnes_Macdonald.png/440px-Agnes_Macdonald.png 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="6189" /></a><figcaption>Lady Agnes Macdonald</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1865, after lengthy debates, Canada's legislative assembly approved Confederation by 91 votes to 33.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198972_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198972-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the Maritimes approved the plan. In 1866, Macdonald and his colleagues financed pro-Confederation candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1866_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="1866 New Brunswick general election">New Brunswick general election</a>, resulting in a pro-Confederation assembly. Shortly after the election, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>'s premier, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a>, pushed a pro-Confederation resolution through that colony's legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006172_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006172-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final conference, to be held in London, was needed before the British Parliament could formalise the union. Maritime delegates left for London in July 1866, but Macdonald, who was drinking heavily again, did not leave until November, angering the Maritimers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198975_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198975-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1866, Macdonald both led the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference</a>, winning acclaim for his handling of the discussions, and courted and married his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Macdonald,_1st_Baroness_Macdonald_of_Earnscliffe" title="Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe">Agnes Bernard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006175_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006175-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernard was the sister of Macdonald's private secretary, <a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Bernard" title="Hewitt Bernard">Hewitt Bernard</a>; the couple first met in Quebec in 1860, but Macdonald had seen and admired her as early as 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod198936_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod198936-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1867, while still in London, he was seriously burned in his hotel room when his candle set fire to the chair he had fallen asleep in, but Macdonald refused to miss any sessions of the conference. In February, he married Agnes at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square" title="St George's, Hanover Square">St George's, Hanover Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006176–177_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006176–177-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 March, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a>, which would thereafter serve as the major part of Canada's constitution, passed the House of Commons (it had previously passed the House of Lords).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198976_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198976-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Victoria gave the bill <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> on 29 March 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007416_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007416-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald had favoured the union coming into force on 15 July, fearing that the preparations would not be completed any earlier. The British favoured an earlier date and, on 22 May, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> would come into existence on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1952466_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1952466-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Monck appointed Macdonald as the new nation's first prime minister. With the birth of the new nation, Canada East and Canada West became separate provinces, known as Quebec and Ontario, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1952470–471_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1952470–471-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath</a> (KCB) on that first observance of what came to be known as Dominion Day, later called <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a>, on 1 July 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198979_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198979-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_of_Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_A._Macdonald" title="Electoral history of John A. Macdonald">Electoral history of John A. Macdonald</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_majority,_1867–1871"><span id="First_majority.2C_1867.E2.80.931871"></span>First majority, 1867–1871</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif/220px-Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif/330px-Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif/440px-Canada_provinces_evolution_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of the evolution of Canada's boundaries since 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald and his government faced immediate problems upon the formation of the new country. Much work remained to do in creating a federal government. Nova Scotia was already threatening to withdraw from the union; the Intercolonial Railway, which would both conciliate the Maritimes and bind them closer to the rest of Canada, was not yet built. Anglo-American relations were in a poor state, and Canadian foreign relations were matters handled from London. The withdrawal of the Americans in 1866 from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Reciprocity Treaty</a> had increased tariffs on Canadian goods in US markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198980–81_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198980–81-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American and British opinion largely believed that the experiment of Confederation would quickly unravel, and the nascent nation absorbed by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn20113_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn20113-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1867, the new nation's <a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">first general election</a> was held; Macdonald's party won easily, with strong support in both large provinces, and a majority from New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton19552_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton19552-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1869, Nova Scotia had agreed to remain part of Canada after a promise of better financial terms – the first of many provinces to negotiate concessions from Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198984–85_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198984–85-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure from London and Ottawa failed to gain the accession of Newfoundland, whose voters rejected a Confederation platform in a general election in October 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197576_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197576-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn201172_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn201172-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, John and Agnes Macdonald had a daughter, Mary. It soon became apparent that Mary had ongoing developmental issues; she was never able to walk, nor did she ever fully develop mentally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197583–84_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197583–84-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewitt Bernard, deputy minister of justice and Macdonald's former secretary, also lived in the Macdonald house in Ottawa, together with Bernard's widowed mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton19558_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton19558-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1870, John Macdonald fell ill with gallstones; coupled with his frequent drinking, he may have developed a severe case of <a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">acute pancreatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, he moved to Prince Edward Island to convalesce, most likely conducting discussions aimed at drawing the island into Confederation at a time when some there supported joining the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197584–85_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197584–85-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island joined Confederation in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198993_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198993-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald had once been tepid on the question of westward expansion of the Canadian provinces; as prime minister, he became a strong supporter of a bicoastal Canada. Immediately upon Confederation, he sent commissioners to London who in due course successfully negotiated the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198985–86_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198985–86-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hudson's Bay Company received £300,000 (<span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$1,500,000</span>) in compensation, and retained some trading posts as well as one-twentieth of the best farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-esask,_Rupert's_Land_purchase_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esask,_Rupert's_Land_purchase-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the date of acquisition, the Canadian government faced unrest in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (today southeastern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, centred on <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>). The local people, including the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a>, were fearful that rule would be imposed on them which did not take into account their interests, and rose in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>. Unwilling to pay for a territory in insurrection, Macdonald had troops put down the uprising before the formal transfer; as a result of the unrest, the Red River Colony joined Confederation as the province of Manitoba, while the rest of the purchased lands became the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">North-West Territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197580–83_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197580–83-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_kicked_out.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a man kicking another man on the steps of a building. A third man and a dog are watching the scene from the top of the steps." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Uncle_Sam_kicked_out.png/220px-Uncle_Sam_kicked_out.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Uncle_Sam_kicked_out.png/330px-Uncle_Sam_kicked_out.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Uncle_Sam_kicked_out.png/440px-Uncle_Sam_kicked_out.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>"We don't want you here." Annexation to the United States was a political issue in Canada's early days. In this anti-annexation cartoon by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Bengough" title="John Wilson Bengough">John Wilson Bengough</a> from an 1869 issue of Grinchuckle, Uncle Sam is given the boot by Young Canada as John Bull looks on approvingly.</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald also wished to secure the colony of British Columbia. There was interest in the United States in bringing about the colony's annexation, and Macdonald wished to ensure his new nation had a Pacific outlet. The colony had an extremely large debt that would have to be assumed should it join Confederation. Negotiations were conducted in 1870, principally during Macdonald's illness and recuperation, with Cartier leading the Canadian delegation. Cartier offered British Columbia a railway linking it to the eastern provinces within ten years. The British Columbians, who privately had been prepared to accept far less generous terms, quickly agreed and joined Confederation in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198991–92_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198991–92-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian Parliament ratified the terms after a debate over the high cost that cabinet member <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Morris_(politician)" title="Alexander Morris (politician)">Alexander Morris</a> described as the worst fight the Conservatives had had since Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955105–106_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955105–106-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were continuing disputes with the Americans over deep-sea fishing rights, and in early 1871, an Anglo-American commission was appointed to settle outstanding matters between the British, the Canadians and the Americans. Canada was hoping to secure compensation for damage done by <a href="/wiki/Fenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenians">Fenians</a> <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">raiding Canada</a> from bases in the United States. Macdonald was appointed a British commissioner, a post he was reluctant to accept as he realised Canadian interests might be sacrificed for the mother country. This proved to be the case; Canada received no compensation for the raids and no significant trade advantages in the settlement, which required Canada to open her waters to American fishermen. Macdonald returned home to defend the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a> against a political firestorm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198993–94_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198993–94-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_majority_and_Pacific_Scandal,_1872–1873"><span id="Second_majority_and_Pacific_Scandal.2C_1872.E2.80.931873"></span>Second majority and Pacific Scandal, 1872–1873</h3></div> <p>In the run-up to <a href="/wiki/1872_Canadian_federal_election" title="1872 Canadian federal election">the 1872 election</a>, Macdonald had yet to formulate a railway policy, or to devise the loan guarantees that would be needed to secure the construction. During the previous year, Macdonald had met with potential railway financiers such as <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Allan" title="Hugh Allan">Hugh Allan</a> and considerable financial discussion took place. The greatest political problem Macdonald faced was the Washington treaty, which had not yet been debated in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955112–113_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955112–113-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1872, Macdonald submitted the treaty for ratification, and it passed the Commons with a majority of 66.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197597_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197597-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general election was held through late August and early September. Redistribution had given Ontario increased representation in the House; Macdonald spent much time campaigning in the province, for the most part outside Kingston. Widespread bribery of voters took place throughout Canada, a practice especially effective in the era when votes were publicly declared. Macdonald and the Conservatives saw their majority reduced from 35 to 8.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197597–100_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197597–100-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberals (as the Grits were coming to be known) did better than the Conservatives in Ontario, forcing the government to rely on the votes of Western and Maritime MPs who did not fully support the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198996_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198996-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whither_are_we_drifting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of Macdonald with one foot on the neck of a woman, who is laying down with her head to the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Whither_are_we_drifting.png/220px-Whither_are_we_drifting.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Whither_are_we_drifting.png/330px-Whither_are_we_drifting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Whither_are_we_drifting.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>"Whither are we drifting?" Macdonald is shown triumphant at obtaining a prorogation, but is trampling a weeping Canada and apparently drunk with bottle in pocket in this August 1873 cartoon by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Bengough" title="John Wilson Bengough">John Wilson Bengough</a>. Macdonald is depicted claiming clean hands, but with "Send me another $10,000" written on his palm.</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald had hoped to award the charter for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> in early 1872, but negotiations dragged on between the government and the financiers. Macdonald's government awarded the Allan group the charter in late 1872. In 1873, when Parliament opened, Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seth_Huntington" title="Lucius Seth Huntington">Lucius Seth Huntington</a> charged that government ministers had been bribed with large, undisclosed political contributions to award the charter. Documents soon came to light which substantiated what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Scandal" title="Pacific Scandal">Pacific Scandal</a>. The Allan-led financiers, who were secretly backed by the United States's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011200_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011200-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had donated $179,000 to the Tory election funds, they had received the charter, and Opposition newspapers began to publish telegrams signed by government ministers requesting large sums from the railway interest at the time the charter was under consideration. Macdonald had taken $45,000 in contributions from the railway interest himself. Substantial sums went to Cartier, who waged an expensive fight to try to retain his seat in <a href="/wiki/Montreal_East_(electoral_district)" title="Montreal East (electoral district)">Montreal East</a> (he was defeated, but was subsequently returned for the Manitoba seat of <a href="/wiki/Provencher" title="Provencher">Provencher</a>). During the campaign Cartier had fallen ill with <a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_disease" title="Bright's disease">Bright's disease</a>, which may have been causing his judgment to lapse;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198997–100_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198997–100-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he died in May 1873 while seeking treatment in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198997–100_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198997–100-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Cartier's death, Macdonald attempted to use delay to extricate the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955156_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955156-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Opposition responded by leaking documents to friendly newspapers. On 18 July, three papers published a telegram dated August 1872 from Macdonald requesting another $10,000 and promising "it will be the last time of asking".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975103_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975103-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was able to get a <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogation of Parliament</a> in August by appointing a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> to look into the matter, but when Parliament reconvened in late October, the Liberals, feeling Macdonald could be defeated over the issue, applied immense pressure to wavering members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975103–104_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975103–104-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 November, Macdonald rose in the Commons to defend the government, and according to one of his biographer, P.B. Waite, he gave "the speech of his life, and, in a sense, for his life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975105–106_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975105–106-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began his speech at 9 p.m., looking frail and ill, an appearance which quickly improved. As he spoke, he consumed numerous glasses of gin and water. He denied that there had been a corrupt bargain, and stated that such contributions were common to both political parties. After five hours, Macdonald concluded, </p> <blockquote> <p>I leave it with this House with every confidence. I am equal to either fortune. I can see past the decision of this House either for or against me, but whether it be against me or for me, I know, and it is no vain boast to say so, for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster, that there does not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, as it may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975105–106_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975105–106-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Macdonald's speech was seen as a personal triumph, but it did little to salvage the fortunes of his government. With eroding support both in the Commons and among the public, Macdonald went to the governor general, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Lord Dufferin</a> on 5 November, and resigned; Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> became the second prime minister of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989102–103_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989102–103-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is not known to have spoken of the events of the Pacific Scandal again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011255_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011255-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 November 1873, Macdonald offered his resignation as party leader to his caucus; it was refused. Mackenzie called <a href="/wiki/1874_Canadian_federal_election" title="1874 Canadian federal election">an election</a> for January 1874; the Conservatives were reduced to 70 seats out of the 206 in the Commons, giving Mackenzie a massive majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955180–183_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955180–183-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives bested the Liberals only in British Columbia; Mackenzie had called the terms by which the province had joined Confederation "impossible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011256_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011256-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was returned in Kingston but was unseated on an election contest when bribery was proven; he won the ensuing by-election by 17 votes. According to Swainson, most observers viewed Macdonald as finished in politics, "a used-up and dishonoured man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989104_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989104-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition,_1873–1878"><span id="Opposition.2C_1873.E2.80.931878"></span>Opposition, 1873–1878</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riding_into_power.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men sitting on an elephant. The elephant has the phrase "National Policy" on their side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Riding_into_power.jpg/220px-Riding_into_power.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Riding_into_power.jpg/330px-Riding_into_power.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Riding_into_power.jpg/440px-Riding_into_power.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>In this Bengough cartoon, Macdonald (centre, ankles crossed) rides the elephant of the National Policy into power in the 1878 election, trampling the Liberals underfoot. Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie is also being strangled by the elephant's trunk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald was content to lead the Conservatives in a relaxed manner in opposition and await Liberal mistakes. He took long holidays and resumed his law practice, moving his family to Toronto and going into partnership with his son Hugh John.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989105–107_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989105–107-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One mistake that Macdonald believed the Liberals had made was a free-trade agreement with Washington, negotiated in 1874; Macdonald had come to believe that protection was necessary to build Canadian industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955184–185_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955184–185-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> had led to a worldwide depression; the Liberals found it difficult to finance the railway in such a climate, and were generally opposed to the line anyway – the slow pace of construction led to British Columbia claims that the agreement under which it had entered Confederation was in jeopardy of being broken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989108_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989108-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1876, Macdonald and the Conservatives had adopted protectionism as party policy. This view was widely promoted in speeches at a number of political picnics, held across Ontario during the summer of 1876. Macdonald's proposals were popular with the public, and the Conservatives began to win a string of by-elections. By the end of 1876, the Tories had picked up 14 seats as a result of by-elections, reducing Mackenzie's Liberal majority from 70 to 42.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975121–122_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975121–122-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the success, Macdonald considered retirement, wishing only to reverse the voters' verdict of 1874 – he considered Charles Tupper his heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955227_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955227-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Parliament convened in 1877, the Conservatives were confident and the Liberals defensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955228–230_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955228–230-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Tories had a successful session in the early part of the year, another series of picnics commenced in the areas around Toronto. Macdonald even campaigned in Quebec, which he had rarely done, leaving speechmaking there to Cartier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955232–234_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955232–234-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More picnics followed in 1878, promoting proposals which would come to be collectively called the "<a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a>": high tariffs, rapid construction of the transcontinental railway (the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> or CPR), rapid agricultural development of the West using the railway, and policies which would attract immigrants to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989111_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989111-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These picnics allowed Macdonald venues to show off his talents at campaigning, and were often lighthearted – at one, the Tory leader blamed agricultural pests on the Grits, and promised the insects would go away if the Conservatives were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989111–112_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989111–112-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final days of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="3rd Canadian Parliament">3rd Canadian Parliament</a> were marked by explosive conflict, as Macdonald and Tupper alleged that MP and railway financier <a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Donald Smith</a> had been allowed to build the <a href="/wiki/Pembina,_North_Dakota" title="Pembina, North Dakota">Pembina</a> branch of the CPR (connecting to American lines) as a reward for betraying the Conservatives during the Pacific Scandal. The altercation continued even after the Commons had been summoned to the Senate to hear the dissolution read, as Macdonald spoke the final words recorded in the 3rd Parliament: "That fellow Smith is the biggest liar I ever saw!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955239–240_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955239–240-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1878_Canadian_federal_election" title="1878 Canadian federal election">The election</a> was called for 17 September 1878. Fearful that Macdonald would be defeated in Kingston, his supporters tried to get him to run in the safe Conservative <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardwell_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cardwell (federal electoral district)">Cardwell</a>; having represented his hometown for 35 years, he stood there again. In the election, Macdonald was defeated in his riding by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gunn_(politician)" title="Alexander Gunn (politician)">Alexander Gunn</a>, but the Conservatives swept to victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955241–242_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955241–242-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald remained in the House of Commons, having quickly secured his election for <a href="/wiki/Marquette_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Marquette (federal electoral district)">Marquette</a>, Manitoba; elections there were held later than in Ontario. His acceptance of office vacated his parliamentary seat, and Macdonald decided to stand for the British Columbia seat of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(British_Columbia_federal_electoral_district)" title="Victoria (British Columbia federal electoral district)">Victoria</a>, where the election was to be held on 21 October. Macdonald was duly returned for Victoria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourinot2008159_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourinot2008159-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he had never visited either Marquette or Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011299_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011299-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_and_fourth_majorities,_1878–1887"><span id="Third_and_fourth_majorities.2C_1878.E2.80.931887"></span>Third and fourth majorities, 1878–1887</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mac_steamroller.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a steamroller running over a group of men while a larger group of men are pushing it. Macdonald is sitting on top of the machine. The steamroller has the phrase, "Government Majority" printed on the side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mac_steamroller.png/220px-Mac_steamroller.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mac_steamroller.png/330px-Mac_steamroller.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mac_steamroller.png/440px-Mac_steamroller.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Macdonald uses his parliamentary majority to roll to victory over Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Edward Blake</a> and his party in this 1884 cartoon by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Bengough" title="John Wilson Bengough">John Wilson Bengough</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Part of the National Policy was implemented in the budget presented in February 1879. Under that budget, Canada became a high-tariff nation like the United States and Germany. The tariffs were designed to protect and build Canadian industry – finished textiles received a tariff of 34%, but the machinery to make them entered Canada free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011307_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2011307-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald continued to fight for higher tariffs for the remainder of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989115–16_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989115–16-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1879, Macdonald commissioned politician <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Flood_Davin" title="Nicholas Flood Davin">Nicholas Flood Davin</a> to write a report regarding the industrial boarding-school system in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-TRCHistoryPart1_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRCHistoryPart1-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davin_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davin-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now known as the Davin Report, the <i>Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds</i> was submitted to Ottawa on 14 March 1879, providing the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a>. It made the case for a cooperative approach between the Canadian government and the church to implement the "aggressive assimilation" pursued by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendersonWakeham2013299_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendersonWakeham2013299-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davin_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davin-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883, Parliament approved $43,000 for three industrial schools and the first, <a href="/wiki/Battleford_Industrial_School" title="Battleford Industrial School">Battleford Industrial School</a>, opened on 1 December of that year. By 1900, there were 61 schools in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-TRCHistoryPart1_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRCHistoryPart1-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission concluded that the assimilation amounted to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TRCExec_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRCExec-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1880s, Macdonald was becoming frailer, but he maintained his political acuity. In 1883, he secured the "Intoxicating Liquors Bill" which took the regulation system away from the provinces, in part to stymie his foe Premier Mowat. In his own case, Macdonald took better control of his drinking and binges had ended. "The great drinking-bouts, the gargantuan in sobriety's of his middle years, were dwindling away now into memories."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955345,_347_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955345,_347-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the budget moved forward, Macdonald found that the railway was progressing well: although little money had been spent on the project under Mackenzie, several hundred miles of track had been built and nearly the entire route surveyed. In 1880, Macdonald found a syndicate, led by <a href="/wiki/George_Stephen,_1st_Baron_Mount_Stephen" title="George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen">George Stephen</a>, willing to undertake the CPR project. Donald Smith (later Lord Strathcona) was a major partner in the syndicate, but because of the ill will between him and the Conservatives, Smith's participation was initially not made public, though it was well-known to Macdonald.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989116–117_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989116–117-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, the Dominion took over Britain's remaining Arctic territories, which extended Canada to its present-day boundaries, with the exception of Newfoundland, which did not enter Confederation until 1949. Also in 1880, Canada sent its first diplomatic representative abroad, Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Alexander Galt</a> as <a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom">High Commissioner to Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989123_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989123-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With good economic times, Macdonald and the Conservatives were returned with a slightly decreased majority <a href="/wiki/1882_Canadian_federal_election" title="1882 Canadian federal election">in 1882</a>. Macdonald was returned for the Ontario riding of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_(Ontario_federal_electoral_district)" title="Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)">Carleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195533_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195533-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> project was heavily subsidised by the government. The CPR was granted 25,000,000 acres (100,000 km<sup>2</sup>; 39,000 sq mi) of land along the route of the railroad, and $25 million from the government. In addition, the government had to spend $32 million on the construction of other railways to support the CPR. The entire project was extremely costly, especially for a nation with only 4.1 million people in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975149–150_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975149–150-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1880 and 1885, as the railway was slowly built, the CPR repeatedly came close to financial ruin. The terrain in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> was difficult and the route north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> proved treacherous, as tracks and engines sank into the <a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">muskeg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989118–119_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989118–119-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Canadian guarantees of the CPR's bonds failed to make them salable in a declining economy, Macdonald obtained a loan to the corporation from the Treasury – the bill authorizing it passed the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> just before the firm would have become insolvent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955370–376_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955370–376-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wilson_Bengough_1885-08-29_A_Riel_Ugly_Position_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of Macdonald standing on two horses facing opposite directions. Louis Riel is sitting on his shoulders. The caption says, "A Riel Ugly Position". A crowd is in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Wilson_Bengough_1885-08-29_A_Riel_Ugly_Position_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Wilson_Bengough_1885-08-29_A_Riel_Ugly_Position_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Wilson_Bengough_1885-08-29_A_Riel_Ugly_Position_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Wilson_Bengough_1885-08-29_A_Riel_Ugly_Position_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Wilson_Bengough_1885-08-29_A_Riel_Ugly_Position_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_Wilson_Bengough_1885-08-29_A_Riel_Ugly_Position_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>Protestants demanded Riel be executed; Catholics wanted him to live. The decision for execution alienated Francophones.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Northwest again saw unrest. Many of the Manitoban Métis had moved into the territories and negotiations between the Métis and the Government to settle grievances over land rights proved difficult. Riel, who had lived in exile in the United States since 1870, journeyed to Regina with the connivance of Macdonald's government, who believed he would prove a leader they could deal with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955385–388_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955385–388-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the Métis rose the following year under Riel in the North-West Rebellion. Macdonald put down the rebellion with Canadian troops who were transported by rail, and Riel was captured, tried for treason, convicted, and hanged. Macdonald refused to consider reprieving Riel, who was of uncertain mental health. The hanging of Riel was controversial,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975159–162_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975159–162-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and alienated many Quebecers from the Conservatives and they were, like Riel, Catholic and culturally <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a>; they soon realigned with the Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989138_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989138-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> of 1885, Macdonald's government implemented <a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">restrictions upon the movement of indigenous groups</a>, requiring them to receive formal permission from an Indian Department Official in order to go off-reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonechild2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewbuffalostrugg0000stonpage19_19]_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonechild2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewbuffalostrugg0000stonpage19_19]-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government under Macdonald sought to keep the indigenous ill-fed and dependent on government food supplies, a policy which has been blamed for many deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPR was almost bankrupt, but Canada's decision to deploy troops in response to the crisis showed that the railway was helpful to maintain the territory's status as part of the British Empire, and the British Parliament provided money for its completion. On 7 November 1885, CPR manager <a href="/wiki/William_Cornelius_Van_Horne" title="William Cornelius Van Horne">William Van Horne</a> wired Macdonald from <a href="/wiki/Craigellachie,_British_Columbia" title="Craigellachie, British Columbia">Craigellachie, British Columbia</a>, that the <a href="/wiki/Last_Spike_(Canadian_Pacific_Railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)">last spike</a> had been driven, completing the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955436_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955436-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the Macdonald government enacted the <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act, 1885</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald told the House of Commons that, if the Chinese were not excluded from Canada, "the Aryan character of the future of British America should be destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1886, Macdonald travelled by rail to western Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-oosterom_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oosterom-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 August 1886, Macdonald used a silver hammer and pounded a gold spike to complete the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_of_Vancouver_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway of Vancouver Island">Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shawinigan_Lake_Museum_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shawinigan_Lake_Museum-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, another dispute arose over fishing rights with the United States. Americans fishermen had been using treaty provisions allowing them to land in Canada to take on wood and water as a cover for clandestine inshore fishing. Several vessels were detained in Canadian ports, to the outrage of Americans, who demanded their release. Macdonald sought to pass a Fisheries Act which would override some of the treaty provisions, to the dismay of the British, who were still responsible for external relations. The British government instructed the governor general, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a>, to reserve the bill for royal assent, effectively placing it on hold without vetoing it. After considerable discussion, the British government allowed royal assent at the end of 1886, and indicated it would send a warship to protect the fisheries if no agreement was reached with the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955454–456_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955454–456-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_and_sixth_majorities,_1887–1891"><span id="Fifth_and_sixth_majorities.2C_1887.E2.80.931891"></span>Fifth and sixth majorities, 1887–1891</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A_Macdonald_election_poster_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of Macdonald seated on the shoulders of a farmer and a worker. He is holding a flag. Conservative election poster from 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/John_A_Macdonald_election_poster_1891.jpg/170px-John_A_Macdonald_election_poster_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/John_A_Macdonald_election_poster_1891.jpg/255px-John_A_Macdonald_election_poster_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/John_A_Macdonald_election_poster_1891.jpg/340px-John_A_Macdonald_election_poster_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Fearing continued loss of political strength as poor economic times continued, Macdonald planned to hold an election by the end of 1886, but had not yet issued the writ when <a href="/wiki/1886_Ontario_general_election" title="1886 Ontario general election">an Ontario provincial election</a> was called by Liberal Ontario premier Oliver Mowat. The provincial election was seen as a bellwether for the federal poll. Despite considerable campaigning by Macdonald, Mowat's Liberals were reelected in Ontario and increased their majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955454–456_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955454–456-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald dissolved the federal Parliament on 15 January 1887, for <a href="/wiki/1887_Canadian_federal_election" title="1887 Canadian federal election">an election</a> on 22 February. During the campaign, the Quebec provincial Liberals formed a government (four months after <a href="/wiki/1886_Quebec_general_election" title="1886 Quebec general election">the October 1886 Quebec election</a>), forcing the Conservatives from power in Quebec City. Nevertheless, Macdonald and his cabinet campaigned hard in the winter election, with Tupper (the new <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> to London) postponing his departure to try to bolster Conservative votes in Nova Scotia. The Liberal leader, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Edward Blake</a>, ran an uninspiring campaign, and the Conservatives were returned nationally with a majority of 35, winning easily in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba. The Tories also took a narrow majority of Quebec's seats despite resentment over Riel's hanging. Macdonald became MP for Kingston once again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955466–470_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955466–470-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975182–184_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975182–184-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the younger ministers, such as future prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Thompson</a>, who sometimes differed with Macdonald on policy, admitted Macdonald was an essential electoral asset for the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975185_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975185-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blake resigned after the defeat and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>. Under Laurier's early leadership, the Liberals, who previously supported much of the National Policy, campaigned against it and called for "unrestricted reciprocity", or free trade, with the United States. Macdonald was willing to see some reciprocity with the United States, but was reluctant to lower many tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989141–143_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989141–143-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American advocates of what they dubbed "commercial union" saw it as a prelude to political union, and did not scruple to say so, causing additional controversy in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975203_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975203-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Sir_John_A._Macdonald,_Cataraqui_Cemetery,_Kingston,_Ont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of people are gathered in front of a casket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Funeral_of_Sir_John_A._Macdonald%2C_Cataraqui_Cemetery%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_Sir_John_A._Macdonald%2C_Cataraqui_Cemetery%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Funeral_of_Sir_John_A._Macdonald%2C_Cataraqui_Cemetery%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_Sir_John_A._Macdonald%2C_Cataraqui_Cemetery%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Funeral_of_Sir_John_A._Macdonald%2C_Cataraqui_Cemetery%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont.jpg/440px-Funeral_of_Sir_John_A._Macdonald%2C_Cataraqui_Cemetery%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Funeral of Sir John A. Macdonald in <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_Cemetery" title="Cataraqui Cemetery">Cataraqui Cemetery</a>, Kingston, Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald called an <a href="/wiki/1891_Canadian_federal_election" title="1891 Canadian federal election">election for 5 March 1891</a>. The Liberals were heavily financed by American interests; the Conservatives drew much financial support from the CPR. The 76-year-old prime minister collapsed during the campaign, and conducted political activities from his brother-in-law's house in Kingston. The Conservatives gained slightly in the popular vote, but their majority was reduced to 27.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975208–209_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975208–209-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parties broke even in the central part of the country but the Conservatives dominated in the Maritimes and Western Canada, leading Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Cartwright" title="Richard John Cartwright">Richard John Cartwright</a> to claim that Macdonald's majority was dependent on "the shreds and patches of Confederation". After the election, Laurier and his Liberals grudgingly accepted the National Policy; when Laurier later became prime minister, he adopted it with only minor changes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989147–148_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989147–148-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <p>In May 1891, Macdonald suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed and unable to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955569_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955569-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His health continued to deteriorate and he died in the late evening of 6 June 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955574–576_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955574–576-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands filed by his open casket in the Senate Chamber; his body was transported by funeral train to his hometown of Kingston, with crowds greeting the train at each stop. On arrival in Kingston, Macdonald lay in state in City Hall, wearing the uniform of an Imperial Privy Counsellor. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_Cemetery" title="Cataraqui Cemetery">Cataraqui Cemetery</a> in Kingston,<sup id="cite_ref-Parks_Grave_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks_Grave-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his grave near that of his first wife, Isabella.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989149–152_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989149–152-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_memorials">Legacy and memorials</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_1_cent_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Canada_1_cent_1927.jpg/220px-Canada_1_cent_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Canada_1_cent_1927.jpg/330px-Canada_1_cent_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Canada_1_cent_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Canadian stamp honouring Macdonald, 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald served just under 19 years as prime minister, a length of service surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duration_of_Canadian_Ministries_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duration_of_Canadian_Ministries-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In polls, Macdonald has consistently been <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada">ranked</a> as one of the greatest prime ministers in Canadian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Maclean's_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maclean's-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No cities or political subdivisions are named for Macdonald (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Macdonald,_Manitoba" title="Macdonald, Manitoba">a small Manitoba village</a>), nor are there any massive monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-leg_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leg-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peak in the Rockies, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Macdonald" title="Mount Macdonald">Mount Macdonald</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1887) at <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Pass_(British_Columbia)" title="Rogers Pass (British Columbia)">Rogers Pass</a>, is named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-parl_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parl-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Parliament designated 11 January as Sir John A. Macdonald Day, but the day is not a federal holiday and generally passes unremarked.<sup id="cite_ref-leg_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leg-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appears on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ten-dollar_note" title="Canadian ten-dollar note">Canadian ten-dollar notes</a> printed between 1971 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_ten-dollar_note_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_ten-dollar_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a> featured Macdonald's face on the two-dollar coin, the <a href="/wiki/Toonie" title="Toonie">toonie</a>, to celebrate his 200th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald's name is also used in Ottawa's <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport</a> (renamed in 1993) and <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Ontario Highway 401</a> (the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1968).<sup id="cite_ref-leg_174-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leg-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name is being phased out on Ottawa's Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway (River Parkway before 2012),<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being renamed to an indigenous term, <a href="/wiki/Kichi_Zibi_Mikan" title="Kichi Zibi Mikan">Kichi Zibi Mikan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbc-june2223_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-june2223-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald also had a street named after him in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, Saskatchewan. This street was renamed miyo-wâhkôhtowin, a <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> word meaning good relations, on 7 December 2023. This was done as a response to Macdonald playing a significant role in developing the Indian residential school system.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Monument_Montreal_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Monument_Montreal_-_03.jpg/170px-Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Monument_Montreal_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Monument_Montreal_-_03.jpg/255px-Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Monument_Montreal_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Monument_Montreal_-_03.jpg/340px-Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Monument_Montreal_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The statue in the <a href="/wiki/Macdonald_Monument" title="Macdonald Monument">Macdonald Monument</a> in Montreal in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of sites associated with Macdonald are preserved. His gravesite has been designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Gravesite_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Gravesite-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRHP,_Macdonald_Gravesite_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRHP,_Macdonald_Gravesite-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_House" title="Bellevue House">Bellevue House</a> in Kingston, where the Macdonald family lived in the 1840s, is also a National Historic Site administered by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, and has been restored to that time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellevue_House_National_Historic_Site_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellevue_House_National_Historic_Site-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Ottawa home, Earnscliffe, is the official residence of the British High Commissioner to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-parl_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parl-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statues have been erected to Macdonald across Canada;<sup id="cite_ref-LandmarksPublicArt_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandmarksPublicArt-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one stands on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> in Ottawa (by Louis-Philippe Hebert <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895).<sup id="cite_ref-ParliamentHill,_Statues_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParliamentHill,_Statues-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of Macdonald stands atop a granite plinth originally intended for a statue of Queen Victoria in Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, looking south on University Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarkentin200963–64_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarkentin200963–64-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald's statue also stood in Kingston's City Park; the Kingston Historical Society annually holds a memorial service in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingston_Historical_Society,_Macdonald_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingston_Historical_Society,_Macdonald-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 June 2021, following the discovery of 215 unmarked graves at the <a href="/wiki/Kamloops_Indian_Residential_School" title="Kamloops Indian Residential School">Kamloops Indian Residential School</a>, the statue of Macdonald was removed from Kingston's City Park after city council voted 12–1 in favour of its removal, and is set to be installed at Cataraqui Cemetery where Macdonald is buried.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a statue of Macdonald was removed from outside <a href="/wiki/Victoria_City_Hall" title="Victoria City Hall">Victoria City Hall</a>, as part of the city's program for reconciliation with local <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Macdonald_Monument" title="Macdonald Monument">Macdonald Monument</a> in Montreal has been repeatedly vandalized, and on 29 August 2020, the statue in the monument was vandalized, toppled and decapitated.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-restore_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restore-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montreal Mayor <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Plante" title="Valérie Plante">Valérie Plante</a> condemned the actions and said the city plans to restore the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-restore_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restore-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald's biographers note his contribution to establishing Canada as a nation. Swainson suggests that Macdonald's desire for a free and tolerant Canada became part of its national outlook and contributed immeasurably to its character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198910_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198910-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gwyn said Macdonald's accomplishments of Confederation and building the Canadian railroad were great, but he was also responsible for scandals and bad government policy for the execution of Riel and the <a href="/wiki/Head_tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head tax (Canada)">head tax</a> on Chinese workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn20073_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn20073-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Association" title="Canadian Historical Association">Canadian Historical Association</a> had voted to remove Macdonald's name from their prize for best scholarly book about Canadian history. Historian James Daschuk acknowledges Macdonald's contributions as a founding figure of Canada, but states "He built the country. But he built the country on the backs of the Indigenous people."<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biographical online article about Macdonald was deleted from the Scottish government's website in August 2018. A spokesperson for the Scottish government stated: "We acknowledge controversy around Sir John A Macdonald's legacy and the legitimate concerns expressed by Indigenous communities".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 July 2021, Canada's national library, <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>, deleted its web page on Canada's prime ministers, "First Among Equals", calling it "outdated and redundant".<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h2></div> <p>Macdonald was awarded the following <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary degrees">honorary degrees</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td>Canada West</td> <td>1863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td>1865</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a> (D.C.L.)<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ontario</td> <td>1889</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Sir John Alexander Macdonald </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: ;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_Alexander_Macdonald.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arms_of_John_Alexander_Macdonald.svg/220px-Arms_of_John_Alexander_Macdonald.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arms_of_John_Alexander_Macdonald.svg/330px-Arms_of_John_Alexander_Macdonald.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Arms_of_John_Alexander_Macdonald.svg/440px-Arms_of_John_Alexander_Macdonald.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>"A dexter forearm couped palewise proper the hand holding a balance fesswise together with a sprig of three maple leaves Or"</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>"Quarterly: first, Argent a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure; second, Or a dexter hand couped fessways proper holding a cross-crosslet fitchée Azure; third, Or a lymphad sails furled and oars in action Sable flagged Gules; fourth, barry wavy of six Argent and Azure a salmon naiant proper; overall on a fess Vert a covered cup between two sprigs of three maple leaves Or"</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd><b>PER AQUAM ET TERRAM</b> (By sea and land)</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-officialbirthrecord-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-officialbirthrecord_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-officialbirthrecord_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-officialbirthrecord_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> The official birth record for John Alexander Mcdonald, proving the original spelling of the surname and official date of birth can be found in the <a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a> or online at <a href="/wiki/ScotlandsPeople" class="mw-redirect" title="ScotlandsPeople">ScotlandsPeople</a> using the following details:Parish: Glasgow, Parish Number: 644/1, Ref: 210 201, Parents/ Other Details: FR2265 (FR2265).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-born-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-born_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-born_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-born_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Although 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>January is the official date recorded in the General Register Office in Edinburgh, 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>January is the day Macdonald and those who commemorate him have celebrated his birthday. See <a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Haggis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haggis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.happyhaggis.co.uk/lanark-ramshorn.htm">"Ramshorn Cemetery Glasgow, Lanarkshire"</a>. Happy Haggis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802194712/http://www.happyhaggis.co.uk/lanark-ramshorn.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramshorn+Cemetery+Glasgow%2C+Lanarkshire.&rft.pub=Happy+Haggis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.happyhaggis.co.uk%2Flanark-ramshorn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix20066-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix20066_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200713-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200713_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200623-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200623_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod19891-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod19891_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod19891_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithMcLeod1989">Smith & McLeod 1989</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195218-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195218_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1952">Creighton 1952</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope18944-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope18944_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope1894">Pope 1894</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198919-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198919_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198919_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195219-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195219_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195219_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1952">Creighton 1952</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope18946-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope18946_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope1894">Pope 1894</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195219–20-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195219–20_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200656-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200656_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200657-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200657_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200659-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200659_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200659_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200759-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200759_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198922-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198922_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200663–64-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200663–64_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198925-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198925_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200764-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200764_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198928-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198928_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198928–29-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198928–29_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200679–83-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200679–83_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, pp. 79–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198930–31-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198930–31_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198931-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198931_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198931_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198931_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix200683-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix200683_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn200785–86-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn200785–86_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198937-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198937_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006107-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006107_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198940–42-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198940–42_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007162-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007162_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006124–125-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006124–125_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198942-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198942_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006129-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006129_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006130-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006130_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1952248–249-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1952248–249_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1952">Creighton 1952</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198946–47-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198946–47_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007175–177-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007175–177_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, pp. 175–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198948-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198948_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007194–195-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007194–195_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007201-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007201_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198949-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198949_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198952–53-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198952–53_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198952–53_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Klein2020" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Klein (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15jLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland's Freedom</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7805-2543-4016" title="Special:BookSources/9-7805-2543-4016"><bdi>9-7805-2543-4016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Irish+Invaded+Canada%3A+The+Incredible+True+Story+of+the+Civil+War+Veterans+Who+Fought+for+Ireland%27s+Freedom&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9-7805-2543-4016&rft.au=Christopher+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15jLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley_A._Rodgers1996" class="citation book cs1">Bradley A. Rodgers (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U38ka8Rm3NMC&pg=PA117"><i>Guardian of the Great Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7804-7206-6070" title="Special:BookSources/9-7804-7206-6070"><bdi>9-7804-7206-6070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardian+of+the+Great+Lakes%3A+The+U.S.+Paddle+Frigate+Michigan&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9-7804-7206-6070&rft.au=Bradley+A.+Rodgers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU38ka8Rm3NMC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kross2015" class="citation web cs1">Peter Kross (Fall 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-confederate-spy-ring-spreading-terror-to-the-union/">"The Confederate Spy Ring: Spreading Terror to the Union"</a>. Warfare History network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Spy+Ring%3A+Spreading+Terror+to+the+Union&rft.pub=Warfare+History+network&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Peter+Kross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-confederate-spy-ring-spreading-terror-to-the-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Armand_French_and_Magdaleno_Manzanarez2017" class="citation book cs1">Laurence Armand French and Magdaleno Manzanarez (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7rZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT90"><i>North American Border Conflicts Race, Politics, and Ethics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-5170-9873" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-5170-9873"><bdi>9-7813-5170-9873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Border+Conflicts+Race%2C+Politics%2C+and+Ethics&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9-7813-5170-9873&rft.au=Laurence+Armand+French+and+Magdaleno+Manzanarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ7rZDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198954–55-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198954–55_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007286–288-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007286–288_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, pp. 286–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007288–289-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007288–289_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198963–65-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198963–65_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198967–69-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198967–69_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198973-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198973_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198972-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198972_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006172-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006172_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198975-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198975_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006175-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006175_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod198936-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithMcLeod198936_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithMcLeod1989">Smith & McLeod 1989</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006176–177-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhenix2006176–177_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhenix2006">Phenix 2006</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198976-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198976_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007416-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn2007416_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1952466-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1952466_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1952">Creighton 1952</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1952470–471-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1952470–471_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1952">Creighton 1952</a>, pp. 470–471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198979-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198979_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198980–81-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198980–81_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn20113-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn20113_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2011">Gwyn 2011</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton19552-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton19552_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1955">Creighton 1955</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198984–85-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198984–85_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+industrial+schools+for+Indians+and+half-breeds&rft.pub=%5BOttawa%3F+%3A+s.n.%2C+1879%3F%5D&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_03651%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendersonWakeham2013299-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendersonWakeham2013299_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendersonWakeham2013">Henderson & Wakeham 2013</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRCExec-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TRCExec_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706170855/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Exec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf">"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation</i>. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 31 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Exec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Centre+for+Truth+and+Reconciliation&rft.atitle=Honouring+the+Truth%2C+Reconciling+for+the+Future%3A+Summary+of+the+Final+Report+of+the+Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+Canada&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trc.ca%2Fwebsites%2Ftrcinstitution%2FFile%2F2015%2FFindings%2FExec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955345,_347-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955345,_347_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1955">Creighton 1955</a>, pp. 345, 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989116–117-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989116–117_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989123-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989123_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton195533-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton195533_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1955">Creighton 1955</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975149–150-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975149–150_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaite1975">Waite 1975</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989118–119-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989118–119_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955370–376-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955370–376_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1955">Creighton 1955</a>, pp. 370–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955385–388-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955385–388_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1955">Creighton 1955</a>, pp. 385–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite1975159–162-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite1975159–162_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaite1975">Waite 1975</a>, pp. 159–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson1989138-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson1989138_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonechild2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewbuffalostrugg0000stonpage19_19]-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonechild2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewbuffalostrugg0000stonpage19_19]_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStonechild2006">Stonechild 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbuffalostrugg0000ston/page/19">19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKercher2019" class="citation book cs1">McKercher, Asa (19 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nSuDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22food+until+the+Indians+are+on+the+verge+of+starvation%22&pg=PA14"><i>Canada and the World since 1867</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03678-9"><bdi>978-1-350-03678-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+World+since+1867&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-350-03678-9&rft.aulast=McKercher&rft.aufirst=Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nSuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522food%2Buntil%2Bthe%2BIndians%2Bare%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bverge%2Bof%2Bstarvation%2522%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2016" class="citation book cs1">King, J. C. H. (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfWpCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22food+until+the+Indians+are+on+the+verge+of+starvation%22&pg=PT85"><i>Blood and Land: The Story of Native North America</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-808-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-808-8"><bdi>978-1-84614-808-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Land%3A+The+Story+of+Native+North+America&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-808-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfWpCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522food%2Buntil%2Bthe%2BIndians%2Bare%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bverge%2Bof%2Bstarvation%2522%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2012" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Richard J. (21 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBKGvuvksIAC&dq=%22food+until+the+Indians+are+on+the+verge+of+starvation%22&pg=PA425"><i>Nation Maker: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times</i></a>. Random House of Canada. pp. <span class="nowrap">425–</span>426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35645-1"><bdi>978-0-307-35645-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Maker%3A+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+His+Life%2C+Our+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E425-%3C%2Fspan%3E426&rft.pub=Random+House+of+Canada&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.isbn=978-0-307-35645-1&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBKGvuvksIAC%26dq%3D%2522food%2Buntil%2Bthe%2BIndians%2Bare%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bverge%2Bof%2Bstarvation%2522%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipley2020" class="citation book cs1">Shipley, Tyler A. (25 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwB0EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22food+until+the+Indians+are+on+the+verge+of+starvation%22&pg=PT59"><i>Canada In The World: Settler Capitalism and the Colonial Imagination</i></a>. Fernwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77363-404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77363-404-3"><bdi>978-1-77363-404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+In+The+World%3A+Settler+Capitalism+and+the+Colonial+Imagination&rft.pub=Fernwood+Publishing&rft.date=2020-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1-77363-404-3&rft.aulast=Shipley&rft.aufirst=Tyler+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwB0EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522food%2Buntil%2Bthe%2BIndians%2Bare%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bverge%2Bof%2Bstarvation%2522%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutilHall2014" class="citation book cs1">Dutil, Patrice; Hall, Roger (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQEiAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22food+until+the+Indians+are+on+the+verge+of+starvation%22&pg=PT103"><i>Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2460-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-2460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macdonald+at+200%3A+New+Reflections+and+Legacies&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-2460-0&rft.aulast=Dutil&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft.au=Hall%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQEiAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522food%2Buntil%2Bthe%2BIndians%2Bare%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bverge%2Bof%2Bstarvation%2522%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaschuk2013" class="citation book cs1">Daschuk, James William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxwwZmSSOssC&dq=%22food+until+the+Indians+are+on+the+verge+of+starvation%22&pg=PA123"><i>Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life</i></a>. University of Regina Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-296-0"><bdi>978-0-88977-296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clearing+the+Plains%3A+Disease%2C+Politics+of+Starvation%2C+and+the+Loss+of+Aboriginal+Life&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+Regina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-88977-296-0&rft.aulast=Daschuk&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxwwZmSSOssC%26dq%3D%2522food%2Buntil%2Bthe%2BIndians%2Bare%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bverge%2Bof%2Bstarvation%2522%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton1955436-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton1955436_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton1955">Creighton 1955</a>, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoLee2014" class="citation news cs1">Go, Avvy Yao-Yao; Lee, Brad (13 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2014/01/13/should_we_really_be_celebrating_sir_john_a_macdonalds_birthday.html">"Should we really be celebrating Sir John A. Macdonald's birthday?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233441/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2014/01/13/should_we_really_be_celebrating_sir_john_a_macdonalds_birthday.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Should+we+really+be+celebrating+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%27s+birthday%3F&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Avvy+Yao-Yao&rft.au=Lee%2C+Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2F2014%2F01%2F13%2Fshould_we_really_be_celebrating_sir_john_a_macdonalds_birthday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWherry2012" class="citation news cs1">Wherry, Aaron (21 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/was-john-a-macdonald-a-white-supremacist/">"Was John A. Macdonald a white supremacist?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021075134/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/was-john-a-macdonald-a-white-supremacist/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Was+John+A.+Macdonald+a+white+supremacist%3F&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.aulast=Wherry&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Fwas-john-a-macdonald-a-white-supremacist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oosterom-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oosterom_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithOosterom2017" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Donald B.; Oosterom, Nelle (2017). 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Retrieved on 22 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maclean's-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maclean's_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzziHillmer2016" class="citation web cs1">Azzi, S.; Hillmer, N. (7 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/ranking-canadas-best-and-worst-prime-ministers/">"Ranking Canada's best and worst prime ministers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015922/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/ranking-canadas-best-and-worst-prime-ministers/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ottawa+River+Parkway+renamed+after+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fottawa-river-parkway-renamed-after-sir-john-a-macdonald-1.1131806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=2713634">"New name for western Ottawa parkway"</a>. <i>ottawa.ctvnews.ca</i>. CTV News Ottawa. 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Ottawa%27s+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald+Parkway+renamed+Kichi+Z%C4%ABb%C4%AB+M%C4%ABkan&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Fottawa-sir-john-a-macdonald-parkway-renaming-1.6884063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/new-name-proposed-for-saskatoons-john-a-macdonald-road">"New name proposed for Saskatoon's John A. MacDonald Road"</a>. <i>Saskatoon Star Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saskatoon+Star+Phoenix&rft.atitle=New+name+proposed+for+Saskatoon%27s+John+A.+MacDonald+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestarphoenix.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fnew-name-proposed-for-saskatoons-john-a-macdonald-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9991625/saskatoon-john-a-macdonald-road-name-change/">"Saskatoon's John A. Macdonald Road name change passed despite weeks of speed bumps"</a>. <i>Global News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Saskatoon%27s+John+A.+Macdonald+Road+name+change+passed+despite+weeks+of+speed+bumps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9991625%2Fsaskatoon-john-a-macdonald-road-name-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saskatoon.ca/engage/miyo-wahkohtowin-road-formerly-john-macdonald-road#:~:text=On%20June%2028%2C%202021%2C%20Saskatoon,schools%20and%20their%20ongoing%20impacts.">"miyo-wâhkôhtowin Road (formerly John A. Macdonald Road)"</a>. <i>City of Saskatoon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Saskatoon&rft.atitle=miyo-w%C3%A2hk%C3%B4htowin+Road+%28formerly+John+A.+Macdonald+Road%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saskatoon.ca%2Fengage%2Fmiyo-wahkohtowin-road-formerly-john-macdonald-road%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%2520June%252028%252C%25202021%252C%2520Saskatoon%2Cschools%2520and%2520their%2520ongoing%2520impacts.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/former-john-a-macdonald-road-officially-renamed-miyo-wahkohtowin-road-1.6678516">"Former John A Macdonald Road officially renamed miyo wahkohtowin Road"</a>. <i>CTV News</i>. 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Former+John+A+Macdonald+Road+officially+renamed+miyo+wahkohtowin+Road&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaskatoon.ctvnews.ca%2Fformer-john-a-macdonald-road-officially-renamed-miyo-wahkohtowin-road-1.6678516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Gravesite-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Gravesite_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=1874">Sir John A. Macdonald Gravesite National Historic Site of Canada</a>. <i>Directory of Federal Heritage Designations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRHP,_Macdonald_Gravesite-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRHP,_Macdonald_Gravesite_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12964&pid=0">Sir John A. Macdonald Gravesite</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">Canadian Register of Historic Places</a></i>. Retrieved 21 March 2011. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellevue_House_National_Historic_Site-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bellevue_House_National_Historic_Site_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover">"Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada: Discover"</a>. Parks Canada. 27 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211203200/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bellevue+House+National+Historic+Site+of+Canada%3A+Discover&rft.pub=Parks+Canada&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Flhn-nhs%2Fon%2Fbellevue%2Fdecouvrir-discover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LandmarksPublicArt-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LandmarksPublicArt_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landmarkspublicart.ca/Artwork/280">"Sir John A. Macdonald by John Dann"</a>. <i>Landmarks – Public Art in the Capital Region</i>. LandmarksPublicArt.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710050902/http://www.landmarkspublicart.ca/Artwork/280">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landmarks+%E2%80%93+Public+Art+in+the+Capital+Region&rft.atitle=Sir+John+A.+Macdonald+by+John+Dann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landmarkspublicart.ca%2FArtwork%2F280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParliamentHill,_Statues-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ParliamentHill,_Statues_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/terrains-grounds/statues-eng.html">"Statues."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301082936/http://www.parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/terrains-grounds/statues-eng.html">Archived</a> 1 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Public Works and Government Services Canada. 4 August 2009. Retrieved on 20 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarkentin200963–64-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarkentin200963–64_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarkentin2009">Warkentin 2009</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston_Historical_Society,_Macdonald-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingston_Historical_Society,_Macdonald_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524212930/http://kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/jamkingston.html">"John A. Macdonald's Kingston"</a>. Kingston Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/jamkingston.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+A.+Macdonald%27s+Kingston&rft.pub=Kingston+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkingstonhistoricalsociety.ca%2Fjamkingston.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/7961292/john-a-macdonald-statue-kingston-removed/">"Sir John A. Macdonald statue removed from Kingston's City Park"</a>. globalnews.ca. 18 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628182025/https://globalnews.ca/news/7961292/john-a-macdonald-statue-kingston-removed/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+John+A.+Macdonald+statue+removed+from+Kingston%27s+City+Park&rft.pub=globalnews.ca&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F7961292%2Fjohn-a-macdonald-statue-kingston-removed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/john-a-macdonald-statue-victoria-city-hall-lisa-helps-1.4782065">"John A. Macdonald statue removed from Victoria City Hall"</a>. CBC News. 11 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195131/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/john-a-macdonald-statue-victoria-city-hall-lisa-helps-1.4782065">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John+A.+Macdonald+statue+removed+from+Victoria+City+Hall&rft.date=2018-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fjohn-a-macdonald-statue-victoria-city-hall-lisa-helps-1.4782065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2020" class="citation news cs1">Rowe, Daniel J. (30 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/statue-of-john-a-macdonald-toppled-during-defund-the-police-protest-1.5084561">"Statue of John A. Macdonald toppled during defund the police protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830165156/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/statue-of-john-a-macdonald-toppled-during-defund-the-police-protest-1.5084561">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Statue+of+John+A.+Macdonald+toppled+during+defund+the+police+protest&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontreal.ctvnews.ca%2Fstatue-of-john-a-macdonald-toppled-during-defund-the-police-protest-1.5084561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-restore-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-restore_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-restore_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.5705101">"Activists topple statue of Sir John A. Macdonald in downtown Montreal"</a>. CBC.ca. 29 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830091051/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.5705101">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Activists+topple+statue+of+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald+in+downtown+Montreal&rft.pub=CBC.ca&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Famp%2F1.5705101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2020" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, Sara (19 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-statue-sir-john-a-macdonald-1.5619052">"Sir John A. Macdonald statue defaced overnight"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311115131/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-statue-sir-john-a-macdonald-1.5619052">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sir+John+A.+Macdonald+statue+defaced+overnight&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Fpei-statue-sir-john-a-macdonald-1.5619052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53963665">"Canada statue of John A Macdonald toppled by activists in Montreal"</a>. BBC. 30 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404132148/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53963665">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+statue+of+John+A+Macdonald+toppled+by+activists+in+Montreal&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-53963665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwainson198910-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwainson198910_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwainson1989">Swainson 1989</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn20073-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn20073_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn2007">Gwyn 2007</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2018" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Graeme (18 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/a-key-player-in-indigenous-cultural-genocide-historians-erase-sir-john-a-macdonalds-name-from-book-prize">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A key player in Indigenous cultural genocide:' Historians erase Sir John A. Macdonald's name from book prize"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180530085545/http://nationalpost.com/news/canada/a-key-player-in-indigenous-cultural-genocide-historians-erase-sir-john-a-macdonalds-name-from-book-prize">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=%27A+key+player+in+Indigenous+cultural+genocide%3A%27+Historians+erase+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%27s+name+from+book+prize&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fa-key-player-in-indigenous-cultural-genocide-historians-erase-sir-john-a-macdonalds-name-from-book-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2018" class="citation news cs1">Hopper, Tristin (20 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/scottish-government-is-actively-distancing-itself-from-john-a-macdonald-report">"Scottish government is actively distancing itself from John A. Macdonald: report"</a>. <i>National Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Scottish+government+is+actively+distancing+itself+from+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+report&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Tristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fscottish-government-is-actively-distancing-itself-from-john-a-macdonald-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2021" class="citation news cs1">Dawson, Tyler (6 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/archives-canada-removes-outdated-redundant-web-page-about-nations-prime-ministers">"Archives Canada removes 'outdated, redundant' web page about nation's prime ministers"</a>. <i>National Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Archives+Canada+removes+%27outdated%2C+redundant%27+web+page+about+nation%27s+prime+ministers&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Farchives-canada-removes-outdated-redundant-web-page-about-nations-prime-ministers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/registrar/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.uregwww/files/files/HDrecipients.pdf">"Honorary Degrees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a>. 14 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227133354/http://queensu.ca/registrar/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.uregwww/files/files/HDrecipients.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degrees&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University+at+Kingston&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fregistrar%2Fsites%2Fwebpublish.queensu.ca.uregwww%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FHDrecipients.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1891" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Joseph (1891). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Macdonald,_(Sir)_John_Alexander">"Macdonald, (Sir) John Alexander"</a>. <i>Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886</i>. Vol. 3. Oxford: Parker and Co. p. 891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930141953/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Macdonald,_(Sir)_John_Alexander">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macdonald%2C+%28Sir%29+John+Alexander&rft.btitle=Alumni+Oxonienses%3A+the+Members+of+the+University+of+Oxford%2C+1715-1886&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=891&rft.pub=Parker+and+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAlumni_Oxonienses%3A_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford%2C_1715-1886%2FMacdonald%2C_%28Sir%29_John_Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1948" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, W. Stewart, ed. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/SirJohnA.Macdonald-JohnAlexanderMacdonald-CanadianHistory.htm">"SirJohn A. Macdonald"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Canada</i>. Vol. IV. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211324/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/SirJohnA.Macdonald-JohnAlexanderMacdonald-CanadianHistory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SirJohn+A.+Macdonald&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=University+Associates+of+Canada&rft.date=1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2FQuebecHistory%2Fencyclopedia%2FSirJohnA.Macdonald-JohnAlexanderMacdonald-CanadianHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/import-files/degreerecipients1850tillnow3709.pdf">"Honorary Degree Recipients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. 14 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821115911/https://governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/import-files/degreerecipients1850tillnow3709.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degree+Recipients&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoverningcouncil.utoronto.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimport-files%2Fdegreerecipients1850tillnow3709.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourinot2008" class="citation book cs1">Bourinot, John George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1i056Bp0IMC"><i>Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada</i></a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-881-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-881-3"><bdi>978-1-58477-881-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Procedure+and+Practice+in+the+Dominion+of+Canada&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-881-3&rft.aulast=Bourinot&rft.aufirst=John+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1i056Bp0IMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton1952" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Donald (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1134611/john-a-macdonald-the-young-politician"><i>John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician</i>, Vol 1: 1815–1867<i><span></span></i></a>. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37135-5"><bdi>978-0-307-37135-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118210841/https://www.questia.com/library/1134611/john-a-macdonald-the-young-politician">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7164-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7164-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-7164-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803204540/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJTx3BMuGRYC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Toronto: Random House Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31475-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31475-2"><bdi>978-0-679-31475-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200817/https://books.google.com/books?id=FB_wanPti6IC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+A.%2C+The+Man+Who+Made+Us%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House+Canada&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-679-31475-2&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFB_wanPti6IC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gwyn, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBKGvuvksIAC&pg=PP1"><i>Nation Builder: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times</i></a>. Vol. 2: 1867–1891. Toronto: Random House Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35644-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35644-4"><bdi>978-0-307-35644-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803224658/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBKGvuvksIAC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Builder%3A+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+His+Life%2C+Our+Times&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-35644-4&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBKGvuvksIAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonWakeham2013" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Jennifer; Wakeham, Pauline, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyIaxJFkdPIC&q=davin+report+half-breeds&pg=PA299">"Appendix A: Aboriginal Peoples and Residential Schools"</a>. <i>Reconciling Canada: Critical Perspectives on the Culture of Redress</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1168-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-1168-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613180647/https://books.google.com/books?id=nyIaxJFkdPIC&q=davin+report+half-breeds&pg=PA299">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3A+Aboriginal+Peoples+and+Residential+Schools&rft.btitle=Reconciling+Canada%3A+Critical+Perspectives+on+the+Culture+of+Redress&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1168-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyIaxJFkdPIC%26q%3Ddavin%2Breport%2Bhalf-breeds%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnis1982" class="citation book cs1">McInnis, Edgar (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadapoliticals0000mcin"><i>Canada: A political and social history</i></a></span>. Holt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadapoliticals0000mcin/page/342">342</a>–431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0392-3177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0392-3177-4"><bdi>978-0-0392-3177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+A+political+and+social+history&rft.pages=342-431&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-0392-3177-4&rft.aulast=McInnis&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadapoliticals0000mcin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhenix2006" class="citation book cs1">Phenix, Patricia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nK_aVqnqfNwC&pg=PP1"><i>Private Demons: The Tragic Personal Life of John A. Macdonald</i></a> (1st hardcover ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-7044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-7044-0"><bdi>978-0-7710-7044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Demons%3A+The+Tragic+Personal+Life+of+John+A.+Macdonald&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=1st+hardcover&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-7044-0&rft.aulast=Phenix&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnK_aVqnqfNwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1894" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Joseph (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofpope01popeuoft/page/n8"><i>Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, G.C.B., First Prime Minister of The Dominion of Canada</i></a>. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Right+Honourable+Sir+John+Alexander+Macdonald%2C+G.C.B.%2C+First+Prime+Minister+of+The+Dominion+of+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=J.+Durie+%26+Son&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofpope01popeuoft%2Fpage%2Fn8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMcLeod1989" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Cynthia; McLeod, Jack (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjUlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Sir John A.: An Anecdotal Life of John A. Macdonald</i></a>. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540681-8"><bdi>978-0-19-540681-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+A.%3A+An+Anecdotal+Life+of+John+A.+Macdonald&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Canada&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-540681-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=McLeod%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjUlAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonechild2006" class="citation book cs1">Stonechild, Blair (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbuffalostrugg0000ston/page/19"><i>The New Buffalo: The Struggle for Aboriginal Post-Secondary Education in Canada</i></a>. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887556937" title="Special:BookSources/9780887556937"><bdi>9780887556937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Buffalo%3A+The+Struggle+for+Aboriginal+Post-Secondary+Education+in+Canada&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=University+of+Manitoba+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780887556937&rft.aulast=Stonechild&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewbuffalostrugg0000ston%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainson1989" class="citation book cs1">Swainson, Donald (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-vzpltDNQMC&pg=PP1"><i>Sir John A. Macdonald: The Man and the Politician</i></a>. Kingston, ON: Quarry Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540181-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540181-3"><bdi>978-0-19-540181-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+The+Man+and+the+Politician&rft.place=Kingston%2C+ON&rft.pub=Quarry+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-540181-3&rft.aulast=Swainson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-vzpltDNQMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite1975" class="citation book cs1">Waite, P. B. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macdonald00pete"><i>Macdonald: His Life and World</i></a></span>. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-082301-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-082301-3"><bdi>978-0-07-082301-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macdonald%3A+His+Life+and+World&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Ryerson+Limited&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-07-082301-3&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacdonald00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarkentin2009" class="citation book cs1">Warkentin, Tim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCUyR1svtb8C&q=john+a+macdonald+statue+queens+park+toronto"><i>Creating Memory: A Guide to Toronto's Outdoor Sculpture</i></a>. Toronto: Becker Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919387-60-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919387-60-7"><bdi>978-0-919387-60-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829192155/https://books.google.com/books?id=gCUyR1svtb8C&q=john+a+macdonald+statue+queens+park+toronto">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Memory%3A+A+Guide+to+Toronto%27s+Outdoor+Sculpture&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Becker+Associates&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-919387-60-7&rft.aulast=Warkentin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgCUyR1svtb8C%26q%3Djohn%2Ba%2Bmacdonald%2Bstatue%2Bqueens%2Bpark%2Btoronto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada">List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss2004" class="citation book cs1">Bliss, Michael (2004). <i>Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney</i> (Updated ed.). Toronto: Harper Perennial Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-639484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-639484-6"><bdi>978-0-00-639484-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+Honourable+Men%3A+The+Descent+of+Canadian+Politics+from+Macdonald+to+Mulroney&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Canada&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-00-639484-6&rft.aulast=Bliss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1883" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Joseph Edmund (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9KwNAAAAQAAJ"><i>Life and times of the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald: Premier of the Dominion of Canada</i></a>. Toronto: Rose Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/562542085">562542085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+times+of+the+Right+Honourable+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+Premier+of+the+Dominion+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Rose+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F562542085&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9KwNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton1964" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Donald (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtoconfederat0000crei"><i>The Road to Confederation: The Emergence of Canada: 1863–1867</i></a></span>. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8435-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8435-7"><bdi>978-0-8371-8435-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Confederation%3A+The+Emergence+of+Canada%3A+1863%E2%80%931867&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company+of+Canada+Ltd&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8435-7&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtoconfederat0000crei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Creighton, Donald G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/macdonald_ja.shtml">"John A. Macdonald, Confederation and the Canadian West"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Manitoba Historical Society</i>. Series 3 (23, <span class="nowrap">1966–</span>67). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080228/http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/macdonald_ja.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Manitoba+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=John+A.+Macdonald%2C+Confederation+and+the+Canadian+West&rft.volume=Series+3&rft.issue=23%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1966%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhs.mb.ca%2Fdocs%2Ftransactions%2F3%2Fmacdonald_ja.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutilHall2014" class="citation book cs1">Dutil, Patrice; Hall, Roger, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJciAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies</i></a>. Toronto: Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2448-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2448-8"><bdi>978-1-4597-2448-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203626/https://books.google.com/books?id=wJciAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macdonald+at+200%3A+New+Reflections+and+Legacies&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-2448-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJciAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span>; essays by scholars</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Gwyn, Richard J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/prime-ministers/canada-s-father-figure">"Canada's Father Figure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_History" title="Canada's History">Canada's History</a></i>. Vol. 92, no. 5. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906025125/https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/prime-ministers/canada-s-father-figure">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+History&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Father+Figure&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadashistory.ca%2Fexplore%2Fprime-ministers%2Fcanada-s-father-figure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonWaite1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Johnson, J.K.; Waite, P.B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_john_alexander_12E.html">"Macdonald, Sir John Alexander"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macdonald%2C+Sir+John+Alexander&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft.au=Waite%2C+P.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmacdonald_john_alexander_12E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1910" class="citation cs1">Macdonald, John A. (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Troublous Times in Canada: A History of the Fenian Raids of 1866 and 1870"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Troublous_Times_in_Canada:_A_History_of_the_Fenian_Raids_of_1866_and_1870"><i>Troublous Times in Canada: A History of the Fenian Raids of 1866 and 1870</i> </a></span>. W. S. Johnston – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troublous+Times+in+Canada%3A+A+History+of+the+Fenian+Raids+of+1866+and+1870&rft.pub=W.+S.+Johnston&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span> This author is different from the subject of this page, and lived 1846–1922. Since the copyright has run out, there exist today many reprints.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Ged (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906025122/https://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3828/bjcs.20.1.5">"John A. Macdonald: Provincial Premier"</a>. <i>British Journal of Canadian Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fbjcs.20.1.5">10.3828/bjcs.20.1.5</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3828/bjcs.20.1.5">the original</a></span> on 6 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=John+A.+Macdonald%3A+Provincial+Premier&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fbjcs.20.1.5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3828%2Fbjcs.20.1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutilHall2014" class="citation book cs1">Dutil, Patrice; Hall, Roger, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJciAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies</i></a>. Toronto: Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2448-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2448-8"><bdi>978-1-4597-2448-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macdonald+at+200%3A+New+Reflections+and+Legacies&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-2448-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJciAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span>, essays by scholars</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymons2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Symons, Thomas H.B. (Summer 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acs-aec.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CITC-2015-Summer.pdf">"John A. Macdonald: A founder and builder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Issues</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Issues&rft.atitle=John+A.+Macdonald%3A+A+founder+and+builder&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Symons&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facs-aec.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2FCITC-2015-Summer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonMilnes2014" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Sarah Katherine; Milnes, Arthur, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_5vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Canada Transformed: The Speeches of Sir John A. Macdonald: A Bicentennial Celebration</i></a>. McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780771057199" title="Special:BookSources/9780771057199"><bdi>9780771057199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Transformed%3A+The+Speeches+of+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+A+Bicentennial+Celebration&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780771057199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_5vDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span>; mostly drawn from debates in Parliament</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1969" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, J.K. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8A0QAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Affectionately Yours: The Letters of Sir John A. Macdonald and His Family</i></a>. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7705-1017-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7705-1017-6"><bdi>978-0-7705-1017-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affectionately+Yours%3A+The+Letters+of+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald+and+His+Family&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company+of+Canada%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-7705-1017-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8A0QAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_A._Macdonald" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John A. 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Macdonald</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_A._Macdonald" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John A. 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Macdonald</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/prime-ministers/sir-john-a-macdonald-architect-of-modern-canada/topic---sir-john-a-macdonald-architect-of-modern-canada.html">"Topic – Sir John A. Macdonald: Architect of Modern Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Topic+%E2%80%93+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+Architect+of+Modern+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Fpolitics%2Fprime-ministers%2Fsir-john-a-macdonald-architect-of-modern-canada%2Ftopic---sir-john-a-macdonald-architect-of-modern-canada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/023/013/023013-7010.1-e.html">Library and Archives Canada: gallery of papers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1893" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bruce, Henry (1893). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macdonald, John Alexander"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Macdonald,_John_Alexander">"Macdonald, John Alexander" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macdonald%2C+John+Alexander&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Parkin" title="George Robert Parkin">Parkin, George Robert</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Macdonald, Sir John Alexander"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Macdonald,_Sir_John_Alexander">"Macdonald, Sir John Alexander" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macdonald%2C+Sir+John+Alexander&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, J.K. (12 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-john-alexander-macdonald">"Sir John A. Macdonald"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+John+A.+Macdonald&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsir-john-alexander-macdonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=104008&lang=eng">Sir John A. Macdonald fonds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aims.archives.gov.on.ca/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/DESCRIPTION_WEB/WEB_DESC_DET?SESSIONSEARCH&exp=sisn%20161">John A. Macdonald collection</a>, Archives of Ontario</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Attorney General of Canada West </b><br />1854–1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Sandfield_Macdonald" title="John Sandfield Macdonald">John Sandfield Macdonald</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Sandfield_Macdonald" title="John Sandfield Macdonald">John Sandfield Macdonald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Attorney General of Canada West </b><br />1864–1867 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office replaced </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Allan_Napier_MacNab" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Allan Napier MacNab">Sir Allan Napier MacNab</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Joint_Premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada">Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada</a> – Canada West </b><br />1856–1858 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Joint_Premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada">Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada</a> – Canada West </b><br />1858–1867 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office replaced </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1867–1891 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Caldwell_Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Caldwell Abbott">Sir John J.C. Abbott</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> </b><br />1867–1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Minister of Justice and Attorney General</a> </b><br />1867–1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Dorion" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Dorion">Antoine Dorion</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1873–1878 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> </b><br />1878–1891 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Caldwell_Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Caldwell Abbott">Sir John J.C. Abbott</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">David Mills</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1878–1883 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Edgar Dewdney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Superintendent-General_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs">Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs</a> </b><br />1878–1887 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Canadian politician)">Thomas White</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">Archibald McLelan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Privy Council">President of the Privy Council</a> </b><br />1883–1889 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carrol_Colby" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Carrol Colby">Charles Carrol Colby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Canadian politician)">Thomas White</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Superintendent-General_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs">Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs</a> </b><br />1888 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Edgar Dewdney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1888 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Pope" title="John Henry Pope">John Henry Pope</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Ministers_of_Railways_and_Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian Ministers of Railways and Canals">Minister of Railways and Canals</a> </b><br />1889–1891 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a> <i>(acting)</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kingston_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Kingston (federal electoral district)">Kingston</a> </b><br />1867–1878 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gunn_(politician)" title="Alexander Gunn (politician)">Alexander Gunn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O%27Connell_Ryan" title="Joseph O'Connell Ryan">Joseph Ryan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Marquette_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Marquette (federal electoral district)">Marquette</a> </b><br />1878 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O%27Connell_Ryan" title="Joseph O'Connell Ryan">Joseph Ryan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_James_Roscoe" title="Francis James Roscoe">Francis James Roscoe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(British_Columbia_federal_electoral_district)" title="Victoria (British Columbia federal electoral district)">Victoria</a> </b><br />1878–1882 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Crow_Baker" title="Edgar Crow Baker">E.C. Baker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_John_Glyn_Hooper" title="Edmund John Glyn Hooper">Edmund Hooper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lennox_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Lennox (federal electoral district)">Lennox</a> </b><br />1882 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Wright_Allison" title="David Wright Allison">David W. Allison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Rochester_(politician)" title="John Rochester (politician)">John Rochester</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Carleton_(Ontario_federal_electoral_district)" title="Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)">Carleton</a> </b><br />1882–1887 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Lemuel_Dickinson" title="George Lemuel Dickinson">George Dickinson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Alexander Gunn</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kingston_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Kingston (federal electoral district)">Kingston</a> </b><br />1887–1891 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Metcalfe" title="James Henry Metcalfe">James H. Metcalfe</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_A._Macdonald744" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_A._Macdonald" title="Template:John A. 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Macdonald</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (1867–1873, 1878–1891)</li> <li>Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada</a> (1867–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Official Opposition</a> (1873–1878) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kingston_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Kingston (federal electoral district)">Kingston</a> (1867–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(British_Columbia_federal_electoral_district)" title="Victoria (British Columbia federal electoral district)">Victoria</a> (1878–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Carleton_(Ontario_federal_electoral_district)" title="Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)">Carleton</a> (1882–1888)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premierships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_A._Macdonald_premierships" title="Timeline of the John A. Macdonald premierships">Timeline</a></li> <li>Cabinets: <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Ministry" title="1st Canadian Ministry">1st Canadian Ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="3rd Canadian Ministry">3rd Canadian Ministry</a></li> <li>Parliaments: <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Parliament" title="1st Canadian Parliament">1st Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="2nd Canadian Parliament">2nd Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Parliament" title="4th Canadian Parliament">4th Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Parliament" title="5th Canadian Parliament">5th Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Parliament" title="6th Canadian Parliament">6th Canadian Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Parliament" title="7th Canadian Parliament">7th Canadian Parliament</a></li> <li>Party: <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Shuffle_(Canadian_political_episode)" title="Double Shuffle (Canadian political episode)">Double Shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Scandal" title="Pacific Scandal">Pacific Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_Riel" title="Trial of Louis Riel">Trial of Louis Riel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax" title="Chinese head tax">Chinese head tax</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1885" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1885">Chinese Immigration Act, 1885</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_A._Macdonald" title="Electoral history of John A. Macdonald">Electoral history</a></li> <li>Province of Canada general elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="3rd Parliament of the Province of Canada">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="4th Parliament of the Province of Canada">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="5th Parliament of the Province of Canada">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="6th Parliament of the Province of Canada">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="7th Parliament of the Province of Canada">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="8th Parliament of the Province of Canada">1863</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canadian federal elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Canadian_federal_election" title="1872 Canadian federal election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Canadian_federal_election" title="1874 Canadian federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Canadian_federal_election" title="1878 Canadian federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Canadian_federal_election" title="1882 Canadian federal election">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Canadian_federal_election" title="1887 Canadian federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Canadian_federal_election" title="1891 Canadian federal election">1891</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Macdonald" title="Isabella Macdonald">Isabella Macdonald</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Macdonald,_1st_Baroness_Macdonald_of_Earnscliffe" title="Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe">Agnes Macdonald</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald" title="Hugh John Macdonald">Hugh John Macdonald</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Gertrude_VanKoughnet" title="Agnes Gertrude VanKoughnet">Agnes Gertrude VanKoughnet</a> (daughter-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada:_The_Great_Experiment" title="Canada: The Great Experiment">Canada: The Great Experiment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_A.:_Birth_of_a_Country" title="John A.: Birth of a Country">John A.: Birth of a Country</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel_(opera)" title="Louis Riel (opera)"><i>Louis Riel</i> (opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reluctant_Nation" title="Reluctant Nation">Reluctant Nation</a></i></li> <li>Statues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_A._Macdonald_(Halterman)" title="Statue of John A. Macdonald (Halterman)">Charlottetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_A._Macdonald_(Wade)" title="Statue of John A. Macdonald (Wade)">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald_Monument" title="Macdonald Monument">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald_Memorial_(Grandmaison)" title="John A. Macdonald Memorial (Grandmaison)">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_A._Macdonald_(Toronto)" title="Statue of John A. Macdonald (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Residences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_House" title="Bellevue House">Bellevue House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earnscliffe" title="Earnscliffe">Earnscliffe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_A_Macdonald_Junior_High_School" title="Sir John A Macdonald Junior High School">Sir John A Macdonald Junior High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Building" title="Sir John A. Macdonald Building">Sir John A. Macdonald Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Collegiate_Institute" title="Sir John A. Macdonald Collegiate Institute">Sir John A. Macdonald Collegiate Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_A._Macdonald_Secondary_School_(Hamilton,_Ontario)" title="Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School (Hamilton, Ontario)">Sir John A. Macdonald Secondary School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Canada311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Canada311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada</a> and its <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">antecedents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a> (1867–1873)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> (1873–1942)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Wayne</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch-Staunton" title="John Lynch-Staunton">Lynch-Staunton</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a> (1867–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_and_Conservative_Party" title="National Liberal and Conservative Party">National Liberal and Conservative Party</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li>Conservative (1921–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Government (Canada)">National Government</a> (1938–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Robert James Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Richard Hanson</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">John Bracken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Ministry" title="1st Canadian Ministry">Macdonald (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="3rd Canadian Ministry">Macdonald (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Ministry" title="4th Canadian Ministry">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Ministry" title="5th Canadian Ministry">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Ministry" title="6th Canadian Ministry">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Ministry" title="7th Canadian Ministry">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Ministry" title="9th Canadian Ministry">Borden (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Canadian_Ministry" title="11th Canadian Ministry">Meighen (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Canadian_Ministry" title="13th Canadian Ministry">Meighen (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Canadian_Ministry" title="15th Canadian Ministry">Bennett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a> (1810s–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Conservative" title="Nationalist Conservative">Nationalist Conservative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general_of_Canada85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" title="Template:CA ministers of justice and attorneys general"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" title="Template talk:CA ministers of justice and attorneys general"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of justice and attorneys general"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general_of_Canada85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Ministers of justice and attorneys general of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Aim%C3%A9_Dorion" title="Antoine-Aimé Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_James_Smith" title="Albert James Smith">Smith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lesphore_Fournier" title="Télesphore Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Laflamme" title="Rodolphe Laflamme">Laflamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Mowat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fitzpatrick" title="Charles Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Bristol_Aylesworth" title="Allen Bristol Aylesworth">Aylesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reginald_Geary" title="George Reginald Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Garson" title="Stuart Garson">Garson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Fulton" title="Davie Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Flynn" title="Jacques Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Cotler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Toews" title="Vic Toews">Toews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Wilson-Raybould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">Lametti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Virani" title="Arif Virani">Virani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_the_interior_of_Canada251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_the_interior" title="Template:CA ministers of the interior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_the_interior" title="Template talk:CA ministers of the interior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_the_interior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of the interior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_the_interior_of_Canada251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Ministers of the interior of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Provinces" title="Secretary of State for the Provinces">Secretaries of state for the provinces</a> (1867–73)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_George_Archibald" title="Adams George Archibald">Archibald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nicholson_Gibbs" title="Thomas Nicholson Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Ministers of the interior of Canada</a> (1873–1936)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laird" title="David Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_Macpherson" title="David Lewis Macpherson">Macpherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Canadian politician)">White</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Macdonald</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Dewdney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald" title="Hugh John Macdonald">H. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oliver_(politician)" title="Frank Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)" title="Robert Rogers (Manitoba politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Stevens</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerow_Murphy" title="Thomas Gerow Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Crerar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_transport_of_Canada519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_transport" title="Template:CA ministers of transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_transport" title="Template talk:CA ministers of transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_transport_of_Canada519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Ministers of transport of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_and_Canals_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Railways and Canals (Canada)">Railways and canals</a> (1879–1936)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Pope" title="John Henry Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Haggart" title="John Graham Haggart">Haggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Haggart" title="John Graham Haggart">Haggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_George_Blair" title="Andrew George Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Emmerson" title="Henry Emmerson">Emmerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cochrane" title="Francis Cochrane">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Stewart_(politician)" title="John Alexander Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costello_Kennedy" title="William Costello Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_Black" title="William Anderson Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Crerar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine (1930–36)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duranleau" title="Alfred Duranleau">Duranleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Henri_Gendron" title="Lucien Henri Gendron">Gendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Transport</a> (1936–2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Howe</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlyle_Marler" title="George Carlyle Marler">Marler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hees" title="George Hees">Hees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson" title="James Armstrong Richardson">Richardson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corbeil" title="Jean Corbeil">Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Valeri" title="Tony Valeri">Valeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Lapierre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport, infrastructure and communities (2006–15)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Strahl" title="Chuck Strahl">Strahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Transport</a> (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Raitt" title="Lisa Raitt">Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Alghabra" title="Omar Alghabra">Alghabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rodriguez_(Canadian_politician)" title="Pablo Rodriguez (Canadian politician)">Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The offices of Minister of Marine and Minister of Railways and Canals were abolished and the office of Minister of Transport was created in 1936<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superintendents-general_of_Indian_affairs_of_Canada429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_superintendents-general_of_Indian_affairs" title="Template:CA superintendents-general of Indian affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_superintendents-general_of_Indian_affairs" title="Template talk:CA superintendents-general of Indian affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_superintendents-general_of_Indian_affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA superintendents-general of Indian affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superintendents-general_of_Indian_affairs_of_Canada429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aboriginal_Affairs_and_Northern_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development">Superintendents-general of Indian affairs of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nicholson_Gibbs" title="Thomas Nicholson Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laird" title="David Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Canadian politician)">White</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Dewdney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald" title="Hugh John Macdonald">H. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oliver_(politician)" title="Frank Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)" title="Robert Rogers (Manitoba politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Stevens</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Alistair_Mackenzie" title="Ian Alistair Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerow_Murphy" title="Thomas Gerow Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Crerar</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The offices of Minister of Immigration and Colonization, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Mines and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs were abolished and the office of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mines_and_Resources_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Mines and Resources (Canada)">Minister of Mines and Resources</a> was created and came in force on December 1, 1936.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council_for_Canada95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template talk:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council_for_Canada95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Presidents of the Privy Council for Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnston_Fergusson_Blair" title="Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seth_Huntington" title="Lucius Seth Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Colby" title="Charles Carroll Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste-R%C3%A9al_Angers" title="Auguste-Réal Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Rowell" title="Newton Rowell">Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Normand" title="Louis-Philippe Normand">Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Verner" title="Josée Verner">Verner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Penashue" title="Peter Penashue">Penashue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Monsef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair" title="Bill Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Attorneys-general_of_Ontario115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ontario_attorneys_general" title="Template:Ontario attorneys general"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ontario_attorneys_general" title="Template talk:Ontario attorneys general"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ontario_attorneys_general" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ontario attorneys general"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Attorneys-general_of_Ontario115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ontario" title="Attorney General of Ontario">Attorneys-general of Ontario</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(Frontenac_County)" title="John White (Frontenac County)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Isaac_Dey_Gray" title="Robert Isaac Dey Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(Canadian_judge)" title="Thomas Scott (Canadian judge)">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Firth" title="William Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Robinson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Toronto" title="Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto">Robinson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D%27Arcy_Boulton" title="G. D'Arcy Boulton">G. D. Boulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Robinson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Toronto" title="Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Boulton" title="Henry John Boulton">H. J. Boulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sympson_Jameson" title="Robert Sympson Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Alexander_Hagerman" title="Christopher Alexander Hagerman">Hagerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(judge)" title="William Henry Draper (judge)">Draper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Province of Canada (Canada West)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(judge)" title="William Henry Draper (judge)">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buell_Richards" title="William Buell Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandfield_Macdonald" title="John Sandfield Macdonald">J. S. Macdonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ontario</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandfield_Macdonald" title="John Sandfield Macdonald">J. S. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Crooks_(politician)" title="Adam Crooks (politician)">Crooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Mowat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sturgis_Hardy" title="Arthur Sturgis Hardy">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Robert_Latchford" title="Francis Robert Latchford">Latchford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney_(politician)" title="James Whitney (politician)">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Foy" title="James Joseph Foy">Foy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Benson_Lucas" title="Isaac Benson Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Raney" title="William Raney">Raney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Folger_Nickle" title="William Folger Nickle">Nickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert_Price" title="William Herbert Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Roebuck" title="Arthur Roebuck">Roebuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Daniel_Conant" title="Gordon Daniel Conant">Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_William_Blake_Cross" title="Eric William Blake Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Blackwell" title="Leslie Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Porter" title="Dana Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelso_Roberts" title="Kelso Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cass" title="Frederick Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wishart" title="Arthur Wishart">Wishart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Lawrence_(politician)" title="Allan Lawrence (politician)">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Bales" title="Dalton Bales">Bales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Welch_(politician)" title="Bob Welch (politician)">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clement_(Ontario_politician)" title="John Clement (Ontario politician)">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McMurtry" title="Roy McMurtry">McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Pope" title="Alan Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Scott_(Ontario_politician)" title="Ian Scott (Ontario politician)">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hampton" title="Howard Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Boyd" title="Marion Boyd">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harnick" title="Charles Harnick">Harnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Flaherty" title="Jim Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Young_(Ontario_politician)" title="David Young (Ontario politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Sterling" title="Norm Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bryant_(politician)" title="Michael Bryant (politician)">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bentley_(politician)" title="Chris Bentley (politician)">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerretsen" title="John Gerretsen">Gerretsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Meilleur" title="Madeleine Meilleur">Meilleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Naqvi" title="Yasir Naqvi">Naqvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Mulroney" title="Caroline Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Downey" title="Doug Downey">Downey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128702#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1879" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128702#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1879" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128702#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118781006">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041960">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35318514">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070209009&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p120666227">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675592605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/203007">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007274135005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11861717?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/909982">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/084364653">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p561bx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Macdonald\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ontario Attorneys General\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 14,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 18,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 14,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-non\"] = 2,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 21,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 155,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 12,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*188[5-9]\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*189%d\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*190[0-1]\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*1903\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*1912\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","30.4"],["?","400","25.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","10.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.5"],["navbar \u003CModule:Navbar:92\u003E","40","2.5"],["makeCheckSelfFunction \u003ClibraryUtil.lua:59\u003E","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.5"],["[others]","220","13.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-jvlr8","timestamp":"20250219122657","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_A._Macdonald","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128702","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128702","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-27T18:10:34Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T11:52:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/71\/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg","headline":"1st prime minister of Canada from 1867 to 1873 and 1878 to 1891"}</script> </body> </html>