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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Trade agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_justices_of_the_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_justices_of_the_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Law enforcement and justices of the peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_justices_of_the_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Later years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Appearance and character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_contemporaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_contemporaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison with contemporaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_contemporaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry VII of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_VII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VII van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hendrik VII van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heanric_VII_Engla_Cyning" title="Heanric VII Engla Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Heanric VII Engla Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="هنري السابع (ملك إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري السابع (ملك إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VII_d%27Anglaterra" title="Henrique VII d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Henrique VII d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Henri_(%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99_kral%C4%B1)" title="VII Henri (İngiltərə kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VII Henri (İngiltərə kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="یئدینجی هنری (اینگیلیس) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئدینجی هنری (اینگیلیس)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_7-s%C3%A8_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Henry 7-sè (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Henry 7-sè (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_VII_%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Генрых VII Цюдар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрых VII Цюдар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_VII_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B)" title="Генрых VII (кароль Ангельшчыны) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генрых VII (кароль Ангельшчыны)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_VII" title="Хенри VII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри VII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik VII, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Henrik VII, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri_VII_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Herri VII (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herri VII (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_VII_d%27Anglaterra" title="Enric VII d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enric VII d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_VII._Tudor" title="Jindřich VII. Tudor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jindřich VII. Tudor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_VII,_brenin_Lloegr" title="Harri VII, brenin Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harri VII, brenin Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_7._af_England" title="Henrik 7. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henrik 7. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VII._(England)" title="Heinrich VII. (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich VII. (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII" title="Henry VII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry VII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%96%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ερρίκος Ζ΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερρίκος Ζ΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra" title="Enrique VII de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enrique VII de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriko_la_7-a" title="Henriko la 7-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henriko la 7-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrike_VII.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Henrike VII.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henrike VII.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85" title="هنری هفتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری هفتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_VII_(roi_d%27Angleterre)" title="Henri VII (roi d'Angleterre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henri VII (roi d'Angleterre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anra%C3%AD_VII_Shasana" title="Anraí VII Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anraí VII Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VII_de_Inglaterra" title="Henrique VII de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henrique VII de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_7%EC%84%B8" title="헨리 7세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 7세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_VII_(%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Հենրի VII (Անգլիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի VII (Անգլիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE" title="इंग्लैंड के हेनरी सप्तम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैंड के हेनरी सप्तम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik VII., kralj Engleske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henrik VII., kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_la_7ma_di_Anglia" title="Henry la 7ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Henry la 7ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_dari_Inggris" title="Henry VII dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry VII dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrico_VII_de_Anglaterra" title="Henrico VII de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Henrico VII de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrik_7._Englandskonungur" title="Hinrik 7. Englandskonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hinrik 7. Englandskonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_VII_d%27Inghilterra" title="Enrico VII d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enrico VII d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="הנרי השביעי, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי השביעי, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_VII" title="ჰენრი VII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრი VII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_a_Bow_Sows" title="Henry VII a Bow Sows – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Henry VII a Bow Sows" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_VII_(rex_Angliae)" title="Henricus VII (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus VII (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrijs_VII_Tjudors" title="Henrijs VII Tjudors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Henrijs VII Tjudors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrikas_VII" title="Henrikas VII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henrikas VII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Henrik_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="VII. Henrik angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VII. Henrik angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_VII" title="Хенри VII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хенри VII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹെൻറി ഏഴാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെൻറി ഏഴാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="इंग्लंड सातवा हेन्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंड सातवा हेन्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="هنرى السابع ملك انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى السابع ملك انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_dari_England" title="Henry VII dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henry VII dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anrique_VII_de_Anglaterra" title="Anrique VII de Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anrique VII de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_VII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VII van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hendrik VII van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC7%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ヘンリー7世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー7世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII_av_England" title="Henrik VII av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henrik VII av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_VII_d%27Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Enric VII d'Anglatèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enric VII d'Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_VII_Tudor" title="Henryk VII Tudor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henryk VII Tudor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VII_de_Inglaterra" title="Henrique VII de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henrique VII de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henric_al_VII-lea_al_Angliei" title="Henric al VII-lea al Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henric al VII-lea al Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_VII_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Генрих VII (король Англии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генрих VII (король Англии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A5%AD" title="हेन्री ७ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हेन्री ७" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry VII of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrich_VII._(Anglicko)" title="Henrich VII. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henrich VII. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII._Angle%C5%A1ki" title="Henrik VII. Angleški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henrik VII. Angleški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ھێنری حەفتەمی ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێنری حەفتەمی ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_VII_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хенри VII Тјудор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хенри VII Тјудор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_od_Engleske" title="Henry VII od Engleske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henry VII od Engleske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII_(Englanti)" title="Henrik VII (Englanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henrik VII (Englanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII_av_England" title="Henrik VII av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henrik VII av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_7_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าเฮนรีที่ 7 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเฮนรีที่ 7 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Henry" title="VII. Henry – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VII. Henry" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_VII_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Генріх VII (король Англії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генріх VII (король Англії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہنری ہفتم شاہ انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنری ہفتم شاہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Henry VII của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henry VII của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_han_Inglatera" title="Henry VII han Inglatera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henry VII han Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%89" title="亨利七世（英格兰） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亨利七世（英格兰）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הענרי דער זיבעטער פון ענגלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הענרי דער זיבעטער פון ענגלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%80%AB)" title="亨利七世 (英倫) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亨利七世 (英倫)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利七世 (英格兰) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利七世 (英格兰)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q675493#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Henry VII (disambiguation)">Henry VII (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Henry VII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra,_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/220px-Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/330px-Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/440px-Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Henry holding a rose and wearing the collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, painted by an unknown <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Netherlandish artist</a>, 1505</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Styles_of_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of English sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1485 – 21 April 1509</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1485</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond<br />28 January 1457<br /><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Castle" title="Pembroke Castle">Pembroke Castle</a>, Pembrokeshire, Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1509 (aged 52)<br /><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a>, Surrey, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 1509<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1486; died 1503)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Family">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret, Queen of Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tudor_(1492%E2%80%931495)" title="Elizabeth Tudor (1492–1495)">Elizabeth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset">Edmund, Duke of Somerset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VII_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry VII's signature"><img alt="Henry VII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Henry_VII_Signature.svg/250px-Henry_VII_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry VII</b> (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509), also known as <b>Henry Tudor</b>, was <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry's mother, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a>, was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a>, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>, a cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a>. Henry's father, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond</a>, was a half-brother of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI of England">King Henry VI of England</a> (also a Lancastrian) and a member of the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Tudors_of_Penmynydd" title="Tudors of Penmynydd">Tudors of Penmynydd</a>. Edmund died three months before his son was born. Henry was then raised by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>, a Lancastrian, and <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert</a>, a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkist">Yorkist</a> branch of the House of Plantagenet. During Henry's early years, his uncles and the Lancastrians fought <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Roses">a series of civil wars</a> against the Yorkist claimant, <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a>. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry spent 14 years in exile in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a>. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, defeated <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a>. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle, defending it two years later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Battle of Stoke Field</a> to decisively end the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> (1455–1487). He strenghtened his claim by marrying the Yorkist heiress, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, daughter of Edward IV. </p><p>Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. His <a href="#Trade_agreements">supportive policy</a> toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> had long-lasting benefits to the English economy. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry_and_early_life">Ancestry and early life</h2></div> <p>Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Castle" title="Pembroke Castle">Pembroke Castle</a>, in the English-speaking portion of <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales" title="Little England beyond Wales">Little England beyond Wales</a>. He was the only child of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a>, who was 13 years old at the time, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond</a> who, at 26, died three months before his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersTurvey2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersTurvey2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was probably baptised at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Pembroke" title="St Mary's Church, Pembroke">St Mary's Church, Pembroke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though no documentation of the event exists.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry's paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a>, originally from the <a href="/wiki/Tudors_of_Penmynydd" title="Tudors of Penmynydd">Tudors of Penmynydd</a>, Isle of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> in Wales, had been a page in the court of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry V">King Henry V</a>. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall197313_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall197313-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a>. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Edmund was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Richmond" title="Earl of Richmond">Earl of Richmond</a> in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197317_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197317-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised <a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">House of Beaufort</a> bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. She was a great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a> (fourth son of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>), and his third wife <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a>. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a>. Gaunt's nephew <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> in 1397. In 1407, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new letters patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1973156_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1973156-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act of Parliament</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> but it weakened Henry's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male claimant heir to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a>, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a>, in legend, the last ancient British king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie195247_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie195247-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On occasion Henry displayed the red dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes19993_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes19993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took it, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">standard of St. George</a>, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie195254_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie195254-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Andr%C3%A9" title="Bernard André">Bernard André</a>, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie195247_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie195247-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pembroke_Castle_-_June_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pembroke_Castle_-_June_2011.jpg/500px-Pembroke_Castle_-_June_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pembroke_Castle_-_June_2011.jpg/960px-Pembroke_Castle_-_June_2011.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3821" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Castle" title="Pembroke Castle">Pembroke Castle</a> in South Wales, the birthplace of Henry VII</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the <a href="/wiki/Yorkists" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkists">Yorkists</a>. He died shortly afterwards in <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen_Castle" title="Carmarthen Castle">Carmarthen Castle</a>. His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey20064_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey20064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Pembroke Castle, and later the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Pembroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Pembroke">Earldom of Pembroke</a>, were granted to the Yorkist <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert</a>, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a> (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197319_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197319-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197319_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197319-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II, Duke of Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. An ally of Henry's, Viscount <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_du_Qu%C3%A9lennec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean du Quélennec (page does not exist)">Jean du Quélennec</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_du_Qu%C3%A9lennec" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean du Quélennec">fr</a>]</span>, soon arrived, bringing news that Francis had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_the_throne">Rise to the throne</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Younghenry7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Younghenry7.jpg/170px-Younghenry7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Younghenry7.jpg/255px-Younghenry7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Younghenry7.jpg/340px-Younghenry7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Young Henry VII, by a French artist (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Calvet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Calvet">Musée Calvet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a>, despite her being married to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a>, a Yorkist. At <a href="/wiki/Rennes_Cathedral" title="Rennes Cathedral">Rennes Cathedral</a> on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams25_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams25-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Landais" title="Pierre Landais">Pierre Landais</a>, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near <a href="/wiki/Dale,_Pembrokeshire" title="Dale, Pembrokeshire">Dale, Pembrokeshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and <a href="/wiki/John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford</a>. Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being <a href="/wiki/Agnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatic">agnatically</a> descended from <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd" title="Rhys ap Gruffydd">Rhys ap Gruffydd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He amassed an army of about 5,000–6,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> on 22 August 1485. Several of Richard's key allies, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_4th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland</a>, and also Lord Stanley and his brother <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(Battle_of_Bosworth)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)">William</a>, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <p>To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a> retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1495" title="Treason Act 1495">treason</a> and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while restoring his own. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, <a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a>, and made the Yorkist heiress <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">Margaret Plantagenet</a> Countess of Salisbury <i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i>. He took care not to address the <a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">baronage</a> or summon <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> until after his coronation, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 30 October 1485.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_School,_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery,_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/250px-British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/330px-British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/500px-British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth, Henry's wife</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArbfaisTuduriaid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ArbfaisTuduriaid.jpg/220px-ArbfaisTuduriaid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ArbfaisTuduriaid.jpg/330px-ArbfaisTuduriaid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ArbfaisTuduriaid.jpg/440px-ArbfaisTuduriaid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>King Henry VII's Coat of Arms</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams25_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams25-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chrimes53_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chrimes53-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 29 years old, she was 20. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)<sup id="cite_ref-Chrimes_1999_72_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chrimes_1999_72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry had Parliament repeal <i><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></i>, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Amateur historians <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram Fields">Bertram Fields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Clements_Markham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Clements Markham">Sir Clements Markham</a> have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of <i>Titulus Regius</i> gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. <a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Alison Weir</a> points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. He also enacted laws against <a href="/wiki/Livery_and_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery and maintenance">livery and maintenance</a>, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. <a href="/wiki/Edward,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, Earl of Warwick">Edward, Earl of Warwick</a>, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a>, was the senior surviving male of the House of York.<sup id="cite_ref-Chrimes_1999_72_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chrimes_1999_72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before departing for London, Henry sent <a href="/wiki/Robert_Willoughby,_1st_Baron_Willoughby_de_Broke" title="Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke">Robert Willoughby</a> to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first was <a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stafford and Lovell Rebellion">the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers</a>, abetted by <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Lovell" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Lovell">Viscount Lovell</a>, which collapsed without fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Simnel" title="Lambert Simnel">Lambert Simnel</a>, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_8th_Earl_of_Kildare" title="Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare">Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare</a>, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Stoke">Battle of Stoke</a>. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1490, a young <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>, appeared and claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Shrewsbury">Richard of Shrewsbury</a>, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy">Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy</a>. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> to invade England in 1496. In 1497 Warbeck landed in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Chamberlain of the Household</a>, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around £10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VII_groat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_VII_groat.jpg/220px-Henry_VII_groat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_VII_groat.jpg/330px-Henry_VII_groat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henry_VII_groat.jpg/440px-Henry_VII_groat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Groat_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groat (coin)">Groat</a> of Henry VII</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of Henry VII's reign <a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester" title="Bishop of Chichester">Bishop of Chichester</a>. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens176_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens176-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">exchequer</a>. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the <a href="/wiki/John_Dynham,_1st_Baron_Dynham" title="John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham">Baron Dynham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a> were the only <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurers</a> throughout his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_John_Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop John Morton">Archbishop John Morton</a>, whose "<a href="/wiki/Morton%27s_Fork" class="mw-redirect" title="Morton's Fork">Morton's Fork</a>" was a <a href="/wiki/Catch-22_(logic)" title="Catch-22 (logic)">catch-22</a> method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-B._Chrimes,_p._203_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B._Chrimes,_p._203-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmpsonHenryDudley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/EmpsonHenryDudley.jpg/250px-EmpsonHenryDudley.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/EmpsonHenryDudley.jpg/330px-EmpsonHenryDudley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/EmpsonHenryDudley.jpg/340px-EmpsonHenryDudley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Henry VII (centre), with his advisors <a href="/wiki/Richard_Empson" title="Richard Empson">Sir Richard Empson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dudley" title="Edmund Dudley">Edmund Dudley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a>, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed <a href="/wiki/Richard_Empson" title="Richard Empson">Richard Empson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dudley" title="Edmund Dudley">Edmund Dudley</a>, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VII established the <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> as a standard of weight; it later became part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a><sup id="cite_ref-sizes_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sizes-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">customary</a> systems of units.<sup id="cite_ref-sizes_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sizes-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1506 he resumed the construction of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a>, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mad_War" title="Mad War">Mad War</a></div> <p>Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Up to a point, he succeeded. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Redon" title="Treaty of Redon">Treaty of Redon</a> was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6,000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Henry started a new policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of £24,000. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, the French were happy to agree to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_%C3%89taples" title="Peace of Étaples">Peace of Étaples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry had pressured the French by <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boulogne_(1492)" title="Siege of Boulogne (1492)">laying siege to Boulogne</a> in October 1492. Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the <a href="/wiki/The_Tudors_and_the_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tudors and the Royal Navy">navy</a> (he commissioned Europe's first ever – and the world's oldest surviving – <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> at <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth" title="HMNB Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted newfound territory far west of Ireland. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Medina_del_Campo_(1489)" title="Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)">Treaty of Medina del Campo</a>, by which his son <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a>, was married to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnicke2000103_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnicke2000103-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perpetual_Peace" title="Treaty of Perpetual Peace">Treaty of Perpetual Peace</a> with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> to King James IV of Scotland. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> between Scotland and France. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">union of the English and Scottish crowns</a> under Margaret's great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, following the death of Henry's granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. Henry also formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Maximilian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I">Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I</a> (1493–1519) and persuaded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> to issue a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> against all pretenders to Henry's throne. </p><p>In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller <a href="/wiki/Emery_d%27Amboise" title="Emery d'Amboise">Emery d'Amboise</a> asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197647_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197647-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197650_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197650-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_agreements">Trade agreements</h3></div> <p>Henry VII was much enriched by trading <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Dye_fixative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye fixative">fixative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyeing</a> fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its landholder, the Pope. With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. With the assistance of the Italian merchant banker Lodovico della Fava and the Italian banker <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Frescobaldi" title="Jerome Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a>, Henry VII became deeply involved in the trade by licensing ships, obtaining alum from the Ottoman Empire, and selling it to the Low Countries and in England.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the <i><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Intercursus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Intercursus">Magnus Intercursus</a></i> ("great agreement") of 1496. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. The <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers of London">Merchant Adventurers</a>, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Its restoration by the <i>Magnus Intercursus</i> was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> (transhipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973167–168_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973167–168-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a>, Duke of Burgundy. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the <i><a href="/wiki/Malus_Intercursus" title="Malus Intercursus">Malus Intercursus</a></i> ("evil agreement"). France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. Philip died shortly after the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973198–201_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973198–201-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_justices_of_the_peace">Law enforcement and justices of the peace</h3></div> <p>Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called <a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">bastard feudalism</a>, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (<a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> masquerading as servants).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales and the Marches</a> for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marches</a>, Cheshire and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-griffiths_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffiths-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Henry_VII_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/King_Henry_VII_from_NPG.jpg/250px-King_Henry_VII_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/King_Henry_VII_from_NPG.jpg/330px-King_Henry_VII_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/King_Henry_VII_from_NPG.jpg/500px-King_Henry_VII_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>Late 16th-century copy of a portrait of Henry VII</figcaption></figure> <p>He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, his principal weapon was the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Star_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Star Chamber">Court of Star Chamber</a>. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973178_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973178-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VII used <a href="/wiki/Justices_of_the_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices of the peace">justices of the peace</a> on a large, nationwide scale. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch199639–42_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch199639–42-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1509, justices of the peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryVIIdeathbed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HenryVIIdeathbed.jpg/260px-HenryVIIdeathbed.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HenryVIIdeathbed.jpg/390px-HenryVIIdeathbed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HenryVIIdeathbed.jpg/520px-HenryVIIdeathbed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption>Scene at the deathbed of Henry VII at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a> (1509) drawn contemporaneously from witness accounts by the courtier Sir Thomas Wriothesley (d.1534) who wrote an account of the proceedings. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, Add.MS 45131, f.54</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryVIITomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HenryVIITomb.jpg/260px-HenryVIITomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HenryVIITomb.jpg/390px-HenryVIITomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HenryVIITomb.jpg/520px-HenryVIITomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Tomb effigies of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torrigiano" title="Pietro Torrigiano">Pietro Torrigiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/330px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/500px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/960px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="3127" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait bust by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torrigiano" title="Pietro Torrigiano">Pietro Torrigiano</a> made using Henry's <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a>, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "<a href="/wiki/English_sweating_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="English sweating sickness">English sweating sickness</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201170_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201170-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made Henry VII's second son, <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry, Duke of York">Henry, Duke of York</a>, heir apparent to the throne. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers with his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death. His concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999302–304_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999302–304-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death affected him severely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2013404_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2013404-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Accordingly, he arranged a <a href="/wiki/Papal_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal dispensation">papal dispensation</a> from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. Catherine's mother <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> had died and Catherine's sister <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2013204_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2013204-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain; <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Naples_(1478%E2%80%931518)" title="Joanna of Naples (1478–1518)">Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples</a> (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), <a href="/wiki/Queen_Joanna_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Joanna of Castile">Queen Joanna of Castile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy</a> (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile) were all considered.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1505 he was sufficiently interested in a potential marriage to Joanna of Naples that he sent ambassadors to Naples to report on the 27 year-old Joanna's physical suitability.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding never took place. </p><p>Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses and, for the times, it is unusual that he did not remarry. His son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife; the death of Arthur therefore created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. </p><p>During Henry VII's lifetime the nobility often criticised him for re-centralising power in London and, later, the 16th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law. It is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do courtiers' accounts and many of the king's own letters. From these accounting books, the evidence is clear that, until the death of his wife, Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children – and not just for necessities. After Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry became very sick and nearly died, allowing only his mother Margaret Beaufort near him: "privily departed to a solitary place, and would that no man should resort unto him."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further compounding Henry's distress, within months of her mother's death, his older daughter Margaret, who had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland, had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VII died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a> on 21 April 1509 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">the chapel he commissioned</a> in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his second son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (reigned 1509–47), who would initiate the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_character">Appearance and character</h2></div> <p>Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. His biographer, Professor Stanley Chrimes, credits him – even before he had become king – with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health.<sup id="cite_ref-Chrimes53_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chrimes53-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_contemporaries">Comparison with contemporaries</h2></div> <p>Historians have compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Reign_of_King_Henry_VII" title="History of the Reign of King Henry VII">History of the Reign of King Henry VII</a></i>. By 1900 the <a href="/wiki/New_Monarchs" title="New Monarchs">"New Monarchy"</a> interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Henry VII of England">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Henry+VII+of+England%22">"Henry VII of England"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Henry+VII+of+England%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Henry+VII+of+England%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Henry+VII+of+England%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Henry+VII+of+England%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Henry+VII+of+England%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Family_of_Henry_VII_with_St_George_and_the_Dragon_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Family_of_Henry_VII_with_St_George_and_the_Dragon_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Family_of_Henry_VII_with_St_George_and_the_Dragon_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Family_of_Henry_VII_with_St_George_and_the_Dragon_%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-The_Family_of_Henry_VII_with_St_George_and_the_Dragon_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Family_of_Henry_VII_with_St_George_and_the_Dragon_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-The_Family_of_Henry_VII_with_St_George_and_the_Dragon_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Henry VII (centre left) with his family, as depicted at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a> (19 September 1486 – 2 April 1502), <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> from birth to death (named after the legendary <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerSchmid20111104_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerSchmid20111104-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret</a> (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541), <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Scotland">Queen of Scotland</a> as the wife of <a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a> and regent for their son <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547), Henry VII's successor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tudor_(1492%E2%80%931495)" title="Elizabeth Tudor (1492–1495)">Elizabeth</a> (2 July 1492 – 14 September 1495)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary</a> (18 March 1496 – 25 June 1533), briefly <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of France">Queen of France</a> as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, then wife of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_Duke_of_Somerset_(1499%E2%80%931500)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (1499–1500)">Edmund</a> (21 February 1499 – 19 June 1500), styled <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Somerset" title="Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a> but never formally created a peer<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tudor_(1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Tudor (1503)">Katherine</a> (2 February 1503 – 18 February 1503)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Henry VII of England<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ap_Tudur" title="Maredudd ap Tudur">Maredudd ap Tudur</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. Margaret ferch Dafydd</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Henry VII of England</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Holland">Margaret Holland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_Beauchamp,_3rd_Baron_Beauchamp_of_Bletso" class="mw-redirect" title="John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Bletso">John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Bletso</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beauchamp_of_Bletso" title="Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso">Margaret Beauchamp</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. Edith de Stourton</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Henry VII's position in relation to the houses of York and Lancaster (selective chart)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt<br />Duke of Lancaster</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort<br />Earl of Somerset</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort<br />Duke of Somerset</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Duke of York">Richard<br />Duke of York</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor<br />Earl of Richmond</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Henry VII</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cestui_que" title="Cestui que">Cestui que</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Henry_VII_of_England" title="Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England">Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">a <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">Royal house</a> of Welsh-French origin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Velville" title="Roland de Velville">Roland de Velville</a> (or Veleville), who was <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a> in 1497 and was Constable of <a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a>, is sometimes presented as the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a> son of Henry VII of England by "a <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Breton</a> lady whose name is not known". The possibility this was Henry's illegitimate son is baseless.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersTurvey2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersTurvey2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersTurvey2000">Rogers & Turvey 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.henrytudortrust.org.uk/tudor-pembroke.html">"Tudor Pembroke | Ymddiriedolaeth Harri Tudur | Henry Tudor Trust"</a>. <i>www.henrytudortrust.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.henrytudortrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=Tudor+Pembroke+%26%23124%3B+Ymddiriedolaeth+Harri+Tudur+%26%23124%3B+Henry+Tudor+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.henrytudortrust.org.uk%2Ftudor-pembroke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreverton2016" class="citation book cs1">Breverton, Terry (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CcR5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21"><i>Henry VII: The Maligned Tudor King</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445646060" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445646060"><bdi>978-1445646060</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII%3A+The+Maligned+Tudor+King&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1445646060&rft.aulast=Breverton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCcR5DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/normans/pembroke-the-main-street.shtml">"BBC Wales – History – Themes – Pembroke The Main Street"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Wales+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Themes+%E2%80%93+Pembroke+The+Main+Street&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fnormans%2Fpembroke-the-main-street.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall197313-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall197313_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1973">Kendall 1973</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197317-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197317_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1973156-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1973156_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1973">Kendall 1973</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehistoryjar.com/tag/john-beaufort/#:~:text=In%20September%201396%20a%20papal,Houses%20of%20York%20and%20Lancaster.">"John Beaufort"</a>. <i>The History Jar</i>. 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Jar&rft.atitle=John+Beaufort&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehistoryjar.com%2Ftag%2Fjohn-beaufort%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520September%25201396%2520a%2520papal%2CHouses%2520of%2520York%2520and%2520Lancaster.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 3; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Norman" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman. <i>The Isles – A History</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">337–</span>379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.au=Davies%2C+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie195247-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie195247_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie195247_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie1952">Mackie 1952</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes19993-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes19993_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie195254-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie195254_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie1952">Mackie 1952</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey20064-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey20064_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkey2006">Starkey 2006</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarilee_Mongello" class="citation web cs1">Marilee Mongello. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html">"Tudor Monarchs – Henry VII, one"</a>. Englishhistory.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tudor+Monarchs+%E2%80%93+Henry+VII%2C+one&rft.pub=Englishhistory.net&rft.au=Marilee+Mongello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishhistory.net%2Ftudor%2Fmonarchs%2Fhenry7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197319-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197319_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197319_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoden2013" class="citation book cs1">Soden, Iain (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFOoAwAAQBAJ&dq=Henry+VII+Brittany+1471&pg=RA1-PA111">"Rooms with no view"</a>. <i>Royal Exiles: From Richard the Lionheart to Charles II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Publishing" title="Amberley Publishing">Amberley Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445612034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445612034"><bdi>978-1445612034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rooms+with+no+view&rft.btitle=Royal+Exiles%3A+From+Richard+the+Lionheart+to+Charles+II&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1445612034&rft.aulast=Soden&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFOoAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHenry%2BVII%2BBrittany%2B1471%26pg%3DRA1-PA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreverton2016" class="citation book cs1">Breverton, Terry (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CcR5DAAAQBAJ&dq=Henry+VII+November+1476&pg=PT45"><i>Henry VII: The Maligned Tudor King</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Publishing" title="Amberley Publishing">Amberley Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445646060" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445646060"><bdi>978-1445646060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII%3A+The+Maligned+Tudor+King&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1445646060&rft.aulast=Breverton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCcR5DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHenry%2BVII%2BNovember%2B1476%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1977">Chrimes 1977</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams25-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams25_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams25_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1973">Kendall 1973</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historypoints.org/index.php?page=henry-tudor-s-landing-site">"Henry Tudor's landing site"</a>. <i>History Points</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Points&rft.atitle=Henry+Tudor%27s+landing+site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorypoints.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dhenry-tudor-s-landing-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRees,_David1985" class="citation book cs1">Rees, David (1985). <i>The Son of Prophecy: Henry Tudor's Road to Bosworth</i>. Black Raven Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85159-005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85159-005-9"><bdi>978-0-85159-005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Son+of+Prophecy%3A+Henry+Tudor%27s+Road+to+Bosworth&rft.pub=Black+Raven+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85159-005-9&rft.au=Rees%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1973">Kendall 1973</a>, p. 361; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations/henry-vii-and-elizabeth-of-york">"Westminster Abbey website: Coronations, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey+website%3A+Coronations%2C+Henry+VII+and+Elizabeth+of+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Four-history%2Froyals%2Fcoronations%2Fhenry-vii-and-elizabeth-of-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2007">Weir 2007</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chrimes53-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chrimes53_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chrimes53_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1988">Morgan 1988</a>, p. 709</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chrimes_1999_72-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chrimes_1999_72_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chrimes_1999_72_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2011">Penn 2011</a>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1995">Weir 1995</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, pp. 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthurson2009" class="citation book cs1">Arthurson, Ian (2009). <i>The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy</i>. History Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750939898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750939898"><bdi>978-0750939898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perkin+Warbeck+Conspiracy&rft.pub=History+Press+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0750939898&rft.aulast=Arthurson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthurson1997" class="citation book cs1">Arthurson, Ian (1997). <i>The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy, 1491–1499</i>. Sutton. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750916103" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750916103"><bdi>978-0750916103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perkin+Warbeck+Conspiracy%2C+1491%E2%80%931499&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0750916103&rft.aulast=Arthurson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Blessed_Margaret_Pole" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Blessed Margaret Pole">Blessed Margaret Pole</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blessed+Margaret+Pole&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephens176-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stephens176_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1876">Stephens 1876</a>, pp. 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1977">Chrimes 1977</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B._Chrimes,_p._203-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B._Chrimes,_p._203_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2011">Penn 2011</a>, pp. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy1988">Guy 1988</a>, pp. 272–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElgin2013">Elgin 2013</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sizes-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sizes_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sizes_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sizes.com/units/pound_avoirdupois.htm">"pound avoirdupois"</a>. Sizes, Inc. 17 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>1497–1558 – Henry VII authorizes standard. & A unit of mass = 453.592 37 grams (now, technically, the <a href="/wiki/International_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="International pound">international pound</a>), now used chiefly in the United States, but since the 16th century the most commonly encountered unit of mass throughout the English-speaking world. The magnitude of the pound avoirdupois has varied less than 1% since the middle of the 14th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pound+avoirdupois&rft.pub=Sizes%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsizes.com%2Funits%2Fpound_avoirdupois.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntTowle1998">Hunt & Towle 1998</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurrin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Currin, John M. (1996). "Henry VII and the Treaty of Redon (1489): Plantagenet Ambitions and Early Tudor Foreign Policy". <i>History</i>. <b>81</b> (263). Curry: <span class="nowrap">343–</span>358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.00015">10.1111/1468-229X.00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24423267">24423267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Henry+VII+and+the+Treaty+of+Redon+%281489%29%3A+Plantagenet+Ambitions+and+Early+Tudor+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=263&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.00015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24423267%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Currin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie1952">Mackie 1952</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurrin2000">Currin 2000</a>, pp. 379–412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, pp. 228–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnicke2000103-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnicke2000103_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarnicke2000">Warnicke 2000</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197647-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197647_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton 1976</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197650-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197650_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton 1976</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2011">Penn 2011</a>, pp. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2011">Penn 2011</a>, pp. 203–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973167–168-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973167–168_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973198–201-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973198–201_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 198–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, Michael (2000). "Bastard Feudalism, Overmighty Subjects and Idols of the Multitude during the Wars of the Roses". <i>History</i>. <b>85</b> (279): <span class="nowrap">386–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.00153">10.1111/1468-229X.00153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Bastard+Feudalism%2C+Overmighty+Subjects+and+Idols+of+the+Multitude+during+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=279&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E386-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.00153&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odnb_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Horrox, Rosemary (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/705">"Arthur, prince of Wales (1486–1502)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F705">10.1093/ref:odnb/705</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arthur%2C+prince+of+Wales+%281486%E2%80%931502%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F705&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffiths-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-griffiths_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1972" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Griffiths" title="Ralph A. 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Bristol: Sutton Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0064911269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0064911269"><bdi>978-0064911269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wales+and+the+Marches+in+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Fifteenth+Century+England%2C+1399%E2%80%931509%3A+Studies+in+Politics+and+Society&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0064911269&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, pp. 249–256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973178-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1973178_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch199639–42-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch199639–42_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 39–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickthorn1949" class="citation book cs1">Pickthorn, Kenneth (1949). <i>Early Tudor Government</i>. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tudor+Government&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Pickthorn&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201170-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201170_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2011">Penn 2011</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999302–304-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrimes1999302–304_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, pp. 302–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2013404-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2013404_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2013">Weir 2013</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2013204-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2013204_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2013">Penn 2013</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergenroth" class="citation web cs1">Bergenroth, G A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/supp/vols1-2">"Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana"</a>. <i>British History Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Grolier Club. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605830179" title="Special:BookSources/978-1605830179"><bdi>978-1605830179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry%27s+Father+Searches+for+a+New+Wife&rft.btitle=VIVAT+REX%21+An+Exhibition+Commemorating+the+500th+Anniversary+of+the+Accession+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=The+Grolier+Club&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1605830179&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627111129/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%20202%20hvii%20policy.htm">"Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%20202%20hvii%20policy.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domestic+and+foreign+policy+of+Henry+VII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.history.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F123%2F123%2520202%2520hvii%2520policy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queentohistory.com/book-reviews/documentaries/henry-vii-winter-king">"Henry VII Winter King"</a>. <i>Queen to History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen+to+History&rft.atitle=Henry+VII+Winter+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqueentohistory.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fdocumentaries%2Fhenry-vii-winter-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 304; <a href="#CITEREFPenn2013">Penn 2013</a>, pp. 110–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorkcivictrust.co.uk/heritage/civic-trust-plaques/queen-margarets-arch">"Queen Margaret's Arch | York Civic Trust"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Margaret+Beaufort%2C+Countess+of+Richmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fmargaret-beaufort-countess-of-richmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeward2010" class="citation journal cs1">Seward, Desmond (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F467744a">"The Wars of the Roses"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>467</b> (7316): 318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.467..744B">2010Natur.467..744B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F467744a">10.1038/467744a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4350364">4350364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.volume=467&rft.issue=7316&rft.pages=318&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4350364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F467744a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.467..744B&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F467744a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunn2009">Gunn 2009</a>, pp. 380–392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1999">Chrimes 1999</a>, p. 67 n3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerSchmid20111104-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerSchmid20111104_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagnerSchmid2011">Wagner & Schmid 2011</a>, p. 1104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somerset, Earls and Dukes of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somerset,_Earls_and_Dukes_of">"Somerset, Earls and Dukes of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somerset%2C+Earls+and+Dukes+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=385&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2008). "The Tudors". <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i>. London: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5"><bdi>978-0-09-953973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tudors&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953973-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrimes1972">Chrimes 1972</a>, Select Pedigrees: I & II</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrimes1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bertram_Chrimes" title="Stanley Bertram Chrimes">Chrimes, Stanley B.</a> (1972). <i>Henry VII</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-28590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-28590-4"><bdi>978-0-413-28590-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-413-28590-4&rft.aulast=Chrimes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrimes1977" class="citation book cs1">—— (1977). <i>Henry VII</i> (2nd ed.). New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-38400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-38400-3"><bdi>978-0-413-38400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-413-38400-3&rft.aulast=Chrimes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrimes1999" class="citation book cs1">—— (1999). <i>Henry VII</i> (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02266-9"><bdi>978-0-520-02266-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21264946M">21264946M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21264946M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02266-9&rft.aulast=Chrimes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurrin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Currin, John M. (November 2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The King's Army into the Partes of Bretaigne': Henry VII and the Breton Wars, 1489–1491". <i><a href="/wiki/War_in_History" title="War in History">War in History</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096834450000700401">10.1177/096834450000700401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154603131">154603131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=%27The+King%27s+Army+into+the+Partes+of+Bretaigne%27%3A+Henry+VII+and+the+Breton+Wars%2C+1489%E2%80%931491&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096834450000700401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154603131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Currin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElgin2013" class="citation book cs1">Elgin, Kathy (2013). <i>Henry VIII: The Charismatic King who Reforged a Nation</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcturus_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcturus Publishing (page does not exist)">Arcturus Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gA8EAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-12859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-782-12859-5"><bdi>978-1-782-12859-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+The+Charismatic+King+who+Reforged+a+Nation&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-782-12859-5&rft.aulast=Elgin&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunn2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Gunn_(historian)" title="Steven Gunn (historian)">Gunn, Steven</a> (August 2009). "Politic history, New Monarchy and state formation: Henry VII in European perspective". <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Research">Historical Research</a></i>. <b>82</b> (217): <span class="nowrap">380–</span>392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2009.00492.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.2009.00492.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Politic+history%2C+New+Monarchy+and+state+formation%3A+Henry+VII+in+European+perspective&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=217&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2009.00492.x&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (1988). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29691-6"><bdi>978-0-582-29691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Longman+History+in+Depth&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29691-6&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft.au=Towle%2C+Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKendall1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Murray_Kendall" title="Paul Murray Kendall">Kendall, Paul Murray</a> (1973). <i>Richard the Third</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sphere_Books" title="Sphere Books">Sphere Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17095-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17095-9"><bdi>978-0-351-17095-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Third&rft.pub=Sphere+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-351-17095-9&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLockyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Lockyer, Roger (2014). <i>Henry VII</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89432-2"><bdi>978-1-317-89432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89432-2&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (1996). "The Consolidation of England 1485–1603". In <a href="/wiki/John_Morrill_(historian)" title="John Morrill (historian)">Morrill, John</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-192-89327-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-192-89327-7"><bdi>978-0-192-89327-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Consolidation+of+England+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Tudor+and+Stuart+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-192-89327-7&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackie1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_Mackie" title="John Duncan Mackie">Mackie, John Duncan</a> (1952). <i>The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-21706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-21706-0"><bdi>978-0-198-21706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earlier+Tudors%2C+1485%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-198-21706-0&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=John+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan, Kenneth O.</a> (1988). <i>The Oxford History of Britain</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285202-1"><bdi>978-0-19-285202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285202-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenn2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Penn_(historian)" title="Thomas Penn (historian)">Penn, Thomas</a> (2011). <i>Winter King – Henry VII and The Dawn of Tudor England</i> (1st ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-439-19156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-439-19156-9"><bdi>978-1-439-19156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winter+King+%E2%80%93+Henry+VII+and+The+Dawn+of+Tudor+England&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-439-19156-9&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenn2013" class="citation book cs1">—— (2013). <i>Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England</i> (Reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-439-19157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-439-19157-6"><bdi>978-1-439-19157-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winter+King%3A+Henry+VII+and+the+Dawn+of+Tudor+England&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-439-19157-6&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogersTurvey2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Caroline; Turvey, Roger (2000). <i>Henry VII</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton Educational</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-75381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-75381-1"><bdi>978-0-340-75381-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton+Educational&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-340-75381-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Turvey%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth Meyer</a> (1976). <i>The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-871-69161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-871-69161-3"><bdi>978-0-871-69161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204%E2%80%931571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-871-69161-3&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2006). <i>Monarchy: From the Middle Ages to Modernity</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007-24766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-007-24766-0"><bdi>978-0-007-24766-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+to+Modernity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-007-24766-0&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_(Dean_of_Winchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stephens (Dean of Winchester)">Stephens, W. R. W.</a> (1876). <i>Memorials of the South Saxon See and Cathedral Church of Chichester</i>. London: Bentley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+the+South+Saxon+See+and+Cathedral+Church+of+Chichester&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bentley&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagnerSchmid2011" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John; Schmid, Susan Walters (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Tudor England</i>. Santa Barbara: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-598-84298-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-598-84298-2"><bdi>978-1-598-84298-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Tudor+England&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-598-84298-2&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Susan+Walters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarnicke2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Retha_Warnicke" title="Retha Warnicke">Warnicke, Retha M.</a> (2000). <i>The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17969-0"><bdi>978-0-521-17969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrying+of+Anne+of+Cleves%3A+Royal+Protocol+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17969-0&rft.aulast=Warnicke&rft.aufirst=Retha+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1995). <i>The Princes in the Tower</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39178-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39178-0"><bdi>978-0-345-39178-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princes+in+the+Tower&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-345-39178-0&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <i>The Six Wives of Henry VIII</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-802-19875-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-19875-4"><bdi>978-0-802-19875-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-802-19875-4&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir2013" class="citation book cs1">—— (2013). <i>Elizabeth of York: The First Tudor Queen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-448-19138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-448-19138-3"><bdi>978-1-448-19138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+of+York%3A+The+First+Tudor+Queen&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-448-19138-3&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1973" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Neville (1973). <i>The Life and Times of Henry VII</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_and_Nicolson" class="mw-redirect" title="Weidenfeld and Nicolson">Weidenfeld and Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76517-2"><bdi>978-0-297-76517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Henry+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-297-76517-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnglo1987" class="citation journal cs1">Anglo, Sydney (1987). "Ill of the dead. The posthumous reputation of Henry VII". <i><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Studies">Renaissance Studies</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-4658.1987.tb00121.x">10.1111/j.1477-4658.1987.tb00121.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24410008">24410008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=Ill+of+the+dead.+The+posthumous+reputation+of+Henry+VII&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-4658.1987.tb00121.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24410008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anglo&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshley2002" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (2002). <i>British Kings & Queens</i>. <a href="/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf" class="mw-redirect" title="Carroll & Graf">Carroll & Graf</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofbr0000ashl_f1a2/page/280">280</a>–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1104-8"><bdi>978-0-7867-1104-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8141172M">8141172M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Kings+%26+Queens&rft.pages=280-286&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8141172M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1104-8&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper1959" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, J. P. (1959). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020534">"Henry VII's Last Years Reconsidered"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Journal">Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00022056">10.1017/S0018246X00022056</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020534">3020534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162609810">162609810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Henry+VII%27s+Last+Years+Reconsidered&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162609810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020534%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00022056&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2007" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Sean (2007). <i>Henry VII</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26620-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26620-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26620-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26620-8&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElton1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton, G. R.</a> (1961). "Henry VII: A Restatement". <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Journal">Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00022184">10.1017/S0018246X00022184</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020379">3020379</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159982738">159982738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Henry+VII%3A+A+Restatement&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159982738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020379%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00022184&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritze1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Fritze" title="Ronald H. Fritze">Fritze, Ronald H.</a> (1991). <i>Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485–1603</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313265983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313265983"><bdi>978-0313265983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Tudor+England%2C+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0313265983&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunn2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Gunn_(historian)" title="Steven Gunn (historian)">Gunn, Steven</a> (2007). "Henry VII in Context: Problems and Possibilities". <i>History</i>. <b>92</b> (307): <span class="nowrap">301–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2007.00397.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.00397.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Henry+VII+in+Context%3A+Problems+and+Possibilities&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=307&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2007.00397.x&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrill1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morrill_(historian)" title="John Morrill (historian)">Morrill, John</a> (1996). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Tudor+and+Stuart+Britain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStubbs1886" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">Stubbs, William</a> (1886). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Seventeen_lectures_on_the_study_of_medieval_and_modern_history_and_kindred_subjects/The_Reign_of_Henry_VII._(1)" class="extiw" title="s:Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects/The Reign of Henry VII. (1)">The Reign of Henry VII. (1): (April 24, 1883.)</a>". <i>Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects</i>: <span class="nowrap">334–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107248208" class="extiw" title="d:Q107248208">Q107248208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+lectures+on+the+study+of+medieval+and+modern+history+and+kindred+subjects&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Henry+VII.+%281%29%3A+%28April+24%2C+1883.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Stubbs1886" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1886). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Seventeen_lectures_on_the_study_of_medieval_and_modern_history_and_kindred_subjects/The_Reign_of_Henry_VII._(2)" class="extiw" title="s:Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects/The Reign of Henry VII. (2)">The Reign of Henry VII.: (April 25, 1883.)</a>". <i>Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects</i>: <span class="nowrap">353–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107248250" class="extiw" title="d:Q107248250">Q107248250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+lectures+on+the+study+of+medieval+and+modern+history+and+kindred+subjects&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Henry+VII.%3A+%28April+25%2C+1883.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1886&rft.au=William+Stubbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTowleHunt,_Jocelyn2006" class="citation book cs1">Towle, Carolyn; Hunt, Jocelyn (2006). <i>Henry VII</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00866-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00866-2"><bdi>978-0-521-00866-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00866-2&rft.aulast=Towle&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jocelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2011). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-446-44911-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-446-44911-0"><bdi>978-1-446-44911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-446-44911-0&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002). <i>Henry VIII: King and Court</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pimlico_(publishing_imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimlico (publishing imprint)">Pimlico</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6451-6"><bdi>978-0-7126-6451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+King+and+Court&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6451-6&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWernham1966" class="citation book cs1">—— (1966). <i>Before the Armada: the growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/530462">530462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Armada%3A+the+growth+of+English+foreign+policy%2C+1485%E2%80%931588&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F530462&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Henry_VII._of_England" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Henry VII. of England">Henry VII. of England</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/henry-vii">Henry VII</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/henry-vii-king-of-england-1457-1509#/type/subject">Henry VII</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGairdner1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gairdner, James (1891). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henry VIII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Henry_VIII">"Henry VIII" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 26. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Gairdner&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/aboutHenryVII.htm">Tudor Place page on Henry VII</a></li> <li>Discussion of marital bed by <a href="/wiki/Janina_Ramirez" title="Janina Ramirez">Janina Ramirez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Foyle" title="Jonathan Foyle">Jonathan Foyle</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acast.com/artdetective/jonathanfoyle">Art Detective Podcast, 15 Feb 2017</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02144">Portraits of King Henry VII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675493#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Henry VII of England </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 28 January 1457</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 21 April 1509</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> </b><br />1485–1509 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Richmond" title="Earl of Richmond">Earl of Richmond</a> </b><br />1457–1461 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Forfeit </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">Fall of George, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Briefly joined the Lancastrians. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Briefly joined the Yorkists. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span> Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Category:Wars of the Roses">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675493#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675493#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675493#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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