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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technical overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logging_in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging_in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Logging in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging_in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Identifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenID_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenID_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>OpenID Foundation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-OpenID_Foundation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle OpenID Foundation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-OpenID_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property_and_contribution_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property_and_contribution_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Intellectual property and contribution agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property_and_contribution_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authentication_bugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authentication_bugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Authentication bugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authentication_bugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_and_trust_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_and_trust_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Privacy and trust issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_and_trust_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authentication_hijacking_in_unsecured_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authentication_hijacking_in_unsecured_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Authentication hijacking in unsecured connection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authentication_hijacking_in_unsecured_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covert_Redirect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covert_Redirect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Covert Redirect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covert_Redirect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenID_versus_pseudo-authentication_using_OAuth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenID_versus_pseudo-authentication_using_OAuth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>OpenID versus pseudo-authentication using OAuth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-OpenID_versus_pseudo-authentication_using_OAuth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle OpenID versus pseudo-authentication using OAuth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-OpenID_versus_pseudo-authentication_using_OAuth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_against_pseudo-authentication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_against_pseudo-authentication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Attack against pseudo-authentication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_against_pseudo-authentication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verifying_the_letter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verifying_the_letter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Verifying the letter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verifying_the_letter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenID_Connect_(OIDC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenID_Connect_(OIDC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>OpenID Connect (OIDC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenID_Connect_(OIDC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="أوبن آي دي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبن آي دي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اوپن‌آی‌دی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپن‌آی‌دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%94" title="오픈아이디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈아이디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="โอเพนไอดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอเพนไอดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="OpenID" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q244371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/OpenID" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Open and decentralized authentication protocol standard</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenID_logo_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OpenID_logo_2.svg/250px-OpenID_logo_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OpenID_logo_2.svg/300px-OpenID_logo_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OpenID_logo_2.svg/400px-OpenID_logo_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>The OpenID logo</figcaption></figure> <p><b>OpenID</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocol</a> promoted by the non-profit <a href="#OpenID_Foundation">OpenID Foundation</a>. It allows users to be authenticated by co-operating sites (known as <a href="/wiki/Relying_party" title="Relying party">relying parties</a>, or RP) using a third-party identity provider (IDP) service, eliminating the need for <a href="/wiki/Webmaster" title="Webmaster">webmasters</a> to provide their own <i>ad hoc</i> login systems, and allowing users to log in to multiple unrelated websites without having to have a separate identity and password for each.<sup id="cite_ref-eeldon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeldon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users create accounts by selecting an OpenID <a href="/wiki/Identity_provider_(SAML)" title="Identity provider (SAML)">identity provider</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eeldon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeldon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then use those accounts to sign on to any website that accepts OpenID authentication. Several large organizations either issue or accept OpenIDs on their websites.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OpenID standard provides a framework for the communication that must take place between the identity provider and the OpenID acceptor (the "<a href="/wiki/Relying_party" title="Relying party">relying party</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extension to the standard (the OpenID Attribute Exchange) facilitates the transfer of user attributes, such as name and gender, from the OpenID identity provider to the relying party (each relying party may request a different set of attributes, depending on its requirements).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OpenID protocol does not rely on a central authority to authenticate a user's identity. Moreover, neither services nor the OpenID standard may mandate a specific means by which to authenticate users, allowing for approaches ranging from the common (such as passwords) to the novel (such as <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a> or biometrics). </p><p>The final version of OpenID is OpenID 2.0, finalized and published in December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>OpenID</i> may also refer to an identifier as specified in the OpenID standard; these identifiers take the form of a unique <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> (URI), and are managed by some "OpenID provider" that handles authentication.<sup id="cite_ref-eeldon_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeldon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of March 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are over 1 billion OpenID-enabled accounts on the Internet (see below) and approximately 1,100,934 sites have integrated OpenID consumer support:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a> (provider name <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_One" title="Ubuntu One">Ubuntu One</a>), <a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (provider name <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_account" title="Microsoft account">Microsoft account</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mixi" title="Mixi">Mixi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (telecommunications)">Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/VeriSign" class="mw-redirect" title="VeriSign">VeriSign</a>, <a href="/wiki/WordPress.com" title="WordPress.com">WordPress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some of those organizations also have their own authentication management. </p><p>Many if not all of the larger organizations require users to provide authentication in the form of an existing email account or mobile phone number in order to sign up for an account (which then can be used as an OpenID identity). There are several smaller entities that accept sign-ups with no extra identity details required. </p><p>Facebook did use OpenID in the past, but moved to <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform#Facebook_Connect" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Connect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blogger also used OpenID, but since May 2018 no longer supports it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_overview">Technical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OpenID is a decentralized authentication protocol that allows users to authenticate with multiple websites using a single set of credentials, eliminating the need for separate usernames and passwords for each website. OpenID authenticates a user with an identity provider (IDP), who then provides the user with a unique identifier (called an OpenID). This identifier can then be used to authenticate the user with any website that supports OpenID. </p><p>When a user visits a website that supports OpenID authentication, the website will redirect the user to their chosen IDP. The IDP will then prompt the user to authenticate themselves (e.g., by entering a username and password). Once the user is authenticated, the IDP will generate an OpenID and send it back to the website. The website can then use this OpenID to authenticate the user without needing to know their actual credentials. </p><p>OpenID is built on top of several existing standards, including HTTP, HTML, and XML. OpenID relies on a number of technologies, including a discovery mechanism that allows websites to find the IDP associated with a particular OpenID, as well as security mechanisms to protect against phishing and other attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the key benefits of OpenID is that it allows users to control their own identity information, rather than relying on individual websites to store and manage their login credentials. This can be particularly important in cases where websites are vulnerable to security breaches or where users are concerned about the privacy of their personal information. </p><p>OpenID has been widely adopted by a number of large websites and service providers, including Google, Yahoo!, and PayPal. The protocol is also used by a number of open source projects and frameworks, including Ruby on Rails and Django. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logging_in">Logging in</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Logging in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end user interacts with a relying party (such as a website) that provides an option to specify an OpenID for the purposes of authentication; an end user typically has previously registered an OpenID (e.g. <code>alice.openid.example.org</code>) with an OpenID provider (e.g. <code>openid.example.org</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-eeldon_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeldon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relying party typically transforms the OpenID into a canonical URL form (e.g. <code>http://alice.openid.example.org/</code>). </p> <ul><li>With OpenID 1.0, the relying party then requests the HTML resource identified by the URL and reads an HTML link tag to discover the OpenID provider's URL (e.g. <code>http://openid.example.org/openid-auth.php</code>). The relying party also discovers whether to use a <i>delegated identity</i> (see below).</li> <li>With OpenID 2.0, the relying party discovers the OpenID provider URL by requesting the <i><a href="/wiki/XRDS" title="XRDS">XRDS</a> document</i> (also called the <i><a href="/wiki/Yadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadis">Yadis</a> document</i>) with the content type <code>application/xrds+xml</code>; this document may be available at the target URL and is always available for a target <a href="/wiki/XRI" class="mw-redirect" title="XRI">XRI</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are two modes in which the relying party may communicate with the OpenID provider: </p> <ul><li><code>checkid_immediate</code>, in which the relying party requests that the OpenID provider not interact with the end user. All communication is relayed through the end user's user-agent without explicitly notifying the end user.</li> <li><code>checkid_setup</code>, in which the end user communicates with the OpenID provider via the same user-agent used to access the relying party.</li></ul> <p>The <code>checkid_immediate</code> mode can fall back to the <code>checkid_setup</code> mode if the operation cannot be automated. </p><p>First, the relying party and the OpenID provider (optionally) establish a <a href="/wiki/Shared_secret" title="Shared secret">shared secret</a>, referenced by an <i>associate handle</i>, which the relying party then stores. If using the <code>checkid_setup</code> mode, the relying party redirects the end user's user-agent to the OpenID provider so the end user can authenticate directly with the OpenID provider. </p><p>The method of authentication may vary, but typically, an OpenID provider prompts the end user for a password or some cryptographic token, and then asks whether the end user trusts the relying party to receive the necessary identity details. </p><p>If the end user declines the OpenID provider's request to trust the relying party, then the user-agent is redirected back to the relying party with a message indicating that authentication was rejected; the relying party in turn refuses to authenticate the end user. </p><p>If the end user accepts the OpenID provider's request to trust the relying party, then the user-agent is redirected back to the relying party along with the end user's credentials. That relying party must then confirm that the credentials really came from the OpenID provider. If the relying party and OpenID provider had previously established a shared secret, then the relying party can validate the identity of the OpenID provider by comparing its copy of the shared secret against the one received along with the end user's credentials; such a relying party is called <i>stateful</i> because it stores the shared secret between sessions. In contrast, a <i>stateless</i> or <i>dumb</i> relying party must make one more background request (<code>check_authentication</code>) to ensure that the data indeed came from the OpenID provider. </p><p>After the OpenID has been verified, authentication is considered successful and the end user is considered logged into the relying party under the identity specified by the given OpenID (e.g. <code>alice.openid.example.org</code>). The relying party typically then stores the end user's OpenID along with the end user's other session information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifiers">Identifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To obtain an OpenID-enabled <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> that can be used to log into OpenID-enabled websites, a user registers an OpenID identifier with an identity provider. Identity providers offer the ability to register a URL (typically a third-level domain, e.g. username.example.com) that will automatically be configured with OpenID authentication service. </p><p>Once they have registered an OpenID, a user can also use an existing URL under their own control (such as a blog or home page) as an alias or "delegated identity". They simply insert the appropriate OpenID tags in the <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or serve a <a href="/wiki/Yadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadis">Yadis</a> document.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with OpenID Authentication 2.0 (and some 1.1 implementations), there are two types of identifiers that can be used with OpenID: URLs and XRIs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XRI" class="mw-redirect" title="XRI">XRIs</a> are a new form of <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">identifier</a> designed specifically for cross-domain digital identity. For example, XRIs come in two forms—<a href="/wiki/I-name" title="I-name">i-names</a> and <a href="/wiki/I-number" title="I-number">i-numbers</a>—that are usually registered simultaneously as <a href="/wiki/Synonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonyms">synonyms</a>. I-names are reassignable (like domain names), while i-numbers are never reassigned. When an XRI i-name is used as an OpenID identifier, it is immediately resolved to the synonymous i-number (the CanonicalID element of the XRDS document). This i-number is the OpenID identifier stored by the relying party. In this way, both the user and the relying party are protected from the end user's OpenID identity ever being taken over by another party as can happen with a URL based on a reassignable DNS name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OpenID_Foundation">OpenID Foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: OpenID Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OpenID Foundation (OIDF) promotes and enhances the OpenID community and technologies. The OIDF is a non-profit international standards development organization of individual developers, government agencies and companies who wish to promote and protect OpenID. The OpenID Foundation was formed in June 2007 and serves as a public trust organization representing an open community of developers, vendors and users. OIDF assists the community by providing needed infrastructure and help in promoting and supporting adoption of OpenID. This includes managing intellectual property and trade marks as well a fostering viral growth and global participation in OpenID. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OpenID Foundation's board of directors has six community board members and eight corporate board members:<sup id="cite_ref-openid.net_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openid.net-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p><b>Community board members</b> </p> <ul><li>Chairman: Nat Sakimura (NAT Consulting LLC)</li> <li>Vice Chairman: Bjorn Hjelm (Verizon)</li> <li>Treasurer: John Bradley (Yubico)</li> <li>Secretary: Mike Jones (Microsoft)</li> <li>Community Representative: George Fletcher (Capital One)</li> <li>Corporate Representative: Ashish Jain (Arkose Labs)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p><b>Corporate board members</b> </p> <ul><li>Cisco – Nancy Cam-Winget</li> <li>Google – Filip Verley</li> <li>KDDI – Kosuke Koiwai</li> <li>NRI Secure – Takehisa Shibata</li> <li>Okta – Vittorio Bertocci</li> <li>Ping Identity – Wesley Dunnington</li> <li>Visa Inc. – Luis DaSilva</li> <li>Yahoo Ad Tech – Arvind Kumar Garg</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters">Chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OIDF is a global organization to promote digital identity and to encourage the further adoption of OpenID, the OIDF has encouraged the creation of member chapters. Member chapters are officially part of the Foundation and work within their own constituency to support the development and adoption of OpenID as a framework for user-centric identity on the internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_and_contribution_agreements">Intellectual property and contribution agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intellectual property and contribution agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OIDF ensures that OpenID specifications are freely implementable therefore the OIDF requires all contributors to sign a contribution agreement. This agreement both grants a copyright license to the Foundation to publish the collective specifications and includes a patent non-assertion agreement. The non-assertion agreement states that the contributor will not sue someone for implementing OpenID specifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OpenID trademark in the United States was assigned to the OpenID Foundation in March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been registered by NetMesh Inc. before the OpenID Foundation was operational.<sup id="cite_ref-rpatent_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpatent-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, as of August 31, 2007, the OpenID trademark is registered to the OpenID Europe Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OpenID logo was designed by Randy "ydnar" Reddig, who in 2005 had expressed plans to transfer the rights to an OpenID organization.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the original announcement of OpenID, the official site has stated:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nobody should own this. Nobody's planning on making any money from this. The goal is to release every part of this under the most liberal licenses possible, so there's no money or licensing or registering required to play. It benefits the community as a whole if something like this exists, and we're all a part of the community.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/VeriSign" class="mw-redirect" title="VeriSign">VeriSign</a> and a number of smaller companies involved in OpenID have issued patent <a href="/wiki/Non-assertion_covenant" title="Non-assertion covenant">non-assertion covenants</a> covering OpenID 1.1 specifications. The covenants state that the companies will not assert any of their patents against OpenID implementations and will revoke their promises from anyone who threatens, or asserts, patents against OpenID implementors.<sup id="cite_ref-sunnonassertion_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunnonassertion-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-versignnonassertion_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versignnonassertion-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authentication_bugs">Authentication bugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Authentication bugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March, 2012, a research paper<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported two generic security issues in OpenID. Both issues allow an attacker to sign in to a victim's relying party accounts. For the first issue, OpenID and Google (an Identity Provider of OpenID) both published security advisories to address it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google's advisory says "An attacker could forge an OpenID request that doesn't ask for the user's email address, and then insert an unsigned email address into the IDPs response. If the attacker relays this response to a website that doesn't notice that this attribute is unsigned, the website may be tricked into logging the attacker in to any local account." The research paper claims that many popular websites have been confirmed vulnerable, including <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Mail">Yahoo! Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartsheet.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartsheet.com">smartsheet.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoho_Corporation" title="Zoho Corporation">Zoho</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manymoon.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manymoon.com (page does not exist)">manymoon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diigo.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Diigo.com">diigo.com</a>. The researchers have notified the affected parties, who have then fixed their vulnerable code. </p><p>For the second issue, the paper called it "Data Type Confusion Logic Flaw", which also allows attackers to sign in to victims' RP accounts. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> were initially confirmed vulnerable. OpenID published a vulnerability report<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the flaw. The report says Google and PayPal have applied fixes, and suggest other OpenID vendors to check their implementations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phishing">Phishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some observers have suggested that OpenID has security weaknesses and may prove vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a malicious relaying party may forward the end user to a bogus identity provider authentication page asking that end user to input their credentials. On completion of this, the malicious party (who in this case also controls the bogus authentication page) could then have access to the end user's account with the identity provider, and then use that end user's OpenID to log into other services. </p><p>In an attempt to combat possible phishing attacks, some OpenID providers mandate that the end user needs to be authenticated with them prior to an attempt to authenticate with the relying party.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relies on the end user knowing the policy of the identity provider. In December 2008, the OpenID Foundation approved version 1.0 of the Provider Authentication Policy Extension (PAPE), which "enables Relying Parties to request that OpenID Providers employ specified authentication policies when authenticating users and for OpenID Providers to inform the Relying Parties which policies were actually used."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_and_trust_issues">Privacy and trust issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Privacy and trust issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other security issues identified with OpenID involve lack of privacy and failure to address the <a href="/wiki/Web_of_trust" title="Web of trust">trust problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this problem is not unique to OpenID and is simply the state of the Internet as commonly used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Identity Provider does, however, get a log of your OpenID logins; they know when you logged into what website, making <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-site tracking">cross-site tracking</a> much easier. A compromised OpenID account is also likely to be a more serious breach of privacy than a compromised account on a single site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authentication_hijacking_in_unsecured_connection">Authentication hijacking in unsecured connection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Authentication hijacking in unsecured connection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another important vulnerability is present in the last step in the authentication scheme when TLS/SSL are not used: the redirect-URL from the identity provider to the relying party. The problem with this redirect is the fact that anyone who can obtain this URL (e.g. by sniffing the wire) can replay it and get logged into the site as the victim user. Some of the identity providers use <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce" title="Cryptographic nonce">nonces</a> (a number used just once) to allow a user to log into the site once and fail all the consecutive attempts. The nonce solution works if the user is the first one to use the URL. However, a fast attacker who is sniffing the wire can obtain the URL and immediately reset a user's TCP connection (as an attacker is sniffing the wire and knows the required TCP sequence numbers) and then execute the replay attack as described above. Thus nonces only protect against passive attackers, but cannot prevent active attackers from executing the replay attack.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of TLS/SSL in the authentication process can significantly reduce this risk. </p><p>This can be restated as: </p> <pre> IF (Both RP1 and RP2 have Bob as a client) AND // a common case (Bob uses the same IDP with both RP1 and RP2) AND // a common case (RP1 does not use VPN/SSL/TLS to secure their connection with the client) // preventable! THEN RP2 could obtain credentials sufficient to impersonate Bob with RP1 END-IF </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covert_Redirect">Covert Redirect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Covert Redirect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 1, 2014, a bug dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Covert_Redirect" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert Redirect">Covert Redirect</a> related to <a href="/wiki/OAuth" title="OAuth">OAuth</a> 2.0 and OpenID" was disclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-CNET_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNET-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Covert_Redirect_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covert_Redirect-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered by mathematics doctoral student Wang Jing at the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a>, Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_Report_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo_Report-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheHackerNews_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHackerNews-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TechXplore_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechXplore-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The announcement of OpenID is: "'Covert Redirect', publicized in May 2014, is an instance of attackers using open redirectors – a well-known threat, with well-known means of prevention. The OpenID Connect protocol mandates strict measures that preclude open redirectors to prevent this vulnerability."<sup id="cite_ref-OpenID_Covert_Redirect_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenID_Covert_Redirect-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The general consensus, so far, is that Covert Redirect is not as bad, but still a threat. Understanding what makes it dangerous requires a basic understanding of Open Redirect, and how it can be exploited."<sup id="cite_ref-ScMagazine_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScMagazine-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A patch was not immediately made available. Ori Eisen, founder, chairman and chief innovation officer at 41st Parameter told Sue Marquette Poremba, "In any distributed system, we are counting of the good nature of the participants to do the right thing. In cases like OAuth and OpenID, the distribution is so vast that it is unreasonable to expect each and every website to patch up in the near future".<sup id="cite_ref-41st_Parameter_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41st_Parameter-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original OpenID authentication protocol was developed in May 2005<sup id="cite_ref-LJ_announcement_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ_announcement-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Fitzpatrick" title="Brad Fitzpatrick">Brad Fitzpatrick</a>, creator of popular community website <a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a>, while working at <a href="/wiki/Six_Apart" title="Six Apart">Six Apart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RedDev_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedDev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially referred to as Yadis (an acronym for "Yet another distributed identity system"),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was named OpenID after the openid.net <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> was given to Six Apart to use for the project.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenID support was soon implemented on <a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a> and fellow LiveJournal <a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">engine</a> community <a href="/wiki/DeadJournal" class="mw-redirect" title="DeadJournal">DeadJournal</a> for blog post comments and quickly gained attention in the digital identity community.<sup id="cite_ref-Danga_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danga-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brad_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brad-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">Web developer</a> <a href="/wiki/JanRain" class="mw-redirect" title="JanRain">JanRain</a> was an early supporter of OpenID, providing OpenID <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">software libraries</a> and expanding its business around OpenID-based services. </p><p>In late June, discussions started between OpenID users and developers from <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a> company NetMesh, leading to collaboration on interoperability between OpenID and NetMesh's similar <a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Identity" title="Light-weight Identity">Light-weight Identity</a> (LID) protocol. The direct result of the collaboration was the <a href="/wiki/Yadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadis">Yadis</a> discovery protocol, adopting the name originally used for OpenID. The new Yadis was announced on October 24, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadis_discovery_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadis_discovery-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a discussion at the 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iiw.idcommons.net">Internet Identity Workshop</a> a few days later, <a href="/wiki/XRI" class="mw-redirect" title="XRI">XRI</a>/<a href="/wiki/I-name" title="I-name">i-names</a> developers joined the Yadis project,<sup id="cite_ref-XRDS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XRDS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing their Extensible Resource Descriptor Sequence (<a href="/wiki/XRDS" title="XRDS">XRDS</a>) format for utilization in the protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December, developers at Sxip Identity began discussions with the OpenID/Yadis community<sup id="cite_ref-Sxip_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sxip-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after announcing a shift in the development of version 2.0 of its Simple Extensible Identity Protocol (SXIP) to URL-based identities like LID and OpenID.<sup id="cite_ref-SXIP_2.0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SXIP_2.0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2006, JanRain developed a Simple Registration (SREG) extension for OpenID enabling primitive profile-exchange<sup id="cite_ref-SReg_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SReg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in April submitted a proposal to formalize extensions to OpenID. The same month, work had also begun on incorporating full <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Resource_Identifier" title="Extensible Resource Identifier">XRI</a> support into OpenID.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around early May, key OpenID developer <a href="/wiki/David_Recordon" title="David Recordon">David Recordon</a> left Six Apart, joining VeriSign to focus more on digital identity and guidance for the OpenID spec.<sup id="cite_ref-Brad_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brad-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early June, the major differences between the SXIP 2.0 and OpenID projects were resolved with the agreement to support multiple personas in OpenID by submission of an identity provider URL rather than a full identity URL. With this, as well as the addition of extensions and XRI support underway, OpenID was evolving into a full-fledged digital identity framework, with Recordon proclaiming "We see OpenID as being an umbrella for the framework that encompasses the layers for identifiers, discovery, authentication and a messaging services layer that sits atop and this entire thing has sort of been dubbed 'OpenID 2.0'.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> " In late July, Sxip began to merge its Digital Identity Exchange (DIX) protocol into OpenID, submitting initial drafts of the OpenID Attribute Exchange (AX) extension in August. Late in 2006, a <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a> opinion piece made the case for OpenID to users, web site operators and entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 31, 2007, <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> announced support for OpenID in its Identity Initiative products and services.<sup id="cite_ref-symantecin_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symantecin-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, on February 6 <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> made a joint announcement with JanRain, Sxip, and VeriSign to collaborate on interoperability between OpenID and Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a> digital identity platform, with particular focus on developing a phishing-resistant authentication solution for OpenID. As part of the collaboration, Microsoft pledged to support OpenID in its future identity server products and JanRain, Sxip, and VeriSign pledged to add support for Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Information_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Card">Information Card</a> profile to their future identity solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-versignin_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versignin-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-February, <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> announced that an experimental OpenID provider service was functional for all AOL and <a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AOL Instant Messenger</a> (AIM) accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-aolin_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aolin-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> began working with the OpenID community, announcing an OpenID program,<sup id="cite_ref-sunin_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunin-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as entering a non-assertion covenant with the OpenID community, pledging not to assert any of its patents against implementations of OpenID.<sup id="cite_ref-sunnonassertion_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunnonassertion-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, OpenID leadership formed the OpenID Foundation, an Oregon-based <a href="/wiki/Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Public-benefit nonprofit corporation">public benefit corporation</a> for managing the OpenID brand and property.<sup id="cite_ref-foundation_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foundation-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, an independent OpenID Europe Foundation was formed in Belgium<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Snorri Giorgetti. By early December, non-assertion agreements were collected by the major contributors to the protocol and the final OpenID Authentication 2.0 and OpenID Attribute Exchange 1.0 specifications were ratified on December 5.<sup id="cite_ref-specs_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specs-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-January 2008, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> announced initial OpenID 2.0 support, both as a provider and as a relying party, releasing the provider service by the end of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early February, Google, IBM, Microsoft, VeriSign and Yahoo! joined the OpenID Foundation as corporate board members.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around early May, <a href="/wiki/SourceForge,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="SourceForge, Inc.">SourceForge, Inc.</a> introduced OpenID provider and relying party support to leading open source software development website <a href="/wiki/SourceForge.net" class="mw-redirect" title="SourceForge.net">SourceForge.net</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late July, popular <a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">social network service</a> <a href="/wiki/MySpace" class="mw-redirect" title="MySpace">MySpace</a> announced support for OpenID as a provider.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late October, Google launched support as an OpenID provider and Microsoft announced that <a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_ID" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Live ID">Windows Live ID</a> would support OpenID.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, JanRain announced a free hosted service, RPX Basic, that allows websites to begin accepting OpenIDs for registration and login without having to install, integrate and configure the OpenID open source libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009, PayPal joined the OpenID Foundation as a corporate member, followed shortly by Facebook in February. The OpenID Foundation formed an executive committee and appointed Don Thibeau as executive director. In March, MySpace launched their previously announced OpenID provider service, enabling all MySpace users to use their MySpace URL as an OpenID. In May, Facebook launched their relying party functionality,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> letting users use an automatic login-enabled OpenID account (e.g. Google) to log into Facebook.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013, <a href="/wiki/Janrain" title="Janrain">Janrain</a> announced that MyOpenID.com would be shut down on February 1, 2014; a pie chart showed Facebook and Google dominate the social login space as of Q2 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-thenextweb_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenextweb-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facebook has since left OpenID; it is no longer a sponsor, represented on the board, or permitting OpenID logins.<sup id="cite_ref-openid.net_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openid.net-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, Symantec announced that they would be discontinuing their pip.verisignlabs.com OpenID personal identity portal service.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, Stack Overflow announced an end to OpenID support, citing insufficient usage to justify the cost. In the announcement, it was stated that based on activity, users strongly preferred Facebook, Google, and e-mail/password based account authentication.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OpenID_versus_pseudo-authentication_using_OAuth">OpenID versus pseudo-authentication using OAuth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: OpenID versus pseudo-authentication using OAuth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OpenID is a way to use a single set of user credentials to access multiple sites, while <a href="/wiki/OAuth" title="OAuth">OAuth</a> facilitates the authorization of one site to access and use information related to the user's account on another site. Although OAuth is not an <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> protocol, it can be used as part of one. </p> <blockquote> <p>Authentication in the context of a user accessing an application tells an application who the current user is and whether or not they're present. [...] Authentication is all about the user and their presence with the application, and an internet-scale authentication protocol needs to be able to do this across network and security boundaries. </p><p>However, OAuth tells the application none of that. OAuth says absolutely nothing about the user, nor does it say how the user proved their presence or even if they're still there. As far as an OAuth client is concerned, it asked for a token, got a token, and eventually used that token to access some API. It doesn't know anything about who authorized the application or if there was even a user there at all. In fact, much of the point of OAuth is about giving this delegated access for use in situations where the user is not present on the connection between the client and the resource being accessed. This is great for client authorization, but it's really bad for authentication where the whole point is figuring out if the user is there or not (and who they are).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The following drawing highlights the differences between using OpenID versus <a href="/wiki/OAuth" title="OAuth">OAuth</a> for authentication. Note that with OpenID, the process starts with the application asking the user for their identity (typically an OpenID URI), whereas in the case of OAuth, the application directly requests a limited access OAuth Token (valet key) to access the APIs (enter the house) on user's behalf. If the user can grant that access, the application can retrieve the unique identifier for establishing the profile (identity) using the APIs. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenIDvs.Pseudo-AuthenticationusingOAuth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="OpenID vs. Pseudo-Authentication using OAuth"><img alt="OpenID vs. Pseudo-Authentication using OAuth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/OpenIDvs.Pseudo-AuthenticationusingOAuth.svg/512px-OpenIDvs.Pseudo-AuthenticationusingOAuth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/OpenIDvs.Pseudo-AuthenticationusingOAuth.svg/768px-OpenIDvs.Pseudo-AuthenticationusingOAuth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/OpenIDvs.Pseudo-AuthenticationusingOAuth.svg/1024px-OpenIDvs.Pseudo-AuthenticationusingOAuth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_against_pseudo-authentication">Attack against pseudo-authentication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Attack against pseudo-authentication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OpenID provides a cryptographic verification mechanism that prevents the attack below against users who misuse OAuth for authentication. </p><p>Note that the valet key does not describe the user in any way, it only provides limited access rights, to some house (which is not even necessarily the user's, they just had a key). Therefore if the key becomes compromised (the user is malicious and managed to steal the key to someone else's house), then the user can impersonate the house owner to the application who requested their authenticity. If the key is compromised by any point in the chain of trust, a malicious user may intercept it and use it to impersonate user X for any application relying on OAuth2 for pseudo authentication against the same OAuth authorization server. Conversely, the notarized letter contains the user's signature, which can be checked by the requesting application against the user, so this attack is not viable. <sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verifying_the_letter">Verifying the letter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Verifying the letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letter can use <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a> to be authenticated. </p> <ul><li>The requesting application provides its encryption public key to the user, which provides it to the authentication server.</li> <li>The authentication server encrypts a document containing an encryption key which corresponds to a one-way hash of a secret the user knows (e.g. passphrase) for <a href="/wiki/Challenge%E2%80%93response" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenge–response">challenge–response</a> using the application's public key.</li> <li>The user passes the encrypted document back to the application, which decrypts it.</li> <li>The application encrypts a random phrase using the received encryption key, and asks that the user do the same, then compares the results, if they match, the user is authentic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OpenID_Connect_(OIDC)"><span id="OpenID_Connect_.28OIDC.29"></span>OpenID Connect (OIDC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: OpenID Connect (OIDC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published in February 2014<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the OpenID Foundation, OpenID Connect (OIDC) is the third generation of OpenID technology. It is an authentication layer on top of the <a href="/wiki/OAuth#OAuth_2.0" title="OAuth">OAuth 2.0</a> authorization framework.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It allows computing clients to verify the identity of an end user based on the authentication performed by an authorization server, as well as to obtain the basic profile information about the end user in an interoperable and REST-like manner. In technical terms, OpenID Connect specifies a RESTful HTTP API, using <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> as a data format. </p><p>OpenID Connect allows a range of parties, including web-based, mobile and JavaScript clients, to request and receive information about authenticated sessions and end users. The OpenID Connect specification is extensible, supporting optional features such as encryption of identity data, discovery of OpenID providers, and session management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorization" title="Authorization">Authorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAthens" title="OpenAthens">OpenAthens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Persona" title="Mozilla Persona">Mozilla Persona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Authentication_Service" title="Central Authentication Service">Central Authentication Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_card" title="Information card">Information card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Alliance" title="Liberty Alliance">Liberty Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Identity" title="Light-weight Identity">Light-weight Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Assertion_Markup_Language" title="Security Assertion Markup Language">Security Assertion Markup Language</a> (SAML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibboleth_(software)" title="Shibboleth (software)">Shibboleth (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_sign-on" title="Single sign-on">Single sign-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQRL" title="SQRL">SQRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebFinger" title="WebFinger">WebFinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebID" title="WebID">WebID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-Federation" title="WS-Federation">WS-Federation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenID&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eeldon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eeldon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eeldon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eeldon_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Security+Stack+Exchange&rft.atitle=Why+is+it+a+bad+idea+to+use+plain+oauth2+for+authentication%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecurity.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F133065%2Fwhy-is-it-a-bad-idea-to-use-plain-oauth2-for-authentication%2F134280%23134280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenID" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0-final.html#Notices">"Final OpenID Connect Core 1.0 - Appendix C. Notices"</a>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+OpenID+Connect+Core+1.0+-+Appendix+C.+Notices&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenid.net%2Fspecs%2Fopenid-connect-core-1_0-final.html%23Notices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenID" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openid.net/connect/faq/">"OpenID Connect FAQ and Q&As"</a>. 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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