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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldies_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldies_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oldies stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldies_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oldies" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oldies" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oldies" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouwe_ouwe" title="Gouwe ouwe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gouwe ouwe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="オールディーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オールディーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oldies" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oldies" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oldies" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&oldid=1266785417" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Oldies&id=1266785417&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOldies"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOldies"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oldie" redirects here. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/The_Oldie" title="The Oldie">The Oldie</a>. For the Ukrainian writers, see <a href="/wiki/H._L._Oldie" title="H. L. Oldie">H. L. Oldie</a>. For the Odd Future song, see <a href="/wiki/Oldie_(song)" title="Oldie (song)">Oldie (song)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oldies" title="Special:EditPage/Oldies">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Oldies" title="Talk:Oldies">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Oldies" title="Talk:Oldies">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Oldies" title="Talk:Oldies">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oldies</b> is a term for musical genres such as <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a>, broadly characterized as <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>, from the second half of the 20th century, specifically from around the mid-1950s to the 1980s, as well as for a <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio format</a> playing this music. </p><p>Since 2000, 1970s music has been increasingly included in this genre.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">Classic hits</a>" have been seen as a successor to the oldies format on the radio, with music from the 1980s serving as the core example. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This category includes styles as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">novelty songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_music" title="Bubblegum music">bubblegum music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">baroque pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Golden Oldies</b> usually refers to music exclusively from the <a href="/wiki/1950s_in_music" title="1950s in music">1950s</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_music" title="1960s in music">1960s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oldies radio typically features artists such as <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Avalon" title="Frankie Avalon">Frankie Avalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)" title="The Four Seasons (band)">The Four Seasons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Anka" title="Paul Anka">Paul Anka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Sedaka" title="Neil Sedaka">Neil Sedaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>; as well as such musical movements and genres as early rock and roll, <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Girl_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl groups">girl groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idol</a> singers, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_tragedy_song" title="Teenage tragedy song">teenage tragedy songs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubblegum pop">bubblegum pop</a>. Music from the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">folk revival</a> and instrumental <a href="/wiki/Beautiful_music" title="Beautiful music">beautiful music</a> are among the most commonly excluded recordings from the Oldies era.<sup id="cite_ref-mostlostsongsofall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mostlostsongsofall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most traditional Oldies stations limit their on-air playlists to no more than 300 songs, based on the programming strategy that average listeners and passive listeners will stay tuned provided they are familiar with the hits being played. A drawback to this concept is the constant heavy rotation and repetition of the station's program library, as well as rejection of the format by active listeners. This can be avoided either through the use of a broader playlist or by rotating different songs from the Oldies era into and out of the playlist every few weeks. </p><p>Oldies has some overlap with the <a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">classic hits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a> formats. Classic hits features pop and rock hits from the early 1970s to early <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_music" title="1990s in music">1990s</a>, while classic rock focuses on album rock from the late 1960s to 1990s (sometimes playing newer material made in the same style as the older songs). As formats have <a href="/wiki/Channel_drift" title="Channel drift">drifted</a> in time with their target audiences, classic hits and classic rock have moved further away from pure Oldies, which has largely remained a static format. </p><p>In the early days of the rock era, the term Oldies referred to the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">traditional pop</a> songs of previous decades; a 1953 record review in <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> describes 1925's "<a href="/wiki/Yes_Sir,_That%27s_My_Baby_(song)" title="Yes Sir, That's My Baby (song)">Yes Sir, That's My Baby</a>" as an Oldie.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oldies is known for the near-total and sometimes arbitrary exclusion of some acts that were very popular in their time, including <a href="/wiki/The_Osmonds" title="The Osmonds">The Osmonds</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classic_hits_format">Classic hits format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classic hits format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">Classic hits</a></div> <p>A variation on the Oldies theme is classic hits, which provides most of the playlist of Oldies with some classic rock with an addition of contemporaneous R&B and pop hits as well, creating a balance between the mostly 1970s-focused classic rock genre and the more broad-based Oldies format. The evolution of Oldies into classic hits is an example of <a href="/wiki/Channel_drift" title="Channel drift">channel drift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_history">Radio history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radio history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oldies" title="Special:EditPage/Oldies">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Oldies format began to appear in the early 1970s. <a href="/wiki/KOOL-FM" title="KOOL-FM">KOOL-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> became one of the first radio stations to play Oldies music, at that time focusing on the 1950s and early 1960s. </p><p>In the 1960s, very few <a href="/wiki/Top_40_(format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Top 40 (format)">top 40</a> radio stations played anything more than a few years old. In the late 1960s, a few FM stations adopted top 40 formats that leaned towards adults who did not want to hear the same 30 songs repetitively but also did not want to hear music featured on <a href="/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)" title="Middle of the road (music)">Middle of the road</a> radio stations. They mixed in Oldies with their current product and only played new music a few times an hour. These radio stations were often referred to as "gold" stations. Some AM radio stations also began to employ this format. There were also syndicated music format packages such as <a href="/wiki/Drake-Chenault" title="Drake-Chenault">Drake-Chenault</a>'s "Solid Gold" format, frequently used on FM stations that needed separate programming from their AM sisters (due to then-new <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> rules on <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcasting</a>), that functioned as a hybrid of Oldies and the adult-oriented softer rock hits of the day. The popularity of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/American_Graffiti" title="American Graffiti">American Graffiti</a></i> is often credited with helping to spur the 1950s nostalgia movement of the early 1970s. It is this movement that gave rise to a number of gold-based stations, such as <a href="/wiki/WRDT" title="WRDT">WHND</a>/<a href="/wiki/WCSX" title="WCSX">WHNE</a> (Honey Radio) in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/WCBS-FM" title="WCBS-FM">WCBS-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/WQSR" title="WQSR">WQSR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WBZ-FM" title="WBZ-FM">WROR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, that were classified as Oldies stations and not <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio#Adult_CHR" title="Contemporary hit radio">adult top 40</a>. These stations, did play current product sparingly (one or two per hour) throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s; WCBS-FM, for example, played current hits under the moniker "Future Gold" through the late 1980s, and <a href="/wiki/WLNG" title="WLNG">WLNG</a> on nearby <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> featured a roughly 50/50 mix of current hits and Oldies from the early 1960s until about 1999. </p><p>Most of these "Solid Gold" stations began to either evolve into other formats or drop the format altogether in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Most AM gold stations flipped to other formats. Some FM stations evolved into <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult contemporary">adult contemporary</a> stations, including <a href="/wiki/WBZ-FM" title="WBZ-FM">WROR</a> in Boston and <a href="/wiki/WKSC-FM" title="WKSC-FM">WFYR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. In the early 1980s many AC stations began mixing in more Oldies into regular rotation and aired Oldies shows on Saturday nights. </p><p>Beginning in 1982, both AM and FM stations began changing to full-time Oldies formats. These stations played strictly music from 1955 to 1973, focusing on the 1964–1969 era. Among these Oldies stations were <a href="/wiki/WNBC_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBC (AM)">WNBC</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> before 1988, <a href="/wiki/WDRC-FM" title="WDRC-FM">WDRC-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBGB_(FM)" title="WBGB (FM)">WODS</a> in Boston, <a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">WOGL</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/KSPF" title="KSPF">KLUV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBGG_(AM)" title="WBGG (AM)">WWSW</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBMX_(FM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WBMX (FM)">WJMK</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CHUM_(AM)" title="CHUM (AM)">CHUM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Some had as few as 300 songs while stations like WODS and WOGL had as many as 1,500 songs in regular rotation. By 1989, most large and medium markets had at least one, usually FM, Oldies station. </p><p>This period also saw the rise of syndicated radio shows specifically aimed at an Oldies format. They included <i>Soundtrack of the 1960s with <a href="/wiki/Murray_the_K" title="Murray the K">Murray the K</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dick_Clark%27s_Rock,_Roll_%26_Remember" title="Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember">Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember</a></i>, <i>Live from the '60s with <a href="/wiki/Don_Steele" title="Don Steele">The Real Don Steele</a></i>, <i>Cruisin' America with <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Morrow" title="Bruce Morrow">Cousin Brucie</a></i>, and <i>Rock & Roll's Greatest Hits with <a href="/wiki/Dick_Bartley" title="Dick Bartley">Dick Bartley</a></i>. Most of these shows were three hours long and featured much of the same music from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s that was in rotation at affiliate stations. All but a few of these shows had ended their run by the mid-1990s, though Bartley's ran into the late 2000s (and eventually returned for several years in the late 2010s) while Clark's show continued until his 2004 stroke and in reruns until 2020. </p><p>From 1986 to 1990 several solid gold stations evolved into full-time Oldies stations by eliminating current and recent product while also gradually eliminating 1980s songs and limiting 1970s songs substantially. KRTH and WQSR both did this in the late 1980s into the early 1990s. WCBS-FM however continued playing current product in regular rotation until 1988. After that, they played it once an hour between 11pm and 5:30am, until 2001. WCBS-FM also played several 1990s songs per shift during these overnight hours. They also continued to play between one 1980s song every couple of hours to as many as two per hour day and night. WCBS-FM also played from three to five songs per hour from the 1970s. They indeed played more 1970s music than any other notable Oldies station. At the same time, WCBS-FM featured slightly more pre 1964 songs than the average station playing as many as five of those per hour. </p><p>Oldies stations continued to be late 1960s based throughout the 1990s. WCBS-FM was an exception. Most AM Oldies stations also disappeared by the early 1990s except in markets where there was no FM oldies outlet. The format fared well with no end in sight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 2000, Oldies stations began to notice that their demographics were getting older and harder to sell. Still, at that time only a few stations dumped the format altogether. A few, such as <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WOCL" title="WOCL">WOCL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KHYL" title="KHYL">KHYL</a> shifted to the briefly popular and more <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>-centric <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_oldies" title="Rhythmic oldies">rhythmic oldies</a> format; most others continued to hang onto the format initially. </p><p>Since around 2000, stations have begun to limit selections from the 1950s and early 1960s. At the same time these stations began playing songs from as late as 1979 and even a few 1980s songs. WCBS-FM New York slightly cut back on the pre-1964 oldies and slightly increased the 1970s and 1980s songs early in 2001. They also eliminated the overnight currents at the same time along with some speciality shows. </p><p>In 2002, many Oldies stations began dropping pre-1964 music from their playlists, since the earlier music tended to appeal to an older demographic that advertisers found undesirable—hence, the addition of music from the 1970s and early 1980s. WCBS-FM canceled their "Doo Wop Shop" program and began playing only one pre-1964 oldie per hour; by 2003, there were fewer than 50 songs from the 1950s and early 1960s in the regular rotation. </p><p>Many stations have since dropped the Oldies format because of low ad revenue despite high ratings. On June 3, 2005, New York City's WCBS-FM, an Oldies-based station for over three decades, abruptly switched to the Jack FM format, resulting in a tremendous outcry from Oldies fans in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Apple" title="Big Apple">Big Apple</a> and a huge decline in revenue followed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/WBMX_(FM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WBMX (FM)">WJMK</a> in Chicago (WCBS-FM's sister station) switched to Jack FM on the same day. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> point to the demise of WCBS-FM and WJMK as a sign that the Oldies format is in danger, for many of the same reasons that the <a href="/wiki/Adult_standards" title="Adult standards">adult standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">smooth jazz</a> formats are disappearing. </p><p>The Oldies format returned to WCBS-FM on July 12, 2007, in an updated form featuring music from 1964 to 1989 without the word "Oldies", but rather "Greatest Hits" in the on-air positioning, with songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Girls_Just_Want_to_Have_Fun" title="Girls Just Want to Have Fun">Girls Just Want to Have Fun</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper" title="Cyndi Lauper">Cyndi Lauper</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Gloria_(Umberto_Tozzi_song)" title="Gloria (Umberto Tozzi song)">Gloria</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Branigan" title="Laura Branigan">Laura Branigan</a>, and corporate rock hit "<a href="/wiki/We_Built_This_City" title="We Built This City">We Built This City</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Starship_(band)" title="Starship (band)">Starship</a> in rotation (though the original WCBS-FM played current hits mixed in with its Oldies as late as the late 1980s and the three songs mentioned here during most of their years). </p><p>By the mid-2010s, as the phrase "classic hits" came to entail a format centered around late 1970s (<a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>-era) and 1980s pop, dance and rock format, the phrase "Oldies" had come to entail a 1960s to mid-1970s format that centered mostly on <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a> (akin to the old <a href="/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)" title="Middle of the road (music)">MOR</a> format), examples including <a href="/wiki/WRME-LD" title="WRME-LD">WRME-LD</a> in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More upbeat 1960s and 1970s stations are known within the industry as "gold" classic hits.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, 1960s music is becoming increasingly rare on radio. Of the 1000 most played songs on radio as of May 2020, only four of them are from before 1970, and three of them also benefit from being aired on classic rock stations, Oldies, and classic hits.<sup id="cite_ref-lost60s_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost60s-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 100 songs that suffered the most drop-off in popularity from their heyday to 2022, a majority were from the 1960s; 56% were from before the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> and another 13% were from then to 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-mostlostsongsofall_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mostlostsongsofall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lost60s_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost60s-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is despite a small pantheon of songs from that era that have become part of an "eternal jukebox of all-ages event records," as well as parents and grandparents who had listened to the music when they were younger passing those songs on to their children; in the latter case, the older songs popular among the younger crowd can be more random, driven by exposure in television, film, commercials and person-to-person.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oldies_stations">Oldies stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oldies stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oldies format remains one of the most popular formats on radio in markets where it is still active. Some of the most successful major-market Oldies stations today include <a href="/wiki/KRTH" title="KRTH">KRTH</a> "K-Earth 101" in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/XHPRS-FM" title="XHPRS-FM">XHPRS-FM</a> "105.7 the Walrus" in <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>-<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/KOLA" title="KOLA">KOLA</a> 99.9 in <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>-<a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernandino</a> <a href="/wiki/KYNO" title="KYNO">KYNO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, California, 98.1 <a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">WOGL</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMJI" title="WMJI">WMJI</a> "Majic 105.7" in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KSPF" title="KSPF">KSPF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>. <a href="/wiki/WLS-FM" title="WLS-FM">WLS-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, however, is similar to the way Oldies stations sounded several years back, still playing one or two pre-1964 songs an hour during the day and as many as four an hour at night. However, to illustrate the continued decline in the format, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KMVQ-FM" title="KMVQ-FM">KFRC</a> moved toward Classic Hits in 2005 and dropped this format entirely in 2006 in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythmic AC">Rhythmic AC</a> "<a href="/wiki/MOViN" class="mw-redirect" title="MOViN">MOViN</a>" format, which left most of <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> without an oldies station until the debut of <a href="/wiki/KVMX-FM" title="KVMX-FM">KCCL</a> (K-Hits 92.1) in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> in January 2007. However, KFRC had already evolved its format and positioning to classic hits at the time it changed to "Movin". But KFRC was not gone for long. On May 17, 2007, with <a href="/wiki/Free_FM" title="Free FM">Free FM</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot talk">hot talk</a> format failing on 106.9 KIFR <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> relaunched KFRC with a rock leaning classic hits format on 106.9. But KFRC was not back for long either. On October 27, 2008, 106.9 KFRC FM became an all news 740 KCBS AM simulcast. KFRC now only airs on 106.9 FM HD-2 and online at KFRC.com. But KFRC came back again. On January 1, 2009, KFRC returned on the radio at 1550 AM, as true Oldies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/KZQZ" title="KZQZ">KZQZ</a>, which aired in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, and began playing Oldies in March 2008, held onto the traditional Oldies format, playing a wide variety of top 40 Billboard hits from the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, until the FCC forced the station off the air in 2020. Non-commercial <a href="/wiki/WXRB" title="WXRB">WXRB</a>, 95.1 FM in <a href="/wiki/Dudley,_Massachusetts" title="Dudley, Massachusetts">Dudley, Massachusetts</a> (one of the first non-commercial all-Oldies stations in North America) began playing Golden Oldies on March 6, 2005, at 1:00pm, focusing on the years 1954 through 1979. </p><p>On August 27, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a> station <a href="/wiki/WSLI_(AM)" title="WSLI (AM)">WGVU</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a> station to feature an all-Oldies format. The format has since been imitated by other public radio stations; for example, <a href="/wiki/WCNY-FM" title="WCNY-FM">WCNY-FM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a> has begun broadcasting a personality-based oldies format on its <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_subchannel" title="Digital subchannel">digital subchannel</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jones_Radio_Networks" title="Jones Radio Networks">Jones Radio Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waitt_Radio_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Waitt Radio Networks">Waitt Radio Networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transtar_Radio_Networks" title="Transtar Radio Networks">Transtar Radio Networks</a> also offered 24-hour satellite-distributed Oldies formats; since those companies have integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Dial_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Global">Dial Global</a> corporation, the networks have merged into one, <a href="/wiki/Kool_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool Gold">Kool Gold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Music_Network" title="Satellite Music Network">Satellite Music Network</a> offered "Oldies Radio", which survived until its acquisition by <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio (United States)">ABC</a> but has since rebranded as Classic Hits Radio under current owner <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks" title="Cumulus Media Networks">Cumulus Media Networks</a>, focusing on music primarily from the 1970s and 1980s, with some limited 1960s music. </p><p>ABC also offered <a href="/wiki/The_True_Oldies_Channel" title="The True Oldies Channel">The True Oldies Channel</a>, a 24-hour Oldies network programmed and <a href="/wiki/Voice-tracking" title="Voice-tracking">voice tracked</a> at all hours by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shannon" title="Scott Shannon">Scott Shannon</a>, at the time morning show host at ABC's <a href="/wiki/WPLJ" title="WPLJ">WPLJ</a>. The True Oldies Channel was conceived on the concept of avoiding the drift into 1970s and 1980s music that the Oldies format was undergoing in the first years of the 21st century. Eventually, by the end of the network's terrestrial run in 2014, it had taken a hybrid approach, with both 1960s and 1970s music being featured at the core of the network, with some limited 1980s music included. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> broadcasters <a href="/wiki/XM_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="XM Radio">XM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius Radio">Sirius</a> launched in 2001 and 2002, respectively, with more than a dozen Oldies radio channels, with XM offering separate stations for each decade from the 1940s to the 1990s, and Sirius doing the same for the 1950s through the 1980s, initially all in prime single-digit channel positions. These companies also offered specific genre channels for <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and dance hits, <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_country" title="Classic country">classic country</a>, and vintage R&B and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> hits.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pay radio channels boasted thousands of songs in their libraries, ensuring far less repetition than traditional broadcast stations. In November 2008, following a <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Radio">merger</a> of Sirius and XM, the two services shifted to a unified group of decades channels, with the playlists for most cut back to reflect a more conventional style of Oldies programming. SiriusXM further marginalized its Oldies stations over the years, moving its 1940s channel off channel 4 in 2015, then in 2021 by moving its 1950s and 1960s channels out of their 5 and 6 channel slots respectively. <a href="/wiki/Music_Choice" title="Music Choice">Music Choice</a> similarly offers an interruption-free Oldies station, which includes music from the 1950s, 1960s, and decades channels for the 1970s through the 1990s. A number of <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> stations also carry the format. </p><p>From the late 2010s until 2022, <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave radio</a> station <a href="/wiki/WTWW" title="WTWW">WTWW</a> operated an Oldies service in the evening hours.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2022, WTWW lead engineer Ted Randall left the station and took the Oldies programming to a dedicated transmitter on <a href="/wiki/WRMI" title="WRMI">WRMI</a> a short distance down the dial from WTWW on the <a href="/wiki/60-meter_band" title="60-meter band">60-meter band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210080012/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/South/10/31/oldies.radio.ap/index.html">"Oldies radio moves into the '70s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/South/10/31/oldies.radio.ap/index.html">the original</a> on December 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Oldies+radio+moves+into+the+%2770s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FUS%2FSouth%2F10%2F31%2Foldies.radio.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Definition_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Definition_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allbutforgottenoldies.net/articles/history-and-definition-of-oldies-music.html">"A History and Definition of Oldies Music"</a>. <i>allbutforgottenoldies.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allbutforgottenoldies.net&rft.atitle=A+History+and+Definition+of+Oldies+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allbutforgottenoldies.net%2Farticles%2Fhistory-and-definition-of-oldies-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206230414/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/frankievallithefourseasons/biography">"Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons: Biography"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/frankievallithefourseasons/biography">the original</a> on February 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Frankie+Valli+%26+The+Four+Seasons%3A+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Ffrankievallithefourseasons%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2020" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/09/arts/music/little-richard-dead.html">"Little Richard, Flamboyant Wild Man of Rock 'n' Roll, Dies at 87"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Little+Richard%2C+Flamboyant+Wild+Man+of+Rock+%27n%27+Roll%2C+Dies+at+87&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F09%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Flittle-richard-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mostlostsongsofall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mostlostsongsofall_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mostlostsongsofall_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2022" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Sean (February 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioinsight.com/blogs/219384/the-100-most-lost-songs-of-all-1960-99/">"The 100 Most Lost Songs of All Time"</a>. <i>Radio Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Insight&rft.atitle=The+100+Most+Lost+Songs+of+All+Time&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioinsight.com%2Fblogs%2F219384%2Fthe-100-most-lost-songs-of-all-1960-99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOldies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Popular Record Reviews," <i>Billboard</i>, March 14, 1953, p. 42) "...is supposed to be a comical version of the oldie. 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