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<span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tiruppavai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiruppavai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tiruppavai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiruppavai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nachiyar_Tirumoli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nachiyar_Tirumoli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nachiyar Tirumoli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nachiyar_Tirumoli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Southern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Southern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance in Southern India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Southern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Poetry and Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poetry_and_Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Poetry and Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhakti_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bhakti poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Feminist interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amuktamalyada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amuktamalyada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Amuktamalyada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amuktamalyada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mangalasasanam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangalasasanam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mangalasasanam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangalasasanam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="আণ্ডাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আণ্ডাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal" title="Andal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal" title="Andal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Andal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal" title="Andal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Andal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="आण्डाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आण्डाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81%E1%B8%B7" title="Āṇṭāḷ – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Āṇṭāḷ" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಡಾಳ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಡಾಳ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="ആണ്ടാൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആണ്ടാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3" title="आंडाळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंडाळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80n%E1%B8%8D%C4%81%E1%B8%B7" title="Ānḍāḷ – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ānḍāḷ" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯑꯥꯟꯗꯥꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯟꯗꯥꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीगोदाम्बा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="श्रीगोदाम्बा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਆਂਡਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਂਡਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal" title="Andal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Andal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal" title="Andal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Андаль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D" title="आण्डाळ् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आण्डाळ्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal" title="Andal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆண்டாள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆண்டாள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="గోదాదేవి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గోదాదేవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="พระแม่อันทาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระแม่อันทาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Andal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Andal (disambiguation)">Andal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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class="fn">Andal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Andal-painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Andal-painting.jpg/250px-Andal-painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Andal-painting.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="403" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A painting of Andal</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">A painting of Andal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color:black;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Godhai</div><br />Adi Puram, 785 CE (22 July, 785 CE)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a>, 8th century CE</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Rangamannar (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a> (foster-father)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color:black;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color:black;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/250px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/500px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kantha_Krishnamacharyulu" title="Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu">Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Bhadrachala Ramadasu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Andal</b> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>: Āṇḍāḷ), also known as <b>Godhai</b>, <b>Nachiyar</b>, and <b>Godha Devi</b>, is the only female <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Orthodoxy posits the number of Alvars as ten, though there are other references that include Andal and <a href="/wiki/Madhurakavi_Alvar" title="Madhurakavi Alvar">Madhurakavi Alvar</a>, making the number twelve.)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatara</a> of the earth goddess <a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a>, a consort of the preserver god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the other Alvars, she was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnava</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. She was raised by <a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a>, where she grew up as an ardent devotee of Vishnu as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active in the 8th-century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-bryant188_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryant188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chari1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chari1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andal is credited with two great <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> works, <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppavai" title="Tiruppavai">Tiruppavai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Tirumoli" title="Nachiyar Tirumoli">Nachiyar Tirumoli</a></i>, which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margali. Andal is a prominent figure for women in South India and has inspired several women's groups such as Goda Mandali.<sup id="cite_ref-Pintchman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Krishna_with_his_head_on_the_lap_of_the_Alvar_saint,_Andal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lord_Krishna_with_his_head_on_the_lap_of_the_Alvar_saint%2C_Andal.JPG/330px-Lord_Krishna_with_his_head_on_the_lap_of_the_Alvar_saint%2C_Andal.JPG" decoding="async" width="325" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lord_Krishna_with_his_head_on_the_lap_of_the_Alvar_saint%2C_Andal.JPG/500px-Lord_Krishna_with_his_head_on_the_lap_of_the_Alvar_saint%2C_Andal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lord_Krishna_with_his_head_on_the_lap_of_the_Alvar_saint%2C_Andal.JPG/960px-Lord_Krishna_with_his_head_on_the_lap_of_the_Alvar_saint%2C_Andal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Rangamannar with his head on the laps of Andal</figcaption></figure> <p>According to literary and religious tradition, <a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a>, originally called Vishnuchithan, was an ardent devotee of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and he used to string <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garlands</a> to Vishnu every day. He was childless and he prayed to Vishnu to save him from the longing for a child. One day, he found a girl under a <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a> plant in the <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_Temple" title="Srivilliputhur Andal Temple">Srivilliputhur Andal Temple</a>. This child is an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> herself. He named the child as Gothai, who grew up as a devotee of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatara</a> of Vishnu. She is believed to have worn the garland before dedicating it to the presiding god of the temple. Periyalvar, who later found it, was highly upset and remonstrated her. Vishnu appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate only the garland worn by Andal to him because when the new garland was put on Vishnu's idol, it fell down but when the garland was worn by Andal, Vishnu turned into gold. The girl Godhai was thus named Andal and was referred to as "Chudikodutha Sudarkodi", meaning the woman who wore and gave her garland to Vishnu. Periyalvar took Andal to the <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Ranganathaswamy Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a> where Andal was reunited with Vishnu as his bride. The practice is followed during modern times when the garland of Andal from <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_Temple" title="Srivilliputhur Andal Temple">Srivilliputhur Andal Temple</a> is sent to <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple,_Tirumala" title="Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala">Venkateshvara Temple, Tirumala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmavati_Temple" title="Padmavati Temple">Padmavati Temple</a> on Garudotsavam during the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil month</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Purattaasi</a></i> (September – October) and <a href="/wiki/Kallalagar_Temple" title="Kallalagar Temple">Kallalagar Sundaravalli Koyil</a> during <a href="/wiki/Chitra_Pournami_(festival)" title="Chitra Pournami (festival)">Chitra Pournami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andal is also called as Nachiyar or Andal Nachiyar. </p><p>Godhai was brought up by Periyalvar in an atmosphere of love and devotion. As she grew into a beautiful maiden, her fervor for Vishnu grew to the extent that she decided to marry only Vishnu himself. As time passed, her resolve strengthened and she thought constantly about marrying <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Ranganatha</a> (the reclining form of Vishnu on <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirapalli</a>. It was at Srirangam where Vishnu as <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Ranganatha</a> as Rangamannar married Lakshmi as Bhumi as Andal. Andal is credited with two great <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> works, <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppavai" title="Tiruppavai">Tiruppavai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Tirumoli" title="Nachiyar Tirumoli">Nachiyar Tirumoli</a>,</i> which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margali<i>.</i> </p><p>In Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, Andal is remembered for her pure love and devotion. In the Tiruppavai, Andal, as a <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopi</a> in Ayarpadi (<a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavana</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasizes that the ultimate goal of life is to seek surrender and refuge at Vishnu's feet. <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Ranganatha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a> married <a href="/wiki/Ranganayaki" title="Ranganayaki">Ranganayaki</a> as Andal, both of whom miraculously went to <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>, the highest heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-A_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her birthday is celebrated as Adi Puram during the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Adi</a> month and her wedding day and subsequent ascension is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Panguni</a> month. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andal's hairstyle and ornamentation are unique to ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil culture</a>. The tuft of the hair is bunned to the side and adorned with <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a> flowers and elaborate jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Srivilliputhur Andal's hand-crafted parrot is made with fresh green leaves each and every day. This parrot is kept in the left hand of Andal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> flower for beak and mouth, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> sticks for legs, a <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> fruit for the body, petals of pink <a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="Nerium">oleander</a> flowers for feathers, a <a href="/wiki/Tabernaemontana_divaricata" title="Tabernaemontana divaricata">pinwheelflower</a> for the head are used to prepare this parrot.<sup id="cite_ref-thehindu.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andal composed two literary works, both of which are in the rich Tamil verse form and express literary, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiruppavai">Tiruppavai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tiruppavai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her first work is the <a href="/wiki/Tiruppavai" title="Tiruppavai">Tiruppavai</a>, a collection of 30 verses in which Andal imagines herself to be a <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopi</a>, one of the cowherd girls known for their unconditional devotion to Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna. In Tiruppavai, Andal idolized <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> as the ideal gopi and also invoked the gopis of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, who is accorded the status of the supreme consort of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these verses, she describes the yearning to serve Vishnu and achieve happiness not just in one lifetime, but for all eternity. She also describes the religious vows (pavai) that she and her fellow cowherd girls will observe for this purpose. It is said that Tiruppavai is the nectar of Vedas and teaches philosophical values, moral values, ethical values, pure love, devotion, dedication, single-minded aim, virtues, and the ultimate goal of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Andal_Tiruppavai_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andal_Tiruppavai-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andal_Kalyanam_Harikatha_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andal_Kalyanam_Harikatha-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andal extols Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna thus in this text:<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My dear girls! You all know Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna, who was born in Mathura and who plays in the large waters of the river Yamuna, who shines like a pure lamp among the cowherd folk, the Damodara who brought name and fame to His foster-mother Yashoda! We shall approach Him in all purity, We shall strew pure and choice flowers at His feet and worship Him. We shall sing about Him and we shall unceasingly think of him: and thereby shall our sins, those already did and those we will do in the future, all of them will burn like cotton in fire.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Andal, <a href="/wiki/Tiruppavai" title="Tiruppavai">Tiruppavai</a>, Pasuram 5</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nachiyar_Tirumoli">Nachiyar Tirumoli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nachiyar Tirumoli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second work by Andal is the <a href="/wiki/Nachiyar_Tirumoli" title="Nachiyar Tirumoli">Nachiyar Tirumoli</a>, a poem of 140 verses. "Tirumoli" literally means "Sacred Sayings" in a Tamil poetic style and "Nachiyar" means Goddess. Therefore, the title means "Sacred Sayings of the Goddess." This poem fully reveals Andal's intense longing for Vishnu, her lover. Utilising classical Tamil poetic conventions and interspersing stories from the Vedas and Puranas, Andal creates imagery that is possibly unparalleled in the whole gamut of Indian religious literature. </p><p>In <i>Nachiyar Tirumoli</i>, Andal wants to marry Vishnu and she marries him as Rangamannar and says she would offer Vishnu 1000 pots of akkaravadisal when he marries her, which was later fulfilled by <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> in the 12th century CE. </p><p>Nevertheless, conservative Vaishnava institutions do not encourage the propagation of Nachiyar Tirumoli as much as they encourage Tiruppavai because Nachiyar Tirumoli belongs to an erotic genre of spirituality that is similar to <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shivshankar_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shivshankar-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leela_V_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leela_V-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOIBlog_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOIBlog-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Southern_India">Significance in Southern India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Significance in Southern India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ranganayaki_temple,_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex,_Belur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Ranganayaki_temple%2C_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex%2C_Belur.jpg/260px-The_Ranganayaki_temple%2C_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex%2C_Belur.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Ranganayaki_temple%2C_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex%2C_Belur.jpg/390px-The_Ranganayaki_temple%2C_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex%2C_Belur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Ranganayaki_temple%2C_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex%2C_Belur.jpg/520px-The_Ranganayaki_temple%2C_a_minor_shrine_in_the_Chennakeshava_temple_complex%2C_Belur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Andal Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Kingdom" title="Hoysala Kingdom">Hoysala</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakeshava Temple, Belur</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Andal is one of the reputed poet-saints of the Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pious tradition holds her to be the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> goddess) to show humanity the way to Vishnu's lotus feet. In South India, representations of her next to Vishnu are present in Vaishnava temples, many temples also have a separate shrine for Andal. During the month of <i>Margali</i>, discourses on the Tiruppavai in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi take place all over India.<sup id="cite_ref-Āndāl,_Saint_Goda_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Āndāl,_Saint_Goda-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_Temple" title="Srivilliputhur Andal Temple">Srivilliputhur Andal Temple</a> at Srivilliputhur consists of twin temples, one of which is to Andal and another temple to Rangamannar. There are a number of festivals dedicated to Andal, among the most notable being the Pavai Nonbu in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil month</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Margaḻi</a></i> (December – January), Andal Rangamannar Thirukalyanam in <i>Panguni</i>, <i>Pagalpathu</i>, <i>Rapathu</i>, <i>Adi Thiruviḻa</i>, when Andal is depicted seated in the lap of Ranganathar.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, the preserver god. Adopted by her caretaker, Periyalvar, Andal avoided earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. In many places in India, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, Andal is treated more than a saint and a goddess herself and a shrine for Andal is dedicated in several Vishnu temples.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thousands of people from the state of Tamil Nadu participate in the "Adi Puram" festival celebrated in the Srivilliputhur Andal Temple. After early morning special pujas, the presiding deities, Rangamannar and Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car. The festival marks the adoption of presiding goddess, Andal, by Periyalvar after he found her near a Tulsi plant in the garden of Andal Temple at <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a> on the eighth day of the Tamil month of <i>Adi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Srivari_Brahmotsavam" title="Srivari Brahmotsavam">Srivari Brahmotsavam</a>, garlands worn to Andal in Srivilliputhur temple are sent to <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara_Temple,_Tirumala" title="Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala">Venkateshvara Temple, Tirumala</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. These traditional garlands are made of tulasi, <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agave_amica" title="Agave amica">tuberose</a> flowers. These garlands are worn by <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateshvara</a> during the Garudaseva procession.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year, Tirupati Venkateswara's garland is sent to Srivilliputtur Andal for marriage festival of Andal.<sup id="cite_ref-sri_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sri-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andal garland is also sent to Madurai <a href="/wiki/Kallalagar_Temple" title="Kallalagar Temple">Kallalagar Sundaravalli Temple</a> for the Chithirai Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-sri_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sri-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In poetry, 8th-century CE Andal became a well-known <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> poet, states Pintchman, and historical records suggest that by 12th century CE, she was a major inspiration to Hindu women in South India and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Pintchman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andal continues to inspire hundreds of classical dancers in modern times choreographing and dancing Andal's songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pintchman_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andal is also called Godhai, and her contributions to the arts have created Goda Mandali (circle of Andal) in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Pintchman_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through poetry of saints (such as Andal) women are thought to be able to connect with Vishnu directly and those words are thought to encapsulate their personal emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pintchman_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godha Mandali (circle) which was named after Andal was formed in 1970 and reorganized in 1982, spreads Andal songs widely through TV and radio programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pintchman_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group would gather weekly to learn songs and would sing at events such as festivals where they would raise money for shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Pintchman_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry_and_Literature">Poetry and Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poetry and Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NarayanaTirumala5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NarayanaTirumala5.JPG/220px-NarayanaTirumala5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NarayanaTirumala5.JPG/330px-NarayanaTirumala5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NarayanaTirumala5.JPG/440px-NarayanaTirumala5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Andal sculpture in Narayana Tirumala Temple, <a href="/wiki/Srikakulam" title="Srikakulam">Srikakulam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_poetry">Bhakti poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bhakti poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary commentaries on Tamil <i>bhakti</i> poetry, <a href="/wiki/A._K._Ramanujan" title="A. K. Ramanujan">A. K. Ramanujan</a>'s work remarks on how many other religious traditions would keep and treat passionate love and devotion to Vishnu as separate, while in the <i>bhakti</i> tradition, they can be in resonance with one another: </p><p>"All devotional poetry plays on the tension between saguna and nirguna, Vishnu as person and Vishnu as principle. If he were entirely a person, he would not be divine, and if he were entirely a principle, a god, one could not make poems about him. The Vaishnavas, too, say that Vishnu is characterized by both 'paratva, 'otherness' and soulabhaya, 'ease of access'; he is both here and beyond, both tangible as a person and intangible as a principle-such is the nature of the ground of all being. It is not or, but both and; myth, bhakti, poetry would be impossible without the presence of both attitudes".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_interpretations">Feminist interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feminist interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several contemporary interpretations view her act of marrying Vishnu as feminist.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divine marriages and virginity allowed women's subjectivity, as she is able to choose her husband, and given an "aristocratic freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that by devoting herself to Vishnu and rejecting to marry humans, she avoided the regular works involved with being a wife that would inhibit her freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aandaal_alangaram1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aandaal_alangaram1.jpg/220px-Aandaal_alangaram1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aandaal_alangaram1.jpg/330px-Aandaal_alangaram1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aandaal_alangaram1.jpg/440px-Aandaal_alangaram1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Andal's idol covered in ornaments and garlands</figcaption></figure> <p>In one of her poems, Andal says that her voluptuous breasts will swell for Vishnu alone, and hates the idea of marrying people, comparing that with the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajnas</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmanas</a> being attempted to be violated by jackals and driven away and completed in the forests,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghai_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghai-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in another verse she dedicates her swelling breasts to Vishnu who carries a conch and a discus.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarty_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarty-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist interpretations look at some of Andal's verses as her open acknowledgement of her love for Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger, inquiry as widely found in Tamil Sangam literature that express women's longings and their separation from their men which ends in their union; even today, her most desirous poems are rarely rendered publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajarajan_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajarajan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one such verse Andal dispenses with metaphor and imagines herself lying in the arms of Vishnu, making love to him:<sup id="cite_ref-Lakshmi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakshmi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>My life will be spared, Only if he will come, To stay for me for one night, If he will enter me, So as to leave, The imprint of his saffron paste, Upon my breasts, Mixing, churning, maddening me inside, Gathering my swollen ripeness, Spilling nectar, As my body and blood, Bursts into flower! </p> </div><p> William Dalrymple- In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarty_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarty-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quoted from <i>Feminism and world religions</i> by Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young: "What Andal and other women poets did by living the way they did was to negotiate a space within a marriage-dominated society and made at least some sections of society make room for them".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andal fulfilled the expectation of becoming a wife by marrying Vishnu, but since her husband is a god, she gained her freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act is referred to as virginal feminism by numerous scholars in patristic and matristic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginity is viewed as giving women the option to avoid childbearing, male domination and live a new life of devotion to deities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amuktamalyada">Amuktamalyada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amuktamalyada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amuktamalyada" title="Amuktamalyada">Amuktamalyada</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> composed the epic poem Amuktamalyada in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, which is considered as a masterpiece. Amuktamalyada translates to <i>one who wears and gives away garlands</i>, and describes the story of Andal, the companion of <a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andal-Telugu_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andal-Telugu-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amuktamalyada describes worries of separation experienced by Andal, who is an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> who marries him ultimately. Further, the poem describes Andal's glory in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin-Telugu_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-Telugu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnadevaraya-Andal_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnadevaraya-Andal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mangalasasanam">Mangalasasanam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mangalasasanam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangalasasanam" title="Mangalasasanam">Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam</a>: Andal has sung in praise of eleven holy sites:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#FFC569"> <th scope="col" align="center">S.No. </th> <th scope="col"><b>Name of the temple</b> </th> <th scope="col"><b>Location</b> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><b>Photo</b> </th> <th scope="col"><b>Number of Pasurams</b> </th> <th scope="col"><b>Presiding deity</b> </th> <th scope="col"><b>Notes/Beliefs</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=10.8625_N_78.689722_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°51′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°41′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.8625°N 78.689722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.8625; 78.689722</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Srirangam14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srirangam14.jpg/250px-Srirangam14.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srirangam14.jpg/330px-Srirangam14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Ranganatha Perumal</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Ranganayaki Thayar</span> </td> <td>Srirangam temple is often listed as one of the largest functioning <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in the world, with the more larger <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> being the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world, which is dedicated to Vishnu and Lakshmi. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m<sup>2</sup>) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest Hindu temple in the Indian subcontinent and one of the largest temples in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of <i>Margali</i> (December – January) attracts 1 million visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a> </td> <td>Heaven </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vishnu, Lord of Vaikuntha"><img alt="Vishnu, Lord of Vaikuntha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/150px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu, Lord of Vaikuntha</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Paramapada Nathan</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Periya Piratti</span> </td> <td>Vaikuntha is the celestial abode of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flood_1996,_p._17_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood_1996,_p._17-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaikuntha is the place of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and other deities. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=13.143_N_79.907_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°08′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°54′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.143°N 79.907°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.143; 79.907</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirumala_090615.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tirumala_090615.jpg/250px-Tirumala_090615.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tirumala_090615.jpg/330px-Tirumala_090615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Venkateshvara Perumal</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Padmavati Thayar</span> </td> <td>Venkateshvara Padmavati Temples is landmark Himdu temple situated in <a href="/wiki/Tirumala" title="Tirumala">Tirumala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiruchanur" title="Tiruchanur">Tiruchanur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor district</a> of Andhra Pradesham, India. The Temple is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmavathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmavathi">Padmavati</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, who are appeared here to flourish people in <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>. Hence the place has also got the name Kaliyuga <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntham" title="Vaikuntham">Vaikuntham</a> and the deities here is referred to as Kaliyuga Prathyaksha Deivangal.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a> <p>(Thiruparkadal) </p> </td> <td>Heaven </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurma,_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kurma"><img alt="Kurma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kurma%2C_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg/130px-Kurma%2C_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kurma%2C_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg/195px-Kurma%2C_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kurma%2C_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg/260px-Kurma%2C_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Kshirabtha Nathan</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Kadalmagal Nachiyar</span> </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a>, Kshira Sagara is on Vaikuntha.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the place in heaven where <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> sit on <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagalakshmi" title="Nagalakshmi">Nagalakshmi</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Mathura</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=27.504748_N_77.669754_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°30′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°40′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.504748°N 77.669754°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.504748; 77.669754</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kurma"><img alt="Kurma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG/130px-Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG/195px-Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG/260px-Mathura_Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>19 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Krishna</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Rukmini</span> </td> <td>The temple in <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, is among the most sacred of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Hindu sites</a>, and is worshipping as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jafri2009_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jafri2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishna and <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> are deities of this temple. According to traditions, the original deities was installed by Vajranabha, who is the great-grandson of Krishna and Rukmini.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand1992_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand1992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dvarakadhisha Kalyana Temple</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=22_14_16.39_N_68_58_3.22_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°14′16.39″N</span> <span class="longitude">68°58′3.22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.2378861°N 68.9675611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.2378861; 68.9675611</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dvaraka Temple"><img alt="Dvaraka Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/250px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg/330px-Dwarkadheesh_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Dvaraka Temple</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Dvarakadisha Perumal</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Kalyana Thayar</span> </td> <td>The temple is dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>, who is worshiped here by the name "Dvarakadhisha" and "Dvarakadhishi", or "King of Dvaraka" and "Queen of Dvaraka". The main shrine of the 5-storied building, supported by 72 pillars, is known as Jagata Mandiram or Nija Mandiram, archaeological findings suggest it is 2,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple was enlarged in the 15th - 16th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kallalagar_Temple" title="Kallalagar Temple">Tirumalirunsolai</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=10.074136_N_78.214356_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°04′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°12′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.074136°N 78.214356°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.074136; 78.214356</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kallazhagar_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple tower"><img alt="Temple tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kallazhagar_%2823%29.jpg/250px-Kallazhagar_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kallazhagar_%2823%29.jpg/330px-Kallazhagar_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Temple tower</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>11 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Kallazhagar Perumal</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Sundaravalli Thayar</span> </td> <td>The temple is constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian style of architecture</a>. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a seven-tiered <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">rajagopuram</a>. The temple is surrounded by a large fort. Kallalagar and Sundaravalli is believed to have appeared sage Suthapavan. The temple follows <a href="/wiki/Thenkalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thenkalai">Thenkalai</a> tradition of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarangapani_Temple" title="Sarangapani Temple">Sarangapani Komalavalli Temple</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=10_57_34_N_79_22_29_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°57′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°22′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.95944°N 79.37472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.95944; 79.37472</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gopuras_in_Kumbakonam_-_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple tower"><img alt="Temple tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gopuras_in_Kumbakonam_-_India.JPG/250px-Gopuras_in_Kumbakonam_-_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gopuras_in_Kumbakonam_-_India.JPG/330px-Gopuras_in_Kumbakonam_-_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Temple tower</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Sarangapani Perumal</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Komalavalli Thayar</span> </td> <td>This temple is along <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Pancharanga_Kshetrams" title="Pancharanga Kshetrams">Pancharanga Kshetrams</a>. The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity with contributions at different times from <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Nayakas</a>. The temple is enshrined within a granite wall and the complex contains all the shrines and the water tanks of the temple. The <i><a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">rajagopuram</a></i> (the main gateway) has eleven tiers and has a height of 173 ft (53 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Pancharanga_Kshetrams_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pancharanga_Kshetrams-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thirukannapuram" title="Thirukannapuram">Tirukannapuram</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=10_52_7_N_79_42_6_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°52′7″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°42′6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.86861°N 79.70167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.86861; 79.70167</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirukannapuram10.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple tower"><img alt="Temple tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tirukannapuram10.JPG/250px-Tirukannapuram10.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tirukannapuram10.JPG/330px-Tirukannapuram10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Temple tower</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Sourirajan Perumal</span> <span class="nowrap"> Sri Kannapuram Thayar</span> </td> <td>The deities wore wigs (<i>souris</i>), named Kannapuram Thayar and Sourirajan Perumal. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and three of its seven bodies of water. The temple has a seven-tiered <i><a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">rajagopuram</a></i>, the temple's gateway tower and a huge temple tank in front of it. The temple is constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>, with later additions from the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Nayakas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=9_30_32_N_77_37_56_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°30′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°37′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.50889°N 77.63222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.50889; 77.63222</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Srivilliputhur4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple tower"><img alt="Temple tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srivilliputhur4.jpg/130px-Srivilliputhur4.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srivilliputhur4.jpg/195px-Srivilliputhur4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srivilliputhur4.jpg/260px-Srivilliputhur4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Temple tower</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Rangamannar</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Andal</span> </td> <td>The temple is associated with the life of Andal, who is an incarnation of Lakshmi without any parents who married Rangamannar, an incarnation of Vishnu was found by Periyalvar under a Tulsi plant in the garden inside this temple. She is wore the garland before wearing that garland to Rangamannar. Periyalvar, who later found the garland, is shocked and taking the garland with Andal's hair. It is Rangamannar appeared in his dream and told him to wear the garland worn by Andal to him and Andal took that garland and wore that garland to Rangamannar and married him there itself, and Andal successfully married Rangamannar, fulfilling the dream of Andal and Rangamannar. It is Rangamannar of Srivilliputhur Andal Rangamannar Temple married Andal, later they ascended to heaven at Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli. The temple has two divisions – the one of Andal located on the southwestern and the second one of Rangamannar on the northeastern side. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, the garden where Andal is born and two of its three bodies of water with the third body of water outside the temple. The Vijayanagara and Madurai Nayaka rulers commissioned paintings on the walls of the shrine of temple, some of which are still present.<sup id="cite_ref-A_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meena_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meena-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andal&params=26.950094446677_N_80.438691657227_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°57′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°26′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.95009444667719°N 80.43869165722663°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.95009444667719; 80.43869165722663</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gokul_temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gokul temple"><img alt="Gokul temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gokul_temple.JPG/250px-Gokul_temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gokul_temple.JPG/330px-Gokul_temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Gokul temple</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Krishna</span> <span class="nowrap">Sri Rukmini</span> </td> <td>It is known that <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> lived in his childhood in this place. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The hagiographic tradition asserts that Andal lived around 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Chari1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chari1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaileyKesarcodi-Watson1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaileyKesarcodi-Watson1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_Religions/HxjOEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22female+alvar%22&pg=PA367&printsec=frontcover"><i>Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture Across History</i> 2 Volumes. Editor Susan de-Gaia. pg. 367. United States: ABC-CLIO, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (13 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icctmemphis.org/all-events/yearly-events/andal-bhudevi-jayanthi/">"Andal / Bhudevi Jayanthi – India Cultural Center and Temple"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andal+%2F+Bhudevi+Jayanthi+%E2%80%93+India+Cultural+Center+and+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficctmemphis.org%2Fall-events%2Fyearly-events%2Fandal-bhudevi-jayanthi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ramanuja.org/sv/alvars/andal/">"Andal"</a>. <i>www.ramanuja.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ramanuja.org&rft.atitle=Andal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramanuja.org%2Fsv%2Falvars%2Fandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryant188-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bryant188_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA188"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803400-1&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z02cZe8PU8C%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitnis2003" class="citation book cs1">Chitnis, Krishnaji Nageshrao (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMcIu7kL42MC&pg=PA116"><i>Medieval Indian History</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-062-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-062-2"><bdi>978-81-7156-062-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-062-2&rft.aulast=Chitnis&rft.aufirst=Krishnaji+Nageshrao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxMcIu7kL42MC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chari1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chari1997_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chari1997_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1997" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&pg=PA10"><i>Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1342-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1342-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Theistic+Mysticism+of+the+%C4%80l%CC%B2v%C4%81rs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1342-7&rft.au=S.+M.+Srinivasa+Chari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TwHhuZrZ-wC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaileyKesarcodi-Watson1992-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaileyKesarcodi-Watson1992_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreg_BaileyIan_Kesarcodi-Watson1992" class="citation book cs1">Greg Bailey; Ian Kesarcodi-Watson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blkqAAAAYAAJ"><i>Bhakti Studies</i></a>. Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0835-8"><bdi>978-81-207-0835-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Studies&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0835-8&rft.au=Greg+Bailey&rft.au=Ian+Kesarcodi-Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblkqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pintchman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pintchman_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pintchman_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pintchman_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pintchman_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pintchman_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pintchman_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pintchman_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2007" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2007). <i>Women's lives, women's rituals in the Hindu tradition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198039341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198039341"><bdi>978-0198039341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+lives%2C+women%27s+rituals+in+the+Hindu+tradition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0198039341&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Rao" class="citation book cs1">Rao, A.V.Shankaranarayana (2012). <i>Temples of Tamil Nadu</i>. Vasan Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8468-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8468-112-3"><bdi>978-81-8468-112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Vasan+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-8468-112-3&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=A.V.Shankaranarayana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSampath_Kumaracharya2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sampath Kumaracharya, V.S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185421/http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=1929"><i>Musings on Andal's Tiruppavai: A Garland of Thirty Multifaceted Mystic Verses</i></a> (in Tamil and English) (First ed.). Tirupati, India: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09FQ9JX1L">B09FQ9JX1L</a>. [Tamil text with English translation]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.tirumala.org/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musings+on+Andal%27s+Tiruppavai%3A+A+Garland+of+Thirty+Multifaceted+Mystic+Verses&rft.place=Tirupati%2C+India&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Tirumala+Tirupati+Devasthanams&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB09FQ9JX1L%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Sampath+Kumaracharya&rft.aufirst=V.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.tirumala.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnantharaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Anantharaman, Ambujam (2006). <i>Temples of South India</i>. 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Chennai: Sura Books. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8174781757" title="Special:BookSources/8174781757"><bdi>8174781757</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sura%27s+South+India%3A+A+journey+into+peninsular+India&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Sura+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8174781757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D8174781757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSri_Manavala_Mamunigal" class="citation web cs1">Sri Manavala Mamunigal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andaljeeyar.org/pdf.html">"Srivilliputhur"</a>. <i>www.andaljeeyar.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.andaljeeyar.org&rft.atitle=Srivilliputhur&rft.au=Sri+Manavala+Mamunigal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andaljeeyar.org%2Fpdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andaljeeyar.org/images/pdf/SRIVILLIPUTHUR.pdf">PDF file available</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616054915/http://www.andaljeeyar.org/images/pdf/SRIVILLIPUTHUR.pdf">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thehindu.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thehindu.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamachari2013" class="citation news cs1">Krishnamachari, Suganthy (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/labour-of-love/article5003197.ece">"Labour of love"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Labour+of+love&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.aulast=Krishnamachari&rft.aufirst=Suganthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Freligion%2Flabour-of-love%2Farticle5003197.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPh.D2016" class="citation book cs1">Ph.D, Lavanya Vemsani (13 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=Barsana-+Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&pg=PP1"><i>Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names</i></a>. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.aulast=Ph.D&rft.aufirst=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26q%3DBarsana-%2BKrishna%2Bin%2BHistory%252C%2BThought%252C%2Band%2BCulture%2BAn%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHindu%2BLord%2Bof%2BMany%2BNames%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/aclcpl00000339a898"><i>ACL-CPL 00339 Thiruppavai With an English Rendering</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ACL-CPL+00339+Thiruppavai+With+an+English+Rendering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faclcpl00000339a898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andal_Tiruppavai-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andal_Tiruppavai_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thiruppavai.org">"Life of Andal"</a>. <i>thiruppavai.org tiruppavai.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705231046/http://www.thiruppavai.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thiruppavai.org+tiruppavai.org&rft.atitle=Life+of+Andal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thiruppavai.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andal_Kalyanam_Harikatha-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andal_Kalyanam_Harikatha_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HwrCLPczOU">"Andal's Wedding"</a>. youtube<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=In+search+of+Tamil+Nadu%27s+poet-preachers&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2Fa01a138c-20b2-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0.html%23slide0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuether1974" class="citation book cs1">Ruether, Rosemary Radford (1974). <i>Religion and Sexism</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">150–</span>233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Sexism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Ruether&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Radford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andal-Telugu-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andal-Telugu_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRao2010" class="citation news cs1">Rao, Pappu Venugopala (22 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/books/a-masterpiece-in-telugu-literature/article478881.ece">"A masterpiece in Telugu literature"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. No. Chennai<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+masterpiece+in+Telugu+literature&rft.issue=Chennai&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Pappu+Venugopala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fa-masterpiece-in-telugu-literature%2Farticle478881.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin-Telugu-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penguin-Telugu_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishnadevaraya2010" class="citation book cs1">Krishnadevaraya (2010). Reddy, Srinivas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0eTDF3uLVgC&pg=PT1"><i>Giver of the Worn Garland: Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184753059" title="Special:BookSources/978-8184753059"><bdi>978-8184753059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giver+of+the+Worn+Garland%3A+Krishnadevaraya%27s+Amuktamalyada&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8184753059&rft.au=Krishnadevaraya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0eTDF3uLVgC%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnadevaraya-Andal-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnadevaraya-Andal_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishnadevaraya1907" class="citation book cs1">Krishnadevaraya (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amuktamalyada00krissher"><i>Amuktamalyada</i></a>. London: Telugu Collection for the British Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amuktamalyada&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Telugu+Collection+for+the+British+Library&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Krishnadevaraya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famuktamalyada00krissher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPillai1904" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA183"><i>A Primer of Tamil Literature</i></a>. Madras: Ananda Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120609556" title="Special:BookSources/9788120609556"><bdi>9788120609556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Ananda+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=9788120609556&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=M.+S.+Purnalingam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQIeqvcai5XQC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittalThursby2005" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, G.R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&pg=PA456"><i>The Hindu World</i></a>. New York: Routelge. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-67414-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-67414-6"><bdi>0-203-67414-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Routelge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-203-67414-6&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rft.au=Thursby%2C+G.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfz6KBkgEacAC%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVater2010" class="citation book cs1">Vater, Tom (2010). <i>Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat</i>. USA: Perseus Books Group. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598805611" title="Special:BookSources/9781598805611"><bdi>9781598805611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Spotlight+Angkor+Wat&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781598805611&rft.aulast=Vater&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2004" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Victoria (2004). <i>Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot</i>. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-1028-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-1028-3"><bdi>1-4027-1028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonders+of+the+World+Dot-to-Dot&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4027-1028-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaehle2012" class="citation book cs1">Maehle, Gregor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhYeGdNK0UoC&pg=PA207"><i>Ashtanga Yoga The Intermediate Series: Mythology, Anatomy, and Practice</i></a>. New World Library. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781577319870" title="Special:BookSources/9781577319870"><bdi>9781577319870</bdi></a>. <q>Vaikuntha (Vishnu's celestial home)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashtanga+Yoga+The+Intermediate+Series%3A+Mythology%2C+Anatomy%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781577319870&rft.aulast=Maehle&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhYeGdNK0UoC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlando_O._EspínJames_B._Nickoloff2007" class="citation book cs1">Orlando O. Espín; James B. Nickoloff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA539"><i>An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5856-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5856-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5856-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7&rft.au=Orlando+O.+Esp%C3%ADn&rft.au=James+B.+Nickoloff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk85JKr1OXcQC%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_1996,_p._17-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_1996,_p._17_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">An Introduction to Hinduism</a></i> (1996), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011032254/http://tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm">"Tirumala Temple"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tirumala+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tirumala.org%2Fmaintemple_about.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, D. Dennis (2008). <i>The body of God: an emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth-century Kanchipuram</i>. Oxford University Press US. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536922-9"><bdi>978-0-19-536922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+body+of+God%3A+an+emperor%27s+palace+for+Krishna+in+eighth-century+Kanchipuram&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536922-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=D.+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veloasia.com/library/buckley/churning_milk.html">"Churning the Ocean of Milk by Michael Buckley"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churning+the+Ocean+of+Milk+by+Michael+Buckley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veloasia.com%2Flibrary%2Fbuckley%2Fchurning_milk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jafri2009-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jafri2009_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaiyid_Zaheer_Husain_Jafri2009" class="citation book cs1">Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC&pg=PA299"><i>Transformations in Indian History</i></a>. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7975-261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7975-261-6"><bdi>978-81-7975-261-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+in+Indian+History&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Anamika+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7975-261-6&rft.au=Saiyid+Zaheer+Husain+Jafri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2c9312fKPqgC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand1992-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anand1992_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD._Anand1992" class="citation book cs1">D. Anand (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&pg=PA29"><i>Krishna: The Living God of Braj</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-280-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+The+Living+God+of+Braj&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-280-2&rft.au=D.+Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsvSwdUgQYcC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1988. -Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries- S. R. Rao, page.18, text = "The Kharoshti inscription in the first floor of Sabhamandapa of Dvarakadhisha Kalyana Temple is assignable to 200 BCE.", page.25 text = "Excavation was done by the veteran archaeologist H.D. Sankalia some twenty years ago on the western side of the present Jagat-Man- dir at Modern Dwarka and he declared that the present Dwarka was not earlier than about 200 BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2005, L. P. Vidyarthi -Journal of Social Research – Volume 17-, text= "Inscription in Brahmi found in the temple shows it is constructed in Mauryan Empire. Apart from this beginning, history of Dvaraka and Dvarkadhisha Kalyana Temple is full of redestruction and reconstruction of Dvarakadhisha Kalyana Temple in 2000 years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2005. -Remote Sensing And Archaeology- Alok Tripathi, page.79, text = In 1963 H.D. Sankalia carried out an archaeological excavation.. at Dvarkadhisha Kalyana Temple at Dvaraka to solve the problem. Archaeological evidences found in this excavation were only 2000 years old</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1988, P. N. Chopra, "Encyclopaedia of India, Volume 1", page.114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRao1999" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Shikaripura Ranganatha (1999). <i>The lost city of Dvaraka</i>. Aditya Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8186471487" title="Special:BookSources/978-8186471487"><bdi>978-8186471487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lost+city+of+Dvaraka&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8186471487&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Shikaripura+Ranganatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143414216" title="Special:BookSources/9780143414216"><bdi>9780143414216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780143414216&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pancharanga_Kshetrams-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pancharanga_Kshetrams_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df012.html">"Pancharanga Kshetrams"</a>. <i>Indiantemples.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiantemples.com&rft.atitle=Pancharanga+Kshetrams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantemples.com%2FTamilnadu%2Fdf012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knapp-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2008" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT335"><i>SEEING SPIRITUAL INDIA: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595614523" title="Special:BookSources/9780595614523"><bdi>9780595614523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SEEING+SPIRITUAL+INDIA%3A+A+Guide+to+Temples%2C+Holy+Sites%2C+Festivals+and+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780595614523&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1JJCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meena-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meena_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV." class="citation book cs1">V., Meena. <i>Temples in South India</i>. Kanniyakumari: Harikumar Arts. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+in+South+India&rft.place=Kanniyakumari&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Harikumar+Arts&rft.aulast=V.&rft.aufirst=Meena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vl0mXJJm8k&list=PLrDHFXR22SMH--lhSD2USzV6pQY3gYO7h">Andal's Thirupavai meaning in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ6Ojq68iK8">Andal's Varanam 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