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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aboriginal_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aboriginal territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemies_and_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemies_and_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Enemies and allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemies_and_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_regional_bands,_bands,_local_groups,_and_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_regional_bands,_bands,_local_groups,_and_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historic regional bands, bands, local groups, and villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_regional_bands,_bands,_local_groups,_and_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>European contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Flight of the Nez Perce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_breeding_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_breeding_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Horse breeding program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_breeding_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_tribal_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_tribal_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Current tribal lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_tribal_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Annual cultural events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annual_cultural_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Annual cultural events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annual_cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eponymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نيز بيرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيز بيرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Не персе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Не персе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_perc%C3%A9s" title="Nez percés – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nez percés" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nez Perce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nez Perce" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perc%C3%A9" title="Nez Percé – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nez Percé" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_perc%C3%A9" title="Nez percé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nez percé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_(tribo)" title="Nez Perce (tribo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nez Perce (tribo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez-Perc%C3%A9s" title="Nez-Percés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nez-Percés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim%C3%ADipuu" title="Nimíipuu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nimíipuu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_nez_perce" title="Pobo nez perce – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo nez perce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perc%C3%A9" title="Nez Percé – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nez Percé" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nez Perce" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_Forati" title="Nasi Forati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nasi Forati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Не-персе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Не-персе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezpersai" title="Nezpersai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nezpersai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نيز بيرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيز بيرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perc%C3%A9" title="Nez Percé – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nez Percé" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ネズ・パース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネズ・パース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perc%C3%A9" title="Nez Percé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nez Percé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perc%C3%A9" title="Nez Percé – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nez Percé" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nez Perce" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Не-персе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Не-персе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perc%C3%A9" title="Nez Percé – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nez Percé" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_perc%C3%A9t" title="Nez percét – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nez percét" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nez Perce" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaes%C3%A9taneo%27o" title="Otaesétaneo'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Otaesétaneo'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimipular" title="Nimipular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nimipular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nez Perce (disambiguation)">Nez Perce</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nez Perce Tribe<br /> Nimíipuu</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="nez">nimíipuu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Horn_on_His_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/No_Horn_on_His_Head.jpg/220px-No_Horn_on_His_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/No_Horn_on_His_Head.jpg/330px-No_Horn_on_His_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/No_Horn_on_His_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">No Horn on His Head, a Nez Perce man painted in 1832 by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3,500+<sup id="cite_ref-tribe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">English, nimipuutímt aka <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Religions#Waashat_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Religions">Seven Drum (Walasat)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin" title="Sahaptin">Sahaptin peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nez Perce</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span>  <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Nez_Perce.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Nez_Perce.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nez Perce.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Nez_Perce.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Nez_Perce.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Nez_Perce.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nez Perce.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce language</a>: <span title="Nez Perce-language text"><i lang="nez"><b>nimíipuu</b></i></span>, meaning "we, the people")<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Plateau">Indigenous people of the Plateau</a> who still live on a fraction of the lands on the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Plateau">Columbia River Plateau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. This region has been occupied for at least 11,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ames_1980_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ames_1980-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptin language group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Nimíipuu were the dominant people of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia Plateau</a> for much of that time,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially after acquiring the horses that led them to breed the <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa">Appaloosa</a> horse in the 18th century. </p><p>Prior to first contact with <a href="/wiki/European_colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonial">European colonial</a> people the Nimiipuu were economically and culturally influential in trade and war, interacting with other indigenous nations in a vast network from the western shores of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, the high plains of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, and the northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French explorers and trappers indiscriminately used and popularized the name "Nez Percé" for the Nimíipuu and nearby <a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a>. The name translates as "<a href="/wiki/Nose_piercing" title="Nose piercing">pierced nose</a>", but only the Chinook used that form of body modification.<sup id="cite_ref-Slickpoo,_Allen_P._1973_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slickpoo,_Allen_P._1973-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cut off from most of their horticultural sites throughout the <a href="/wiki/Camas_Prairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Camas Prairie">Camas Prairie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ames_1980_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ames_1980-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by an 1863 treaty (subsequently known as the "Thief Treaty" or "Steal Treaty" among the Nimiipuu),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slickpoo,_Allen_P._1973_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slickpoo,_Allen_P._1973-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confinement to reservations in Idaho, Washington and Oklahoma <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a> of 1877, and <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act_of_1887" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawes Act of 1887">Dawes Act of 1887</a> land allotments, the Nez Perce remain as a distinct culture and political economic influence within and outside their reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colombi,_Benedict_2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colombi,_Benedict_2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a>, the <b>Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho</b> govern their <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Native reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> through a central government headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Lapwai,_Idaho" title="Lapwai, Idaho">Lapwai</a> known as the Nez Perce Tribal Executive Committee (NPTEC).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edmunds_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are one of five federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho. The Nez Perce only own 12% of their own reservation and some Nez Perce lease land to farmers or loggers. Today, hatching, harvesting and eating salmon is an important cultural and economic strength of the Nez Perce through full ownership or co-management of various salmon fish hatcheries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kooskia_National_Fish_Hatchery" title="Kooskia National Fish Hatchery">Kooskia National Fish Hatchery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kooskia,_Idaho" title="Kooskia, Idaho">Kooskia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Dworshak_National_Fish_Hatchery" title="Dworshak National Fish Hatchery">Dworshak National Fish Hatchery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orofino,_Idaho" title="Orofino, Idaho">Orofino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nez_Perce_Tribe_2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nez_Perce_Tribe_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some still speak their traditional language. The Tribe owns and operates two casinos along the <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_River_(Idaho)" title="Clearwater River (Idaho)">Clearwater River</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kamiah,_Idaho" title="Kamiah, Idaho">Kamiah</a> and east of <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-cactdn_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cactdn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atcrptt_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atcrptt-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> health clinics, a police force and court, community centers, salmon fisheries, radio station, and other institutions that promote economic and cultural <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_history">Name and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_007.jpg/220px-Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_007.jpg/330px-Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_007.jpg/440px-Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Nez Perce baby in cradleboard, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Their name for themselves is <i>nimíipuu</i> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sal-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[nimiːpuː]</a></span>), meaning, "we, the people", in their language, part of the <a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-aoki_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoki-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nez Percé</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> given by <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a> who visited the area regularly in the late 18th century, meaning literally "pierced nose". English-speaking traders and settlers adopted the name in turn. Since the late 20th century, the Nez Perce identify most often as <b>Nimíipuu</b> in Sahaptin.<sup id="cite_ref-aoki_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoki-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has also been spelled Nee-Me-Poo. The Lakota/Dakota named them the <i>Watopala</i>, or <i>Canoe</i> people, from <i>Watopa</i>. After Nez Perce became a more common name, they changed it to <i>Watopahlute</i>. This comes from <i>pahlute</i>, nasal passage, and is simply a play on words. If translated literally, it would come out as either "Nasal Passage of the Canoe" (Watopa-pahlute) or "Nasal Passage of the Grass" (Wato-pahlute).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assiniboine called them <i>Pasú oȟnógA wįcaštA</i>, the Arikara <i>sinitčiškataríwiš</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe also uses the term "Nez Perce", as does the United States Government in its official dealings with them, and contemporary historians. Older historical <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnological</a> works and documents use the French spelling of <i>Nez Percé</i>, with the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>. The original French pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ne<span class="wrap"> </span>pɛʁse]</a></span>, with three syllables. </p><p>The interpreters <a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Charbonneau" title="Toussaint Charbonneau">Toussaint Charbonneau</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> mistakenly identified this people as the Nez Perce when the team encountered the tribe in 1805. Writing in 1889, anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Alice_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Fletcher">Alice Fletcher</a>, who the U.S. government had sent to Idaho to allot the Nez Perce Reservation, explained the mistaken naming. She wrote, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is never easy to come at the name of an Indian or even of an Indian tribe. A tribe has always at least two names; one they call themselves by and one by which they are known to other tribes. All the tribes living west of the Rocky Mountains were called "Chupnit-pa-lu", which means people of the pierced noses; it also means emerging from the bushes or forest; the people from the woods. The tribes on the Columbia river used to pierce the nose and wear in it some ornament as you have seen some old fashioned white ladies wear in their ears. Lewis and Clark had with them an interpreter whose <a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">wife was a Shoshone or Snake woman</a> and so it came about that when it was asked "What Indians are these?" the answer was "They are 'Chupnit-pa-lu<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" and it was written down in the journal; spelled rather queerly, for white people's ears do not always catch Indian tones and of course the Indians could not spell any word.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his journals, <a href="/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clark (explorer)">William Clark</a> referred to the people as the Chopunnish <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, a transliteration of a Sahaptin term. According to D.E. Walker in 1998, writing for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>, this term is an adaptation of the term <i>cú·pŉitpeľu</i> (the Nez Perce people). The term is formed from <i>cú·pŉit</i> (piercing with a pointed object) and <i>peľu</i> (people).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the <i>Nez Perce Language Dictionary</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a different analysis than did Walker for the term <i>cú·pŉitpeľu</i>. The prefix <i>cú</i>- means "in single file". This prefix, combined with the verb <i>-piní</i>, "to come out (e.g. of forest, bushes, ice)". Finally, with the suffix of <i>-pelú</i>, meaning "people or inhabitants of". Together, these three elements: <i>cú</i>- + -<i>piní</i> + <i>pelú</i> = <i>cú·pŉitpeľu</i>, or "the People Walking Single File Out of the Forest".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nez Perce <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> indicates the name "cú·pŉitpeľu" meant "we walked out of the woods or walked out of the mountains" and referred to the time before the Nez Perce had horses.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce language</a>, or Nimiipuutímt, is a <a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a> language related to the several dialects of <a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a>. The Sahaptian sub-family is one of the branches of the <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a> family, which in turn may be related to a larger <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> grouping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aboriginal_territory">Aboriginal territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aboriginal territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nezperce01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nezperce01.png/220px-Nezperce01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nezperce01.png/330px-Nezperce01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nezperce01.png/440px-Nezperce01.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Original Nez Perce territory (green) and the reduced reservation of 1863 (brown)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nez Perce territory at the time of Lewis and Clark (1804–1806) was approximately 17,000,000 acres (69,000 km<sup>2</sup>) and covered parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, in an area surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake (Weyikespe)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grande_Ronde_River" title="Grande Ronde River">Grande Ronde River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)" title="Salmon River (Idaho)">Salmon (Naco’x kuus)</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a> Water") and the <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_River_(Idaho)" title="Clearwater River (Idaho)">Clearwater (Koos-Kai-Kai)</a> ("Clear Water") rivers. The tribal area extended from the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains" title="Bitterroot Mountains">Bitterroots</a> in the east (the door to the Northwestern Plains of Montana) to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Oregon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mountains (Oregon)">Blue Mountains</a> in the west between <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> 45°N and 47°N.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1800, the Nez Perce had more than 70 permanent villages, ranging from 30 to 200 individuals, depending on the season and social grouping. Archeologists have identified a total of about 300 related sites including camps and villages, mostly in the Salmon River Canyon. In 1805, the Nez Perce were the largest tribe on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Plateau">Columbia River Plateau</a>, with a population of about 6,000. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Nez Perce had declined to about 1,800 due to <a href="/wiki/Epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemics">epidemics</a>, conflicts with non-Indians, and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe reports having more than 3,500 members in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-tribe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Plateau">Plateau tribes</a>, the Nez Perce had seasonal villages and camps to take advantage of natural resources throughout the year. Their migration followed a recurring pattern from permanent winter villages through several temporary camps, nearly always returning to the same locations each year. The Nez Perce traveled via the <a href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Idaho%E2%80%93Montana)" title="Lolo Pass (Idaho–Montana)">Lolo Trail (Salish: Naptnišaqs – "Nez Perce Trail")</a> (Khoo-say-ne-ise-kit) as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Plains (Khoo-sayn / Kuseyn)</a> ("Buffalo country") of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> to hunt <a href="/wiki/American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">buffalo (Qoq'a lx)</a> and as far west as the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific Coast (’Eteyekuus)</a> ("Big Water"). Before the 1957 construction of <a href="/wiki/The_Dalles_Dam" title="The Dalles Dam">The Dalles Dam</a>, which flooded this area, <a href="/wiki/Celilo_Falls" title="Celilo Falls">Celilo Falls (Silayloo)</a> was a favored location on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River (Xuyelp)</a> ("The Great River") for <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon (lé'wliks)</a>-fishing. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Basin_Initiative" title="Columbia Basin Initiative">Columbia Basin Initiative</a> aims to improve salmon-fishing for the tribe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enemies_and_allies">Enemies and allies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enemies and allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nez Perce had many allies and trading partners among neighboring peoples, but also enemies and ongoing antagonist tribes. To the north of them lived the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_people" title="Coeur d'Alene people">Coeur d’Alene (Schitsu'umsh)</a> (’Iskíicu’mix), <a href="/wiki/Spokane_people" title="Spokane people">Spokane (Sqeliz)</a> (Heyéeynimuu/Heyeynimu - "Steelhead [Eating] People"), and further north the <a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Kalispel (Ql̓ispé)</a> (Qem’éespel’uu/Q'emespelu, both meaning "Camas People" or "Camas Eaters"), <a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a> (Páapspaloo/Papspelu - "Fir Tree People") and <a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa">Kootenay / Kootenai (Ktunaxa)</a> (Kuuspel’úu/Kuuspelu - "Water People", lit. "River People"), to the northwest lived the <a href="/wiki/Palus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palus people">Palus</a> (Pelúucpuu/Peluutspu - "People of Pa-luš-sa/Palus [village]") and to the west the <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse (Lik-si-yu)</a> (Weyíiletpuu – "Ryegrass People"), west bound there were found the <a href="/wiki/Umatilla_people" title="Umatilla people">Umatilla (Imatalamłáma)</a> (Hiyówatalampoo/Hiyuwatalampo), <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_people" title="Walla Walla people">Walla Walla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasco-Wishram" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasco-Wishram">Wasco</a> (Wecq’úupuu) and Sk'in (Tike’éspel’uu) and northwest of the latter various <a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a> bands (Lexéyuu), to the south lived the <a href="/wiki/Snake_Indians" title="Snake Indians">Snake Indians</a> (various <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute (Numu)</a> bands (Hey’ǘuxcpel’uu) in the southwest and <a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannock (Nimi Pan a'kwati)</a>-<a href="/wiki/Northern_Shoshone" title="Northern Shoshone">Northern Shoshone (Newe)</a> bands<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Tiwélqe/Tewelk'a, later Sosona') in the southeast), to the east lived the <a href="/wiki/Lemhi_Shoshone" title="Lemhi Shoshone">Lemhi Shoshone</a> (Lémhaay), north of them the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Salish" title="Bitterroot Salish">Bitterroot Salish / Flathead (Seliš)</a> (Séelix/Se'lix), further east and northeast on the Northern Plains were the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow (Apsáalooke)</a> (’Isúuxe/Isuuxh'e - "Crow People") and two powerful alliances – the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat)</a> (named after the dominating <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Plains and Woods Cree (Paskwāwiyiniwak and Sakāwithiniwak)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakoda)</a> (Wihnen’íipel’uu), an alliance of northern plains Native American nations based around the fur trade, and later included the <a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Stoney (Nakoda)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Western Saulteaux / Plains Ojibwe (Bungi or Nakawē)</a> (Sat'sashipunu/Sat'sashipuun - "Porcupine People" or "Porcupine Eater"), and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy (Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi)</a> (’Isq’óyxnix/Issq-oykinix - "Blackfooted People") (composed of three Blackfoot speaking peoples – the <a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Piegan or Peigan (Piikáni)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai or Bloods (Káínaa)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika or Blackfoot (Siksikáwa)</a>, later joined by the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Tsuu_T%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuu T'ina Nation">Sarcee (Tsuu T'ina)</a> and (for a time) by <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre" title="Gros Ventre">Gros Ventre or Atsina (A'aninin)</a> (H'elutiin)).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feared Blackfoot Confederacy and the various <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Teton Sioux (Lakota)</a> (Iseq'uulkt - "Cut Throats") and their later allies, the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne (Suhtai/Sutaio Tsitsistas)</a> (T'septitimeni'n - "[People with] Painted arrows"), were the main enemies of the Plateau peoples when entering the Northwestern Plains to hunt buffalo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_regional_bands,_bands,_local_groups,_and_villages"><span id="Historic_regional_bands.2C_bands.2C_local_groups.2C_and_villages"></span>Historic regional bands, bands, local groups, and villages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historic regional bands, bands, local groups, and villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Almotipu Band</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories along <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon" title="Hells Canyon">Hells Canyon</a> up to about 80 miles south of today's <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston, Idaho</a> (<i>Simiinekem</i> – "confluence of two rivers" or "river fork", as the Clearwater flows into the Snake River here), in <a href="/wiki/Wallowa_Mountains" title="Wallowa Mountains">Wallowa Mountains</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Devils_Mountains" title="Seven Devils Mountains">Seven Devils Mountains</a> in Oregon and Idaho. Their fishing and hunting grounds were also used by the <i>Pelloatpallah Band</i> (comprising the "Palus (or Palus proper) Band" and "Wawawai Band" of the <a href="/wiki/Palus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palus people">Upper Palus Regional Band</a>), who formed bilingual Palus-Nez-Percé bands due to many mixed marriages.</dd> <dd>several village based bands are counted among them: <ul><li>the <i>Nuksiwepu Band</i></li> <li>the <i>Palótpu Band</i> (their village Palót was on the north bank of the Snake River – about 2 to 3 miles above Sáhatp)</li> <li>the <i>Pinewewixpu (Pinăwăwipu) Band</i> (their village Pinăwăwi was located at Penawawa Creek)</li> <li>the <i>Sahatpu (Sáhatpu) Band</i> (their village Sáhatp was located on the north bank of the Snake River, above Wawáwih)</li> <li>the <i>Siminekempu (Shimínĕkĕmpu) Band</i> (their village Shimínĕkĕm – "confluence", was located in the area of present-day Lewiston)</li> <li>the <i>Tokalatoinu (Tukálatuinu) Band</i> (along the <a href="/wiki/Tucannon_River" title="Tucannon River">Tucannon River</a> (<i>Took-kahl-la-toin</i>), a tributary of the Snake River)</li> <li>the <i>Wawawipu Band</i> (their village Wawáwih was located at Wawawai Creek, a tributary of the Snake River)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Alpowna (Alpowai) Band</b> or <b>Alpowe'ma (Alpoweyma/Alpowamino) Band</b> ("People along <a href="/wiki/Alpowa_Creek" title="Alpowa Creek">Alpaha (Alpowa) Creek</a>" or "People of ’Al’pawawaii, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Clarkston,_Washington" title="Clarkston, Washington">Clarkston</a>")</li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories along the South and Middle Fork of the Clearwater River downstream to the city of Lewiston (and south of it) in eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle. They also spent much time east of the Bitterroot Mountains and camped along the Yellowstone River, their main meeting place and one of the most important fishing grounds was the area of <a href="/wiki/Kooskia,_Idaho" title="Kooskia, Idaho">Kooskia, Idaho</a> (<i>Leewikees</i>). Their fishing and hunting grounds were also used by the "Wawawai Band" of the Upper Palus Regional Band, who lived directly to the west and formed a bilingual Palus-Nez-Percé Band due to many intermarriages. They were the <i>third largest Nez Percé regional group</i> and their tribal area was one of the four centres for the large regional groups of the Nez Percé.</dd> <dd>several village based bands are counted among them: <ul><li>the <i>Alpowna (Alpowai) Band</i> or <i>Alpowe'ma (Alpoweyma/Alpowamino) Band</i> (largest and most important band, along the Alpaha (Alpowa) Creek, a small tributary of the Clearwater), west of Clarkston, Washington ('Al'pawawaii = People of a "place of a plant called Ahl-pa-ha")</li> <li>the <i>Tsokolaikiinma Band</i> (between Lewiston and Alpowa Creek)</li> <li>the <i>Hasotino (Hăsotōinu) Band</i> (their settlement Hasutin / Hăsotōin was an important fishing ground at Asotin Creek (Héesutine – "eel river") on the Snake River in Nez Perce County, Idaho, directly opposite the present town of <a href="/wiki/Asotin,_Washington" title="Asotin, Washington">Asotin, Washington</a>) <ul><li>the <i>Heswéiwewipu/Hăsweiwăwihpu local group</i> (their village Hăsweiwăwih was also located opposite Asotin, along a small creek whose upper reaches were called Heswé/Hăsiwĕ)</li> <li>the <i>Anatōinnu local group</i> (their village Ánatōin was located at the confluence of Mill Creek and the Snake River)</li></ul></li> <li>the <i>Sapachesap Band</i></li> <li>the <i>Witkispu Band</i> (about 3 miles below Alpowa Creek, along the eastern bank of the Snake River)</li> <li>the <i>Sálwepu Band</i> (at the Middle Fork of the Clearwater River, about 5 miles above present-day Kooskia, Idaho, Chief Looking Glass Group)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Assuti Band</b> ("People along Assuti Creek" in Idaho, joined Chief Joseph in the war of 1877.)</li> <li><b>Atskaaiwawipu Band</b> or <b>Asahkaiowaipu Band</b> ("People at the confluence, People from the river mouth, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ahsahka,_Idaho" title="Ahsahka, Idaho">Ahsahka</a>")</li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories from their winter village Ahsahka/Asaqa ("river mouth" or "confluence") up to the Salmon Ridge along the <a href="/wiki/North_Fork_Clearwater_River" title="North Fork Clearwater River">North Fork Clearwater River</a> up to its mouth into the Clearwater River, hunted sometimes near Peck, Idaho (<i>Pipyuuninma</i>) in the territory of the <i>Painima Band</i>. An important fishing ground was Bruce Eddy in Clearwater County, Idaho, which was traditionally owned by the <i>Atskaaiwawipu (Asahkaiowaipu)</i>, but was shared by neighboring bands upon invitation: the <i>Tewepu Band</i>, the <i>Ilasotino (Hasotino) Band</i>, the <i>Nipihama (Nipĕhĕmă) Band</i>, the <i>Alpowna (Alpowai) Band</i> and the <i>Matalaimo</i> ("People further upstream", a collective term for bands that had their center around Kamiah).</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Hatweme (Hatwēme) Band</b> or <b>Hatwai (Héetwey) Band</b> ("People along Hatweh Creek", a tributary of the Clearwater River, about four to five miles east of Lewiston)</li> <li><b>Hinsepu Band</b> (lived along the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Ronde_River" title="Grande Ronde River">Grande Ronde River</a> in Oregon.)</li> <li><b>Kămiăhpu Band</b> or <b>Kimmooenim Band</b> ("People of Kămiăhp", "People of the Many Rope Litters Place, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Kamiah,_Idaho" title="Kamiah, Idaho">Kamiah</a>")</li></ul> <dl><dd>Their main village Kămiăhp was located on the south side of the Clearwater River and the confluence of Lawyer Creek near today's <a href="/wiki/Kamiah,_Idaho" title="Kamiah, Idaho">Kamiah, Idaho</a> ("many rope litters") in the Kamiah Valley. They used with other bands the important fishing grounds near Bruce Eddy in Clearwater County, Idaho, which was in the territory of the <i>Atskaaiwawipu (Asahkaiowaipu) Band</i>. Other Nez Perce bands often grouped them under the collective name <b>Uyame</b> or <b>Uyămă</b>; the closely related and neighboring <i>Atskaaiwawipu (Asahkaiowaipu) Band</i> referred to all bands around Kamiah as <b>Matalaimo</b> ("People further upstream"). Their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé.</dd> <dd>several village based bands are counted among them: <ul><li>the <i>Kămiăhpu (Kimmooenim) Band</i> (was the biggest and most important band of the Kamiah Valley area)</li> <li>the <i>Tewepu Band</i> ("People of Téewe, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Orofino,_Idaho" title="Orofino, Idaho">Orofino, Idaho</a>" at the confluence of Orofino Creek and Clearwater River)</li> <li>the <i>Tuke'liklikespu (Tukē'lĭklĭkespu) Band</i> (near Big Eddy on the north bank of the Clearwater River, some miles upstream from Orofino)</li> <li>the <i>Pipu'inimu Band</i> (at Big Canyon Creek in Camas Prairie, which flows into the Clearwater River north of today's Peck; they were therefore direct neighbours of the southern Painima Band),</li> <li>the <i>Painima Band</i> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Peck,_Idaho" title="Peck, Idaho">Peck, Idaho</a> (<i>Pipyuuninma</i>) in Nez Perce County, on the Clearwater River in Idaho)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Kannah Band</b> or <b>Kam'nakka Band</b> ("People of Kannah (along Clearwater River)" in Idaho)</li> <li><b>Lamtáma (Lamátta) Band</b> or <b>Lamatama Band</b> ("People of a region with little snow, i.e. Lamtáma (Lamátta) region")</li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories were between the <i>Alpowai Band</i> in the north and downstream in the northwest the <i>Pikunan (Pikunin) Band</i> and extended in the Idaho Panhandle north along the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)" title="Salmon River (Idaho)">Upper Salmon River</a> (<i>Naco'x kuus</i> – "Salmon River") and one of its tributaries, the White Bird Creek, and to the Snake River in the southwest, and also included the White Bird Canyon (deeper than the Grand Canyon) in the southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_Mountains" title="Clearwater Mountains">Clearwater Mountains</a> and southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Camas_prairie" title="Camas prairie">Camas prairie</a>. Their tribal area and band name is derived from <i>Lamtáma (Lamátta)</i> ("area with little snow") and refers to its excellent climatic conditions, which were particularly suitable for horse breeding. They were the <i>second largest Nez Percé regional group</i>; also called <i>Salmon River Band</i>. <ul><li>the <i>Esnime (Iyăsnimă) Band</i> (along Slate Creek ('Iyeesnime) and Upper Salmon River, therefore often simply called <i>Slate Creek Band</i> or <i>Upper Salmon River Indians</i>)</li> <li>the <i>Nipihama (Nipĕhĕmă) Band</i> (from Lower Salmon River to White Bird Creek)</li> <li>the <i>Tamanmu Band</i> (their settlement Tamanma was located at the mouth of the Salmon River in Idaho)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Lapwai Band</b> or <b>Lapwēme Band</b> ("People of the Butterfly Place, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Lapwai,_Idaho" title="Lapwai, Idaho">Lapwai</a>")</li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories along Sweetwater Creek and Lapwai Creek up to its confluence with the Clearwater River near today's <a href="/wiki/Spalding,_Idaho" title="Spalding, Idaho">Spalding, Idaho</a>. One of their traditional settlements (as well as an important meeting place for neighbouring bands) was on the site of today's <a href="/wiki/Lapwai,_Idaho" title="Lapwai, Idaho">Lapwai, Idaho</a> (<i>Thlap-Thlap</i>, also: <i>Léepwey</i> – "Place of the Butterflies"), the tribal and administrative centre of the Nez Percé Tribe of Idaho. Their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Mákapu Band</b> ("People from Máka/Maaqa along Cottonwood Creek (formerly: Maka Creek"), a tributary of the Clearwater River, Idaho.)</li> <li><b>Pikunan (Pikunin) Band</b> or <b>Pikhininmu Band</b> ("Snake River People")</li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories encompassed the vast mountain wilderness between the Snake River in the south and the Lower Salmon River in the north until it met the Snake River, were direct neighbours of the <i>Wallowa (Willewah) Band</i> on the opposite bank of the Snake River in the west and the <i>Lamtáma (Lamátta) Band</i> living further southeast of them. They could be classified as buffalo hunters, but they were also true mountain dwellers, also called the <i>Snake River tribe</i>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Saiksaikinpu Band</b> (on the upper portion of the Southern Fork Clearwater; their immediate neighbors downstream was the <i>Tukpame Band</i>)</li> <li><b>Saxsano Band</b> (about 4 miles above Asotin, Washington, on the east side of Snake River.)</li> <li><b>Taksehepu Band</b> ("People of <i>Tukeespe/Tu-kehs-pa APS</i>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a> Agatha")</li> <li><b>Tukpame Band</b> (on the lower portion of the Southern Fork Clearwater; their immediate neighbors upstream was the <i>Saiksaikinpu Band</i>.)</li> <li><b>Wallowa (Willewah) Band</b> or <b>Walwáma (Walwáama) Band</b> ("People along the Wallowa River" or "People along the Grand Ronde River")<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories in northeastern Oregon and northwestern Idaho with tribal centre in the river valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Imnaha_River" title="Imnaha River">Imnaha River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minam_River" title="Minam River">Minam River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wallowa_River" title="Wallowa River">Wallowa River</a> (<i>Wal'awa</i> – "the winding river"). Their territory extended into the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Pacific_Northwest)" title="Blue Mountains (Pacific Northwest)">Blue Mountains</a> (already claimed by the Cayuse) in the west, to the <a href="/wiki/Wallowa_Mountains" title="Wallowa Mountains">Wallowa Mountains</a> in the southwest, to both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Ronde_River" title="Grande Ronde River">Grande Ronde River</a> (<i>Waliwa</i> or <i>Willewah</i>) and its confluence with the Snake River in the north, and almost to the Snake River in the east. Their area was widely known as an excellent grazing ground for the large herds of horses and was therefore often used by the neighbouring and related <i>Weyiiletpuu (Wailetpu) Band</i> ("Ryegrass People, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse people</a>). They were often grouped under the collective name <b>Kămúinnu</b> or <b>Qéemuynu</b> ("People of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Hemp">Indian Hemp</a>"). They were the <i>largest Nez Percé group</i> and their tribal area was one of the four centers for the major regional groups of the Nez Percé. Today most are part of the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Colville_Reservation" title="Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation</a>.</dd> <dd>several village based bands are counted among them: <ul><li>the <i>Wallowa (Willewah) Band</i> (the largest band with several local groups, in the Wallowa River Valley and <a href="/wiki/Zumwalt_Prairie" title="Zumwalt Prairie">Zumwalt Prairie</a>)</li> <li>the <i>Imnáma (Imnámma) Band</i> (lived with several local groups isolated in the Imnaha River Valley)</li> <li>the <i>Weliwe (Wewi'me) Band</i> (their settlement Williwewix was located at the mouth of the Grande Ronde River)</li> <li>the <i>Inantoinu Band</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Canyon" title="Joseph Canyon">Joseph Canyon</a> – known as <i>saqánma</i> ("long, wild canyon") or <i>an-an-a-soc-um</i> ("long, rough canyon") – and along Lower Joseph Creek to its mouth into the Grande Ronde River)</li> <li>the <i>Toiknimapu Band</i> (above Joseph Creek and along the north bank of the Grande Ronde River)</li> <li>the <i>Isäwisnemepu (Isawisnemepu) Band</i> (near the present Zindel, at the Grande Ronde River in Oregon)</li> <li>the <i>Sakánma Band</i> (several local groups along the Snake River between the mouth of the Salmon River in the south and the Grande Ronde River in the north, the name of their main village Sakán and the band name Sakánma refers to an area where the cliffs rise close to the water – this could be Joseph Canyon (Saqánma))</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Yakama Band</b> or <b>Yăkámă Band</b> ("People of the Yăká River, i.e.<a href="/wiki/Potlatch_River" title="Potlatch River">Potlatch River</a> (above its mouth into the Clearwater River)", not to confused with the <a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a> peoples)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Territories along the Potlatch River (which was called Yăká above its mouth into the Clearwater River) in Idaho.</dd> <dd>several village based bands are counted among them: <ul><li>the <i>Yakto'inu (Yaktōinu) Band</i> (their village Yaktōin was located at the mouth of the Potlatch River into the Clearwater River)</li> <li>the <i>Yatóinu Band</i> (lived along Pine Creek, a small right tributary of the Potlatch River)</li> <li>the <i>Iwatoinu (Iwatōinu) Band</i> (their village Iwatōin was located on the north bank of the Potlatch River near today's Kendrick in Latah County)</li> <li>the <i>Tunèhepu (Tunĕhĕpu) Band</i> (their village Tunĕhĕ was located at the mouth of Middle Potlatch Creek into the Potlatch River, near <a href="/wiki/Juliaetta,_Idaho" title="Juliaetta, Idaho">Juliaetta, Idaho</a> (<i>Yeqe</i>))</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Because of large amount of inter-marriage between Nez Perce bands and neighboring tribes or bands to forge alliances and peace (often living in mixed bilingual villages together), the following bands were also counted to the Nez Perce (which today are viewed as being linguistically and culturally closely related, but separate ethnic groups): </p> <dl><dt>Walla Walla Band</dt> <dd>These were the <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_people" title="Walla Walla people">Walla Walla people</a> which lived along the Walla Walla River and along the confluence of the Snake and Columbia River rivers, today they are enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Umatilla_Indian_Reservation" title="Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation</a>.</dd> <dt>Pelloatpallah Band <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">or</span> Palous Band</dt> <dd>These were the <i>Palus (or Palus proper) Band</i> and <i>Wawawai Band</i> of the Upper Palus Band, which constituted together with the Middle Palus Band und Lower Palus Band – one of the three main groups of the <a href="/wiki/Palus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palus people">Palus people</a>, which lived along the Columbia, Snake and Palouse Rivers to the northwest of the Nez Perce. Today the majority is enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation</a> and some are part of the <a href="/wiki/Colville_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colville Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation</a>.</dd> <dt>Weyiiletpuu (Wailetpu) Band <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">or</span> Yeletpo Band</dt> <dd>These were the <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse people</a> which lived to the west of the Nez Perce at the headwaters of the Walla Walla, Umatilla and Grande Ronde River and from the Blue Mountains westwards up to the Deschutes River, they oft shared village sites with the Nez Perce and Palus and were feared by neighboring tribes, as early as 1805, most Cayuse had given up their mother tongue and had switched to <i>Weyíiletpuu</i>, a variety of the Lower Nez Perce/Lower Nimiipuutímt dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce language</a>. They called themselves by their Nez-Percé name as <i>Weyiiletpuu</i> ("Ryegrass People"); today most Cayuse are enrolled into the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Umatilla_Indian_Reservation" title="Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation</a>, some as <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Warm_Springs" title="Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs">Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_Tribe_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho">Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nez_Perce_beaded_shirt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nez_Perce_beaded_shirt.jpg/220px-Nez_Perce_beaded_shirt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nez_Perce_beaded_shirt.jpg/330px-Nez_Perce_beaded_shirt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Nez_Perce_beaded_shirt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Nez Perce beaded shirt</figcaption></figure> <p>The semi-sedentary Nez Percés were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherers</a>, living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> (collecting wild plants and roots and pursuing wild animals). They depended on hunting, fishing, and the gathering of wild roots and berries. </p><p>Nez Perce people historically depended on various <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Pacific salmon and Pacific trout</a> for their food: <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a> or "<i>nacoox</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_tschawytscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus tschawytscha">Oncorhynchus tschawytscha</a>) were eaten the most, but other species such as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_lamprey" title="Pacific lamprey">Pacific lamprey</a> (Entosphenus tridentatus or Lampetra tridentata), and <a href="/wiki/Chiselmouth" title="Chiselmouth">chiselmouth</a> were eaten too.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important fishes included the <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">Sockeye salmon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_nerka" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus nerka">Oncorhynchus nerka</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">Silver salmon</a> or <i>ka'llay</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_kisutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus kisutch">Oncorhynchus kisutch</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">Chum salmon or dog salmon</a> or <i>ka'llay</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_keta" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus keta">Oncorhynchus keta</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mountain_whitefish" title="Mountain whitefish">Mountain whitefish</a> or "<i>ci'mey</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Prosopium_williamsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopium williamsoni">Prosopium williamsoni</a>), <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">White sturgeon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acipenser_transmontanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenser transmontanus">Acipenser transmontanus</a>), <a href="/wiki/White_sucker" title="White sucker">White sucker</a> or "<i>mu'quc</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Catostomus_commersonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Catostomus commersonii">Catostomus commersonii</a>), and varieties of trout – <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">West Coast steelhead</a> or "<i>heyey</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_mykiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus mykiss">Oncorhynchus mykiss</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a> or "<i>pi'ckatyo</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_fontinalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvelinus fontinalis">Salvelinus fontinalis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bull_trout" title="Bull trout">bull trout</a> or "<i>i'slam</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Salvelinus_confluentus" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvelinus confluentus">Salvelinus confluentus</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Cutthroat_trout" title="Cutthroat trout">Cutthroat trout</a> or "<i>wawa'lam</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_clarkii" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus clarkii">Oncorhynchus clarkii</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to contact with Europeans, the Nez Perce's traditional hunting and fishing areas spanned from the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains" title="Bitterroot Mountains">Bitterroot Mountains</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, in late May and early June, Nez Perce villagers crowded to communal fishing sites to trap eels, steelhead, and chinook salmon, or haul in fish with large dip nets. Fishing took place throughout the summer and fall, first on the lower streams and then on the higher tributaries, and catches also included salmon, sturgeon, whitefish, suckers, and varieties of trout. Most of the supplies for winter use came from a second run in the fall, when large numbers of Sockeye salmon, silver, and dog salmon appeared in the rivers. </p><p>Fishing is traditionally an important ceremonial and commercial activity for the Nez Perce tribe. Today Nez Perce fishers participate in tribal fisheries in the mainstream Columbia River between <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville</a> and <a href="/wiki/McNary_Dam" title="McNary Dam">McNary</a> dams. The Nez Perce also fish for spring and summer Chinook salmon and Rainbow trout/steelhead in the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> and its tributaries. The Nez Perce tribe runs the Nez Perce Tribal Hatchery on the Clearwater River, as well as several satellite hatchery programs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nez.Perce.Camp.Lapwai.1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nez.Perce.Camp.Lapwai.1899.jpg/220px-Nez.Perce.Camp.Lapwai.1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nez.Perce.Camp.Lapwai.1899.jpg/330px-Nez.Perce.Camp.Lapwai.1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nez.Perce.Camp.Lapwai.1899.jpg/440px-Nez.Perce.Camp.Lapwai.1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Nez Perce encampment, Lapwai, Idaho, ca. 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>The first fishing of the season was accompanied by prescribed rituals and a ceremonial feast known as "<i>kooyit</i>". Thanksgiving was offered to the Creator and to the fish for having returned and given themselves to the people as food. In this way, it was hoped that the fish would return the next year. </p><p>Like salmon, plants contributed to traditional Nez Perce culture in both material and spiritual dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from fish and game, Plant foods provided over half of the dietary calories, with winter survival depending largely on dried roots, especially <a href="/wiki/Kouse_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouse root">Kouse</a>, or "<i>qáamsit</i>" (when fresh) and "<i>qáaws</i>" (when peeled and dried) (<a href="/wiki/Lomatium" title="Lomatium">Lomatium</a> especially <a href="/wiki/Lomatium_cous" title="Lomatium cous">Lomatium cous</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Camassia" title="Camassia">Camas</a>, or "<i><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A9m%27es" class="mw-redirect" title="Qém'es">qém'es</a></i>" (Nez Perce: "sweet") (<a href="/wiki/Camassia_quamash" title="Camassia quamash">Camassia quamash</a>), the first being roasted in pits, while the other was ground in mortars and molded into cakes for future use, both plants had been traditionally an important food and trade item.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were primarily responsible for the gathering and preparing of these root crops. Camas bulbs were gathered in the region between the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)" title="Salmon River (Idaho)">Salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_River_(Idaho)" title="Clearwater River (Idaho)">Clearwater river</a> drainages.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techniques for preparing and storing winter foods enabled people to survive times of colder winters with little or no fresh foods.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Favorite fruits dried for winter were <a href="/wiki/Amelanchier" title="Amelanchier">serviceberries</a> or "<i>kel</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Amelanchier_alnifolia" title="Amelanchier alnifolia">Amelanchier alnifolia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon berry">Saskatoon berry</a>), <a href="/wiki/Black_huckleberry" title="Black huckleberry">black huckleberries</a> or "<i>cemi'tk</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_membranaceum" title="Vaccinium membranaceum">Vaccinium membranaceum</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">red elderberries</a> or "<i>mi'ttip</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Sambucus_racemosa" title="Sambucus racemosa">Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Chokecherries" class="mw-redirect" title="Chokecherries">chokecherries</a> or "<i>ti'ms</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Prunus_virginiana" title="Prunus virginiana">Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa</a>). Nez Perce textiles were made primarily from <a href="/wiki/Dogbane" title="Dogbane">dogbane</a> or "<i>qeemu</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Apocynum_cannabinum" title="Apocynum cannabinum">Apocynum cannabinum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_hemp" title="Indian hemp">Indian hemp</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tule" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule">tules</a> or "<i>to'ko</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus" title="Schoenoplectus acutus">Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Western_redcedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Western redcedar">western redcedar</a> or "<i>tala'tat</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">Thuja plicata</a>). The most important industrial woods were redcedar, <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pine</a> or "<i>la'qa</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa" title="Pinus ponderosa">Pinus ponderosa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a> or "<i>pa'ps</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</a>), <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">sandbar willow</a> or "<i>tax's</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Salix_exigua" title="Salix exigua">Salix exigua</a>), and hard woods such as <a href="/wiki/Yew" title="Yew">Pacific yew</a> or "<i>ta'mqay</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Taxus brevifolia</a>) and syringa or "<i>sise'qiy</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_lewisii" title="Philadelphus lewisii">Philadelphus lewisii</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_arrowwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian arrowwood">Indian arrowwood</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many fishes and plants important to Nez Perce culture are today state symbols: the black huckleberry or "<i>cemi'tk</i>" is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">official state fruit</a> and the Indian arrowwood or "<i>sise'qiy</i>", the Douglas fir or "<i>pa'ps</i>" is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state trees">state tree</a> of Oregon and the ponderosa pine or "<i>la'qa</i>" of Montana, the Chinook salmon is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">state fish</a> of Oregon, the cutthroat trout or "<i>wawa'lam</i>" of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and the West Coast steelhead or "heyey" of Washington. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeartOfTheMonsterByPhilKonstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HeartOfTheMonsterByPhilKonstantin.jpg/220px-HeartOfTheMonsterByPhilKonstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HeartOfTheMonsterByPhilKonstantin.jpg/330px-HeartOfTheMonsterByPhilKonstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HeartOfTheMonsterByPhilKonstantin.jpg/440px-HeartOfTheMonsterByPhilKonstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>"The <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_the_Monster" title="Heart of the Monster">Heart of the Monster</a>", described in the Nez Perce origin story</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nez Perce believed in spirits called <i><a href="/wiki/Weyekin" title="Weyekin">weyekins</a></i> (Wie-a-kins) which would, they thought, offer a link to the invisible world of spiritual power".<sup id="cite_ref-newberry_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newberry-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weyekin would protect one from harm and become a personal guardian spirit. To receive a weyekin, a seeker would go to the mountains alone on a vision quest. This included fasting and meditation over several days. While on the quest, the individual may receive a vision of a spirit, which would take the form of a mammal or bird. This vision could appear physically or in a dream or trance. The weyekin was to bestow the animal's powers on its bearer—for example; a deer might give its bearer swiftness. A person's weyekin was very personal. It was rarely shared with anyone and was contemplated in private. The weyekin stayed with the person until death. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hunt_Jackson" title="Helen Hunt Jackson">Helen Hunt Jackson</a>, author of "<a href="/wiki/A_Century_of_Dishonor" title="A Century of Dishonor">A Century of Dishonor</a>", written in 1881 refers to the Nez Perce as "the richest, noblest, and most gentle" of Indian peoples as well as the most industrious.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The museum at the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_National_Historical_Park" title="Nez Perce National Historical Park">Nez Perce National Historical Park</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Spalding,_Idaho" title="Spalding, Idaho">Spalding, Idaho</a>, and managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, includes a research center, archives, and library. Historical records are available for on-site study and interpretation of Nez Perce history and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-percepark_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-percepark-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park includes 38 sites associated with the Nez Perce in the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington, many of which are managed by local and state agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-percepark_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-percepark-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact">European contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: European contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1805 <a href="/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clark (explorer)">William Clark</a> was the first known Euro-American to meet any of the tribe, excluding the aforementioned French Canadian traders. While he, <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> and their men were crossing the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains" title="Bitterroot Mountains">Bitterroot Mountains</a>, they ran low of food, and Clark took six hunters and hurried ahead to hunt. On September 20, 1805, near the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Lolo_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolo Trail">Lolo Trail</a>, he found a small camp at the edge of the camas-digging ground, which is now called <a href="/wiki/Weippe_Prairie" title="Weippe Prairie">Weippe Prairie</a>. The explorers were favorably impressed by the Nez Perce whom they met. Preparing to make the remainder of their journey to the Pacific by boats on rivers, they entrusted the keeping of their horses until they returned to "2 brothers and one son of one of the Chiefs." One of these Indians was <i>Walammottinin</i> (meaning "Hair Bunched and tied," but more commonly known as Twisted Hair). He was the father of <a href="/wiki/Hallalhotsoot" title="Hallalhotsoot">Chief Lawyer</a>, who by 1877 was a prominent member of the "Treaty" faction of the tribe. The Nez Perce were generally faithful to the trust; the party recovered their horses without serious difficulty when they returned.<sup id="cite_ref-josephy_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recollecting the Nez Perce encounter with the Lewis and Clark party, in 1889 anthropologist Alice Fletcher wrote that "the Lewis and Clark explorers were the first white men that many of the people had ever seen and the women thought them beautiful." She wrote that the Nez Perce "were kind to the tired and hungry party. They furnished fresh horses and dried meat and fish with wild potatoes and other roots which were good to eat, and the refreshed white men went further on, westward, leaving their bony, wornout horses for the Indians to take care of and have fat and strong when Lewis and Clark should come back on their way home." On their return trip they arrived at the Nez Perce encampment the following spring, again hungry and exhausted. The tribe constructed a large tent for them and again fed them. Desiring fresh red meat, the party offered an exchange for a Nez Perce horse. Quoting from the Lewis and Clark diary, Fletcher writes, "The hospitality of the Chiefs was offended at the idea of an exchange. He observed that his people had an abundance of young horses and that if we were disposed to use that food, we might have as many as we wanted." The party stayed with the Nez Perce for a month before moving on.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce">Flight of the Nez Perce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flight of the Nez Perce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-1877-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-1877-map.jpg/220px-Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-1877-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-1877-map.jpg/330px-Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-1877-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-1877-map.jpg/440px-Flight_of_the_Nez_Perce-1877-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the flight of the Nez Perce and key battle sites</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nez Perce were one of the tribal nations at the <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_Council_(1855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walla Walla Council (1855)">Walla Walla Council (1855)</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umatilla_people" title="Umatilla people">Umatilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_people" title="Walla Walla people">Walla Walla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a>), which signed the Treaty of Walla Walla.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a>, in the late 19th century the Nez Perce split into two groups: one side accepted the coerced relocation to a reservation and the other refused to give up their fertile land in Washington and Oregon. Those willing to go to a reservation made a treaty in 1877. The flight of the non-treaty Nez Perce began on June 15, 1877, with <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Looking_Glass_(Native_American_leader)" title="Looking Glass (Native American leader)">Looking Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Bird_(Native_American_leader)" title="White Bird (Native American leader)">White Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ollokot" title="Ollokot">Ollokot</a>, Lean Elk (<a href="/wiki/Poker_Joe" title="Poker Joe">Poker Joe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Toohoolhoolzote" title="Toohoolhoolzote">Toohoolhoolzote</a> leading 750 men, women and children in an attempt to reach a peaceful sanctuary. They intended to seek shelter with their allies the <a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a> but, upon the Crow's refusal to offer help, the Nez Perce tried to reach the camp in Canada of <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>. He had migrated there instead of surrendering after the Indian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Joseph-3_weeks_after_surrender-Oct.1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chief_Joseph-3_weeks_after_surrender-Oct.1877.jpg/140px-Chief_Joseph-3_weeks_after_surrender-Oct.1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chief_Joseph-3_weeks_after_surrender-Oct.1877.jpg/210px-Chief_Joseph-3_weeks_after_surrender-Oct.1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chief_Joseph-3_weeks_after_surrender-Oct.1877.jpg/280px-Chief_Joseph-3_weeks_after_surrender-Oct.1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a>, 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nez Perce were pursued by over 2,000 soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> on an epic flight to freedom of more than 1,170 miles (1,880 km) across four states and multiple mountain ranges. The 250 Nez Perce warriors defeated or held off the pursuing troops in 18 battles, skirmishes, and engagements. More than 100 US soldiers and 100 Nez Perce (including women and children) were killed in these conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A majority of the surviving Nez Perce were finally forced to surrender on October 5, 1877, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw" title="Battle of Bear Paw">Battle of the Bear Paw Mountains</a> in Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the Canada–US border. <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a> surrendered to General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver O. Howard">Oliver O. Howard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">U.S. Cavalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the surrender negotiations, Chief Joseph sent a message, usually described as a speech, to the US soldiers. It has become renowned as one of the greatest American speeches: "...Hear me, my chiefs, I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chief Joseph went to Washington, D.C., in January 1879 to meet with the President and Congress, after which his account was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The route of the Nez Perce flight is preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_National_Historic_Trail" title="Nez Perce National Historic Trail">Nez Perce National Historic Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual Cypress Hills ride in June commemorates the Nez Perce people's attempt to escape to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_breeding_program">Horse breeding program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Horse breeding program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nez_Perce_warrior_on_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nez_Perce_warrior_on_horse.jpg/120px-Nez_Perce_warrior_on_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nez_Perce_warrior_on_horse.jpg/180px-Nez_Perce_warrior_on_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nez_Perce_warrior_on_horse.jpg/240px-Nez_Perce_warrior_on_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Nez Perce warrior<br />on horse, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1994 the Nez Perce tribe began a breeding program, based on crossbreeding the <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa">Appaloosa</a> and a Central Asian breed called <a href="/wiki/Akhal-Teke" title="Akhal-Teke">Akhal-Teke</a>, to produce what they called the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_Horse" title="Nez Perce Horse">Nez Perce Horse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wanted to restore part of their traditional horse culture, where they had conducted selective breeding of their horses, long considered a marker of wealth and status, and trained their members in a high quality of horsemanship. Social disruption due to reservation life and assimilationist pressures by Americans and the government resulted in the destruction of their horse culture in the 19th century. The 20th-century breeding program was financed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>, the Nez Perce tribe, and the nonprofit called the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_Development_Institute" title="First Nations Development Institute">First Nations Development Institute</a>. It has promoted businesses in Native American country that reflect values and traditions of the peoples. The Nez Perce Horse breed is noted for its speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_tribal_lands">Current tribal lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current tribal lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2445R_Nez_Perce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2445R_Nez_Perce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/180px-2445R_Nez_Perce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2445R_Nez_Perce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/270px-2445R_Nez_Perce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2445R_Nez_Perce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/360px-2445R_Nez_Perce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Location of Nez Perce Reservation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg/220px-Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg/330px-Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg/440px-Nezperceindians1895ish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Nez Perce Indians with Appaloosa horse, around 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>The current tribal lands consist of a <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Idaho" title="North Central Idaho">North Central Idaho</a> at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nez_Perce&params=46_18_N_116_24_W_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°18′N</span> <span class="longitude">116°24′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.300°N 116.400°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.300; -116.400</span></span></span></a></span></span>, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Camas_Prairie#Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Camas Prairie">Camas Prairie</a> region south of the <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_River_(Idaho)" title="Clearwater River (Idaho)">Clearwater River</a>, in parts of four counties.<sup id="cite_ref-nptpdfmp_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nptpdfmp-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In descending order of surface area, the counties are <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho" title="Nez Perce County, Idaho">Nez Perce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Idaho" title="Lewis County, Idaho">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_County,_Idaho" title="Idaho County, Idaho">Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Idaho" title="Clearwater County, Idaho">Clearwater</a>. The total land area is about 1,195 square miles (3,100 km<sup>2</sup>), and the reservation's population at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 census</a> was 17,959.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to tribal loss of lands, the population on the reservation is predominantly white, nearly 90% in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-nptbwoecn_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nptbwoecn-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest community is the city of <a href="/wiki/Orofino,_Idaho" title="Orofino, Idaho">Orofino</a>, near its northeast corner. <a href="/wiki/Lapwai,_Idaho" title="Lapwai, Idaho">Lapwai</a> is the seat of tribal government, and it has the highest percentage of Nez Perce people as residents, at about 81.4 percent. </p><p>Similar to the opening of Native American lands in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> by allowing acquisition of surplus by non-natives after households received plots, the U.S. government opened the Nez Percé reservation for general settlement on November 18, 1895. The proclamation had been signed less than two weeks earlier by President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-np61_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-np61-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands rushed to grab land on the reservation, staking out their claims even on land owned by Nez Perce families.<sup id="cite_ref-unrul77_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrul77-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npop31_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npop31-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21np_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21np-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Wallowa,_Oregon" title="Wallowa, Oregon">Wallowa</a> in northeast Oregon is in the historic territory of the large Wallowa Band. The Homeland has owned 320 acres (130 ha) and a visitor center since 2000, to "enrich relationships among the descendants of indigenous people and the contemporary inhabitants of the Wallowa Valley ... [and to] preserve and celebrate the customs and culture of the indigenous inhabitants." A Methodist church was established in Wallowa in 1877, and in 2021 the United Methodist Church returned a small parcel of land and the church building to the Nez Perce Tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual_cultural_events">Annual cultural events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Annual cultural events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tamkaliks Celebration is a powwow named after the Nez Perce word for where you can see the mountains. It began in 1991 to welcome the Nez Perce back home to the Wallowa Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communities">Communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craigmont,_Idaho" title="Craigmont, Idaho">Craigmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culdesac,_Idaho" title="Culdesac, Idaho">Culdesac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Idaho" title="Ferdinand, Idaho">Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamiah,_Idaho" title="Kamiah, Idaho">Kamiah</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kooskia,_Idaho" title="Kooskia, Idaho">Kooskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapwai,_Idaho" title="Lapwai, Idaho">Lapwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezperce,_Idaho" title="Nezperce, Idaho">Nezperce</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orofino,_Idaho" title="Orofino, Idaho">Orofino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck,_Idaho" title="Peck, Idaho">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubens,_Idaho" title="Reubens, Idaho">Reubens</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stites,_Idaho" title="Stites, Idaho">Stites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater,_Idaho" title="Sweetwater, Idaho">Sweetwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Idaho" title="Winchester, Idaho">Winchester</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Colville_Indian_Reservation" title="Colville Indian Reservation">Colville Indian Reservation</a> in eastern Washington contains the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Joseph</a> band of Nez Percé. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Phinney" title="Archie Phinney">Archie Phinney</a> (1904–1949), scholar and administrator who studied under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and produced <i>Nez Perce Texts</i>, a published collection of Nez Perce myths and legends from the oral tradition<sup id="cite_ref-arph90_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arph90-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a> (<i>hinmatóoyalahtq'it</i> – "Thunder traveling to higher areas") (1840–1904), also known as Young Joseph, the best-known leader of the Nez Perce, who led his people in their struggle to retain their identity, with about 60 warriors, he commanded the greatest following of the non-treaty chiefs.</li> <li>Chief Lawyer (<a href="/wiki/Hallalhotsoot" title="Hallalhotsoot">Hallalhotsoot</a>, <i>Halalhot'suut</i>) (c. 1796–1876), son of a Salish-speaking Flathead woman and Twisted Hair, the Nez Perce who welcomed and befriended the exhausted <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> in the September 1805. His father's positive experiences with the whites greatly influenced him, leader of the treaty faction of the Nez Percé, and signed the 1855 Walla Walla Treaty and controversial 1863 treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-llnp_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llnp-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was called the Lawyer by fur trappers because of his oratory and ability to speak several languages. He defended the actions of the 1863 Treaty which cost the Nez Perce nearly 90% of their lands after gold was discovered because he knew it was futile to resist the US government and its military power. He tried to negotiate the best outcome which still allowed the majority of Nez Perce to live in their usual village locations. He died, frustrated that the U.S. government failed to follow through on the promises made in both treaties, even making a trip to Washington, D.C. to express his frustration.<sup id="cite_ref-llnp_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llnp-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at the Nikesa Cemetery at the Presbyterian church in <a href="/wiki/Kamiah,_Idaho" title="Kamiah, Idaho">Kamiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-llnp_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llnp-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Kauffman" title="Claudia Kauffman">Claudia Kauffman</a>, a politician in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> state</li> <li>Eagle from the Light,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Tipiyelehne Ka Awpo</i>) chief of the non-treaty Lam'tama band, that traveled east over the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains" title="Bitterroot Mountains">Bitterroot Mountains</a> along with Looking Glass' band to hunt buffalo, was present at the Walla Walla Council in 1855 and supported the non-treaty faction at the Lapwai Council, refused to sign the Treaty of 1855 and 1866, left his territory on Salmon River (two miles south of Corvallis) in 1875 with part of his band, and did settle down in Weiser County (Montana), joined with Shoshone Chief's Eagle's Eye. The leadership of the other Lam'tama that rested on the Salmon River was taken by old chief White Bird. Eagle From the Light didn't participate in the War of 1877 because he was too far away.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Miles" title="Elaine Miles">Elaine Miles</a>, actress best known from her role in television's <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Exposure" title="Northern Exposure">Northern Exposure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_(Nez_Perce)" title="Ellis (Nez Perce)">Ellis</a> (c. 1810–1848) was the first united leader of the Nez Perce. He was the grandson of the leader Hohots Ilppilp (also known as Red Grizzly Bear), who met with Lewis and Clark.</li> <li>Five Wounds (<i>Pahkatos Owyeen</i>), wounded in right hand at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Clearwater" title="Battle of the Clearwater">Battle of the Clearwater</a> and killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Big_Hole" title="Battle of the Big Hole">Battle of the Big Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hoxie" title="Jack Hoxie">Jack</a> and Al Hoxie, silent film actors; mother was Nez Perce</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Sundown" title="Jackson Sundown">Jackson Sundown</a>, war veteran and rodeo champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_Gladstone" title="Lily Gladstone">Lily Gladstone</a>, actress; her mother is white and her father is <a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Nation" title="Blackfeet Nation">Blackfeet</a> and Nez Perce<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Glass_(Native_American_leader)" title="Looking Glass (Native American leader)">Looking Glass (younger)</a> or ’Eelelimyeteqenin’ (also: <i>Allalimya Takanin</i> – "Wrapped in the wind") (c. 1832–1877), leader of the non-treaty Alpowai band and war leader, who was killed during the tribe's final battle with the US Army; his following was third and did not exceed 40 men.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wasson" title="Michael Wasson">Michael Wasson</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chief_Joseph" title="Old Chief Joseph">Old Chief Joseph</a> (<i>Tuekakas</i>), (also: tiwíiteq'is) (c. 1785–1871), was leader of the Wallowa Band and one of the first Nez Percé converts to Christianity and vigorous advocate of the tribe's early peace with whites, father of Chief Joseph (also known as Young Joseph).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollokot" title="Ollokot">Ollokot</a>, (<i>’álok'at</i>, also known as Ollikut) (1840s–1877), younger brother of Chief Joseph, war chief of the Wallowa band, was killed while fighting at the final battle on Snake Creek, near the Bear Paw Mountains on October 4, 1877.</li> <li>Peo Peo Tholekt (<i>piyopyóot’alikt</i> – "Bird Alighting"), a Nez Perce warrior who fought with distinction in every battle of the Nez Perce War, wounded in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camas_Creek" title="Battle of Camas Creek">Battle of Camas Creek</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poker_Joe" title="Poker Joe">Poker Joe</a>, warrior and subchief; chosen trail boss and guide of the Nez Percé people following the Battle of the Big Hole, killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw" title="Battle of Bear Paw">Battle of Bear Paw</a>; half <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> and Nez Perce descent</li> <li>Rainbow (<i>Wahchumyus</i>), war leader of a non-treaty band, killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Big_Hole" title="Battle of the Big Hole">Battle of the Big Hole</a></li> <li>Red Owl (<i>Koolkool Snehee</i>), war leader of a non-treaty band</li> <li>Timothy (<i>Tamootsin</i>, 1808–1891), leader of the treaty faction of the Alpowai (or Alpowa) band of the Nez Percé, was the first Christian convert among the Nez Percé, was married to Tamer, a sister of <a href="/wiki/Old_Chief_Joseph" title="Old Chief Joseph">Old Chief Joseph</a>, who was baptized on the same day as Timothy.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toohoolhoolzote" title="Toohoolhoolzote">Toohoolhoolzote</a>, was leader and <i>tooat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man (or shaman)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>) of the non-treaty Pikunan band; fought in the Nez Perce War after first advocating peace; died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw" title="Battle of Bear Paw">Battle of Bear Paw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bird_(Native_American_leader)" title="White Bird (Native American leader)">White Bird</a> or <i>Piyóopiyo x̣ayx̣áyx̣</i> (also: <i>Peo-peo-hix-hiix</i> or <i>Peo peo Hih Hih</i>; more correctly <i>Peopeo Kiskiok Hihih</i> – "White Goose") (d.1892), also referred to as <i>White Pelican</i> was war leader and <i>tooat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>) of the non-treaty Lamátta or Lamtáama band, belonging to <i>Lahmatta</i> ("area with little snow"), by which White Bird Canyon was known to the Nez Perce, his following was second in size to Joseph's, and did not exceed 50 men</li> <li>Wrapped in the Wind (<i>’elelímyeté'qenin’/ háatyata'qanin</i>)</li> <li>Yellow Bull or <i>Cúuɫim maqsmáqs</i> (also: <i>Chuslum Moxmox</i>), war leader of a non-treaty band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Wolf_(Nez_Perce)" title="Yellow Wolf (Nez Perce)">Yellow Wolf</a> or <i>Hiímiin maqs maqs / Himíin maqsmáqs</i> (also: <i>He–Mene Mox Mox</i> or <i>Hemene Moxmox</i>, wished to be called <i>Heinmot Hihhih</i> or <i>In-mat-hia</i>-hia – "White Lightning", c. 1855, died August 1935) was a Nez Perce warrior of the non-treaty Wallowa band who fought in the Nez Perce War of 1877, gunshot wound, left arm near wrist; under left eye in the Battle of the Clearwater</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief.Lawyer.1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chief Lawyer, c. 1861"><img alt="Chief Lawyer, c. 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chief.Lawyer.1861.jpg/126px-Chief.Lawyer.1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chief.Lawyer.1861.jpg/189px-Chief.Lawyer.1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chief.Lawyer.1861.jpg/252px-Chief.Lawyer.1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Lawyer">Chief Lawyer</a>, c. 1861</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peo_Peo_Tholekt-Nez_Perce_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peo Peo Tholekt (Bird Alighting), a Nez Perce warrior who helped capture the mountain howitzer at the Battle of the Big Hole"><img alt="Peo Peo Tholekt (Bird Alighting), a Nez Perce warrior who helped capture the mountain howitzer at the Battle of the Big Hole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Peo_Peo_Tholekt-Nez_Perce_warrior.jpg/160px-Peo_Peo_Tholekt-Nez_Perce_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Peo_Peo_Tholekt-Nez_Perce_warrior.jpg/240px-Peo_Peo_Tholekt-Nez_Perce_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Peo_Peo_Tholekt-Nez_Perce_warrior.jpg/320px-Peo_Peo_Tholekt-Nez_Perce_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Peo Peo Tholekt</i> (Bird Alighting), a Nez Perce warrior who helped capture the <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">mountain howitzer</a> at the Battle of the Big Hole</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Wolf_at_LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yellow Wolf, December 30, 1909"><img alt="Yellow Wolf, December 30, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yellow_Wolf_at_LOC.jpg/142px-Yellow_Wolf_at_LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yellow_Wolf_at_LOC.jpg/213px-Yellow_Wolf_at_LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yellow_Wolf_at_LOC.jpg/284px-Yellow_Wolf_at_LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Wolf_(Nez_Perce)" title="Yellow Wolf (Nez Perce)">Yellow Wolf</a>, December 30, 1909</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eponymy">Eponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropod</a> <i>Cryptaulax nezperceorum</i> Nützel & Erwin, 2004, found on the land of the Nez Percé tribe, has been named in their honour.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tribe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nez+Perce+Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnezperce.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aoki, Haruo. 1994. <i>Nez Perce Dictionary</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ames_1980-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ames_1980_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ames_1980_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ames, Kenneth and Alan Marshall. 1980. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nez+Perce+Tribe+Department+of+Fisheries+%26+Resources+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nptfisheries.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landeen, Dan and Allen Pinkham. 1999. <i>Salmon and His People: Fish and Fishing in Nez Perce Culture</i>. Winchester, Idaho: Confluence Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nez_Perce_Tribe_2003-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nez_Perce_Tribe_2003_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nez Perce Tribe (2003). <i>Treaties: Nez Perce Perspectives</i>. The Nez Perce Tribe Environmental Restoration & Waste Management Program, in association with the United States Department of Energy. Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cactdn-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cactdn_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams1996" class="citation news cs1">Abrams, Joan (August 21, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SrZeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TjAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5182%2C1339865">"Casino countdown is on"</a>. <i>Lewiston Morning Tribune</i>. (Idaho). p. 1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lewiston+Morning+Tribune&rft.atitle=Casino+countdown+is+on&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=1996-08-21&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DSrZeAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DTjAMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5182%252C1339865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atcrptt-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atcrptt_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchscherer1998" class="citation news cs1">Tuchscherer, Tara (March 10, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BtfE7wd9KvMC&dat=19980310&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Nez Perce at a crossroads (part 2)"</a>. <i>Lewiston Morning Tribune</i>. (Idaho). p. 1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lewiston+Morning+Tribune&rft.atitle=Nez+Perce+at+a+crossroads+%28part+2%29&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=1998-03-10&rft.aulast=Tuchscherer&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DBtfE7wd9KvMC%26dat%3D19980310%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nezperce.org/">"Official Home of the Nez Perce Tribal Web Site"</a>. <i>www.nezperce.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nezperce.org&rft.atitle=Official+Home+of+the+Nez+Perce+Tribal+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nezperce.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aoki-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aoki_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aoki_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aoki, Haruo. <i>Nez Perce Dictionary</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09763-6">978-0-520-09763-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buechel, Eugene & Manhart S.J., Paul "Lakota Dictionary: Lakota-English / English-Lakota, New Comprehensive Edition" 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/cgi-bin/testgetdetailsNP.pl?pass=&hasfont=&database=assin&onelang=&host=zia&key=Assin003942&glossnum=1&srchstring=tribe&sndformat=mp3&nexthit=0&maxhits=20&data=examples">"AISRI Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AISRI+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzia.aisri.indiana.edu%2F~dictsearch%2Fcgi-bin%2FtestgetdetailsNP.pl%3Fpass%3D%26hasfont%3D%26database%3Dassin%26onelang%3D%26host%3Dzia%26key%3DAssin003942%26glossnum%3D1%26srchstring%3Dtribe%26sndformat%3Dmp3%26nexthit%3D0%26maxhits%3D20%26data%3Dexamples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/eight/fletcher.htm">"Selections from WITH THE NEZ PERCES Alice Fletcher in the Field, 1889–92 by E. Jane Gay"</a>. <i>PBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Selections+from+WITH+THE+NEZ+PERCES+Alice+Fletcher+in+the+Field%2C+1889%E2%80%9392+by+E.+Jane+Gay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fweta%2Fthewest%2Fresources%2Farchives%2Feight%2Ffletcher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1998" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Deward (1998). <i>Plateau</i>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians" title="Handbook of North American Indians">Handbook of North American Indians</a> v. 12. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. pp. 437–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-049514-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-049514-8"><bdi>0-16-049514-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plateau&rft.series=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians+v.+12&rft.pages=437-438&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-16-049514-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Deward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of California Press, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAoki1994" class="citation book cs1">Aoki, Haruo (1994). <i>Nez Perce Dictionary</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 52, 527, 542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-09763-6"><bdi>978-0-520-09763-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nez+Perce+Dictionary&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=52%2C+527%2C+542&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-09763-6&rft.aulast=Aoki&rft.aufirst=Haruo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403104923/http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/L3/ShowOneObjectSiteID34ObjectID79ExpeditionID.html">"Since Time Immemorial"</a>. <i>Lewis & Clark Rediscovery Project</i>. Nez Perce Tribe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/L3/ShowOneObjectSiteID34ObjectID79ExpeditionID.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lewis+%26+Clark+Rediscovery+Project&rft.atitle=Since+Time+Immemorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webpages.uidaho.edu%2FL3%2FShowOneObjectSiteID34ObjectID79ExpeditionID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinden1908" class="citation book cs1">Spinden, Herbert Joseph (1908). <i>Nez Percé Indians</i>. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, v.2 pt.3. American Anthropological Association. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4760170">4760170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nez+Perc%C3%A9+Indians&rft.series=Memoirs+of+the+American+Anthropological+Association%2C+v.2+pt.3&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=American+Anthropological+Association&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4760170&rft.aulast=Spinden&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerJones1964" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Deward E. Jr.; Jones, Peter N. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/walker.html"><i>he Nez Perce</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=he+Nez+Perce&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Deward+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Peter+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.washington.edu%2Faipnw%2Fwalker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paiute-speakers (i.e. Bannocks) called themselves <i>Pan a'kwati/Panákwate</i> – ″on the water side or on the west side″ and their Shoshone kin within the mixed Bannock-Shoshone bands as <i>Wihínakwate</i> – ″on the knife side or on the iron side″ (the equivalent Shoshone words are <i>WihiN'naite</i> and <i>Bannaite</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nimipuutimt.org/uploads/1/4/0/6/14060280/nimipuutimt_volume_3.pdf">"Nimipuutímt Volume 3 Names of Tribes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nimipuut%C3%ADmt+Volume+3+Names+of+Tribes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nimipuutimt.org%2Fuploads%2F1%2F4%2F0%2F6%2F14060280%2Fnimipuutimt_volume_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_055619.pdf">Wallowa Valley, Oregon, to Kooskia, Idaho – Discover the Nez Perce Trail</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas E. Churchill: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/10912/Churchill_Thomas_E_1984.pdf?sequence=1">Inner Bark Utilization: A Nez Perce Example.</a> (PDF) Oregon State University, Commencement June 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallowanezperce.org/">"Home – Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland"</a>. <i>www.wallowanezperce.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wallowanezperce.org&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Nez+Perce+Wallowa+Homeland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallowanezperce.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The North American Indian. Volume 8 – The Nez Perces. Wallawalla. Umatilla. Cayuse. The Chinookan tries</i>. Classic Books Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7426-9808-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7426-9808-6">978-0-7426-9808-6</a>, page 158 – 160 (Source for regional bands, bands and villages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandeenPinkham1999" class="citation book cs1">Landeen, Dan; Pinkham, Allen (1999). <i>Salmon and His People: Fish & Fishing in Nez Perce Culture</i>. Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881090329" title="Special:BookSources/1881090329"><bdi>1881090329</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41433913">41433913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salmon+and+His+People%3A+Fish+%26+Fishing+in+Nez+Perce+Culture&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+Idaho&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Confluence+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41433913&rft.isbn=1881090329&rft.aulast=Landeen&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Pinkham%2C+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/nature/fish.htm">"Nez Perce National Historical Park (Source for Nez Perce names for Fishes, Animals and Plants"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nez+Perce+National+Historical+Park+%28Source+for+Nez+Perce+names+for+Fishes%2C+Animals+and+Plants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnepe%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Ffish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landeen (1999), <i>Salmon and His People</i>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.nps.gov/nepe/learn/nature/plants.htm">"Plants – Nez Perce National Historical Park"</a>. U.S. National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plants+%E2%80%93+Nez+Perce+National+Historical+Park&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.nps.gov%2Fnepe%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fplants.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKephart" class="citation web cs1">Kephart, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/camas/#.VwG03sefXiU">"Camas"</a>. <i>The Oregon Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oregon+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Camas&rft.aulast=Kephart&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Fcamas%2F%23.VwG03sefXiU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newberry-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newberry_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxieNelson2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoxie, Frederick E.; Nelson, Jay T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkindian00fred/page/66"><i>Lewis & Clark and the Indian Country: the Native American Perspective</i></a>. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkindian00fred/page/66">66–67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252074851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252074851"><bdi>978-0252074851</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/132681406">132681406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+%26+Clark+and+the+Indian+Country%3A+the+Native+American+Perspective&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F132681406&rft.isbn=978-0252074851&rft.aulast=Hoxie&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Jay+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewisclarkindian00fred%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2001" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Helen Hunt (January 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRmSCwAAQBAJ"><i>A Century of Dishonor</i></a>. Digital Scanning Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582182896" title="Special:BookSources/9781582182896"><bdi>9781582182896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Dishonor&rft.pub=Digital+Scanning+Inc&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=9781582182896&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Helen+Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRmSCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-percepark-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-percepark_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-percepark_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nepe/historyculture/research-center.htm">"Research Center"</a>. Nez Perce National Historic Park<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+Center&rft.pub=Nez+Perce+National+Historic+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnepe%2Fhistoryculture%2Fresearch-center.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephy-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-josephy_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephy1971" class="citation book cs1">Josephy, Alvin (1971). <i>The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01494-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01494-5"><bdi>0-300-01494-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nez+Perce+Indians+and+the+Opening+of+the+Northwest&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-300-01494-5&rft.aulast=Josephy&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/eight/fletcher.htm">"Selections from WITH THE NEZ PERCES Alice Fletcher in the Field, 1889–92 by E. Jane Gay"</a>. <i>PBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Selections+from+WITH+THE+NEZ+PERCES+Alice+Fletcher+in+the+Field%2C+1889%E2%80%9392+by+E.+Jane+Gay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fweta%2Fthewest%2Fresources%2Farchives%2Feight%2Ffletcher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrafzer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Trafzer, Clifford E. (Fall 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105201203/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/106.3/trafzer.html">"Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1955"</a>. <i>Oregon Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>106</b> (3): 398–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fohq.2005.0006">10.1353/ohq.2005.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-4727">0030-4727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166019157">166019157</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/106.3/trafzer.html">the original</a> on January 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+the+Walla+Walla+Council%2C+1955&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=398-411&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166019157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-4727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fohq.2005.0006&rft.aulast=Trafzer&rft.aufirst=Clifford+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycooperative.org%2Fjournals%2Fohq%2F106.3%2Ftrafzer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, Jr., Alvin M. <i>The Nez Perce and the Opening of the Northwest.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965, pp. 632–633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/npnht/learningcenter/?cid=fsbdev3_055704">"Letters and Quotations of the Nez Perce Flight"</a>. U.S. Forest Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letters+and+Quotations+of+the+Nez+Perce+Flight&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fdetail%2Fnpnht%2Flearningcenter%2F%3Fcid%3Dfsbdev3_055704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/joseph.htm">"Chief Joseph Surrenders"</a>. Great Speeches<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accessed August 19, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/npnht/maps-pubs">"Maps of the Nez Perce National Historic Trail"</a>. U.S. Forest Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horsesall.com/equine-horse-history/nez-perce-ride-to-freedom-713.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nez+Perce+Ride+to+Freedom&rft.aulast=Praharenka&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.au=Niemeyer%2C+Bernice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horsesall.com%2Fequine-horse-history%2Fnez-perce-ride-to-freedom-713.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffalogirlsproductions.com/idahonatives/nez/horse.html">"Nez Perce horse culture resurrected through new breed"</a>. 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Moscow. Associated Press. p. 10A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Idahonian&rft.atitle=Nez+Perce+Tribe+battling+whites+over+economics&rft.pages=10A&rft.date=1988-10-29&rft.aulast=Popkey&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dd5QrAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D69AFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6141%252C3675584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-np61-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-np61_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1961" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Ladd (June 25, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lYNfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uzAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3160,3901168">"Heads were popping up all over the place"</a>. <i>Lewiston Morning Tribune</i>. 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Idaho. p. 6E.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lewiston+Morning+Tribune&rft.atitle=Unruly+mobs+dashed+to+grab+land+when+reservation+opened&rft.pages=6E&rft.date=1977-07-24&rft.aulast=Brammer&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DqJxfAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DnzEMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4374%2C7048300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npop31-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npop31_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OZ5fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uzEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1072,1295368">"3,000 took part in "sneak" when Nez Perce Reservation was opened"</a>. <i>Lewiston Morning Tribune</i>. Idaho. 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December 11, 1921. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Nez+Perce+Reservation&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1921-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DcgpWAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DveEDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4420%2C8604920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wallowanezperce.org/">"Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland"</a>. <i>Nez Perce Wallowa Homeland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nez+Perce+Wallowa+Homeland&rft.atitle=Nez+Perce+Wallowa+Homeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallowanezperce.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2021" class="citation news cs1">Caldwell, Kristen (May 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://um-insight.net/in-the-world/advocating-justice/oregon-idaho-conference-returns-church-to-the-nez-perce/">"Oregon-Idaho Conference Returns Church to the Nez Perce"</a>. <i>United Methodist Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Methodist+Insight&rft.atitle=Oregon-Idaho+Conference+Returns+Church+to+the+Nez+Perce&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fum-insight.net%2Fin-the-world%2Fadvocating-justice%2Foregon-idaho-conference-returns-church-to-the-nez-perce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSierra2022" class="citation news cs1">Sierra, Antonio (August 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/08/13/1117347660/the-nez-perce-tribe-resumes-annual-powwows-after-pandemic-hiatus">"The Nez Perce tribe resumes annual powwows after pandemic hiatus"</a>. <i>NPR News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR+News&rft.atitle=The+Nez+Perce+tribe+resumes+annual+powwows+after+pandemic+hiatus&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.aulast=Sierra&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F08%2F13%2F1117347660%2Fthe-nez-perce-tribe-resumes-annual-powwows-after-pandemic-hiatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arph90-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arph90_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby1990" class="citation news cs1">Rigby, Barry (July 3, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Q3ZfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fy8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=4335%2C850275">"Archie Phinney was a champion of Indian rights"</a>. <i>Lewiston Morning Tribune</i>. Idaho. p. 4-Centennial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lewiston+Morning+Tribune&rft.atitle=Archie+Phinney+was+a+champion+of+Indian+rights&rft.pages=4-Centennial&rft.date=1990-07-03&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DQ3ZfAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dfy8MAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4335%252C850275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-llnp-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-llnp_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llnp_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llnp_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuark1977" class="citation news cs1">Ruark, Janice (February 23, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-PxHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7PgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6746%2C1846829">"Lawyer led Nez Perce in peace before war"</a>. <i>Spokane Daily Chronicle</i>. Washington. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Lawyer+led+Nez+Perce+in+peace+before+war&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1977-02-23&rft.aulast=Ruark&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D-PxHAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D7PgDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6746%252C1846829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2004" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Robert R. (2004). <i>Chief Joseph, Yellow Wolf and the Creation of Nez Perce History in the Pacific Northwest</i>. Indigenous Peoples and Politics. New York: Routledge. pp. 103–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94889-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94889-4"><bdi>0-415-94889-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+Joseph%2C+Yellow+Wolf+and+the+Creation+of+Nez+Perce+History+in+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Indigenous+Peoples+and+Politics&rft.pages=103-109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-94889-4&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a43978462/who-is-lily-gladsone/">"Lily Gladstone is the Breakout Star of Killers of the Flower Moon"</a>. October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lily+Gladstone+is+the+Breakout+Star+of+Killers+of+the+Flower+Moon&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townandcountrymag.com%2Fleisure%2Farts-and-culture%2Fa43978462%2Fwho-is-lily-gladsone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524061652/http://stories.washingtonhistory.org/treatytrail/context/biographies.htm">"The Treaty Trail: U.S.-Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest"</a>. Washington State Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stories.washingtonhistory.org/treatytrail/context/biographies.htm">the original</a> on May 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+Trail%3A+U.S.-Indian+Treaty+Councils+in+the+Northwest&rft.pub=Washington+State+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstories.washingtonhistory.org%2Ftreatytrail%2Fcontext%2Fbiographies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNützelErwin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nützel, Alexander; Erwin, Douglas H. (October 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03009231">"Late Triassic (Late Norian) gastropods from the Wallowa Terrane (Idaho, USA)"</a>. <i>Paläontologische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 361–416. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PalZ...78..361N">2004PalZ...78..361N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03009231">10.1007/BF03009231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A4ontologische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Late+Triassic+%28Late+Norian%29+gastropods+from+the+Wallowa+Terrane+%28Idaho%2C+USA%29&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=361-416&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03009231&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PalZ...78..361N&rft.aulast=N%C3%BCtzel&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Erwin%2C+Douglas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF03009231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beal, Merrill D. <i>"I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963.</li> <li>Bial, Raymond. <i>The Nez Perce</i>. New York: Benchmark Books, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-1210-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-1210-7">0-7614-1210-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Boaz">Boas, Franz</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=42"><i>Folk-tales of Salishan and Sahaptin tribes</i></a>. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Published for the American Folk-Lore Society by G.E. Stechert & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2322072">2322072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk-tales+of+Salishan+and+Sahaptin+tribes&rft.pub=Published+for+the+American+Folk-Lore+Society+by+G.E.+Stechert+%26+Co.&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2322072&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.wa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpublications_detail.aspx%3Fp%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Haines, Francis. <i>The Nez Percés: Tribesmen of the Columbia Plateau.</i> Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955.</li> <li>Henry, Will. <i>From Where the Sun Now Stands</i>, New York: Bantam Books, 1976.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1906" class="citation cs1">Humphrey, Seth K. (1906). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Indian Dispossessed/The Nez Perces"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Dispossessed/The_Nez_Perces">"The Nez Perces" </a></span>. <i>The Indian Dispossessed</i> (Revised ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68571148">68571148</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nez+Perces&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Dispossessed&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68571148&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Seth+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Josephy, Alvin M. <i>The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest</i>. Yale Western Americana series, 10. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson1912" class="citation book cs1">Judson, Katharine Berry (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=66"><i>Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest, especially of Washington and Oregon</i></a>. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection (2nd ed.). Chicago: A.C. McClurg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10363767">10363767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+legends+of+the+Pacific+Northwest%2C+especially+of+Washington+and+Oregon&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10363767&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.wa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpublications_detail.aspx%3Fp%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANez+Perce" class="Z3988"></span> Oral traditions from the Chinook, Nez Perce, Klickitat and other tribes of the Pacific Northwest.</li> <li>Lavender, David Sievert. <i>Let Me Be Free: The Nez Perce Tragedy</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016707-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016707-6">0-06-016707-6</a>.</li> <li>Nerburn, Kent. <i>Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce: The Untold Story of an American Tragedy</i>. New York: HarperOne, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-051301-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-051301-2">0-06-051301-2</a>.</li> <li>Pearson, Diane. <i>The Nez Perces in the Indian Territory: Nimiipuu Survival</i>. 2008.</li> <li>Stout, Mary. <i>Nez Perce</i>. Native American peoples. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8368-3666-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8368-3666-9">0-8368-3666-9</a>.</li> <li>Warren, Robert Penn. <i>Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, Who Called Themselves the Nimipu, "the Real People": A Poem</i>. New York: Random House, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53019-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53019-5">0-394-53019-5</a>.</li> <li>Aoki, Haruo. 1989. <i>Nez Perce Oral Narratives: Linguistics, Vol. 104</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</li> <li>Axtell, Horace and Margo Aragon. 1997. <i>A Little Bit of Wisdom: Conversations with a Nez Perce Elder</i>. Lewiston, Idaho: Confluence Press.</li> <li>Holt, Renée. 2012. "Decolonizing Indigenous Communities". in <i>Unsettling America: Decolonization in Theory & Practice</i>. April 18, 2012.</li> <li>Hunn, Eugene and James Selam. 2001. <i>Nch’i-wána, 'the Big River': Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press.</li> <li>James, Caroline. 1996. <i>Nez Perce Women in Transition, 1877–1990</i>. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press.</li> <li>Hormel, Leontina M. 2016. "Nez Perce Defending Treaty Lands in Northern Idaho". <i>Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice</i>, 28(1): 76–83.</li> <li>Josephy, Alvin. 2007. <i>Nez Perce Country</i>. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Josephy, Alvin. 1997. <i>The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</li> <li>McCoy, Robert. 2004. <i>Chief Joseph, Yellow Wolf, and the Creation of Nez Percé History in the Pacific Northwest</i>. New York: Routledge.</li> <li>McWhorter, Lucullus Virgil. 1940. <i>Yellow Wolf: His Own Story</i>. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press.</li> <li>Phinney, Archie. 1969. <i>Nez Percé Texts</i>. New York: AMS Press.</li> <li>Slickpoo, Allen P. Sr. 1972. <i>Nu moe poom tit wah tit (Nez Perce Legends)</i>. Lapwai, Idaho: Nez Perce Tribe.</li> <li>Tonkovich, Nicole. 2012. <i>The Allotment Plot: Alice C. Fletcher, E. Jane Gay, and Nez Perce Survivance</i>. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Trafzer, Clifford. 1987. <i>Northwestern Tribes in Exile: Modoc, Nez Perce, and Palouse Removal to the Indian Territory</i>. Sacramento: Sierra Oaks Publishing Co.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nez_Perce" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nez_Perc%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nez Percés">Nez Percés</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nezperce.org/">Official tribal site</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsnezpercebattlefields.org">Friends of the Bear Paw, Big Hole & Canyon Creek Battlefields</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nezpercehorseregistry.com/main.html">Nez Perce Horse Registry</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.critfc.org/">Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission</a> – member tribes include the Nez Perce.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nepe/index.htm">Nez Perce National Historic Park</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/npnht/index.shtml">Nez Perce National Historic Trail</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/walker.html">The Nez Perce Essay by Deward E. Walker, Jr. and Peter N. Jones</a> – University of Washington Digital Collection</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Point_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald Point Site">Bald Point Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rock_Cave" title="Fort Rock Cave">Fort Rock Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Caves" title="Paisley Caves">Paisley Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1%C3%A1:ytem" title="X̱á:ytem">X̱á:ytem</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Paiute writer Sarah Winnemucca"><img alt="Northern Paiute writer Sarah Winnemucca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg/75px-Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg/113px-Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg/150px-Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnicities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahto" title="Cahto">Cahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_people" title="Coeur d'Alene people">Coeur d' Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakelh" title="Dakelh">Dakelh (Carrier)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan" title="Gitxsan">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_people" title="Haisla people">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk" title="Heiltsuk">Heiltsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuya" title="Kalapuya">Kalapuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_people" title="Klamath people">Klamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai (Ktunaxa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makah" title="Makah">Makah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methow_people" title="Methow people">Methow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molala" title="Molala">Molala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_people" title="Naukan people">Naukan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_people" title="Nicola people">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a" title="Nisga'a">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux" title="Nlaka'pamux">Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_Nation" title="Nuxalk Nation">Nuxalk (Bella Coola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quileute" title="Quileute">Quileute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secw%C3%A9pemc" title="Secwépemc">Secwépemc (Shuswap)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_people" title="Shasta people">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt" title="Sinixt">Sinixt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt" title="Sinixt">Sinixt (Lake)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%CA%BCat%CA%BCimc" title="Stʼatʼimc">Stʼatʼimc (Lillooet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syilx" title="Syilx">Syilx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan" title="Tahltan">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelma" title="Takelma">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_people" title="Tillamook people">Tillamook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut" title="Tsetsaut">Tsetsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin" title="Tsilhqotʼin">Tsilhqotʼin (Chilcotin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umatilla_people" title="Umatilla people">Umatilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_people" title="Walla Walla people">Walla Walla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuikinuxv" title="Wuikinuxv">Wuikinuxv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_Garry" title="Spokane Garry">Spokane Garry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Kamiakin" title="Chief Kamiakin">Chief Kamiakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Moses" title="Chief Moses">Chief Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Miner_Peterson" title="Annie Miner Peterson">Annie Miner Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquelle_Thompson" title="Coquelle Thompson">Coquelle Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy%27L_He-dow_Teton" title="Randy'L He-dow Teton">Randy'L He-dow Teton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_(Okanagan_leader)" title="Nicola (Okanagan leader)">Chief Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquinna" title="Maquinna">Maquinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comcomly" title="Comcomly">Chief Concomly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickaninnish" title="Wickaninnish">Wickaninnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumshewa" title="Cumshewa">Cumshewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Gunanoot" title="Simon Gunanoot">Simon Gunanoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumach" title="Slumach">Slumach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Sealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leschi_(Nisqually)" title="Leschi (Nisqually)">Leschi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Tonasket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Tonasket (page does not exist)">Chief Tonasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Jack_Khatsahlano" title="August Jack Khatsahlano">August Jack Khatsahlano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Capilano" title="Joe Capilano">Joe Capilano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Nahanee" title="Harriet Nahanee">Harriet Nahanee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_York" title="Annie York">Annie York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Dan_George" title="Chief Dan George">Chief Dan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Reid" title="Bill Reid">Bill Reid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celilo_Falls" title="Celilo Falls">Celilo Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Rapids" title="Cascades Rapids">Cascades Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_Falls" title="Kettle Falls">Kettle Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwash_Rock" title="Siwash Rock">Siwash Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Memorial_Lava_Bed_Provincial_Park" title="Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Provincial Park">Tseax Lava Bed Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skedans" title="Skedans">Skedans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninstints" title="Ninstints">Ninstints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumshewa,_British_Columbia" title="Cumshewa, British Columbia">Cumshewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masset" title="Masset">Masset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidegate" title="Skidegate">Skidegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alert_Bay" title="Alert Bay">'Yalis (Alert Bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lax_Kw%27alaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Lax Kw'alaams">Lax Kw'alaams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lax_Ksiluux" title="Lax Ksiluux">Lax Ksiluux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ksan" title="'Ksan">'Ksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ging%CC%B1olx" title="Ging̱olx">Ging̱olx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitwanga" title="Kitwanga">Kitwanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1wemelch%27stn" title="X̱wemelch'stn">X̱wemelch'stn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiix-in" title="Kiix-in">Kiix-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquot" title="Yuquot">Yuquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opitsaht" title="Opitsaht">Opitsaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_House" title="Old Man House">Old Man House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#Pacific_Northwest–Great_Basin" title="American Indian Wars">Armed conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_War" title="Cayuse War">Cayuse War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_War" title="Yakima War">Yakima War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_War" title="Coeur d'Alene War">Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_War" title="Fraser Canyon War">Fraser Canyon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_War" title="Puget Sound War">Puget Sound War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_War" title="Chilcotin War">Chilcotin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonquin_(1807_ship)" title="Tonquin (1807 ship)"><i>Tonquin</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Nicola#Nicola's_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Nicola">Nicola's War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Washington" title="United States v. Washington">Boldt Decision</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sohappy_v._Smith" title="Sohappy v. Smith">Sohappy v. Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delgamuukw_v_British_Columbia" title="Delgamuukw v British Columbia">Delgamuukw v British Columbia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Final_Agreement" title="Nisga'a Final Agreement">Nisga'a Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_claim" title="Land claim">Land claims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Gods_(land_bridge)" title="Bridge of the Gods (land bridge)">Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Oregon" title="List of Indian reservations in Oregon">Reservations in Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Raven Tales">Raven Tales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Idaho&#124;link=Idaho_Indian_reservations_in_Idaho" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_reservations_in_Idaho" title="Template:Indian reservations in Idaho"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_reservations_in_Idaho" title="Template talk:Indian reservations in Idaho"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_reservations_in_Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian reservations in Idaho"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Idaho&#124;link=Idaho_Indian_reservations_in_Idaho" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho"><img alt="Idaho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_Reservation" title="Coeur d'Alene Reservation">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_Valley_Indian_Reservation" title="Duck Valley Indian Reservation">Duck Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Hall Indian Reservation">Fort Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenai_Tribe_of_Idaho#Reservation" title="Kootenai Tribe of Idaho">Kootenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemhi_Reservation" title="Lemhi Reservation">Lemhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Current_tribal_lands">Nez Perce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Clearwater_County,_Idaho,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clearwater_County,_Idaho" title="Template:Clearwater County, Idaho"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clearwater_County,_Idaho" title="Template talk:Clearwater County, Idaho"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clearwater_County,_Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clearwater County, Idaho"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Clearwater_County,_Idaho,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Idaho" title="Clearwater County, Idaho"><span class="region">Clearwater County, Idaho</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Orofino,_Idaho" title="Orofino, Idaho"><span>Orofino</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elk_River,_Idaho" title="Elk River, Idaho">Elk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orofino,_Idaho" title="Orofino, Idaho">Orofino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce,_Idaho" title="Pierce, Idaho">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weippe,_Idaho" title="Weippe, Idaho">Weippe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Idaho highlighting Clearwater County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Clearwater_County.svg/48px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Clearwater_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Clearwater_County.svg/73px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Clearwater_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Clearwater_County.svg/97px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Clearwater_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="976" /></span><figcaption>Map of Idaho highlighting Clearwater County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated <br /> communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahsahka,_Idaho" title="Ahsahka, Idaho">Ahsahka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish,_Idaho" title="Cavendish, Idaho">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent,_Idaho" title="Dent, Idaho">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greer,_Idaho" title="Greer, Idaho">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters,_Idaho" title="Headquarters, Idaho">Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Idaho_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Idaho (state)"><span>Idaho portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Idaho_County,_Idaho,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Idaho_County,_Idaho" title="Template:Idaho County, Idaho"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Idaho_County,_Idaho" title="Template talk:Idaho County, Idaho"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Idaho_County,_Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Idaho County, Idaho"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Idaho_County,_Idaho,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Idaho_County,_Idaho" title="Idaho County, Idaho"><span class="region">Idaho County, Idaho</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho" title="Grangeville, Idaho"><span>Grangeville</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cottonwood,_Idaho" title="Cottonwood, Idaho">Cottonwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Idaho" title="Ferdinand, Idaho">Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho" title="Grangeville, Idaho">Grangeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamiah,_Idaho" title="Kamiah, Idaho">Kamiah</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kooskia,_Idaho" title="Kooskia, Idaho">Kooskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riggins,_Idaho" title="Riggins, Idaho">Riggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stites,_Idaho" title="Stites, Idaho">Stites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bird,_Idaho" title="White Bird, Idaho">White Bird</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Idaho highlighting Idaho County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg/48px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg/73px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg/97px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Idaho_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="976" /></span><figcaption>Map of Idaho highlighting Idaho County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elk_City,_Idaho" title="Elk City, Idaho">Elk City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgdorf,_Idaho" title="Burgdorf, Idaho">Burgdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Idaho" title="Clearwater, Idaho">Clearwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie,_Idaho_County,_Idaho" title="Dixie, Idaho County, Idaho">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenn,_Idaho" title="Fenn, Idaho">Fenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden,_Idaho" title="Golden, Idaho">Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greencreek,_Idaho" title="Greencreek, Idaho">Greencreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpster,_Idaho" title="Harpster, Idaho">Harpster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Idaho" title="Lowell, Idaho">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucile,_Idaho" title="Lucile, Idaho">Lucile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock,_Idaho" title="Pollock, Idaho">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringa,_Idaho" title="Syringa, Idaho">Syringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Idaho" title="Warren, Idaho">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Idaho" title="Florence, Idaho">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph,_Idaho" title="Joseph, Idaho">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plains,_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Plains, Idaho">Joseph Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Idaho,_Idaho" title="Mount Idaho, Idaho">Mount Idaho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Idaho_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Idaho (state)"><span>Idaho portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Lewis_County,_Idaho,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lewis_County,_Idaho" title="Template:Lewis County, Idaho"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lewis_County,_Idaho" title="Template talk:Lewis County, Idaho"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lewis_County,_Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lewis County, Idaho"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Lewis_County,_Idaho,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Idaho" title="Lewis County, Idaho"><span class="region">Lewis County, Idaho</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Nezperce,_Idaho" title="Nezperce, Idaho"><span>Nezperce</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craigmont,_Idaho" title="Craigmont, Idaho">Craigmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamiah,_Idaho" title="Kamiah, Idaho">Kamiah</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezperce,_Idaho" title="Nezperce, Idaho">Nezperce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubens,_Idaho" title="Reubens, Idaho">Reubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Idaho" title="Winchester, Idaho">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Idaho highlighting Lewis County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg/48px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg/73px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg/97px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="976" /></span><figcaption>Map of Idaho highlighting Lewis County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher,_Idaho" title="Fletcher, Idaho">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slickpoo,_Idaho" title="Slickpoo, Idaho">Slickpoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Idaho_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Idaho (state)"><span>Idaho portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho" title="Template:Nez Perce County, Idaho"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho" title="Template talk:Nez Perce County, Idaho"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nez Perce County, Idaho"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho" title="Nez Perce County, Idaho"><span class="region">Nez Perce County, Idaho</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho"><span>Lewiston</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culdesac,_Idaho" title="Culdesac, Idaho">Culdesac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapwai,_Idaho" title="Lapwai, Idaho">Lapwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck,_Idaho" title="Peck, Idaho">Peck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Idaho highlighting Nez Perce County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Nez_Perce_County.svg/48px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Nez_Perce_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Nez_Perce_County.svg/73px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Nez_Perce_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Nez_Perce_County.svg/97px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Nez_Perce_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="976" /></span><figcaption>Map of Idaho highlighting Nez Perce County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater,_Idaho" title="Sweetwater, Idaho">Sweetwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gifford,_Idaho" title="Gifford, Idaho">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenore,_Idaho" title="Lenore, Idaho">Lenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding,_Idaho" title="Spalding, Idaho">Spalding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Idaho_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Idaho (state)"><span>Idaho portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123923#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091647">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529563205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&oldid=1259660350">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nez_Perce&oldid=1259660350</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nez_Perce_people" title="Category:Nez Perce people">Nez Perce people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nez_Perce" title="Category:Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States">Federally recognized tribes in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Northwestern_United_States" title="Category:History of the Northwestern United States">History of the Northwestern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_Idaho" 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