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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_tribal_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_tribal_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable tribal members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_tribal_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Brule_Reservation" title="Lower Brule Reservation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lower Brule Reservation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Brule_(condado_de_Stanley,_Dakota_del_Sur)" title="Lower Brule (condado de Stanley, Dakota del Sur) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lower Brule (condado de Stanley, Dakota del Sur)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neder-Brulee_Yndianereservaat" title="Neder-Brulee Yndianereservaat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neder-Brulee Yndianereservaat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Brul%C3%A9_Indijanci" title="Lower Brulé Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lower Brulé Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Brule_(rezerwat_Indian)" title="Lower Brule (rezerwat Indian) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lower Brule (rezerwat Indian)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Лоуэр-Брул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лоуэр-Брул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutawichasha" title="Kutawichasha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kutawichasha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q462607#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&params=44.08_N_99.78_W_scale:500000_type:city(1308)_region:US-SD"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">99°47′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.08°N 99.78°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.08; -99.78</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian reservation in South Dakota, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lower+Brule+Indian+Reservation%22">"Lower Brule Indian Reservation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lower+Brule+Indian+Reservation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lower+Brule+Indian+Reservation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lower+Brule+Indian+Reservation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lower+Brule+Indian+Reservation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reservation in South Dakota, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lower Brule Indian Reservation</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">Khulwíčhaša Oyáte</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Reservation</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_brule_reservation2_sd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administration Center, Lower Brule Indian Reservation"><img alt="Administration Center, Lower Brule Indian Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lower_brule_reservation2_sd.jpg/250px-Lower_brule_reservation2_sd.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lower_brule_reservation2_sd.jpg/375px-Lower_brule_reservation2_sd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lower_brule_reservation2_sd.jpg/500px-Lower_brule_reservation2_sd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Administration Center, Lower Brule Indian Reservation</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Lower_Brule_Reservation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lower Brule Indian Reservation, South Dakota"><img alt="Location of Lower Brule Indian Reservation, South Dakota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Location_of_Lower_Brule_Reservation.svg/250px-Location_of_Lower_Brule_Reservation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Location_of_Lower_Brule_Reservation.svg/375px-Location_of_Lower_Brule_Reservation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Location_of_Lower_Brule_Reservation.svg/500px-Location_of_Lower_Brule_Reservation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6226" data-file-height="3832" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Lower Brule Indian Reservation, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&params=44.08_N_99.78_W_scale:500000_type:city(1308)_region:US-SD"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">99°47′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.08°N 99.78°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.08; -99.78</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyman_County,_South_Dakota" title="Lyman County, South Dakota">Lyman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanley_County,_South_Dakota" title="Stanley County, South Dakota">Stanley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Tribal Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boyd_Gourneau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyd Gourneau (page does not exist)">Boyd Gourneau</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">207.189 sq mi (536.617 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2004)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,308</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-7">UTC-7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">MST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-6">UTC-6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Daylight Time">MDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbst.org/">Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Official Website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lower Brule Indian Reservation</b> (<span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">Khulwíčhaša Oyáte</i></span>, 'lower men nation') is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> that belongs to the <b>Lower Brule Sioux Tribe</b>. It is located on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyman_County,_South_Dakota" title="Lyman County, South Dakota">Lyman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_County,_South_Dakota" title="Stanley County, South Dakota">Stanley</a> counties in central <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek Indian Reservation</a> is on the east bank of the river. The Lower Brule Sioux are members of the <a href="/wiki/Sicangu" title="Sicangu">Sicangu</a>, one of the bands of the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a>. Tribal headquarters is in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule,_South_Dakota" title="Lower Brule, South Dakota">Lower Brule</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sioux consist of a group of self-governing tribes speaking one of three <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language#Dialects" title="Dakota language">Eastern Dakota</a>, Western Dakota and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Eastern Dakota</a> or Santee, who use the autonymns Mdewakantonwan, Wahpetowan, Wahpekute, or Sisseton, range in territory from the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley to South Dakota. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dakota">Western Dakota</a>, known as the Ihanktonwan/Yankton or Yanktonai/Ihanktonwanna, range from eastern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> valley. The Lakota, or Western Teton/Tituwan Sioux, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicangu" title="Sicangu">Sicangu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sihasapa" title="Sihasapa">Sihasapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_Kettles" title="Two Kettles">Two Kettles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Itazipco" class="mw-redirect" title="Itazipco">Itazipco</a>, traditionally ranged from lands east of the Missouri River valley to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. A common history and language, a strong respect for the land and nature, the common use of <a href="/wiki/Catlinite" title="Catlinite">pipestone</a> and the reverence held for the stone, and ceremonies such as the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">sweat lodges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vision_quest" title="Vision quest">vision quests</a>, bind these peoples together. </p><p>The name "Brule" comes from the French word <i>brûlé</i> (burnt), the name French fur traders used for the Sicangu in the late 17th century. The Sicangu divided into the Lower Brule and the <i>Heyata Wicasa</i>, or Upper Brule, in the late 18th century. The Lower Brule favored lands at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Missouri_River_tributary)" title="White River (Missouri River tributary)">White River</a> and the Missouri River, while the Upper Brule lived further south and west. </p><p>The tribe has been working to improve the environment of the reservation and to protect its sacred places. In 2013, the tribe requested that the <a href="/wiki/KELO-TV" title="KELO-TV">KELO-TV</a> station find a new site for a transmission tower on Medicine Butte that had fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medicine Butte rises about 200 feet (61 m) above the prairie and is sacred to the Sicangu. The town of <a href="/wiki/Reliance,_South_Dakota" title="Reliance, South Dakota">Reliance</a> developed nearby. KELO-TV agreed to the tribe's request and placed a new tower elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major employers are the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, its Golden Buffalo Casino, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a>. The gaming casino has generated new revenue for the tribe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_Horse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Painted_Horse.JPG/220px-Painted_Horse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Painted_Horse.JPG/330px-Painted_Horse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Painted_Horse.JPG/440px-Painted_Horse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption>Two "painted horses" grazing near the Missouri River on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe is a sovereign nation defined by its government-to-government relationship with the United States. As part of the Great Sioux Nation, the tribe signed treaties in 1824, 1851, 1865 and 1868 with the federal government that constitute the legal documents establishing boundaries and recognizing the rights of sovereign tribal governments. </p><p>The Tribe was chartered under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> of June 18, 1934. Its constitution was ratified on July 11, 1936, and bylaws were approved in 1960. The tribe has contracted several aspects of self-government under the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Self_Determination_and_Education_Assistance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act">Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act</a>, PL 93-638. On June 17, 1974, the constitution and bylaws were amended, and on September 2, 1986, they were again amended and a code of ethics adopted. </p><p>Tribal affairs are conducted by a six-member tribal council who are elected to serve two-year terms. Council offices include the chairman, vice-chairman, secretary/treasurer, and three council members. The tribal council chairman serves as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> and administrative head of the tribe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A general election is held on the first Tuesday of September in even-numbered years. Chairman, vice-chairman, and secretary and treasurer are elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>. The tribal council appoints a sergeant at arms, a chaplain, and other officers as necessary. Offices are held for two years. Elections consist of a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>. The primaries are held in August and the general is held in September, with officials being seated during the October regular meeting. Council members also serve as officers or council representatives on various boards and committees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_meetings">Council meetings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Council meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meetings are held the first Wednesday of each month with a quorum of five members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Courts">Courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lower Brule Sioux Tribal courts are established under a quasi-separation of power relationship with the tribal government. The 1986 constitution/by-law amendments created the chief judge as an elected position with a 4-year term. While the tribal council is the final authority on the reservation, it has formally acknowledged the legal authority necessarily vested in the tribal courts. </p><p>The Lower Brule Sioux Court system also has established an appellate court and attendant processes. The court hears all civil and minor criminal cases, while the federal courts hear all major felony cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Pick-Sloan_Missouri_Basin_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program">Pick-Sloan Missouri River Basin program</a>, authorized by Congress in 1944 for flood control, two major dams and other flood control projects were built in this area by the federal government. It acquired property on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation for two dam projects: 7,997 acres of Indian land for the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Randall_Dam" title="Fort Randall Dam">Fort Randall Dam</a> project and 14,299 acres for the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Dam" title="Big Bend Dam">Big Bend Dam</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-trustfund_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trustfund-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, the Big Bend Dam on the Missouri River was completed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>. The operation of the dam caused flooding of the Lower Brule community and surrounding bottomlands in the heart of the reservation. The waters inundated miles of roadways and a significant amount of the most productive and fertile farmland of the Reservation; it destroyed most of the Reservation’s native trees, shrubs and medicinal plants, which were located chiefly along the river bottomlands.<sup id="cite_ref-trustfund_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trustfund-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Public Law 87-734 (76 Stat. 698 et seq.), the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a> was to provide mitigation for such damages, including replacing roads and facilities. The government failed to carry out its obligations under the act.<sup id="cite_ref-trustfund_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trustfund-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997 the federal government enacted the Lower Brule Infrastructure Development Trust Fund Act in compensation for the lands and infrastructure lost due to construction of the Big Bend Dam and flooding of the reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-trustfund_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trustfund-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was also intended to enable the tribe to share in the benefits of these projects. It provided for payments to the tribe of amounts beginning in 1998 and annually until the aggregated of $39.3 million had been accumulated in the trust fund.<sup id="cite_ref-trustfund_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trustfund-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the tribe created a plan for how it would use such funds for facilities and development to aid the tribe. It also established the Infrastructure Development Authority, a committee of tribal members who oversee the trust fund, and recommend action and expenditures to the tribal council. Since establishment of the trust fund, the authority has supervised development of the administration building and community center located in Lower Brule. The authority is also overseeing construction of the Lower Brule Justice Center. </p><p>The tribe has established the Buffalo Interpretive Center, providing insight into the people and their customs. </p><p>Local telephone service is furnished by the Golden West Telephone Company, as well as various cell phone providers. Internet services are available through Golden West and the West Central Rural Electric Cooperative. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe is a member of the West Central Rural Electric Cooperative. The majority of tribal members are also Cooperative members, as it is the major electricity provider in west central South Dakota. </p><p>The reservation has approximately 200 miles (320 km) of roads. These include 107 miles (172 km) of gravel roads, 65 miles (105 km) of asphalt, 11 miles (18 km) of graded dirt roads, and 10 miles (16 km) of unimproved roads. </p><p>The Tribe operates a propane company and serves all residences within the reservation, as well as areas adjacent to the reservation. Unleaded and diesel gasoline are available at the local gas station. Fuel oil is available from the nearest Fanners Union in <a href="/wiki/Reliance,_South_Dakota" title="Reliance, South Dakota">Reliance</a> (15 miles (24 km)). <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sharpe" title="Lake Sharpe">Lake Sharpe</a> serves as a virtually unlimited water source for the Lower Brule community. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe's Rural Water System (RWSS) supplies clean water to the communities of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule,_South_Dakota" title="Lower Brule, South Dakota">Lower Brule</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Brule,_South_Dakota" title="West Brule, South Dakota">West Brule</a> for both domestic and agricultural use. This system is a part of the Mni Wiconi Water Project, authorized to provide water for the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine Ridge Reservation">Pine Ridge Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosebud Reservation">Rosebud Reservation</a>, Lower Brule Reservation and counties located in west-central South Dakota. </p><p>The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a>, operates a solid waste collection and transfer facility. The Solid Waste Program gathers all solid waste from receptacles located throughout the reservation. All solid waste is disposed in approved landfill facilities in <a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pukwana,_South_Dakota" title="Pukwana, South Dakota">Pukwana</a>. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the Indian Health Service, operates a sewage disposal and treatment system for the towns of Lower Brule and West Brule. The major treatment for wastewater is evaporation and settling in evaporation and settling ponds in two lagoon areas; the system uses limited aeration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 392 residences on the reservation, 300 of them constructed with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> funds. The Lower Brule Housing Authority manages 228 of the homes. Only 36.8 percent of the units on the reservation are owner-occupied, compared to a state average of 68.2 percent. The housing market is very tight on the reservation, with the majority of housing intended for low-income residents. The tribe is planning to develop additional market-rate housing to meet the needs of tribal residents who do not satisfy the low-income requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_services">Other services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower Brule has an elderly center that provides an elderly nutrition program and other activities and a teen center that sponsors youth recreational activities. The tribe’s $5.8 million Veteran's Memorial Community Center has a swimming pool, full-size basketball court, weight and exercise rooms and a large kitchen. </p><p>The tribe contracts with Indian Health Services to operate a Tribal Health Department that oversees the tribal ambulance services and employs Community Health Representatives. The Tribal Health Department provides examinations and eyeglasses to tribal members at reduced costs, as well as coordinating health delivery services. The Lower Brule IHS Service Unit operates a dental clinic, medical clinic and conducts several outreach programs, which provide services to the members of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe on a regular basis, and to anyone in an emergency. Full-service hospital facilities are available in the neighboring communities of Chamberlain and Pierre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoop_Dance_at_Lower_Brule_Reservation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hoop_Dance_at_Lower_Brule_Reservation.JPG/220px-Hoop_Dance_at_Lower_Brule_Reservation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hoop_Dance_at_Lower_Brule_Reservation.JPG/330px-Hoop_Dance_at_Lower_Brule_Reservation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hoop_Dance_at_Lower_Brule_Reservation.JPG/440px-Hoop_Dance_at_Lower_Brule_Reservation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Hoop dance</figcaption></figure> <p>The Golden Buffalo Casino operates a convention center with a capacity of 120 people. A horseman's club sponsors several "Play Days" throughout the summer. The tribe has a recreational area and boat launch at South Iron Nation and other informal beach areas, and boat ramps along the shoreline of the Missouri River. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial airline and freight train services are available in Pierre. The town of <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain,_South_Dakota" title="Chamberlain, South Dakota">Chamberlain</a> provides the nearest landing strip and bus service. Truck service is available locally, and most retail businesses on the reservation receive service from suppliers in distributor-owned trucks. There are charter buses and limousines serving patrons of the Golden Buffalo Casino, and <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a> terminals are located in Chamberlain and Pierre. River City Transit runs a daily bus/van transportation service between Lower Brule and Pierre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lower Brule education system consists of a <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a> program, a K-5 elementary school, a 6-8 middle school, and a 9-12 high school. The tribe also operates the Lower Brule Community College, accredited under <a href="/wiki/Sinte_Gleska_University" title="Sinte Gleska University">Sinte Gleska University</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Sioux_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosebud Sioux Tribe">Rosebud Sioux Tribe</a>. In addition, the tribe is involved in a video-cultural program in which students, teachers and elders document important cultural activities and histories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_tribal_members">Notable tribal members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable tribal members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chief <a href="/wiki/Iron_Nation" title="Iron Nation">Iron Nation</a> (1815–1894) led the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe through some of its most challenging years. He worked both as a warrior and statesman to ensure the survival of his people. Iron Nation signed the treaty to establish the Great Sioux Reservation in 1868.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jandreau" title="Michael Jandreau">Michael Jandreau</a> (1943–2015) helped lead the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe during difficult years of transition immediately prior to, and 40 continuous years after, the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Self-Determination_and_Education_Assistance_Act_of_1975" title="Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975">Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975</a>. Jandreau was elected to the Lower Brule Sioux Tribal Council an unprecedented 22 consecutive two-year terms. He served as chairman for 18 terms; his final term was only six months as he died while in office.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jim Miller, a spiritual leader and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> veteran, organized a group ride by horseback in 2012 following a vivid dream. They traveled from South Brule to <a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato, Minnesota</a>, reaching it by December 26, the 150th anniversary of the largest mass execution in United States history. After bands surrendered at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>, warriors were tried by a US military tribunal. Thirty-nine Dakota warriors were sentenced to be executed by hanging, and one was spared. More than 250 men were held several years as prisoners. The group from South Brule made their ride to encourage healing and reconciliation, both within their group, and for the people they encountered. A documentary film, <i>Dakota 38</i>, was made of their journey, and they are distributing it for free, as part of the healing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowerbrulesiouxtribe.com/tribal-council">"Lower Brule Tribal Council 2016 - 18"</a>. <i>Lower Brule Sioux Tribe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lower+Brule+Sioux+Tribe&rft.atitle=Lower+Brule+Tribal+Council+2016+-+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowerbrulesiouxtribe.com%2Ftribal-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Brule+Indian+Reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTupper2010" class="citation news cs1">Tupper, Seth (February 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/article_67c33b84-2181-11df-87e8-001cc4c03286.html">"Tribe to KELO: find new tower site"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City_Journal" title="Rapid City Journal">Rapid City Journal</a> via <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Daily_Republic" title="Mitchell Daily Republic">Mitchell Daily Republic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rapid+City+Journal+via+Mitchell+Daily+Republic&rft.atitle=Tribe+to+KELO%3A+find+new+tower+site&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft.aulast=Tupper&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frapidcityjournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_67c33b84-2181-11df-87e8-001cc4c03286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Brule+Indian+Reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJorgensen2013" class="citation news cs1">Jorgensen, Dan (October 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keloland.com/newsdetail.cfm/moving-kplo-tower-the-right-thing-to-do/?id=155348">"Moving KPLO tower: the right thing to do"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KELO-TV" title="KELO-TV">KELO</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KELO&rft.atitle=Moving+KPLO+tower%3A+the+right+thing+to+do&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Jorgensen&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keloland.com%2Fnewsdetail.cfm%2Fmoving-kplo-tower-the-right-thing-to-do%2F%3Fid%3D155348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Brule+Indian+Reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trustfund-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trustfund_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trustfund_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trustfund_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trustfund_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trustfund_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/105/publ132.105.txt">PL 105-132, <i>Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Infrastructure Development Trust Fund Act</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100508215056/http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/105/publ132.105.txt">Archived</a> 2010-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smoothfeather.com/dakota38/"><i>Dakota 38</i></a>, 2012, Smooth Feather Productions</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Indian_Reservation" title="Flandreau Indian Reservation">Flandreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Traverse_Indian_Reservation" title="Lake Traverse Indian Reservation">Lake Traverse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Brule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" title="Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Indian_Reservation" title="Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation">Turtle Mountain</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton_Indian_Reservation" title="Yankton Indian Reservation">Yankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> No reservation in the state, trust lands or legal status only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Lyman_County,_South_Dakota,_United_States537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Lyman_County,_South_Dakota" title="Lyman County, South Dakota"><span class="region">Lyman County, South Dakota</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kennebec,_South_Dakota" title="Kennebec, South Dakota"><span>Kennebec</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presho,_South_Dakota" title="Presho, South Dakota">Presho</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Lyman_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Lyman_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Lyman_County.svg/270px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Lyman_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Lyman_County.svg/360px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Lyman_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennebec,_South_Dakota" title="Kennebec, South Dakota">Kennebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oacoma,_South_Dakota" title="Oacoma, South Dakota">Oacoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance,_South_Dakota" title="Reliance, South Dakota">Reliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule,_South_Dakota" title="Lower Brule, South Dakota">Lower Brule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian,_South_Dakota" title="Vivian, South Dakota">Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Brule,_South_Dakota" title="West Brule, South Dakota">West Brule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iona,_South_Dakota" title="Iona, South Dakota">Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman,_South_Dakota" title="Lyman, South Dakota">Lyman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Brule Indian Reservation</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Indian Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Nation,_South_Dakota" title="Iron Nation, South Dakota">Iron Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Dakota_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South Dakota (state)"><span>South Dakota portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Stanley_County,_South_Dakota,_United_States516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stanley_County,_South_Dakota" title="Template:Stanley County, South Dakota"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stanley_County,_South_Dakota" title="Template talk:Stanley County, South Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stanley_County,_South_Dakota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stanley County, South Dakota"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Stanley_County,_South_Dakota,_United_States516" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_County,_South_Dakota" title="Stanley County, South Dakota"><span class="region">Stanley County, South Dakota</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Fort Pierre, South Dakota"><span>Fort Pierre</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Fort Pierre, South Dakota">Fort Pierre</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stanley County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Stanley_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Stanley_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Stanley_County.svg/270px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Stanley_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Stanley_County.svg/360px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Stanley_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Stanley County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayes,_South_Dakota" title="Hayes, South Dakota">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Ridge,_South_Dakota" title="Mission Ridge, South Dakota">Mission Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansarc,_South_Dakota" title="Sansarc, South Dakota">Sansarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teton,_South_Dakota" title="Teton, South Dakota">Teton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendte,_South_Dakota" title="Wendte, South Dakota">Wendte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River Indian Reservation</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Brule Indian Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacy,_South_Dakota" title="Lacy, South Dakota">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_South_Dakota" title="Lindsay, South Dakota">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRoche,_South_Dakota" title="LaRoche, South Dakota">LaRoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Dakota_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South Dakota (state)"><span>South Dakota portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lakota_people181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lakota_people" title="Template:Lakota people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lakota_people" title="Template talk:Lakota people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lakota_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lakota people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lakota_people181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans_Arc" title="Sans Arc">Sans Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicangu" title="Sicangu">Sicangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihasapa" title="Sihasapa">Sihasapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Kettles" title="Two Kettles">Two Kettles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Brule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Mountain_Lakota_First_Nation" title="Wood Mountain Lakota First Nation">Wood Mountain Lakota First Nation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historical10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a> (1868–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud_Agency" title="Red Cloud Agency">Red Cloud Agency</a> (1871–1878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Language</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akta_Lakota_Museum_and_Cultural_Center" title="Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center">Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation Invitational</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Religion37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities" title="List of Lakota deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Race_(Native_American_legend)" title="Great Race (Native American legend)">Great Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">Sweat lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_quest" title="Vision quest">Vision quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_Calf_Woman" title="White Buffalo Calf Woman">White Buffalo Calf Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Indian_School" title="Flandreau Indian School">Flandreau Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Tech_High_School" title="Lakota Tech High School">Lakota Tech High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Indian_Learning_Center" title="Pierre Indian Learning Center">Pierre Indian Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Indian_School" title="St. Elizabeth's Indian School">St. Elizabeth's Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Indian_School" title="St. Francis Indian School">St. Francis Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Indian_School" title="St. Joseph's Indian School">St. Joseph's Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_College" title="Oglala Lakota College">Oglala Lakota College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Gleska_University" title="Sinte Gleska University">Sinte Gleska University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_College" title="Sitting Bull College">Sitting Bull College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intertribal conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_Massacre_(1820)" title="Tongue River Massacre (1820)">Tongue River Massacre (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Blue_Coat%27s_Village" title="Battle at Blue Coat's Village">Battle at Blue Coat's Village</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_Canyon" title="Massacre Canyon">Massacre Canyon</a> (1873)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattan_massacre" title="Grattan massacre">Grattan massacre</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash_Hollow" title="Battle of Ash Hollow">Battle of Ash Hollow</a> (1854)</li> <li>Treaties of Fort Laramie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">1868</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killdeer_Mountain" title="Battle of Killdeer Mountain">Battle of Killdeer Mountain</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a> (1866–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War</a> (1890) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%E2%80%93Sloan_Missouri_Basin_Program" title="Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program">Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1944" title="Flood Control Act of 1944">Flood Control Act of 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation" title="Wounded Knee Occupation">Wounded Knee Occupation</a> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil's Tower">Devil's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Cave" title="Ludlow Cave">Ludlow Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Six Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Mound_Historic_Prairie" title="Spirit Mound Historic Prairie">Spirit Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Butte" title="Thunder Butte">Thunder Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Cavern_Dance_Pavilion" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion">Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Commerce_Bank_v._Long_Family_Land_%26_Cattle_Co." title="Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.">Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Republic of Lakotah proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_the_Black_Hills" title="Seizure of the Black Hills">Seizure of the Black Hills</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></i> (1980)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Quiver" title="United States v. Quiver">United States v. Quiver</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_people" title="List of Lakota people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakota_people" title="Category:Lakota people">Category:Lakota people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(artist)" title="Black Hawk (artist)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Hollow_Wood" title="Minnie Hollow Wood">Minnie Hollow Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Mills" title="Billy Mills">Billy Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Related topics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata841" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata841" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462607#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315527587">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lower Brule Indian Reservation (S.D.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92001246">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007551463305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/12033234">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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