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id="toc-Many-membered_ring_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Many-membered_ring_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Many-membered ring compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Many-membered_ring_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Organometallic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithium_alkyls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium_alkyls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Lithium alkyls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium_alkyls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_polymerization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_polymerization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Living polymerization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_polymerization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyethylene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyethylene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Polyethylene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyethylene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ziegler–Natta_catalyst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ziegler–Natta_catalyst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Ziegler–Natta catalyst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ziegler–Natta_catalyst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Ziegler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="كارل تسيغلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل تسيغلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziqler" title="Karl Ziqler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Ziqler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کارل زیقلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل زیقلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কার্ল জিগলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল জিগলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Вальдэмар Цыглер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Вальдэмар Цыглер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Циглер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Циглер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کارل زیگلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل زیگلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%B9%98%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC" title="카를 치글러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 치글러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարլ Վալդեմար Ցիգլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարլ Վալդեմար Ցիգլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="קרל ציגלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל ציגלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಝೀಗ್ಲರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಝೀಗ್ಲರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Вальдемар Циглер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Вальдемар Циглер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Ziegler" title="Carolus Ziegler – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="कार्ल झीगलर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्ल झीगलर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კარლ ციგლერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ ციგლერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B1" title="كارل تسيجلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل تسيجلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کارل زیگلر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارل زیگلر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Циглер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карл Циглер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler_(scheikundige)" title="Karl Ziegler (scheikundige) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karl Ziegler (scheikundige)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="カール・ツィーグラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・ツィーグラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کارل زیگلر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارل زیگلر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Циглер, Карл Вальдемар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Циглер, Карл Вальдемар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Waldemar_Ziegler" title="Karl Waldemar Ziegler – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karl Waldemar Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Зиглер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Зиглер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler_(kemist)" title="Karl Ziegler (kemist) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl Ziegler (kemist)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Циглер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карл Циглер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Ціглер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Ціглер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کارل زیگلر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارل زیگلر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·齐格勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔·齐格勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Karl Ziegler" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·齐格勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·齐格勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76624#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German chemist (1898–1973)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German chemist. For the operatic tenor, see <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler_(tenor)" title="Karl Ziegler (tenor)">Karl Ziegler (tenor)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Karl Ziegler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg/180px-Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg/270px-Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Karl_Ziegler_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Karl Ziegler</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karl Waldemar Ziegler</div><br />26 November 1898<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Helsa" title="Helsa">Helsa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 August 1973<span style="display:none">(1973-08-12)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ziegler_process" title="Ziegler process">Ziegler process</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalyst</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wohl%E2%80%93Ziegler_bromination" title="Wohl–Ziegler bromination">Wohl–Ziegler bromination</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thorpe_reaction" title="Thorpe reaction">Thorpe–Ziegler reaction</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dienone%E2%80%93phenol_rearrangement" title="Dienone–phenol rearrangement">Dienone–phenol rearrangement</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium_chemistry" title="Organoaluminium chemistry">Organoaluminium chemistry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Organolithium_reagent" title="Organolithium reagent">Organolithium reagent</a><br />Synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Ascaridole" title="Ascaridole">ascaridole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liebig_Medal" title="Liebig Medal">Liebig Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a> 2nd Class <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940)</span> </span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens_Ring" title="Werner von Siemens Ring">Werner von Siemens Ring</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Chemistry">Nobel Prize for Chemistry</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Sciences_and_Arts" title="List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts">Pour le Mérite</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1971" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1971">FRS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle-Saale</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute für Kohlenforschung">Max Planck Institute für Kohlenforschung</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Auwers" title="Karl von Auwers">Karl von Auwers</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Waldemar Ziegler</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[kaːʁl<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvaldəˌmaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈt͡siːɡlɐ]</a></span>; 26 November 1898 – 12 August 1973) was a <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1963, with <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a>, for work on <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>. The Nobel Committee recognized his "excellent work on organometallic compounds [which]...led to new polymerization reactions and ... paved the way for new and highly useful industrial processes".<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also known for his work involving <a href="/wiki/Free-radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-radical">free-radicals</a>, many-membered rings, and <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compounds">organometallic compounds</a>, as well as the development of <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalyst</a>. One of many awards Ziegler received was the <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens_Ring" title="Werner von Siemens Ring">Werner von Siemens Ring</a> in 1960 jointly with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Bayer" title="Otto Bayer">Otto Bayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reppe" title="Walter Reppe">Walter Reppe</a>, for expanding the scientific knowledge of and the technical development of new <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic chemical">synthetic materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karl Ziegler was born on 26 November 1898 in <a href="/wiki/Helsa" title="Helsa">Helsa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Germany and was the second son of Karl Ziegler, a Lutheran minister, and Luise Rall Ziegler.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherby_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended Kassel-Bettenhausen in elementary school. An introductory physics textbook first sparked Ziegler's interest in science. It drove him to perform experiments in his home and to read extensively beyond his high school curriculum. He was also introduced to many notable individuals through his father, including <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Adolf von Behring</a>, recognized for the diphtheria vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisch_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His extra study and experimentation help explain why he received an award for most outstanding student in his final year at high school in Kassel, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisch_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> and was able to omit his first two semesters of study due to his extensive background knowledge. His studies were interrupted however, as during 1918 he was deployed to the front as a soldier to serve in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haenel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haenel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his Ph.D. in 1920, studying under <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Auwers" title="Karl von Auwers">Karl von Auwers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherby_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His dissertation was on "Studies on semibenzole and related compunds" which led to three publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Haenel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haenel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karl Ziegler showed an eagerness for science at an early age. He progressed through schooling quickly receiving a doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> in 1920. Soon after, he briefly lectured at the University of Marburg and the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">University of Frankfurt</a>. </p><p>In 1926 he became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> where he spent the next ten years researching new advances in organic chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He investigated the stability of radicals on trivalent carbons leading him to study organometallic compounds and their application in his research. He also worked on the syntheses of multi-membered ring systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933 Ziegler published his first major work on large ring systems, "Vielgliedrige Ringsysteme" which presented the fundamentals for the Ruggli-Ziegler dilution principle.<sup id="cite_ref-50years_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50years-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung.jpg/200px-Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung.jpg/300px-Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung.jpg/400px-Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Kohlenforschung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Max Planck Institute for Coal Research.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1936 he became Professor and Director of the Chemical Institute (Chemisches Institut) at the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle-Saale</a> and was also a visiting lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziegler, who was a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rderndes_Mitglied_der_SS" title="Förderndes Mitglied der SS">Patron Member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> received the <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a> 2nd Class in October 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1943 until 1969, Ziegler was the Director of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Coal_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Coal Research">Max Planck Institute for Coal Research</a> (Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung) formerly known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fur Kohlenforschung) in Mülheim an der Ruhr as a successor to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Emil_Fischer" title="Franz Joseph Emil Fischer">Franz Fischer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50years_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50years-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karl Ziegler was credited with much of the postwar resurrection of chemical research in Germany and helped found the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker) in 1949. He served as president for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oesper_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oesper-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the president of the German Society for Petroleum Science and Coal Chemistry (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mineralölwissenschaft und Kohlechemie), from 1954 to 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, The Royal Society, London, elected him as a Foreign Member.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922, Ziegler married Maria Kurtz.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children, Erhart and Marianna.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherby_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter, Dr. Marianna Ziegler Witte was a doctor of medicine and married a chief physical of a children's hospital (at that time) in the Ruhr. His son, Dr. Erhart Ziegler, became a physicist and patent attorney. In addition to his children, Karl Ziegler has five grandchildren by his daughter, and five by his son.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one of his grandchildren, Cordula Witte, attended his Nobel Prize reception as there is a picture of the two of them happily dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-Haenel_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haenel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziegler enjoyed traveling around the world with his family, especially on cruises. He even charted special cruises and airplanes for eclipse viewing. It was during a 1972 eclipse-viewing cruise with his grandson that Karl Ziegler became ill. He died a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ziegler and his wife were great lovers of the arts, particularly paintings. Karl and Maria would present each other with paintings for birthdays, Christmases, and anniversaries. They amassed a large collection of paintings, not necessarily of one particular period, but of paintings they enjoyed. Maria, being an avid gardener, particularly enjoyed flower paintings by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Emil Nolde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Heckel" title="Erich Heckel">Erich Heckel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a>. Karl enjoyed pictures of the places that he and his wife called home, including pictures of Halle and the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr valley">Ruhr valley</a>. Forty-two images from their shared collection were incorporated into a foundation, bequeathed to the Mülheim Ziegler Art Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Schule_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schule-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a man of many discoveries, Karl Ziegler was also a man of many patents. As a result of his patent agreement with the Max Planck Institute, Ziegler was a wealthy man. With part of this wealth, he set up the Ziegler Fund with some 40 million deutsche marks to support the institute's research.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another namesake is the Karl-Ziegler-Schule, an urban high school that was founded on 4 December 1974, renaming a previously existing school. The school is located in Mülheim, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Schule_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schule-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karl Ziegler died in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim</a>, Germany on 12 August 1973; his wife died in 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_advancements">Scientific advancements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific advancements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout his life, Ziegler was a zealous advocate for the necessary indivisibility of all kinds of research. Because of this, his scientific achievements range from the fundamental to the most practical, and his research spans a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry. As a young professor, Ziegler posed the question: what factors contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociation</a> of carbon-carbon bonds in substituted <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> derivatives? This question was to lead Ziegler on to a study of <a href="/wiki/Free_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radicals">free radicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon ring">ring compounds</a>, and, finally, <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization processes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisch_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_radical_compounds">Free radical compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Free radical compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivalentcarbonfreeradicals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Trivalentcarbonfreeradicals.png/400px-Trivalentcarbonfreeradicals.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Trivalentcarbonfreeradicals.png/600px-Trivalentcarbonfreeradicals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Trivalentcarbonfreeradicals.png/800px-Trivalentcarbonfreeradicals.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Example of three tri-valent carbon free radicals. <span style="color:blue">1.</span> 1,2,4,5-tetraphenylallyl. <span style="color:blue">2.</span> pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl. <span style="color:blue">3.</span> triphenylmethyl.</figcaption></figure> <p>While still a doctoral student at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>, Ziegler published his first major article which showed how halochromic (R<sub>3</sub>C<sup>+</sup>Z<sup>−</sup>) salts could be made from carbinols. Previous work had left the impression that halochromic salts or free radicals (R3C•) required R to be <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatic</a>. He was encouraged to try to synthesize similarly substituted free radicals, and successfully prepared 1,2,4,5-tetraphenylallyl in 1923 and pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl in 1925. These two compounds were much more stable than previous tri-valent carbon free radicals, such as <a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethyl_radical" title="Triphenylmethyl radical">triphenylmethyl</a>. His interest in the stability of tri-valent carbon free-radical compounds brought him to publish the first of many publications in which he sought to identify the steric and electronic factors responsible for the dissociation of hexa-substituted ethane derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnesen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Many-membered_ring_compounds">Many-membered ring compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Many-membered ring compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziegler's work with many-membered ring compounds also utilized the reactive nature of alkali metal compounds. He used strong bases such as the lithium and sodium salts of amines, to accomplish the cyclization of long-chain <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> possessing terminal cyano groups. The initially formed ring compound was then converted to the desired macrocyclic ketone product. Ziegler's synthetic method, which included running reactions at high dilution to favor the <a href="/wiki/Intramolecular_reaction" title="Intramolecular reaction">intramolecular</a> cyclization over competing intermolecular reactions, resulted in yields superior to those of existing procedures (Laylin): he was able to prepare large-ringed alicyclic ketones, C<sub>14</sub> to C<sub>33</sub>, in yields of 60–80%.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisch_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outstanding instance of this synthesis was the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Muscone" title="Muscone">muscone</a>, the odiferous principle of animal musk by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oesper_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oesper-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziegler and co-workers published the first of their series of papers on the preparation of large ring systems in 1933. For his work in this area and in free-radical chemistry he was awarded the Liebig Memorial Medal in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnesen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_compounds">Organometallic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organometallic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziegler's work with free radicals led him to the organo compounds of the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>. He discovered that ether scission opened a new method of preparing sodium and potassium alkyls,<sup id="cite_ref-Oesper_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oesper-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and found that these compounds could easily be converted to the hexa-substituted ethane derivatives. The nature of the substituent could be easily and systematically altered using this synthetic route by simply changing the identity of the ether starting material.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnesen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithium_alkyls">Lithium alkyls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lithium alkyls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later, in 1930, he directly synthesized lithium alkyls and aryls from metallic lithium and halogenated hydrocarbons via <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93halogen_exchange" title="Metal–halogen exchange">metal–halogen exchange</a>. This convenient synthesis spurred numerous studies of RLi reagents by others, and now <a href="/wiki/Organolithium_reagent" title="Organolithium reagent">organolithium reagents</a> are one of the most versatile and valuable tools of the synthetic organic chemist. Ziegler's own research on lithium alkyls and olefins was to lead directly to his discovery of a new polymerization technique some 20 years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Living_polymerization">Living polymerization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Living polymerization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, he found that when the <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">olefin</a> <a href="/wiki/(E)-Stilbene" title="(E)-Stilbene">stilbene</a> was added to an ethyl ether solution of phenylisopropyl potassium, an abrupt color change from red to yellow took place. He had just observed the first addition of an organoalkali metal compound across a carbon-carbon double bond. Further work showed that he could successively add more and more of the olefinic hydrocarbon <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a> to a solution of phenylisopropyl potassium and obtain a long-chain hydrocarbon with the reactive organopotassium end still intact. <a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">Oligomers</a> such as these were the forerunners of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Living_polymerization" title="Living polymerization">living polymers</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polyethylene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a></div> <p>Since Ziegler was working at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Coal_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Coal Research">Max Planck Institute for Coal Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> was readily available as a byproduct from coal gas. Because of this cheap feedstock of ethylene and the relevance to the coal industry, Ziegler began experimenting with ethylene, and made it a goal to synthesize polyethylene of high molecular weight. His attempts were thwarted because a competing elimination reaction kept occurring causing an anomalous result: instead of ethylene being converted into a mixture of higher aluminum alkyls, its dimer, <a href="/wiki/1-Butene" title="1-Butene">1-butene</a>, was almost the only product. It was reasoned that a contaminant must have been present to cause this unexpected elimination reaction,<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnesen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cause was eventually determined to be traces of nickel salts. Ziegler realized the significance of this finding; if a nickel salt could have such a dramatic influence on the course of an ethylene-aluminum alkyl reaction, then perhaps another metal might delay the <a href="/wiki/Elimination_reaction" title="Elimination reaction">elimination reaction</a>. Ziegler and his student H. Breil found that salts of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> did not promote the R2AlH-elimination but, instead, enormously accelerated the "growth" reaction. Simply passing ethylene, at atmospheric pressure, into a catalytic amount of TiCl3 and Et2AlCl dissolved in a higher alkane led to the prompt deposition of polyethylene. Ziegler was able to obtain <a href="/wiki/High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">high molecular weight polyethylene</a> (MW > 30,000) and, most importantly, to do so at low ethylene pressures. The Ziegler group suddenly had a polymerization procedure for ethylene superior to all existing processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ziegler–Natta_catalyst"><span id="Ziegler.E2.80.93Natta_catalyst"></span>Ziegler–Natta catalyst</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ziegler–Natta catalyst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalyst</a></div> <p>In 1952, Ziegler disclosed his <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Montecatini_(company)" title="Montecatini (company)">Montecatini Company</a> in Italy, for which <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a> was acting as a consultant. Natta denoted this class of catalysts as "Ziegler catalysts" and became extremely interested in their ability and potential to stereoregularly polymerize α-olefins such as propene.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnesen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziegler, meanwhile concentrated mainly on the large-scale production of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> and copolymers of <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a>. Soon the scientific community was informed of his discovery. Highly <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> and stereoregular polymers that previously could not be prepared became synthetically feasible. For their work on the controlled polymerization of hydrocarbons through the use of these novel organometallic catalysts, Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDCh-Gedenktafel_Karl_Ziegler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GDCh-Gedenktafel_Karl_Ziegler.jpg/170px-GDCh-Gedenktafel_Karl_Ziegler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GDCh-Gedenktafel_Karl_Ziegler.jpg/255px-GDCh-Gedenktafel_Karl_Ziegler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GDCh-Gedenktafel_Karl_Ziegler.jpg/340px-GDCh-Gedenktafel_Karl_Ziegler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>Memorial tablet of the GDCh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Karl Ziegler received many awards and honors. The following highlights some of the most significant awards: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liebig_Medal" title="Liebig Medal">Liebig-Denkmünze medal</a> (1935); This medal was awarded by the present day German Chemical Society and is given to a German chemist for their outstanding accomplishments and creativity. Ziegler received the award because of his work in the synthesis of multi-membered ring systems and stable tri-valent carbon radicals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a>, 2nd class (19 October 1940)</li> <li>Carl Duisberg Plakette (1953); This award is given for outstanding service to the promotion of chemistry from the German Chemical Society.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavoisier_Medal" title="Lavoisier Medal">Lavoisier Medal</a> (1955); This award is given by the French Chemical Society to scientists in various disciplines of chemistry.</li> <li>Carl Engler Medal (1958); This award is given by the German Society of Petroleum Science and Coal Chemicals, of which he was the president in earlier years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens_Ring" title="Werner von Siemens Ring">Werner von Siemens Ring</a> (1960); This ring is awarded by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_von_Siemens_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner von Siemens Foundation (page does not exist)">Werner von Siemens Foundation</a> and is considered the highest German award for individuals who by their performance and skills opened up new technological paths.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1963); "[His] excellent work on organometallic compounds has unexpectedly led to new polymerization reactions and thus paved the way for new and highly useful industrial processes."<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swinburne_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swinburne Medal (page does not exist)">Swinburne Medal</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastics_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastics Institute (page does not exist)">Plastics Institute</a>, London (1964); This award recognizes an individual who has made a significant advancement to the science, engineering or technology of plastics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Grand Merit Cross with Star and Sash</a> (<i>Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband</i>) of the Federal Republic of Germany (1964)</li> <li>International Synthetic Rubber Medal of Rubber and Plastics Age (1967)</li> <li>Grand <a href="/wiki/Federal_Cross_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Cross of Merit">Federal Cross of Merit</a> (Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany)(1969); Ziegler was given this award for his work in the area of Science and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Pour le Mérite for Arts and Sciences">Pour le Mérite for Arts and Sciences</a> (formerly Peace Class) (1969)</li> <li>Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (1971) <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a> (1971).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Memorial tablet of the <a href="/wiki/German_Chemical_Society" title="German Chemical Society">German Chemical Society</a> under the Historic Landmarks of Chemistry program (<i>Historische Stätten der Chemie</i>) at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Coal_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Coal Research">Max Planck Institute for Coal Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim_an_der_Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mülheim an der Ruhr">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a> (2008)</li> <li>Honorary doctorates from the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Hannover">Technical University of Hannover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giessen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Giessen University">Giessen University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_Technical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadt Technical University">Darmstadt Technical University</a></li> <li>The <i>Karl-Ziegler-Schule</i> in Mülheim was named after Ziegler</li> <li>The Karl Ziegler Foundation is located at the German Chemical Society and gives the Science Award, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ziegler Prize (page does not exist)">Karl Ziegler Prize</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Ziegler-Preis" class="extiw" title="de:Karl-Ziegler-Preis">de</a>]</span> (worth 50,000 euros)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienone%E2%80%93phenol_rearrangement" title="Dienone–phenol rearrangement">Dienone–phenol rearrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Elsevier-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1963–1970</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lectures%2C+Chemistry+1963%E2%80%931970&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBawn1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bawn, C. E. H. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1975.0019">"Karl Ziegler 26 November 1898 -- 11 August 1973"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">569–</span>584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1975.0019">10.1098/rsbm.1975.0019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/769696">769696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Karl+Ziegler+26+November+1898+--+11+August+1973&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E569-%3C%2Fspan%3E584&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1975.0019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bawn&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1975.0019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherby-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherby_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherby_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherby_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherby2002" class="citation book cs1">Sherby, Louise (2002). <i>The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners 1901–2000</i> (Fourth ed.). Westport, CT: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57356-414-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57356-414-1"><bdi>1-57356-414-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Who%27s+Who+of+Nobel+Prize+Winners+1901%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57356-414-1&rft.aulast=Sherby&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisch-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisch_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisch_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisch_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisch_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisch1983" class="citation journal cs1">Eisch, John J. (1983). "Karl Ziegler: Master Advocate for the Unity of Pure and Applied Research". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>60</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1009–</span>1014. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JChEd..60.1009E">1983JChEd..60.1009E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed060p1009">10.1021/ed060p1009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Karl+Ziegler%3A+Master+Advocate+for+the+Unity+of+Pure+and+Applied+Research&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1009-%3C%2Fspan%3E1014&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed060p1009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983JChEd..60.1009E&rft.aulast=Eisch&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haenel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haenel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haenel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haenel_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaenel2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haenel, Matthias (8 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analyticjournal.de/ak_pat_historie/ziegler_gdch/ziegler_broschuere_gdch.pdf">"Historical Sites of Chemistry: Karl Ziegler"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Booklet</i> (in German). Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Booklet&rft.atitle=Historical+Sites+of+Chemistry%3A+Karl+Ziegler&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.aulast=Haenel&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.analyticjournal.de%2Fak_pat_historie%2Fziegler_gdch%2Fziegler_broschuere_gdch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657091/Karl-Ziegler">"Karl Ziegler"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Ziegler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F657091%2FKarl-Ziegler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/228">Karl Ziegler</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76624#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>, accessed 1 May 2020 including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1963 <i>Consequences and Development of an Invention</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50years-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-50years_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-50years_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuenther_Wilke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Guenther Wilke (2003). "Fifty Years of Ziegler Catalysts: Consequences and Development of an Invention". <i>Angewandte Chemie</i>. <b>42</b> (41): <span class="nowrap">5000–</span>5008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200330056">10.1002/anie.200330056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14595621">14595621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Ziegler+Catalysts%3A+Consequences+and+Development+of+an+Invention&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5000-%3C%2Fspan%3E5008&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200330056&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14595621&rft.au=Guenther+Wilke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Klee" title="Ernst Klee">Ernst Klee</a>: <i>Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945</i>. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Second extended edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16048-8">978-3-596-16048-8</a>, p. 694 citing Henrik Eberle: <i>Die Martin-Luther-Universität [Halle] in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945</i>, Halle 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhard vom Brocke, Hubert Laitko (editors): <i>Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft und ihre Institute. Das Harnack-Prinzip</i>. de Gruyter, Berlin 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-015483-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-015483-8">3-11-015483-8</a>, S. 487f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oesper-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oesper_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oesper_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oesper_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOesper1948" class="citation journal cs1">Oesper, Ralph E. (September 1948). "Karl Ziegler". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>25</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">510–</span>511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948JChEd..25..510O">1948JChEd..25..510O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed025p510">10.1021/ed025p510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Karl+Ziegler&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E510-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.date=1948-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed025p510&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948JChEd..25..510O&rft.aulast=Oesper&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schule-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schule_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schule_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karlzieglerschule.de">"Karl Ziegler Schule"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Ziegler+Schule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlzieglerschule.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonnesen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonnesen_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnesen1993" class="citation book cs1">Bonnesen, Peter V. (1993). Laylin K. James (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780841226906"><i>Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901–1992</i></a></span> (3 ed.). Washington, D.D.: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780841226906/page/449">449–455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8412-2690-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8412-2690-3"><bdi>0-8412-2690-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobel+Laureates+in+Chemistry%2C+1901%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.D.&rft.pages=449-455&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8412-2690-3&rft.aulast=Bonnesen&rft.aufirst=Peter+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780841226906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27ziegler%27%29">"Library and Archive Catalogue"</a>. Royal Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+and+Archive+Catalogue&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.royalsociety.org%2FDServe%2Fdserve.exe%3FdsqIni%3DDserve.ini%26dsqApp%3DArchive%26dsqCmd%3DShow.tcl%26dsqDb%3DPersons%26dsqPos%3D0%26dsqSearch%3D%2528Surname%253D%2527ziegler%2527%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Ziegler" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ziegler&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/228">Karl Ziegler</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76624#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1963 <i>Consequences and Development of an Invention</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1963_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1963 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1963 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1963 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1963_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1963 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karl Ziegler</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a> (Greece)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. 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<dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners">1962</a></dd> <dd><b>1963 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners">1964</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1965_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1965 Nobel Prize winners">1965</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners">1967</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1968 Nobel Prize 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119179105">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80007225">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17304538p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17304538p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ziegler, Karl <1898-1973>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UTOV532768">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p255925751">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=119193">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810713074305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007286801105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05323528?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23079335100">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ziegler.k">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/karl-waldemar-ziegler/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119179105.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119179105">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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