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Below is information on our educational activities, programs, centers, affiliated faculty, research projects, news and upcoming events.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-collection"> <section id="panel_41" class="panel panel-count-0 panel-type-text-loop panel-odd panel-contained panel-white has-panel-title-inside" data-url-key="slsnav-in-the-news" data-nav-title="In the News" data-panel-type="text-loop" > <div class="content-wrap tl-align-middle"> <h2 class="panel-title pt-pad">In the News</h2> <figure class="tl-featured" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <figcaption class="tl-featured-content bgd-white"> <h3 itemprop="name headline"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/ip-rights-and-ai-regulation-finding-the-right-balance/"> IP Rights and AI Regulation: Finding the Right Balance </a> </h3> <h4 class="tlf-meta" itemprop="publisher"> Patently-O </h4> <p class="tl-excerpt" itemprop="description"> The article builds on foundational work of scholars, including Amanda Levendowski, who has explored how copyright law can address AI bias, as well as Mark Lemley and Bryan Casey, whose research on “fair learning” has shaped our understanding of AI training and copyright. My article argues that we should be… </p> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/ip-rights-and-ai-regulation-finding-the-right-balance/" class="tl-cta btn btn-mashup" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark"> Read More </a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="tl-additional tl-layout--large_left_list_right"> <div class="tl-additional-content bgd-white"> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <p class="tlac-title tlac-title--small" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/whats-next-for-tech-giants-like-google-apple-and-microsoft-with-trump-win/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark"> What's next for tech giants like Google, Apple, and Microsoft with Trump win </a> </p> <p class="tlac-meta tlac-meta--small" itemprop="publisher"> Business Insider </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <p class="tlac-title tlac-title--small" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/mapping-the-maze-where-the-irs-could-find-billions-in-unpaid-taxes-2/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark"> Mapping the maze where the IRS could find billions in unpaid taxes </a> </p> <p class="tlac-meta tlac-meta--small" itemprop="publisher"> Stanford Graduate School of Business Insights </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <p class="tlac-title tlac-title--small" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/teslas-court-win-does-little-to-sway-nlrb-social-post-policing/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark"> Tesla’s Court Win Does Little to Sway NLRB Social Post Policing </a> </p> <p class="tlac-meta tlac-meta--small" itemprop="publisher"> Bloomberg Law </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <p class="tlac-title tlac-title--small" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/ai-used-to-uncover-racial-covenants-in-santa-clara-county-property-records/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark"> AI used to uncover racial covenants in Santa Clara County property records </a> </p> <p class="tlac-meta tlac-meta--small" itemprop="publisher"> CBS News </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <p class="tlac-title tlac-title--small" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/former-openai-researcher-says-the-company-broke-copyright-law/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark"> Former OpenAI Researcher Says the Company Broke Copyright Law </a> </p> <p class="tlac-meta tlac-meta--small" itemprop="publisher"> The New York Times </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <p class="tlac-title tlac-title--small" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/press/santa-clara-county-teams-with-stanford-ai-to-scan-24m-deeds/" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark"> Santa Clara County teams with Stanford AI to scan 24M deeds </a> </p> <p class="tlac-meta tlac-meta--small" itemprop="publisher"> Silicon Valley Business Journal </p> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="panel_42" class="panel panel-count-1 panel-type-query panel-even panel-contained panel-white has-panel-title-inside" data-url-key="slsnav-events" data-nav-title="Events" data-panel-type="query" data-panel-layout="six-up" > <div class="mu-has-no-image mu-has-title mu-has-no-cta "> <div class="mu-wrap-outer content-wrap"> <h2 class="panel-title pt-pad">Events</h2> <div class="mu-wrap-inner mu-blocks-wrap mu-layout-six-up "> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Event"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer bgd-black text-light"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/event/25th-annual-berkeley-stanford-advanced-patent-law-institute/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> 25th Annual Berkeley-Stanford Advanced Patent Law Institute </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"> <li itemprop="startDate" content="2024-12-05T00:00:00-08:00">December 5, 2024 - December 6, 2024</li> <li class="list-item-mt"><strong class="mt-nom">Location:</strong> <span itemprop="location" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Place">@ Stanford: Paul Brest Hall</span></li> </ul> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Event </span> </a> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Event"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer bgd-black text-light"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/event/un-ai-for-good-law-track-conference/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> UN AI for Good – Law Track Conference </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"> <li itemprop="startDate" content="2025-04-09T00:00:00-07:00">April 9, 2025</li> <li class="list-item-mt"><strong class="mt-nom">Location:</strong> <span itemprop="location" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Place">@ Stanford: Paul Brest Hall</span></li> </ul> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Event </span> </a> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <script> (function($) { $(function() { $('#panel_42').magnificPopup({ type:'inline', delegate: '.b-popup-trigger', midClick: true, gallery: { enabled: true }, callbacks: { change: function() { $(".lazyload, .lazyload-embed-thumb, .intro-lazyload", this.content).each(function() { var $this = $(this); if( $this.is( 'img' ) ){ $this.attr( 'src', $this.attr( 'data-src' ) ).css( 'opacity', 1 ); } else { $this.css( 'background-image', sprintf( 'url(%s)', $this.attr( 'data-src' ) ) ).css( 'opacity', 1 ); } }); // send popup change event to Google Analytics data layer if (window.dataLayer) { var $title = $('.b-popup-title', this.content); window.dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'onPopupChange', 'eventCategory': 'Popups', 'eventAction': 'Promos', 'eventLabel': $title.text().trim() }); } } } }); }); })(jQuery); </script> </section> <section id="panel_43" class="panel panel-count-14 panel-type-mashup panel-odd panel-contained panel-white has-panel-title-inside" data-url-key="slsnav-programs-and-centers" data-nav-title="Programs and Centers" data-panel-type="mashup" data-panel-layout="four-up" > <div class="mu-has-no-image mu-has-title "> <div class="mu-wrap-outer content-wrap"> <h2 class="panel-title pt-pad">Programs and Centers</h2> <div class="mu-wrap-inner mu-blocks-wrap mu-layout-four-up"> <article id="panel_44" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <a href="https://cyberlaw.stanford.edu" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="external" target="_blank"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Center for Internet and Society </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> learn more </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_45" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/center-for-law-and-the-biosciences/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Center for Law and the Biosciences </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_46" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/codex-the-stanford-center-for-legal-informatics/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> CodeX </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_47" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/cyber-policy-center/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Cyber Policy Center </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_48" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/stanford-center-on-the-legal-profession/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Deborah L. Rhode Center on the Legal Profession </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_49" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/juelsgaard-intellectual-property-and-innovation-clinic/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Juelsgaard Intellectual Property and Innovation Clinic </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_50" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <a href="https://reglab.stanford.edu" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="external" target="_blank"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Regulation, Evaluation, and Governance Lab </h3> <div class="mt-meta mtm-editor" itemprop="description"> RegLab </div> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> more </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_51" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/center-for-digital-economy/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Stanford Center for the Digital Economy </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_52" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <a href="https://hai.stanford.edu" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="external" target="_blank"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> more </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_53" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/stanford-program-in-law-science-technology/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Stanford Program in Law, Science & Technology </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_54" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/organizations/pages/legal-design-lab/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> The Legal Design Lab </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Read More </span> </a> </div> </article> <article id="panel_55" class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-timely mu-block"> <div class="mt-wrap-outer pm-wrap-outer text-align-center bgd-orange text-light" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/transatlantic-technology-law-forum/" class="mt-anchor mt-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" rel="bookmark"> <h3 class="mt-title" itemprop="name"> Transatlantic Technology Law Forum </h3> <span class="mt-button btn btn-mashup btn-white btn-hover-orange"> Learn More </span> </a> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <script> (function($) { $(function() { $('#panel_43').magnificPopup({ type:'inline', delegate: '.b-popup-trigger', midClick: true, gallery: { enabled: true }, callbacks: { change: function() { $(".lazyload, .lazyload-embed-thumb, .intro-lazyload", this.content).each(function() { var $this = $(this); if( $this.is( 'img' ) ){ $this.attr( 'src', $this.attr( 'data-src' ) ).css( 'opacity', 1 ); } else { $this.css( 'background-image', sprintf( 'url(%s)', $this.attr( 'data-src' ) ) ).css( 'opacity', 1 ); } }); // send popup change event to Google Analytics data layer if (window.dataLayer) { var $title = $('.b-popup-title', this.content); window.dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'onPopupChange', 'eventCategory': 'Popups', 'eventAction': 'Promos', 'eventLabel': $title.text().trim() }); } } } }); }); })(jQuery); </script> </section> <section id="panel_56" class="panel panel-count-15 panel-type-query panel-even panel-contained panel-white has-panel-title-inside" data-url-key="slsnav-people" data-nav-title="People" data-panel-type="query" data-panel-layout="eight-up" > <div class="mu-has-no-image mu-has-title mu-has-no-cta "> <div class="mu-wrap-outer content-wrap"> <h2 class="panel-title pt-pad">People</h2> <div class="mu-wrap-inner mu-blocks-wrap mu-layout-eight-up "> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20220824-evelyn-douek-125-scaled-e1679518146425-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Three Leading Scholars Join Stanford Law School Faculty" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Evelyn Douek </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Assistant Professor of Law</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/evelyn-douek/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Evelyn Douek</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/DFE-HEADSHOT-2022-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Nation’s Largest Trial Court Partners with Stanford Law School’s Deborah L. Rhode Center on the Legal Profession to Identify Innovative Ways to Expand and Improve Access to Justice" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> David Freeman Engstrom </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">LSVF Professor in Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Co-Director, Deborah L. Rhode Center on the Legal Profession</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/david-freeman-engstrom/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : David Freeman Engstrom</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/nora-freeman-engstrom-3-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Nora Freeman Engstrom 2" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Nora Freeman Engstrom </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Ernest W. McFarland Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Co-Director, Deborah L. Rhode Center on the Legal Profession</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/nora-freeman-engstrom/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Nora Freeman Engstrom</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Goldstein_Paul.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Paul Goldstein 1" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Paul Goldstein </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Stella W. and Ira S. Lillick Professor of Law</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/paul-goldstein/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Paul Goldstein</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/henry-t-greely-4-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Henry T. Greely" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Henry T. Greely </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Deane F. and Kate Edelman Johnson Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Director, Center for Law and the Biosciences</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor, by courtesy, Genetics</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Chair, Steering Committee of the Center for Biomedical Ethics</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Director, Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/henry-t-greely/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Henry T. Greely</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/margaret-hagan-2-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Margaret Hagan" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Margaret Hagan </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Executive Director, Legal Design Lab</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Lecturer in Law</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/margaret-hagan/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Margaret Hagan</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/daniel-e-ho-6-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Daniel E. Ho 4" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Daniel E. Ho </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">William Benjamin Scott and Luna M. Scott Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor of Political Science</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor of Computer Science (by courtesy)</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI)</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for Economic and Policy Research</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Director of the Regulation, Evaluation, and Governance Lab (RegLab)</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/daniel-e-ho/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Daniel E. Ho</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/mark-a-lemley-4-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Mark Lemley" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Mark A. Lemley </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">William H. Neukom Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Director, Program in Law, Science & Technology</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/mark-a-lemley/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Mark A. Lemley</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Malone_Phillip.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Philip R. Malone" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Phillip R. Malone </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor of Law and Director, Juelsgaard Intellectual Property and Innovation Clinic</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/phillip-r-malone/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Phillip R. Malone</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/julian-nyarko-2-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Julian Nyarko" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Julian Nyarko </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Associate Director and Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI (HAI)</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/julian-nyarko/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Julian Nyarko</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ouellette_Lisa.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Lisa Larrimore Ouellette 1" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Lisa Larrimore Ouellette </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Deane F. Johnson Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR)</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/lisa-larrimore-ouellette/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Lisa Larrimore Ouellette</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/nathaniel-persily-2-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Nathaniel Persily 1" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Nathaniel Persily </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">James B. McClatchy Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Co-Director, Cyber Policy Center</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor, by courtesy, Political Science</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor, by courtesy, Communications</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/nathaniel-persily/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Nathaniel Persily</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/lucy-ricca-2-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Lucy Ricca 1" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Lucy Ricca </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Executive Director, Deborah L. Rhode Center on the Legal Profession</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/lucy-ricca/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Lucy Ricca</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/barbara-van-schewick-2.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Barbara van Schewick" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Barbara van Schewick </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">M. Elizabeth Magill Professor of Law</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Director, Center for Internet and Society</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Professor, by courtesy, Electrical Engineering</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/barbara-van-schewick/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Barbara van Schewick</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-red text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/roland-vogl-2-e1728594440475-566x566.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Roland Vogl 2" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Roland Vogl </h3> <ul class="mt-meta"><li itemprop="jobTitle">Executive Director of CodeX - the Stanford Center for Legal Informatics</li><li itemprop="jobTitle">Executive Director of the Stanford Program in Law, Science and Technology</li></ul> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/roland-vogl/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> View Profile <span class="accessibility"> : Roland Vogl</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <script> (function($) { $(function() { $('#panel_56').magnificPopup({ type:'inline', delegate: '.b-popup-trigger', midClick: true, gallery: { enabled: true }, callbacks: { change: function() { $(".lazyload, .lazyload-embed-thumb, .intro-lazyload", this.content).each(function() { var $this = $(this); if( $this.is( 'img' ) ){ $this.attr( 'src', $this.attr( 'data-src' ) ).css( 'opacity', 1 ); } else { $this.css( 'background-image', sprintf( 'url(%s)', $this.attr( 'data-src' ) ) ).css( 'opacity', 1 ); } }); // send popup change event to Google Analytics data layer if (window.dataLayer) { var $title = $('.b-popup-title', this.content); window.dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'onPopupChange', 'eventCategory': 'Popups', 'eventAction': 'Promos', 'eventLabel': $title.text().trim() }); } } } }); }); })(jQuery); </script> </section> <section id="panel_57" class="panel panel-count-16 panel-type-post-loop panel-odd panel-contained panel-white has-panel-title-inside" data-url-key="slsnav-publications" data-nav-title="Publications" data-panel-type="post-loop" > <article class="content-wrap mu-has-title mu-has-no-cta"> <h2 class="panel-title">Publications</h2> <section class="post-loop-content post-loop-content--one-col content-wrap loop-wrap cw-pad bgd-white"> <div class="cw-ep post-loop-items loading"> <div class="sls-loading-mask regular-loader"> <div class="sls-loading-spinner"> <i class="sq-1"></i> <i class="sq-2"></i> <i class="sq-3"></i> </div> </div> </div> </section> <script class="loop-panel-data" type="application/json"> [{"id":505095,"title":"We should focus on\u2014and invest in\u2014AI that serves people without lawyers","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>The rise of AI tools like ChatGPT has led to new court rules targeting their use by lawyers, but these measures are both unnecessary and counterproductive. Existing regulatory frameworks for attorney accountability are sufficient to address ethical concerns, as demonstrated by past disruptions like legal outsourcing. The real challenge lies elsewhere: outdated and reactionary regulations hinder the transformative potential of generative AI to assist the millions of self-represented litigants who struggle in U.S. courts.<\/p>\n<p>Unauthorized Practice of Law (UPL) rules broadly prevent non-lawyers and AI tools from providing meaningful legal assistance, while new AI-specific policies disproportionately restrict access for unrepresented parties. Courts, however, are uniquely positioned to leverage AI to deliver reliable, tailored guidance via digital tools, but are similarly constrained by UPL rules. Reforming these barriers is essential to unlock AI\u2019s potential to improve access to justice, ensuring courts serve as equitable, authoritative resources for all litigants in the digital age.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/we-should-focus-on-and-invest-in-ai-that-serves-people-without-lawyers\/","format":"standard","slug":"we-should-focus-on-and-invest-in-ai-that-serves-people-without-lawyers","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=505095","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"83417","alternate_post_title":"We should focus on AI that serves people without lawyers","publication_date":"2024-11-21T00:00:00+00:00","name_of_publication":"ABA Journal","publisher":"ABA","_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1732320780","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4836","name":""},{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4826","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"David Freeman Engstrom","first_name":"David Freeman","middle_name":"","last_name":"Engstrom","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/david-freeman-engstrom\/"},{"from_directory":true,"name":"Nora Freeman Engstrom","first_name":"Nora Freeman","middle_name":"Freeman","last_name":"Engstrom","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/nora-freeman-engstrom\/"}],"citation":"David Freeman Engstrom & Nora Freeman Engstrom, <em>We should focus on\u2014and invest in\u2014AI that serves people without lawyers<\/em>, <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">ABA Journal<\/span> (2024).","link":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.abajournal.com\/voice\/article\/we-should-focus-onand-invest-inai-that-serves-people-without-lawyers","label":"Read Article","link_target":""}],"editor":[],"formatted_publication_date":"November 21, 2024"},"date":"November 22, 2024","press_date":"November 22, 2024","post_date":"November 22, 2024"},{"id":502560,"title":"No. 101: Truly Risk-Based Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: How to Implement the EU\u2019s AI Act","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>The recently adopted Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) of the European Union (EU) claims to be based on a risk-based approach to avoid over-regulation and to respect the principle of legislative proportionality. This paper argues that risk-based regulation is indeed the right approach to AI regulation. At the same time, however, the paper shows that important provisions of the AI Act do not follow a truly risk-based approach \u2013 contrary to the claims of the European Commission and the co-legislators. Yet, this is nothing that cannot be fixed. The AI Act provides for sufficient tools to support future-proof legislation and to implement it in line with a genuine risk-based approach. Against this background, the paper analyses (i) how the AI Act should be applied and implemented according to its original intention of a risk-based approach, (ii) how the AI Act should be complemented by sector-specific legislation in the future to avoid inconsistencies and over-regulation, and (iii) what lessons legislators around the world can learn from the AI Act in regulating AI.<br \/>\nThe following sections are structured as follows:<br \/>\n\u2022\tSection 1 shows how risk-based regulation has become the dominant strategy for policymakers to regulate AI \u2013 not only in the EU, but globally.<br \/>\n\u2022\tSection 2 outlines the key elements of risk-based regulation – discussing the notion of \u201crisk\u201d, the distinction between AI risk assessment, impact assessment, and risk management, and the key elements of risk-based regulation.<br \/>\n\u2022\tSection 3 criticizes the AI Act, arguing that some of its main provisions are not truly risk-based, leading to over-regulation in some areas and under-regulation in others. In particular, it analyses several problems with the AI Act, such as the lack of a risk-benefit analysis, limited reliance on empirical evidence, and lack of case-by-case risk classification.<br \/>\n\u2022\tSection 4 examines how the AI Act can be brought into line with a truly risk-based approach. To this end, the paper analyses the relevant instruments to implement the AI Act, such as guidelines, delegated and implementing acts, codes of practice, and harmonized standards.<br \/>\n\u2022\tSection 5 analyses how the AI Act should be complemented by sector-specific legislation in the future to avoid inconsistencies and over-regulation.<br \/>\n\u2022\tSection 6 draws conclusions on what policymakers outside the EU can learn from the AI Act when regulating AI.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-101-truly-risk-based-regulation-of-artificial-intelligence-how-to-implement-the-eus-ai-act\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-101-truly-risk-based-regulation-of-artificial-intelligence-how-to-implement-the-eus-ai-act","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=502560","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"82003","publication_date":"2024-10-21T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"502562":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/EU-Law-WP-101-Ebers.pdf","file_name":"EU-Law-WP-101-Ebers.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1729544973","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Martin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ebers"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Ebers, Martin","first_name":"Martin","middle_name":"","last_name":"Ebers","permalink":""}],"citation":"Martin Ebers, <u>Truly Risk-Based Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: How to Implement the EU\u2019s AI Act<\/u>, EU Law Working Papers No. 101, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"European Union [EU] Law Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"October 21, 2024"},"date":"October 21, 2024","press_date":"October 21, 2024","post_date":"October 21, 2024"},{"id":499832,"title":"A Deutsche Telekom Shakedown: Will Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp Slow to a Crawl in Germany as DT Tries to Get Paid Twice, and Will German Regulators Have the Courage to Stop DT\u2019s Bullying?","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>We are about to see whether the largest and most powerful telecom in Europe, Deutsche Telekom (DT), can force websites and apps to pay so-called \u201cnetwork fees\u201d when they deliver the movies, sites, and data DT customers request.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/a-deutsche-telekom-shakedown-will-instagram-facebook-and-whatsapp-slow-to-a-crawl-in-germany-as-dt-tries-to-get-paid-twice-and-will-german-regulators-have-the-courage-to-stop-dts-bullying\/","format":"standard","slug":"a-deutsche-telekom-shakedown-will-instagram-facebook-and-whatsapp-slow-to-a-crawl-in-germany-as-dt-tries-to-get-paid-twice-and-will-german-regulators-have-the-courage-to-stop-dts-bullying","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=499832","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"80202","publication_date":"2024-09-25T00:00:00+00:00","name_of_publication":"Stanford Center for Internet and Society Blog","_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1729185203","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4681","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Barbara van Schewick","first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"","last_name":"van Schewick","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/barbara-van-schewick\/"}],"citation":"Barbara van Schewick, <em>A Deutsche Telekom Shakedown: Will Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp slow to a crawl in Germany as DT tries to get paid twice, and will German regulators have the courage to stop DT\u2019s bullying?<\/em>, Stan. Ctr. for Internet & Soc\u2019y Blog (Sept. 25, 2024, 6:48 AM), https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/blog\/2024\/09\/a-deutsche-telekom-shakedown-will-instagram-facebook-whatsapp-slow-to-a-crawl\/.","link":[{"url":"https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/blog\/2024\/09\/a-deutsche-telekom-shakedown-will-instagram-facebook-whatsapp-slow-to-a-crawl\/"}],"formatted_publication_date":"September 25, 2024","_inherit_permission_groups":"manual","header_image":"0","header_color":"default","header_image_alignment":"center","hidden_subheader_image":"","alternate_post_title":"","_rawhtml_settings":"0,0,0,0","_yoast_wpseo_primary_student_journal_publication":"","_yoast_wpseo_content_score":"90","_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":"","_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms":"","_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":""},"date":"September 25, 2024","press_date":"September 25, 2024","post_date":"September 25, 2024"},{"id":497109,"title":"No. 123: The Role of Tax Incentives for Innovation in Pharma, Biotech, and MedTech: A Comparative Study Between the EU and US Regulatory Approaches","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>In this paper, I conduct a comparative study of the tax policies implemented by the European Union and the United States to enhance innovation in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical technology industries.<br \/>\nThese industries are quite peculiar, because of the high social impact of the projects and the specific market dynamics, like, for instance, in orphan drugs and vaccines. The flow of knowledge is a fundamental engine for innovation in these sectors, and the role of intellectual property rights seems uncertain, according to contrasting results in empirical research.<br \/>\nTherefore, the use of the tax system to incentivize investments and R&D activities in these sectors can take on a prominent role. However, tax incentives need to be carefully designed, and their adoption might need some industry-specific considerations. The first part of this work will focus on these considerations of tax policy design, differentiating between human capital- and capital expenditures-oriented tax incentives and identifying the main instruments adopted by the EU Member States and the US. In this context, I analyze different types of tax incentives, both sector-specific and general, like cashable or non-cashable R&D tax credits, Intellectual Property Boxes, personal income tax reductions for highly skilled individuals, and capital gains taxes.<br \/>\nIn the second part of the paper, I conduct a comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks of the European Union and the United States. In comparing the two different ways of achieving similar objectives, I formulate specific considerations on the different designs of the tax policies, underlining potential causes and consequences of different choices. In understanding the effects of the converging and diverging policy choices, which are often rooted in the regulatory structures of the two Transatlantic blocs, I take into account macroeconomic trends and firms\u2019 investment data. Consequently, I draw final considerations according to the findings of the analysis, including hints for further research.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-123-the-role-of-tax-incentives-for-innovation-in-pharma-biotech-and-medtech-a-comparative-study-between-the-eu-and-us-regulatory-approaches\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-123-the-role-of-tax-incentives-for-innovation-in-pharma-biotech-and-medtech-a-comparative-study-between-the-eu-and-us-regulatory-approaches","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=497109","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"79175","publication_date":"2024-09-10T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"497111":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TTLF-WP-123-Rizzo.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-123-Rizzo.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1725957964","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"391839","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Amedeo Rizzo","first_name":"Amedeo","middle_name":"","last_name":"Rizzo","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/amedeo-rizzo\/"}],"citation":"Amedeo Rizzo, <u>The Role of Tax Incentives for Innovation in Pharma, Biotech, and MedTech: A Comparative Study Between the EU and US Regulatory Approaches<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 123, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"September 10, 2024"},"date":"September 10, 2024","press_date":"September 10, 2024","post_date":"September 10, 2024"},{"id":496944,"title":"No. 122: Critical Reflections on the Uses and Abuses of Precedent in International Investment Arbitration and their Implications for IP-related Disputes","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>This paper explores the significant yet complex role of precedent in international investment law, particularly in the context of IP-related investment disputes. Despite the binding nature of awards being limited to the disputing parties, the reliance on prior case law for authoritative arguments is paramount in practice. The absence of a hierarchy between tribunals or an appeal mechanism raises concerns about the doctrinal basis for using previous awards as precedents.<br \/>\nThe scarcity of case law in IP-related investment disputes, coupled with the influential nature of older cases, underscores the necessity of understanding the informal system of precedent in this field. Recent studies indicate that even new treaty language is sometimes overlooked in favor of interpretations based on older treaties, posing significant implications for IP-related disputes. The specific wording in treaties can substantially impact legal assessments, from jurisdictional questions to the merits of the case, but not when those are read down in light of a misguided understanding of precedent in investment arbitration.<br \/>\nThis paper aims to critically reflect on the existing practice of investment arbitration as regards the precedential value of their decisions. It also examines the doctrine of sources of international law and considers the initial findings of the International Law Commission\u2019s study on subsidiary means for determining rules of international law. The paper then offers a unique socio-legal framework within which the interpretive process of legal decision-making in investment arbitration is scrutinized.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-122-critical-reflections-on-the-uses-and-abuses-of-precedent-in-international-investment-arbitration-and-their-implications-for-ip-related-disputes\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-122-critical-reflections-on-the-uses-and-abuses-of-precedent-in-international-investment-arbitration-and-their-implications-for-ip-related-disputes","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=496944","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"79095","publication_date":"2024-09-09T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"496946":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/TTLF-WP-122-Lentner.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-122-Lentner.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1725867662","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"36877","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Gabriel M. Lentner","first_name":"Gabriel M.","middle_name":"","last_name":"Lentner","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/gabriel-m-lentner\/"}],"citation":"Gabriel M. Lentner, <u>Critical Reflections on the Uses and Abuses of Precedent in International Investment Arbitration and their Implications for IP-related Disputes<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 122, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"September 9, 2024"},"date":"September 9, 2024","press_date":"September 9, 2024","post_date":"September 9, 2024"},{"id":495668,"title":"No. 120: Strengthening Financial Stability: Navigating Evolving Regulatory Frameworks for Operational Resilience and Third-Party Risk Management in the Financial Systems of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>The digital revolution has led to an unprecedented reliance on information and communications technology (ICT) services, which now underpin intricate systems that facilitate daily activities and bolster economies across key sectors. The extensive dependence on critical ICT third-party providers, combined with the interconnectedness of various market operators\u2019 information systems, introduces and amplifies significant vulnerabilities and risks. Operational disruptions and major incidents affecting providers of ICT services can propagate rapidly across various sectors and beyond geographic borders.<\/p>\n<p>Recent events have demonstrated the danger of these disruptions. In particular, the global information technology (IT) outage triggered by cybersecurity company CrowdStrike in July 2024 highlights the critical need for robust operational resilience frameworks and effective third-party risk management. On July 19, 2024, a software update from CrowdStrike relating to their Falcon sensor security software on Microsoft Windows triggered a \u2018logic error,\u2019 resulting in a system crash that rapidly escalated into a major global IT outage. This incident caused widespread disruption across various sectors, severely impacting numerous individuals and businesses around the world. The financial services sector was particularly hard hit, experiencing prolonged outages that disrupted payment systems and customer access to banking and financial services worldwide. Air travel also faced significant challenges, with thousands of flight cancellations and delays causing chaos at airports. During the morning rush hour, live train departure boards malfunctioned, and some media outlets lost their ability to provide live coverage. Additionally, the healthcare sector encountered substantial difficulties, including postponed surgeries, emergency services outages, and problems accessing patient records and scheduled appointments. Businesses globally faced major operational, logistical, and delivery hurdles. As details of the incident and its ramifications continue to emerge, affected businesses and organizations are gradually returning to full capacity while reviewing their responses and implementing key learnings to mitigate the risk of similar incidents in the future.<br \/>\nThe global ripple effect of the CrowdStrike IT outage serves as a powerful reminder that no system is fully immune to disruptions in today\u2019s digital world. This incident has highlighted the interconnectivity and concentration risk within the supply chain, exposing the fragility of the technology that underpins daily life. It has emphasized the critical need for stable and secure IT infrastructures, shedding light on the over-reliance of many organizations on a limited number of third-party IT providers.<\/p>\n<p>For financial firms and markets, the CrowdStrike IT outage is a wake-up call about the operational risks of depending too heavily on a few third parties for critical banking and financial services. This incident emphasizes the importance of robust operational resilience, understanding software supply chain risks, and having solid business continuity plans, rapid response mechanisms, and effective disaster recovery strategies. Significantly, the CrowdStrike IT outage puts finance on guard as new regulations on operational resilience and third-party risk management loom in Europe and the United Kingdom, and regulatory scrutiny increases in the United States and other countries.<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, financial authorities in Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States have heightened their scrutiny and oversight of operational resilience and third-party risk management. These areas are crucial for ensuring the safety and soundness of financial institutions and maintaining overall financial stability. Regulators acknowledge the essential role of ICT services in banking and financial services and recognize that advancements in technology \u2014 such as software solutions, cloud computing, and data-related services among others \u2014 have become integral to the financial services value chain. While these technological advancements offer substantial benefits, they also create and magnify risks within the financial system. Disruptions in ICT services can spread quickly and severely impact financial stability and market integrity, potentially leading to systemic crises affecting the broader economy.<\/p>\n<p>The EU Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), effective from January 2025, and the Financial Services and Markets Act (FSMA) 2023 in the United Kingdom, which empowers the HM Treasury and UK financial authorities to oversee critical third parties, highlight the focus by EU and UK regulators on operational resilience and third-party risk management in the financial sector. Concurrently, US regulators have begun issuing more specific guidance on operational resilience for the banking sector and are using their supervisory powers to monitor systemic third-party dependencies. Although relevant guidelines are yet to be consolidated into a single regulatory framework in the United States, recent developments suggest that more stringent requirements and regulatory changes may be forthcoming.<\/p>\n<p>In light of recent events and upcoming regulations, it is increasingly important for banks and financial firms to adopt robust strategies to manage risks and ensure their critical operations and financial services can endure and recover from disruptions. This involves effective planning, prudent investments, well-designed systems, and regular testing. Financial institutions are focusing on strengthening their internal governance and control frameworks, establishing clear roles and responsibilities, implementing effective internal controls, and developing comprehensive risk management processes. Promoting a culture of resilience and robust governance can further enhance organizational vigilance and preparedness.<\/p>\n<p>Financial institutions must manage risks associated with third-party service providers effectively. This includes assessing their third-party risk strategies, identifying concentration risks, conducting thorough due diligence, and ensuring contracts include provisions for service level agreements, incident response, data protection, and recovery protocols. Relevant arrangements should be regularly reviewed and updated to comply with new regulations and should include clear security clauses that assign accountability and define remediation timelines. Regular assessments, audits, and tests are necessary to ensure third-party compliance and operational resilience, with diversification and alternative solutions to mitigate disruptions.<br \/>\nTo bolster operational resilience, financial entities need to regularly test their ICT systems through penetration tests and vulnerability assessments. They should have robust incident response plans, simulate critical system unavailability, and continuously update these plans. Regular data backups, stored in multiple locations, and a failover plan for quick recovery are essential. Financial firms are adopting platform engineering principles to build resilient systems and are conducting more frequent audits to address challenges from technological and operational failures. Ensuring a shared understanding of risks, adopting adequate policies and budgets, and maintaining transparent communication with both customers and staff are crucial for effective risk management.<\/p>\n<p>To efficiently oversee the highlighted risks, financial regulators in Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States are increasingly adopting a macroprudential approach to operational resilience, evaluating the resilience of the entire financial system. By recognizing interconnections and dependencies and viewing the financial system holistically, regulators aim to enhance overall stability and robustness.<\/p>\n<p>Regulations and standards for operational resilience are evolving to cover a broader range of stakeholders, including critical third-party providers. While financial firms remain accountable for managing risks from third-party arrangements, regulators are extending their oversight to these third parties to ensure their resilience and mitigate their impact on financial stability. Third-party providers of critical services are now expected to develop and maintain robust operational resilience frameworks and risk management practices, collaborating closely with financial clients to meet regulatory requirements. By imposing stringent requirements, regulators aim to ensure that third-party providers can effectively manage risks, recover from disruptions, and sustain continuous service delivery, thereby protecting the financial system and the broader economy from potential systemic risks.<\/p>\n<p>Given the complexity of international and regional initiatives related to operational resilience and the systemic risks posed by critical third parties, strengthening global coordination among regulators is essential. Regulators in Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States are actively participating in global regulatory efforts concerning critical service providers and operational resilience in the financial systems. They recognize the need to align requirements where feasible and to explore cooperative approaches with international counterparts. Coordinated regulatory efforts will help ensure the consistent application of resilience measures, prevent regulatory arbitrage, and minimize vulnerabilities. Enhanced international cooperation will also enable regulators to pool resources, share best practices, and address cross-border operational risks more effectively, thus better safeguarding the stability and integrity of financial systems and the broader economy.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-120-strengthening-financial-stability-navigating-evolving-regulatory-frameworks-for-operational-resilience-and-third-party-risk-management-in-the-financial-systems-of-the-european-union-the-uni\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-120-strengthening-financial-stability-navigating-evolving-regulatory-frameworks-for-operational-resilience-and-third-party-risk-management-in-the-financial-systems-of-the-european-union-the-uni","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=495668","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"78535","publication_date":"2024-08-30T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"495670":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/TTLF-WP-120-Milanesi.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-120-Milanesi.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1725036748","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"193932","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Diana Milanesi","first_name":"Diana","middle_name":"","last_name":"Milanesi","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/diana-milanesi\/"}],"citation":"Diana Milanesi, <u>Strengthening Financial Stability: Navigating Evolving Regulatory Frameworks for Operational Resilience and Third-Party Risk Management in the Financial Systems of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 120, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"August 30, 2024","_inherit_permission_groups":"manual","_permission_group_visibility":null,"header_image":"0","header_color":"default","header_image_alignment":"center","hidden_subheader_image":"","alternate_post_title":"","_rawhtml_settings":"0,0,0,0","_yoast_wpseo_primary_student_journal_publication":"","_yoast_wpseo_content_score":"30","_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":"[]","_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms":"[\"\"]","_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":""},"date":"August 30, 2024","press_date":"August 30, 2024","post_date":"August 30, 2024"},{"id":490027,"title":"No. 96: AI and Intellectual Property Rights: Examining the Copyrightability of AI-Generated Non-Playable Character Content in Video Games under European Copyright Law","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>This thesis delves into the intricate relationship between artificial intelligence (AI), copyright law, and video games, focusing on the recent phenomenon of AI-driven non-playable characters (NPCs). It begins by highlighting the immersive nature of story-driven video games and the pivotal role NPCs play in shaping player experiences. With the advent of AI in gaming, particularly through Large Language Models (LLMs) and Deep Learning Approaches (DLA), NPCs have evolved to autonomously generate diverse and realistic dialogue, thereby enhancing the gaming narrative.<br \/>\nThe central inquiry revolves around the extent to which European Union (EU) copyright law protects AI-generated content, using the creation of an app titled \u201cUrban Treasure Hunts\u201d by a Smart NPC in the video game \u201cThe Matrix Awakens\u201d as a case study. Through a thorough examination of EU copyright law, including the Berne Convention and CJEU Jurisprudence, this thesis argues that determining the eligibility of AI-generated content for copyright protection hinges on factors such as originality\/creativity and expression, with a presumption of human authorship.<br \/>\nKey challenges arise due to the difficulty in discerning AI-generated content from human-authored material and the anthropocentric nature of EU copyright law. The thesis contends that while AI contributes to creative processes, it lacks the same degree of personal touch and intent as human creators. Additionally, the expression prerequisite poses challenges as human authors may struggle to identify AI-generated content accurately. The thesis unfolds its argumentation through a structured analysis, including a review of international and EU copyright law, definitions and concepts of AI, and a detailed examination of \u201cThe Matrix Awakens\u201d as a case study. Ultimately, it underscores the need for nuanced consideration of AI’s role in creative endeavors within the framework of copyright law.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-96-ai-and-intellectual-property-rights-examining-the-copyrightability-of-ai-generated-non-playable-character-content-in-video-games-under-european-copyright-law\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-96-ai-and-intellectual-property-rights-examining-the-copyrightability-of-ai-generated-non-playable-character-content-in-video-games-under-european-copyright-law","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=490027","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"77262","publication_date":"2024-08-03T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"490029":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/EU-Law-WP-96-Huwel.pdf","file_name":"EU-Law-WP-96-Huwel.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1722714753","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Kevin","middle_name":"Chris","last_name":"Huwel"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Huwel, Kevin Chris","first_name":"Kevin","middle_name":"Chris","last_name":"Huwel","permalink":""}],"citation":"Kevin Chris Huwel, <u>AI and Intellectual Property Rights: Examining the Copyrightability of AI-Generated Non-Playable Character Content in Video Games under European Copyright Law<\/u>, EU Law Working Papers No. 96, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"European Union [EU] Law Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"August 3, 2024"},"date":"August 3, 2024","press_date":"August 3, 2024","post_date":"August 3, 2024"},{"id":490015,"title":"Comments submitted to the BEREC Consultation on the Draft BEREC Report on the IP Interconnection Ecosystem","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>Comments submitted to the BEREC Consultation on the Draft BEREC Report on the IP Interconnection Ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p>——————————<\/p>\n<p>I welcome the opportunity to submit comments to the BEREC Consultation on its Draft Report on the IP Interconnection Ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p>I submit my comments as a professor of law and, by courtesy, electrical engineering at Stanford University whose research focuses on Internet architecture, innovation, and regulation. I do not speak for Stanford University.<\/p>\n<p>I have a Ph.D. in computer science and a law degree and have worked on net neutrality for the past 24 years. My book Internet Architecture and Innovation, which was published by MIT Press in 2010, is considered the seminal work on the science, economics, and politics of network neutrality. My papers on network neutrality have influenced discussions on network neutrality all over the world.<\/p>\n<p>I have testified on matters of Internet architecture, innovation, and regulation before the California Legislature, the US Federal Communications Commission, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, and BEREC, including on proposals to force applications to pay ISPs for terminating traffic to the ISPs customers.<\/p>\n<p>The FCCs 2010, 2015, and 2024 Open Internet Orders relied heavily on my work. My work also informed the European Union’s 2015 and 2020 guidelines implementing the European Union’s net neutrality law, the E.U.s 2022 update that banned harmful zero-rating, and the 2016 and 2017 Orders on zero-rating by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India and the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, respectively.<\/p>\n<p>I have not been retained or paid by anyone to participate in this proceeding.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/comments-submitted-to-the-berec-consultation-on-the-draft-berec-report-on-the-ip-interconnection-ecosystem\/","format":"standard","slug":"comments-submitted-to-the-berec-consultation-on-the-draft-berec-report-on-the-ip-interconnection-ecosystem","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=490015","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"75785","publication_date":"2024-08-01T00:00:00+00:00","name_of_publication":"The Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications","citation":"Barbara van Schewick, Comments submitted to the BEREC Consultation on the Draft BEREC Report on the IP Interconnection Ecosystem, The Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications, August 1, 2024","attachment":{"490017":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/vanSchewick-2024-Comments-BEREC-Interconnection-Report-20240801.pdf","file_name":"vanSchewick-2024-Comments-BEREC-Interconnection-Report-20240801.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1722695207","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4681","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Barbara van Schewick","first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"","last_name":"van Schewick","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/barbara-van-schewick\/"}],"link":[{"url":"https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/publications\/comments-submitted-berec-consultation-draft-berec-report-ip-interconnection-ecosystem","label":"","link_target":""}],"editor":[],"formatted_publication_date":"August 1, 2024"},"date":"August 3, 2024","press_date":"August 3, 2024","post_date":"August 3, 2024"},{"id":488836,"title":"No. 95: The EU Regulatory Framework for Artificial Intelligence","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>This thesis presents \u0430n \u0430n\u0430lysis of the Europe\u0430n Union’s regul\u0430tory fr\u0430mework for \u0430rtifici\u0430l intelligence. \u0410s \u0410I technologies become incre\u0430singly integr\u0430l to v\u0430rious sectors, the necessity for \u0430 cle\u0430r regul\u0430tory structure to \u0430ddress the \u0430ssoci\u0430ted ethic\u0430l, leg\u0430l, \u0430nd societ\u0430l ch\u0430llenges is becoming essenti\u0430l. The Europe\u0430n Union h\u0430s positioned itself \u0430s \u0430 glob\u0430l le\u0430der in \u0410I govern\u0430nce, \u0430iming to cre\u0430te \u0430 b\u0430l\u0430nced environment th\u0430t fosters innov\u0430tion while s\u0430fegu\u0430rding fund\u0430ment\u0430l rights \u0430nd ethic\u0430l st\u0430nd\u0430rds. The thesis ex\u0430mines the evolution of \u0410I regul\u0430tion within the EU, highlighting legisl\u0430tive instruments such \u0430s the Gener\u0430l D\u0430t\u0430 Protection Regul\u0430tion \u0430nd the recently \u0430dopted \u0410rtifici\u0430l Intelligence \u0410ct. It explores the core principles underpinning the EU’s regul\u0430tory \u0430ppro\u0430ch, including tr\u0430nsp\u0430rency, \u0430ccount\u0430bility, hum\u0430n-centricity, \u0430nd risk-b\u0430sed regul\u0430tion, \u0430nd how these principles \u0430re integr\u0430ted in legisl\u0430tive me\u0430sures. \u0410 thorough \u0430n\u0430lysis of the regul\u0430tory texts \u0430nd rel\u0430ted policy documents is conducted to explore the EU’s str\u0430tegic objectives \u0430nd regul\u0430tory mech\u0430nisms. The rese\u0430rch identifies \u0430nd discusses key regul\u0430tory themes, such \u0430s d\u0430t\u0430 protection, \u0430lgorithmic tr\u0430nsp\u0430rency, bi\u0430s mitig\u0430tion, \u0430nd the deline\u0430tion of high-risk \u0410I \u0430pplic\u0430tions. \u0410ddition\u0430lly, it investig\u0430tes the implic\u0430tions of these regul\u0430tions for \u0410I development \u0430nd deployment within the EU. Comp\u0430r\u0430tive \u0430n\u0430lysis with non-EU regul\u0430tory fr\u0430meworks is \u0430lso incorpor\u0430ted to contextu\u0430lize the EU’s \u0430ppro\u0430ch within the glob\u0430l \u0410I govern\u0430nce ecosystem. Findings suggest th\u0430t the EU’s regul\u0430tory fr\u0430mework for \u0410I is both comprehensive \u0430nd pioneering, setting \u0430 high st\u0430nd\u0430rd for ethic\u0430l \u0410I govern\u0430nce. However, the dyn\u0430mic n\u0430ture of \u0410I technology necessit\u0430tes ongoing regul\u0430tory \u0430d\u0430pt\u0430tion \u0430nd refinement. The study concludes with recommend\u0430tions for enh\u0430ncing the regul\u0430tory fr\u0430mework to ensure it rem\u0430ins responsive to technologic\u0430l \u0430dv\u0430ncements \u0430nd continues to uphold the EU’s commitment to ethic\u0430l \u0430nd responsible \u0410I.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-95-the-eu-regulatory-framework-for-artificial-intelligence\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-95-the-eu-regulatory-framework-for-artificial-intelligence","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=488836","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"72704","publication_date":"2024-07-31T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"488838":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/EU-Law-WP-95-Issina.pdf","file_name":"EU-Law-WP-95-Issina.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1722446726","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Karina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Issina"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Issina, Karina","first_name":"Karina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Issina","permalink":""}],"citation":"Karina Issina, <u>The EU Regulatory Framework for Artificial Intelligence<\/u>, EU Law Working Papers No. 95, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"European Union [EU] Law Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"July 31, 2024"},"date":"July 31, 2024","press_date":"July 31, 2024","post_date":"July 31, 2024"},{"id":486889,"title":"No. 119: The Many Shades of Open Banking: A Comparative Analysis of Rationales and Models","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>Despite its growing success, Open Banking (OB) struggles to present a coherent identity, resembling the subject of the famous Italian novel \u201cOne, None, and a Hundred Thousand\u201d by Pirandello. Indeed, despite its widespread adoption around the world, various models can be identified based on rationales, the nature of data-sharing obligations, and the standardization process. Against this background, instead of merely illustrating these differences, the paper aims to evaluate the consistency of OB policies. To this end, our analysis adopts a novel approach by examining the primary rationales behind OB regulatory initiatives in some major countries (i.e., the EU, UK, Australia, the U.S., India, and Singapore). Identifying these rationales is crucial for assessing whether the specific features of OB solutions implemented in each country are align with the intended policy goals. Additionally, such a comparative analysis will help policymakers in countries considering the introduction of OB to design a model that best suits their needs.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-119-the-many-shades-of-open-banking-a-comparative-analysis-of-rationales-and-models\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-119-the-many-shades-of-open-banking-a-comparative-analysis-of-rationales-and-models","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=486889","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"72373","publication_date":"2024-07-24T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"486891":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TTLF-WP-119-Colangelo-Khandelwal.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-119-Colangelo-Khandelwal.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1721862512","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"216453","name":""},{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Pankhudi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Khandelwal"}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Giuseppe Colangelo","first_name":"Giuseppe","middle_name":"","last_name":"Colangelo","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/giuseppe-colangelo\/"},{"from_directory":false,"name":"Khandelwal, Pankhudi","first_name":"Pankhudi","middle_name":"","last_name":"Khandelwal","permalink":""}],"citation":"Giuseppe Colangelo & Pankhudi Khandelwal, <u>The Many Shades of Open Banking: A Comparative Analysis of Rationales and Models<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 119, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"July 24, 2024","_inherit_permission_groups":"manual","_permission_group_visibility":null,"header_image":"0","header_color":"default","header_image_alignment":"center","hidden_subheader_image":"","alternate_post_title":"","_rawhtml_settings":"0,0,0,0","_yoast_wpseo_primary_student_journal_publication":"","_yoast_wpseo_content_score":"30","_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":"[]","_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms":"[\"\"]","_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":""},"date":"July 24, 2024","press_date":"July 24, 2024","post_date":"July 24, 2024"},{"id":486692,"title":"No. 118: Regulation by Enforcement: Why the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Vision for Digital Asset Markets Lacks Clarity and an Alternative European Model","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>In December of 2021, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing on digital assets with several crypto executives on how to best regulate the industry. During the hearing, some members of Congress inquired whether there was a need to introduce legislation to provide more definitional clarity with respect to digital assets.<br \/>\nIn the absence of such legislation, on the 14th of April 2023, the Securities & Exchange Commission reopened a rule proposal seeking to amend the definition of an \u201cexchange\u201d under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This proposed regulation would expand the reach of the agency to include many digital asset markets in the crypto industry, which would be forced to register with the SEC as national exchanges or as alternative trading systems with a separate set of disclosure obligations.<br \/>\nIn the meantime, the SEC\u2019s enforcement division planned to file suits against Binance and Coinbase, with others against Bittrex and Ripple pending. A week later, on the 20th of April, the EU Parliament voted in favor of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation, which forms a comprehensive regulatory framework for digital asset markets.<br \/>\nThe working paper begins with an explanation of the interplay between rulemaking, guidance and adjudication, which are the tools of an agency to which Congress has delegated authority to regulate an industry. The research then lays out the current state of the digital asset markets and explores two approaches to solve the problem: SEC\u2019s regulation by enforcement and the EU\u2019s regime under MiCA. The working paper concludes with an overall assessment of their effectiveness and proposes another way forward.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-118-regulation-by-enforcement-why-the-securities-and-exchange-commissions-vision-for-digital-asset-markets-lacks-clarity-and-an-alternative-european-model\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-118-regulation-by-enforcement-why-the-securities-and-exchange-commissions-vision-for-digital-asset-markets-lacks-clarity-and-an-alternative-european-model","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=486692","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"72326","publication_date":"2024-07-23T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"486694":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TTLF-WP-118-Kazimirov.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-118-Kazimirov.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1721733610","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Alexandros","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kazimirov"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Kazimirov, Alexandros","first_name":"Alexandros","middle_name":"","last_name":"Kazimirov","permalink":""}],"citation":"Alexandros Kazimirov, <u>Regulation by Enforcement: Why the Securities and Exchange Commission's Vision for Digital Asset Markets Lacks Clarity and an Alternative European Model<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 118, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"July 23, 2024"},"date":"July 23, 2024","press_date":"July 23, 2024","post_date":"July 23, 2024"},{"id":484844,"title":"No. 117: Does the Criticality Pyramid of the Proposed European AI Act Have Blind Spots? A Comparative Analysis of EU and US Law","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has prompted significant regulatory efforts from both the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). As AI becomes increasingly embedded in various sectors, concerns over its ethical use, security, and societal impact have grown. This article delves into the regulatory strategies of the EU and the US, focusing on the scope and choice of sectors deemed to be high-risk. Through a comparative analysis, it sheds light on how these two influential regions are navigating the challenges of creating comprehensive AI governance frameworks and identifies blind spots in the EU approach.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-117-does-the-criticality-pyramid-of-the-proposed-european-ai-act-have-blind-spots-a-comparative-analysis-of-eu-and-us-law\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-117-does-the-criticality-pyramid-of-the-proposed-european-ai-act-have-blind-spots-a-comparative-analysis-of-eu-and-us-law","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=484844","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"71584","publication_date":"2024-07-02T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"484846":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/TTLF-WP-117-Pfister.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-117-Pfister.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1719922272","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Jonas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pfister"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Pfister, Jonas","first_name":"Jonas","middle_name":"","last_name":"Pfister","permalink":""}],"citation":"Jonas Pfister, <u>Does the Criticality Pyramid of the Proposed European AI Act Have Blind Spots? A Comparative Analysis of EU and US Law<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 117, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"July 2, 2024"},"date":"July 2, 2024","press_date":"July 2, 2024","post_date":"July 2, 2024"},{"id":485419,"title":"It’s Groundhog Day at the European Commission","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>For the past two years, the European Commission has been pushing to radically change the internet and telecommunications market in the EU in order to benefit Europe\u2019s largest telecom companies at the expense of innovation, net neutrality, and low broadband prices.<\/p>\n<p>The policy prescriptions have continually included:<\/p>\n<p>forcing websites and applications to pay ISPs, clearly violating the EU\u2019s net neutrality rules,<br \/>\nincreasing market consolidation and reducing competition, and<br \/>\nraising the prices that EU residents pay to get online.<br \/>\nIn 2023, the Commission tried to justify its positions in a consultation by pretending that the EU was falling behind on 5G and fiber deployments and that there was a shortfall of \u20ac180 billion in funding to get to its goals.<\/p>\n<p>It wasn\u2019t true last year, and it\u2019s even less true this year. By all accounts, the EU is on a great path to meet its 2030 goals of 100% 5G and Fiber-to-the-Home coverage in all EU member states.<\/p>\n<p>But despite the good news, the bad policy prescriptions are back: this time, in a White Paper explaining how the EU is falling behind in funding a whole new kind of network that the paper insists is inevitable, a necessity, and a revolution in computing.<\/p>\n<p>The White Paper lacks any evidence any of this is actually going to happen, but states with certainty there\u2019s a new funding gap and that Europe\u2019s digital sovereignty is doomed unless the EU takes up the same bad policy proposals that have already been rejected multiple times.<\/p>\n<p>Ignoring the resounding rejection of proposals to force apps to pay ISPs in last year\u2019s consultation, the Commission now proposes to do so through the backdoor.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/its-groundhog-day-at-the-european-commission-2\/","format":"standard","slug":"its-groundhog-day-at-the-european-commission-2","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=485419","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"71811","publication_date":"2024-07-01T00:00:00+00:00","name_of_publication":"Stanford Center for Internet and Society","_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1726756033","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4681","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Barbara van Schewick","first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"","last_name":"van Schewick","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/barbara-van-schewick\/"}],"citation":"Barbara van Schewick, <em>It\u2019s Groundhog Day at the European Commission<\/em>,\u00a0<span class=\"small-caps\" style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">Stan. Ctr. for Internet & Soc\u2019y Blog<\/span> (June 30, 2024), https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/publications\/its-groundhog-day-european-commission\/.","link":[{"url":"https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/blog\/2024\/07\/its-groundhog-day-european-commission"}],"formatted_publication_date":"July 1, 2024","_inherit_permission_groups":"manual","header_image":"0","header_color":"default","header_image_alignment":"center","hidden_subheader_image":"","alternate_post_title":"","_rawhtml_settings":"0,0,0,0","_yoast_wpseo_primary_student_journal_publication":"","_yoast_wpseo_content_score":"90","_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":"[]","_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms":"[\"\"]","_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":""},"date":"July 9, 2024","press_date":"July 9, 2024","post_date":"July 9, 2024"},{"id":484830,"title":"It\u2019s Groundhog Day at the European Commission","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>Response to the European Commission\u2019s White Paper \u201cHow to master Europe\u2019s digital infrastructure needs?\u201d<br \/>\n——-<br \/>\nEven though it\u2019s summer, it appears to be Groundhog Day again at the European Commission.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s time for yet another proposal from the European Commission to require websites and applications to pay so-called \u201cnetwork fees\u201d to the largest ISPs in Europe. Network fee proposals would force websites and applications to pay broadband companies like Telefonica, Orange, and Deutsche Telekom, so the largest ISPs can get paid twice for delivering the traffic the ISPs\u2019 customers requested \u2013 once by their own internet service customers, and once by the sites and apps these customers are using.<\/p>\n<p>These kinds of fees were proposed by Europe\u2019s largest telecom companies more than 12 years ago and were rejected at the time by Europe\u2019s top telecom regulator BEREC, European governments, the European Commission, and the ITU. They were rejected again by BEREC in a report in 2022, and thoroughly opposed by everyone except the largest ISPs and their trade associations in last year\u2019s Commission consultation on the future of the electronic communications sector and its infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>Last year, the justification for these network fees was that there was a supposed massive investment gap that would keep Europe from meeting its 2030 goals of having 5G and fiber to the home for everyone in the EU.<br \/>\nBut the Commission\u2019s fuzzy math last year has been solidly refuted. European ISPs continue to invest in next generation networks, with coverage comparable to or exceeding that in comparable countries. Europe is on track to meeting its 2030 deployment goals, with only minimal need for public funding for build outs in rural areas that would otherwise be unprofitable.<\/p>\n<p>And, thanks to robust competition, broadband remains affordable in Europe \u2013 often shockingly so to Americans.<\/p>\n<p>The European Commission ought to be celebrating, but instead the Commission\u2019s reaction is to release a White Paper, which could be entitled Doom and Gloom: The Danger of Europe Becoming a Digital Backwater.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/its-groundhog-day-at-the-european-commission\/","format":"standard","slug":"its-groundhog-day-at-the-european-commission","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=484830","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"71567","publication_date":"2024-06-30T00:00:00+00:00","name_of_publication":"European Commission","citation":"van Schewick, Barbara, Response to the European Commission's White Paper \"How to master Europe's digital infrastructure needs?\", Europeaan Commission, June 2024.","attachment":{"484832":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/vanSchewick2024ResponseDigitalInfrastructureWhitePaperConsultationfinal20240630.pdf","file_name":"vanSchewick2024ResponseDigitalInfrastructureWhitePaperConsultationfinal20240630.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1719837351","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4681","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Barbara van Schewick","first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"","last_name":"van Schewick","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/barbara-van-schewick\/"}],"link":[{"url":"https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/publications\/its-groundhog-day-european-commission","label":"","link_target":""}],"editor":[],"formatted_publication_date":"June 30, 2024"},"date":"July 1, 2024","press_date":"July 1, 2024","post_date":"July 1, 2024"},{"id":474151,"title":"No. 116: Bridging Privacy Rights and National Security: The Legal Framework for EU-US Data Transfers Before and After the 2023 Commission Adequacy Decision","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>This thesis explores the complex balance between national security and privacy rights within the context of EU-US data transfers by assessing the previous and current legal frameworks, shaped by the Schrems I and II rulings and the European Commission’s Adequacy Decision of 10th July 2023. These judicial decisions, and the consequent bilateral efforts to build a safe data transfer system following the invalidation of previous frameworks, highlight the tension between the EU’s comprehensive General Data Protection Regulation and the US’s fragmented data protection approach.<br \/>\nAs technology expands in all facets of life, so do national security concerns, leading states to enhance surveillance, which may often result in the compromising of individual privacy. US surveillance practices, in particular, have raised significant concerns, due to the wide powers afforded to US authorities to access data of non-US citizens. In light of these concerns, the CJEU invalidated the Safe Harbor and Privacy Shield Frameworks, due to a non-equivalent and thus inadequate standard of data protection in the US for EU citizens\u2019 data, citing in particular the extended scope of US surveillance practices.<br \/>\nThe new EU-US Data Protection Framework, which was adopted with the July 2023 Commission decision, aims to address these issues, but has already faced stark criticism for its limitations and potential inadequacies. These include the DPF’s reliance on self-certification, an insufficient oversight by US authorities, the limitations of Executive Order 14086 and a refusal to actuate a reform of Section 702 of FISA, among other concerns.<br \/>\nInternal EU challenges, such as divergent interpretations by EU Member States of national security and legitimate surveillance practices, complicate efforts to harmonize standards and maintain credibility in dictating data protection norms outside the EU.<br \/>\nBalancing national security and privacy rights is an ongoing challenge, influenced by political, legal, and geopolitical factors. This thesis calls for innovative legal and policy responses to balance these imperatives and protect individual rights in an interconnected world.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-116-bridging-privacy-rights-and-national-security-the-legal-framework-for-eu-us-data-transfers-before-and-after-the-2023-commission-adequacy-decision\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-116-bridging-privacy-rights-and-national-security-the-legal-framework-for-eu-us-data-transfers-before-and-after-the-2023-commission-adequacy-decision","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=474151","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"71268","publication_date":"2024-06-20T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"474153":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/TTLF-WP-116-Locatelli.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-116-Locatelli.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1718870112","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Benedetta","middle_name":"","last_name":"Locatelli"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Locatelli, Benedetta","first_name":"Benedetta","middle_name":"","last_name":"Locatelli","permalink":""}],"citation":"Benedetta Locatelli, <u>Bridging Privacy Rights and National Security: The Legal Framework for EU-US Data Transfers Before and After the 2023 Commission Adequacy Decision<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 116, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"June 20, 2024"},"date":"June 20, 2024","press_date":"June 20, 2024","post_date":"June 20, 2024"},{"id":473455,"title":"No. 91: EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Regulating the Use of Facial Recognition Technologies in Publicly Accessible Spaces","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>With the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), the European Union has drafted a pioneering piece of legislation aiming to regulate the variety of jeopardies AI systems can pose to its citizens, especially concerning the use of AI in surveillance. This thesis examines the problems caused by the usage of AI in facial recognition technologies (FRTs) comprising of e.g., fundamental rights violations regarding the collection of biometric data of individuals and the discrimination through biased outputs or technological inaccuracies by the respective AI systems as well as the methods and mechanisms applied by the AI Act in order to address those issues. In this context, the risk-based approach of the AI Act, which categorizes most FRTs as either a prohibited AI practice or as high-risk AI, and the prohibition on the use of real-time remote biometric identification systems in publicly accessible spaces for law enforcement purposes is displayed, the latter being demonstrated to be not as strict as it seems at first glance due to its limited scope and broad exemptions. As the majority of FRTs fall within the category of high-risk AI systems, the AI Act subjects them to technological requirements, a fundamental rights impact assessment prior to their first application and provides remedies for protection of individuals such as the right to obtain an explanation on a decision taken by the AI system. The AI Act is proven to be a substantive framework for the regulation of AI and thus, despite omitting an outright ban of FRT use in publicly accessible spaces, it will probably show its full potential in the years after its entry into force.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-91-eu-artificial-intelligence-act-regulating-the-use-of-facial-recognition-technologies-in-publicly-accessible-spaces\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-91-eu-artificial-intelligence-act-regulating-the-use-of-facial-recognition-technologies-in-publicly-accessible-spaces","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=473455","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"71078","publication_date":"2024-06-12T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"473457":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/EU-Law-WP-91-Zulehner.pdf","file_name":"EU-Law-WP-91-Zulehner.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1718178585","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Bruno","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zulehner"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Zulehner, Bruno","first_name":"Bruno","middle_name":"","last_name":"Zulehner","permalink":""}],"citation":"Bruno Zulehner, <u>EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Regulating the Use of Facial Recognition Technologies in Publicly Accessible Spaces<\/u>, EU Law Working Papers No. 91, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"European Union [EU] Law Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"June 12, 2024"},"date":"June 12, 2024","press_date":"June 12, 2024","post_date":"June 12, 2024"},{"id":473069,"title":"No. 115: Antitrust Mega Fines in Digital Markets and Their Impact on Compliance: An Overview of EU and US Approaches","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the EU and US approaches to antitrust enforcement that focuses on mega-fines in digital markets. Despite the shared goals of promoting competition and deterring anticompetitive behavior, the two jurisdictions employ distinct enforcement mechanisms. The EU primarily relies on public enforcement and the imposition of large administrative or quasi-criminal fines by the European Commission and national authorities. In contrast, the US approach places greater emphasis on antitrust damages and punitive measures imposed by the courts, often through private actions brought by competitors and consumers, as well as on public enforcement by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The paper develops a theoretical framework in which to analyze the impact of mega-fines on compliance with antitrust regulations. It demonstrates that the threat of exceptionally large fines can significantly increase the expected cost associated with engaging in anticompetitive practices, making such behavior less attractive to companies. The model incorporates key variables such as the probability of detection, the expected revenue from anti-competitive behavior, the cost of compliance, and the company\u2019s risk aversion and sensitivity to fines. Empirical evidence suggests that the EU\u2019s reliance on mega-fines has prompted some digital market players to change their business practices and has led to closer scrutiny of market practices. In comparison, the US approach, historically influenced by the Chicago School’s laissez-faire ideology, has been less aggressive in imposing large fines, relying more on antitrust damages and private litigation. However, recent developments indicate a shift in the USA, with antitrust authorities taking a more proactive stance towards regulating large technology companies. The initiation of a lawsuit against Apple by the US authorities following a significant fine imposed by the EU may highlight a convergence in the two jurisdictions’ approaches to addressing anti-competitive behavior in digital markets with important sanctions. The paper concludes that the use of mega-fines, as exemplified by the EU\u2019s approach, can be an effective means to foster compliance with antitrust regulations, particularly in digital markets dominated by powerful tech giants. The comparative analysis provides insights into the distinct enforcement mechanisms employed by the EU and the USA, and the potential impact of these approaches on shaping the behavior of digital market players.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-115-antitrust-mega-fines-in-digital-markets-and-their-impact-on-compliance-an-overview-of-eu-and-us-approaches\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-115-antitrust-mega-fines-in-digital-markets-and-their-impact-on-compliance-an-overview-of-eu-and-us-approaches","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=473069","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"70954","publication_date":"2024-06-05T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"473071":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/TTLF-WP-115-Nizza-Poncibo.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-115-Nizza-Poncibo.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1717582274","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Umberto","middle_name":"","last_name":"Nizza"},{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Cristina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Poncib\u00f2"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Nizza, Umberto","first_name":"Umberto","middle_name":"","last_name":"Nizza","permalink":""},{"from_directory":false,"name":"Poncib\u00f2, Cristina","first_name":"Cristina","middle_name":"","last_name":"Poncib\u00f2","permalink":""}],"citation":"Umberto Nizza & Cristina Poncib\u00f2, <u>Antitrust Mega Fines in Digital Markets and Their Impact on Compliance: An Overview of EU and US Approaches<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 115, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","link":[],"editor":[],"name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"June 5, 2024"},"date":"June 5, 2024","press_date":"June 5, 2024","post_date":"June 5, 2024"},{"id":485703,"title":"Copyright Compliance With the EU AI Act\u2014Extraterritorial Traps for the Unwary","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/copyright-compliance-with-the-eu-ai-act-extraterritorial-traps-for-the-unwary\/","format":"standard","slug":"copyright-compliance-with-the-eu-ai-act-extraterritorial-traps-for-the-unwary","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=485703","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"71904","publication_date":"2024-06-01T00:00:00+00:00","name_of_publication":"Bloomberg Law","_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1720808727","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4666","name":""},{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Christiane","middle_name":"","last_name":"Stuetzle"},{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Susan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bischoff"}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Paul Goldstein","first_name":"Paul","middle_name":"L","last_name":"Goldstein","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/paul-goldstein\/"},{"from_directory":false,"name":"Stuetzle, Christiane","first_name":"Christiane","middle_name":"","last_name":"Stuetzle","permalink":""},{"from_directory":false,"name":"Bischoff, Susan","first_name":"Susan","middle_name":"","last_name":"Bischoff","permalink":""}],"citation":"Paul Goldstein, Christiane Stuetzle & Susan Bischoff, <em>Copyright Compliance With the EU AI Act\u2014Extraterritorial Traps for the Unwary<\/em>, <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Bloomberg Law<\/span>, Jun. 1, 2024.","link":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.bloomberglaw.com\/external\/document\/X5IQKDK000000\/tech-telecom-professional-perspective-copyright-compliance-with-","label":"Read Article","link_target":""}],"editor":[],"formatted_publication_date":"June 1, 2024"},"date":"July 12, 2024","press_date":"July 12, 2024","post_date":"July 12, 2024"},{"id":470122,"title":"No. 114: Regulating Online Algorithmic Pricing: A Comparative Study of Privacy and Data Protection Laws in the EU and US","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>The emergence of big data, AI and machine learning has allowed sellers and online platforms to tailor pricing for customers in real-time. While online algorithmic pricing can increase efficiency, market welfare, and optimize pricing strategies for sellers and companies, it poses a threat to the fundamental values of privacy, digital autonomy, and non-discrimination, raising legal and ethical concerns. On both sides of the Atlantic, legislators have endeavored to regulate online algorithmic pricing in different ways in the context of privacy and personal data protection. Represented by the GDPR, the EU adopts an omnibus approach to regulate algorithmic pricing and is supplemented by the Digital Service Act and the Digital Market Act. The US combines federal and state laws to regulate online algorithmic pricing and focuses on industrial regulations. Therefore, a comparative analysis of these legal frameworks is necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of these approaches.<br \/>\nTaking a comparative approach, this working paper aims to explore how EU and US respective data protection and privacy laws address the issues posed by online algorithmic pricing. The paper evaluates whether the current legal regime is effective in protecting individuals against the perils of online algorithmic pricing in the EU and the US. It particularly analyses the new EU regulatory paradigm, the Digital Service Act (DSA) and the Digital Market Act (DMA), as supplementary mechanisms to the EU data protection law, in order to draw lessons for US privacy law and vice versa.<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/no-114-regulating-online-algorithmic-pricing-a-comparative-study-of-privacy-and-data-protection-laws-in-the-eu-and-us\/","format":"standard","slug":"no-114-regulating-online-algorithmic-pricing-a-comparative-study-of-privacy-and-data-protection-laws-in-the-eu-and-us","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=470122","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"70534","publication_date":"2024-05-17T00:00:00+00:00","attachment":{"470124":{"url":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/TTLF-WP-114-Li.pdf","file_name":"TTLF-WP-114-Li.pdf"}},"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1715962397","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"0","post_id":"0","name":"","first_name":"Zihao","middle_name":"","last_name":"Li"}],"author":[{"from_directory":false,"name":"Li, Zihao","first_name":"Zihao","middle_name":"","last_name":"Li","permalink":""}],"citation":"Zihao Li, <u>Regulating Online Algorithmic Pricing: A Comparative Study of Privacy and Data Protection Laws in the EU and US<\/u>, TTLF Working Papers No. 114, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum (2024).","name_of_publication":"TTLF Working Papers","publisher":"Stanford Law School","formatted_publication_date":"May 17, 2024","_inherit_permission_groups":"manual","_permission_group_visibility":null,"header_image":"0","header_color":"default","header_image_alignment":"center","hidden_subheader_image":"","alternate_post_title":"","_rawhtml_settings":"0,0,0,0","_yoast_wpseo_primary_student_journal_publication":"","_yoast_wpseo_content_score":"30","_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":"[]","_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms":"[\"\"]","_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":"","_yoast_wpseo_wordproof_timestamp":""},"date":"May 17, 2024","press_date":"May 17, 2024","post_date":"May 17, 2024"},{"id":469425,"title":"Initial Analysis of the FCC\u2019s 2024 Open Internet Order","status":"publish","type":"publication","author":14,"content":"<p>On Tuesday, the FCC released the final text of the 2024 Open Internet Order, which the commission voted to adopt on April 25.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s my statement and initial analysis of key points:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe FCC\u2019s restoration of authority over the internet service providers (ISPs) we pay to get online and its restoration of federal net neutrality protections that ensure an open internet are big wins for the American people. The new order has brightline rules that prevent blocking, throttling, and paid prioritization, and it ensures that ISPs can\u2019t use new tech capabilities to create unfair fast lanes that favor particular apps or kinds of apps. This is a win for competition, innovation, and free speech.\u201d<\/p>\n","parent":null,"link":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/publications\/initial-analysis-of-the-fccs-2024-open-internet-order\/","format":"standard","slug":"initial-analysis-of-the-fccs-2024-open-internet-order","guid":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/?post_type=publication&p=469425","excerpt":"","menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"featured_image":[],"meta":{"_gform-form-id":"209","_gform-entry-id":"70253","publication_date":"2024-05-08T00:00:00+00:00","name_of_publication":"Stanford Center for Internet and Society Blog","_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":"1725989353","primary_author":[{"from_directory":"on","post_id":"4681","name":""}],"author":[{"from_directory":true,"name":"Barbara van Schewick","first_name":"Barbara","middle_name":"","last_name":"van Schewick","permalink":"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/barbara-van-schewick\/"}],"citation":"Barbara van Schewick, <em>Initial Analysis of the FCC\u2019s 2024 Open Internet Order<\/em>, <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">Stan. Ctr. for Internet & Soc\u2019y Blog<\/span> (May 8, 2024, 4:56 AM), <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/blog\/2024\/05\/initial-analysis-of-the-fccs-2024-open-internet-order\/\">https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/blog\/2024\/05\/initial-analysis-of-the-fccs-2024-open-internet-order\/<\/a>.","link":[{"url":"https:\/\/cyberlaw.stanford.edu\/blog\/2024\/05\/initial-analysis-fccs-2024-open-internet-order"}],"formatted_publication_date":"May 8, 2024","_inherit_permission_groups":"manual","header_image":"0","header_color":"default","header_image_alignment":"center","hidden_subheader_image":"","alternate_post_title":"","_rawhtml_settings":"0,0,0,0","_yoast_wpseo_primary_student_journal_publication":"","_yoast_wpseo_content_score":"90","_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":"","_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms":"","_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":""},"date":"May 8, 2024","press_date":"May 8, 2024","post_date":"May 8, 2024"}] </script> </article> </section> <section id="panel_58" class="panel panel-count-17 panel-type-query panel-even panel-contained panel-white has-panel-title-inside" data-url-key="slsnav-practicums" data-nav-title="Practicums" data-panel-type="query" data-panel-layout="eight-up" > <div class="mu-has-no-image mu-has-title mu-has-no-cta "> <div class="mu-wrap-outer content-wrap"> <h2 class="panel-title pt-pad">Practicums</h2> <div class="mu-wrap-inner mu-blocks-wrap mu-layout-eight-up "> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-black text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/governance-and-regulation-of-emerging-technologies-809a-21-938x610.png" itemprop="image" alt="AI/AR Illustration" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Governance and Regulation of Emerging Technologies (809A) </h3> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/education/only-at-sls/law-policy-lab/practicums-2022-2023/governance-and-regulation-of-emerging-technologies-809a/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> Read More <span class="accessibility"> : Governance and Regulation of Emerging Technologies (809A)</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-black text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/stanford-technology-law-review-stlr-2-938x610.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Justice statue with code on screen in background." /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Becoming the Tech Creator and Regulator: Redefining Insurance Solutions (808X) </h3> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/education/only-at-sls/law-policy-lab/practicums-2022-2023/becoming-the-tech-creator-and-regulator-redefining-insurance-solutions-808x/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> Read More <span class="accessibility"> : Becoming the Tech Creator and Regulator: Redefining Insurance Solutions (808X)</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-black text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/restoring-net-neutrality-808q-2-938x610.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="Restoring Net Neutrality (808Q)" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Restoring Net Neutrality (808Q) </h3> <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/education/only-at-sls/law-policy-lab/practicums-2022-2023/restoring-net-neutrality-808q/" class="mi-wrap-inner pm-wrap-inner m-anchor-block" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" > <span class="mi-button btn btn-mashup btn-white"> Read More <span class="accessibility"> : Restoring Net Neutrality (808Q)</span> </span> </a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> <article class="panel-mashup panel-type-mashup-image panel-mashup-layout-top mu-block" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <div class="mi-wrap pm-wrap-outer mi-layout-top bgd-black text-light mi-has-image"> <figure> <div class="mi-image"> <img src="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/iStock-1128985923-938x610.jpg" itemprop="image" alt="The “Last Mile” Problem in Access to Justice" /> </div> <figcaption class="mi-content"> <h3 class="mi-title" itemprop="name"> Unlocking 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