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id="toc-Challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Challenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Descriptive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenomenon_of_life_vs._living_individual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenomenon_of_life_vs._living_individual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Phenomenon of life vs. living individual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenomenon_of_life_vs._living_individual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Living systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of study</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_study-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of study subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Materialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hylomorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hylomorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hylomorphism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hylomorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spontaneous_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spontaneous_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spontaneous generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spontaneous_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vitalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origin of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fossils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental conditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_of_tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_of_tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Range of tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_of_tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extremophiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremophiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Extremophiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extremophiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linnaean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linnaean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Linnaean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linnaean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metagenomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metagenomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Metagenomic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metagenomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Chemical elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multicellular_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multicellular_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Multicellular structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multicellular_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In the universe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Artificial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Life</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 167 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%89%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ГъащӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ГъащӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lewe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B5" title="ህይወት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህይወት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABf" title="Līf – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Līf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A8" title="জীৱন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekove" title="Tekove – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekove" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka%C3%B1a" title="Jakaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99yat" title="Həyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="یاشاییش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاشاییش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="জীবন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81" title="Sèⁿ-miā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Тормош – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тормош" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыццё – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыццё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыцьцё – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жыцьцё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="जिनगी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिनगी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="འཚོ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཚོ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhez" title="Buhez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Buhez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амидарал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амидарал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupenyu" title="Hupenyu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hupenyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywyd" title="Bywyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bywyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C9%9Bvili" title="Nyɛvili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nyɛvili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elu" title="Elu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE" title="Ζωή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo" title="Vivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa" title="Vía – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vía" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zindagi" title="Zindagi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zindagi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie" title="Vie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libben" title="Libben – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libben" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вахар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вахар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-miang" title="Sâng-miang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-miang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85" title="생명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Կյանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biag" title="Biag – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impilo" title="Impilo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Impilo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADf" title="Líf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urip" title="Urip – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Urip" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜೀವನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Джашау – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джашау" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="სიცოცხლე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიცოცხლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زِنٛدگی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زِنٛدگی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Тіршілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тіршілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewnans" title="Bewnans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bewnans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuzima" title="Ubuzima – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuzima" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhai" title="Uhai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyan" title="Jiyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jiyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тиричилик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тиричилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຊີວິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີວິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABv%C4%ABba" title="Dzīvība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvyb%C4%97" title="Gyvybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitta" title="Vitta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vitta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leve" title="Leve – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom%C9%94i" title="Bomɔi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bomɔi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_kamji%27e" title="lo kamji'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo kamji'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89let" title="Élet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiainana" title="Fiainana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="ജീവൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თელარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თელარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidupan" title="Hidupan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiduik" title="Hiduik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hiduik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-m%C3%AAng" title="Sĕng-mêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-mêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амьдрал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьдрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="သက်ရှိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula_(kilanibula)" title="Bula (kilanibula) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bula (kilanibula)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дахар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дахар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leewent" title="Leewent – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leewent" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livet" title="Livet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Livet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayot" title="Hayot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="جیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ژوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laif" title="Laif – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laif" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viață" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay" title="Kawsay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Жывот – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Жывот" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Жизнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Олох – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Олох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzip" title="uzip – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="uzip" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeta" title="Jeta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jeta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ජීවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A" title="زندگي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زندگي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivljenje" title="Življenje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Življenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolosha" title="Nolosha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nolosha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ژین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirup" title="Hirup – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hirup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4m%C3%A4" title="Elämä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elämä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Тереклек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тереклек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="జీవం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ชีวิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Зиндагӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зиндагӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ui" title="Mo'ui – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mo'ui" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fam" title="Yaşam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Da%C5%9Fa%C3%BDy%C5%9F" title="Ýaşaýyş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýaşaýyş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨈᨘᨓᨚ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨓᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Життя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Життя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengmingh" title="Sengmingh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sengmingh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo" title="Elo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Sự sống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lif" title="Lif – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veye_(biyolodjeye)" title="Veye (biyolodjeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Veye (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutomi" title="Vutomi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%9F" title="לעבן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Gīvībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolu" title="Ngolu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ngolu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengidup" title="Pengidup – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pengidup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Life" 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<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Life" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Introduction/What_is_living" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Life" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Life" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Matter with biological processes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Life_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Life (disambiguation)">Life (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: transparent">Life<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">3770–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50580249617px; width:15.704948543902px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21075104007px; width:10.1763739873px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38712502737px; width:3.6128749726297px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50580249617px; width:29.494197503832px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="color:black;">Pha.</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.14867527918px; width:49.266476899496px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.41515217867px; width:32.844317932998px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.25947011167px; width:25.246332384497px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.14867527918px; width:107.35712721699px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:black;">Proterozoic</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.340924020145px; width:23.59316838187px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.934092402014px; width:21.896211955332px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.830304357346px; width:21.896211955332px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.726516312678px; width:16.422158966499px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.340924020145px; width:83.807751259032px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:black;">Archean</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.340924020145px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.340924020145px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:white;">Had.</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:15.710532077951px; width:234.28946792205px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:43.628202320998px; width:206.371797679px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:44.628202320998px; width:204.371797679px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a> (possible <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a> origin)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coral_reef..._South_end_of_my_area_(14119221571).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coral_reef..._South_end_of_my_area_%2814119221571%29.jpg/330px-Coral_reef..._South_end_of_my_area_%2814119221571%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coral_reef..._South_end_of_my_area_%2814119221571%29.jpg/500px-Coral_reef..._South_end_of_my_area_%2814119221571%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coral_reef..._South_end_of_my_area_%2814119221571%29.jpg/960px-Coral_reef..._South_end_of_my_area_%2814119221571%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Diverse forms of life on a <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: transparent"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Life" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: transparent"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supergroup_(biology)" title="Supergroup (biology)">supergroups</a> and other </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Life on Earth: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular life">Cellular life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonadida">Malawimonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planomonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Planomonada">Planomonada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakaryon myojinensis">Parakaryon myojinensis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virusoid" title="Virusoid">Virusoids</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Life</b> is a quality that distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological processes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not. It is defined descriptively by the capacity for <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">organisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>, response to <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>. All life over time eventually reaches a state of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, and none is <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a>. Many philosophical definitions of <a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">living systems</a> have been proposed, such as <a href="/wiki/Self-organizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-organizing">self-organizing</a> systems. <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a> in particular make definition difficult as they replicate only in <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> cells. Life exists all over the Earth in air, water, and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, with many <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>. Some of these are harsh environments occupied only by <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a>. </p><p>Life has been studied since ancient times, with theories such as <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> asserting that it was composed of <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">four eternal elements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">hylomorphism</a> asserting that living things have <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> and embody both <a href="/wiki/Form_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (Plato)">form</a> and matter. <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">Life originated</a> at least 3.5 billion years ago, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Universal_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal common ancestor">universal common ancestor</a>. This evolved into all the <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that exist now, by way of many <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> species, some of which have left traces as <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. Attempts to classify living things, too, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">began with Aristotle</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">classification</a> began with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>'s system of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> in the 1740s. </p><p>Living things are composed of <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical molecules</a>, formed mainly from a few core <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a>. All living things contain two types of large molecule, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, the latter usually both <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>: these carry the information needed by each species, including the instructions to make each type of protein. The proteins, in turn, serve as the machinery which carries out the many chemical processes of life. The <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> is the structural and functional unit of life. Smaller organisms, including <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> (bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>), consist of small single cells. Larger <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, can consist of single cells or may be <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> with more complex structure. Life is only known to exist on Earth but <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> is <a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">thought probable</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a> is being simulated and explored by scientists and engineers. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Definition"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenge">Challenge</h3></div> <p>The definition of life has long been a challenge for scientists and philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-Definitions_2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definitions_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emmeche1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmeche1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is partially because life is a process, not a substance.<sup id="cite_ref-DefinitionMotivation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefinitionMotivation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SeedingBook_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeedingBook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is complicated by a lack of knowledge of the characteristics of living entities, if any, that may have developed outside Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bioethics_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioethics-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophical definitions of life have also been put forward, with similar difficulties on how to distinguish living things from the non-living.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeuken1975_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeuken1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal definitions</a> of life have been debated, though these generally focus on the decision to declare a human dead, and the legal ramifications of this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Capron1978_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capron1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 123 definitions of life have been compiled.<sup id="cite_ref-JBSD-20110317_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBSD-20110317-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descriptive">Descriptive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></div> <p>Since there is no consensus for a definition of life, most current definitions in biology are descriptive. Life is considered a characteristic of something that preserves, furthers or reinforces its existence in the given environment. This implies all or most of the following traits:<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koshland_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koshland-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merriamwebster_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriamwebster-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JBS-2012Feb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBS-2012Feb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a>: regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a> to reduce temperature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation">Organisation</a>: being structurally composed of one or more <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> – the basic units of life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>: transformation of energy, used to convert chemicals into cellular components (<a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>) and to decompose organic matter (<a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>). Living things <a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">require energy</a> for homeostasis and other activities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">Growth</a>: maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism. A growing organism increases in size and structure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a>: the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Response to <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a>: such as the contraction of a <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organism</a> away from external chemicals, the complex reactions involving all the senses of <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular organisms">multicellular organisms</a>, or the motion of the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun (<a href="/wiki/Phototropism" title="Phototropism">phototropism</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a>: the ability to produce new individual organisms, either <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> from a single parent organism or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually</a> from two parent organisms.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Entropy_and_life" title="Entropy and life">Entropy and life</a></div> <p>From a <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> perspective, an organism is a <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_system" title="Thermodynamic system">thermodynamic system</a> with an organised molecular structure that can reproduce itself and evolve as survival dictates.<sup id="cite_ref-Luttermoser-1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luttermoser-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luttermoser-2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luttermoser-2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermodynamically, life has been described as an open system which makes use of gradients in its surroundings to create imperfect copies of itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review_2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way of putting this is to define life as "a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian evolution">Darwinian evolution</a>", a definition adopted by a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> committee attempting to define life for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Exobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobiology">exobiology</a>, based on a suggestion by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition, however, has been widely criticised because according to it, a single sexually reproducing individual is not alive as it is incapable of evolving on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenomenon_of_life_vs._living_individual">Phenomenon of life vs. living individual</h3></div> <p>"NASA's definition" refers to life as a phenomenon, not a living individual, which makes it incomplete as living individuals do not evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus alternative, definitions based on the notion of life as a phenomenon and a living individual have been proposed as <a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum</a> of a self-maintainable <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information</a>, and a distinct element of this continuum, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major strength of this approach is that it defines life in terms of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and physics, avoiding biological vocabulary, which inevitably leads to <a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">pleonasticity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_systems">Living systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></div> <p>Others take a <a href="/wiki/Living_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Living systems theory">living systems theory</a> viewpoint that does not necessarily depend on molecular chemistry. One systemic definition of life is that living things are <a href="/wiki/Self-organizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-organizing">self-organizing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autopoietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autopoietic">autopoietic</a> (self-producing). Variations of this include <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a>'s definition as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_agent" title="Autonomous agent">autonomous agent</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">multi-agent system</a> capable of reproducing itself, and of completing at least one <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">thermodynamic work cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition is extended by the evolution of novel functions over time.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG/220px-Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG/330px-Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG/440px-Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Animal corpses, like this <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a>, are recycled by the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, providing energy and nutrients for living organisms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Death is the termination of all vital functions or life processes in an organism or cell.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-define_death_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-define_death-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. Death would seem to refer to either the moment life ends, or when the state that follows life begins.<sup id="cite_ref-define_death_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-define_death-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such determination, therefore, requires drawing conceptual lines between life and death. This is problematic because there is little consensus over how to define life. The nature of death has for millennia been a central concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical inquiry. Many religions maintain faith in either a kind of <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> of the body at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viruses">Viruses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg/250px-Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg/330px-Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg/500px-Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenovirus">Adenoviruses</a> as seen under an electron microscope</figcaption></figure> <p>Whether or not viruses should be considered as alive is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are most often considered as just <a href="/wiki/Gene_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene coding">gene coding</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replicators</a> rather than forms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they possess <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, evolve by natural selection,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17914905_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17914905-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forterre_2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forterre_2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replicate by making multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. However, viruses do not metabolise and they require a host cell to make new products. Virus self-assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>, as it may support the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecules">organic molecules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16984643_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16984643-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative view on this topic is the possibility that we have overlooked the true nature of viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance to this view, a virion is a mare <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a> where an ontologically mature virus is created by the act of a cell <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Created this way, "virocell"—a cellular <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> of virus—is supposed to be its true form which holds all features of living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_study">History of study</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materialism">Materialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></div> <p>Some of the earliest theories of life were materialist, holding that all that exists is matter, and that life is merely a complex form or arrangement of matter. <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> (430 BC) argued that everything in the universe is made up of a combination of <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">four eternal "elements"</a> or "roots of all": earth, water, air, and fire. All change is explained by the arrangement and rearrangement of these four elements. The various forms of life are caused by an appropriate mixture of elements.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> (460 BC) was an <a href="/wiki/Atomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomist">atomist</a>; he thought that the essential characteristic of life was having a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> (<i>psyche</i>), and that the soul, like everything else, was composed of fiery atoms. He elaborated on fire because of the apparent connection between life and heat, and because fire moves.<sup id="cite_ref-democritus_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democritus-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, in contrast, held that the world was organised by permanent <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">forms</a>, reflected imperfectly in matter; forms provided direction or intelligence, explaining the regularities observed in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistic</a> materialism that originated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> was revived and revised by the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650), who held that animals and humans were assemblages of parts that together functioned as a machine. This idea was developed further by <a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">Julien Offray de La Mettrie</a> (1709–1750) in his book <i>L'Homme Machine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century the advances in <a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">cell theory</a> in biological science encouraged this view. The <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1859) is a mechanistic explanation for the origin of species by means of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Leduc" title="Stéphane Leduc">Stéphane Leduc</a> (1853–1939) promoted the idea that biological processes could be understood in terms of physics and chemistry, and that their growth resembled that of inorganic crystals immersed in solutions of sodium silicate. His ideas, set out in his book <i>La biologie synthétique</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were widely dismissed during his lifetime, but has incurred a resurgence of interest in the work of Russell, Barge and colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotelian_Soul.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/330px-Aristotelian_Soul.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/495px-Aristotelian_Soul.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/660px-Aristotelian_Soul.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Soul#Aristotle" title="Soul">structure of the souls</a> of plants, animals, and humans, according to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hylomorphism is a theory first expressed by the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (322 BC). The application of hylomorphism to biology was important to Aristotle, and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">biology is extensively covered in his extant writings</a>. In this view, everything in the material universe has both matter and form, and the form of a living thing is its <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> (Greek <i>psyche</i>, Latin <i>anima</i>). There are three kinds of souls: the <i>vegetative soul</i> of plants, which causes them to grow and decay and nourish themselves, but does not cause motion and sensation; the <i>animal soul</i>, which causes animals to move and feel; and the <i>rational soul</i>, which is the source of consciousness and reasoning, which (Aristotle believed) is found only in man.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each higher soul has all of the attributes of the lower ones. Aristotle believed that while matter can exist without form, form cannot exist without matter, and that therefore the soul cannot exist without the body.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This account is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">teleological explanations of life</a>, which account for phenomena in terms of purpose or goal-directedness. Thus, the whiteness of the polar bear's coat is explained by its purpose of camouflage. The direction of causality (from the future to the past) is in contradiction with the scientific evidence for natural selection, which explains the consequence in terms of a prior cause. Biological features are explained not by looking at future optimal results, but by looking at the past <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history">evolutionary history</a> of a species, which led to the natural selection of the features in question.<sup id="cite_ref-stewert_williams2010_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stewert_williams2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spontaneous_generation">Spontaneous generation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></div> <p>Spontaneous generation was the belief that living organisms can form without descent from similar organisms. Typically, the idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust or the supposed seasonal generation of mice and insects from mud or garbage.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory of spontaneous generation was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who compiled and expanded the work of prior natural philosophers and the various ancient explanations of the appearance of organisms; it was considered the best explanation for two millennia. It was decisively dispelled by the experiments of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> in 1859, who expanded upon the investigations of predecessors such as <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Redi" title="Francesco Redi">Francesco Redi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disproof of the traditional ideas of spontaneous generation is no longer controversial among biologists.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernal_1967_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernal_1967-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Szathmary_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szathmary-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitalism">Vitalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></div> <p>Vitalism is the belief that there is a non-material life-principle. This originated with <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> (17th century), and remained popular until the middle of the 19th century. It appealed to philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anatomists like <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bichat" title="Xavier Bichat">Xavier Bichat</a>, and chemists like <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitalism included the idea that there was a fundamental difference between organic and inorganic material, and the belief that <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic material</a> can only be derived from living things. This was disproved in 1828, when <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> prepared <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> from inorganic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6hler_synthesis" title="Wöhler synthesis">Wöhler synthesis</a> is considered the starting point of modern <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. It is of historical significance because for the first time an <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> was produced in <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1850s <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, anticipated by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Robert von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a>, demonstrated that no energy is lost in muscle movement, suggesting that there were no "vital forces" necessary to move a muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results led to the abandonment of scientific interest in vitalistic theories, especially after <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a>'s demonstration that alcoholic fermentation could occur in cell-free extracts of yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, belief still exists in <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> theories such as <a href="/wiki/Homoeopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoeopathy">homoeopathy</a>, which interprets diseases and sickness as caused by disturbances in a hypothetical vital force or life force.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <div style="float: right;"> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.760em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Life timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline" title="Template talk:Life timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.47em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:43.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.23em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.49em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.15em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.46em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.41em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.08em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.54em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:45.470em;height:3.469em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.735em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:45.470em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.735em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:41.137em;height:4.333em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.167em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:41.137em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-20.568em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:28.044em;height:13.093em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.546em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:28.044em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.022em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.870em;height:5.174em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.587em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:22.870em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.435em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.141em;height:12.729em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.365em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:10.141em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.070em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:4.443em;height:9.789em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.894em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.443em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.221em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:4.808em;height:5.333em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.443em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.221em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.081em;height:4.435em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.218em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.808em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.404em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.826em;height:2.982em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:87%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.491em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:3.298em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.649em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.826em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.913em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:45.470em;height:4.530em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.265em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:31.962em;height:13.508em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.754em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.141em;height:21.821em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.911em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:10.141em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.25em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.070em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:12.956em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.478em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.808em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.404em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.860em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.922em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.422em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.470em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.615em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:41.137em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.170em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:30.024em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.534em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:27.037em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:28.044em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:21.789em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.231em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:13.085em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Otavia" title="Otavia">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:12.038em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.546em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.141em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.833em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.627em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.517em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.887em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hominoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoid">Earliest hominoid</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.129em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.000em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_life">Origin of life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">age of Earth</a> is about 4.54 <a href="/wiki/Bya" title="Bya">billion years</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life on Earth has existed for at least 3.5 billion years,<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the oldest physical <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">traces</a> of life dating back 3.7 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates from molecular clocks, as summarised in the <a href="/wiki/TimeTree" title="TimeTree">TimeTree</a> public database, place the origin of life around 4.0 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypotheses on the origin of life attempt to explain the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal common ancestor">universal common ancestor</a> from simple <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a> via pre-cellular life to <a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">protocells</a> and metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, a set of 355 <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last universal common ancestor</a> was tentatively identified.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160725_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160725-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biosphere is postulated to have developed, from the origin of life onwards, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2006_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for life on Earth includes <a href="/wiki/Biogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenic">biogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> found in 3.7 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Metasediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasediment">metasedimentary rocks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greenland">Western Greenland</a><sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">microbial mat</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> found in 3.48 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, in 2015, "remains of <a href="/wiki/Biotic_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic life">biotic life</a>" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, putative fossilised <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Micropaleontology#Microfossils" title="Micropaleontology">microfossils</a>) were announced to have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vent precipitates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nuvvuagittuq_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuvvuagittuq Belt">Nuvvuagittuq Belt</a> of Quebec, Canada that were as old as 4.28 billion years, the oldest record of life on Earth, suggesting "an almost instantaneous emergence of life" after <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth#History_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">ocean formation 4.4 billion years ago</a>, and not long after the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">formation of the Earth</a> 4.54 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170301_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170301-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> is the change in <a href="/wiki/Heritable" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritable">heritable</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">characteristics</a> of biological populations over successive generations. It results in the appearance of new species and often the disappearance of old ones.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics increasing or decreasing in frequency within a population over successive generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Phillips_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Phillips-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of evolution has given rise to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> at every level of <a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">biological organisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voet2016a_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet2016a-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossils">Fossils</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">Fossils</a></div> <p>Fossils are the preserved remains or <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">traces</a> of organisms from the remote past. The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in layers (<a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> is known as the <i>fossil record</i>. A preserved specimen is called a fossil if it is older than the arbitrary date of 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, fossils range in age from the youngest at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> Epoch to the oldest from the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archaean</a> Eon, up to 3.4 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> years old.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinction">Extinction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></div> <p>Extinction is the process by which a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> dies out.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moment of extinction is the death of the last individual of that species. Because a species' potential <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a> may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively after a period of apparent absence. Species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> or against superior competition. Over 99% of all the species that have ever lived are now extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Book-Biology_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-Biology-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">Mass extinctions</a> may have accelerated evolution by providing opportunities for new groups of organisms to diversify.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_conditions">Environmental conditions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg/200px-20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg/300px-20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg/400px-20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen catastrophe">dramatically changed</a> the composition of life forms on Earth by leading to the near-extinction of <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">oxygen-intolerant organisms</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The diversity of life on Earth is a result of the dynamic interplay between <a href="/wiki/Genetic_opportunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic opportunity">genetic opportunity</a>, metabolic capability, <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environmental</a> challenges,<sup id="cite_ref-astrobiology_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of its existence, Earth's habitable environment has been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> and subjected to their metabolism and evolution. As a consequence of these microbial activities, the physical-chemical environment on Earth has been changing on a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a>, thereby affecting the path of evolution of subsequent life.<sup id="cite_ref-astrobiology_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the release of molecular <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> induced global changes in the Earth's environment. Because oxygen was toxic to most life on Earth at the time, this posed novel evolutionary challenges, and ultimately resulted in the formation of Earth's major animal and plant species. This interplay between organisms and their environment is an inherent feature of living systems.<sup id="cite_ref-astrobiology_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosphere">Biosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg/220px-Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg/330px-Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg/440px-Deinococcus_geothermalis_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_geothermalis" title="Deinococcus geothermalis">Deinococcus geothermalis</a></i>, a bacterium that thrives in <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal springs">geothermal springs</a> and deep ocean subsurfaces<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed as the zone of life on Earth, a closed system (apart from solar and cosmic radiation and heat from the interior of the Earth), and largely self-regulating.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisms exist in every part of the biosphere, including <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">inside rocks</a> at least 19 km (12 mi) deep underground, the deepest parts of the ocean, and at least 64 km (40 mi) high in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-SD-19980625-UG_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-19980625-UG-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABM-20150112_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABM-20150112-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20151124_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20151124-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, spores of <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a></i> have been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a> at an altitude of 48 to 77 km.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under test conditions, life forms have been observed to survive in the vacuum of space.<sup id="cite_ref-Dose_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dose-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horneck_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horneck-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life forms thrive in the deep <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20130317_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20130317-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inside rocks up to 580 m (1,900 ft; 0.36 mi) below the sea floor under 2,590 m (8,500 ft; 1.61 mi) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States,<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130314_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130314-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2,400 m (7,900 ft; 1.5 mi) beneath the seabed off Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20141215-RM_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20141215-RM-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, life forms were found living 800 m (2,600 ft; 0.50 mi) below the ice of Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20140820_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20140820-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FRB-20140820_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRB-20140820-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expeditions of the <a href="/wiki/International_Ocean_Discovery_Program" title="International Ocean Discovery Program">International Ocean Discovery Program</a> found <a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">unicellular</a> life in 120 °C sediment 1.2 km below seafloor in the <a href="/wiki/Nankai_Trough" title="Nankai Trough">Nankai Trough</a> <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one researcher, "You can find <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> everywhere—they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_of_tolerance">Range of tolerance</h3></div> <p>The inert components of an ecosystem are the physical and chemical factors necessary for life—energy (sunlight or <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">chemical energy</a>), water, heat, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_biology" title="Gravitational biology">gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">solar radiation protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most ecosystems, the conditions vary during the day and from one season to the next. To survive in these ecosystems, organisms must be able to tolerate a range of conditions defined as the "range of tolerance".<sup id="cite_ref-tolerance_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolerance-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside this range are the "zones of physiological stress", where the survival and reproduction are possible but not optimal. Beyond these zones are the "zones of intolerance", where survival and reproduction of that organism is unlikely or impossible. Organisms that have a wide range of tolerance are more widely distributed than organisms with a narrow range of tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-tolerance_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolerance-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extremophiles">Extremophiles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/170px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/255px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/340px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> that can resist extremes of cold, dehydration, vacuum, acid, and radiation exposure.</figcaption></figure> <p>To survive, some microorganisms have evolved to withstand <a href="/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">freezing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">complete desiccation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">starvation</a>, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">radiation exposure</a>, and other physical or chemical challenges. These <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> microorganisms may survive exposure to such conditions for long periods.<sup id="cite_ref-astrobiology_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160912_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160912-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They excel at exploiting uncommon sources of energy. Characterization of the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">structure</a> and metabolic diversity of microbial communities in such <a href="/wiki/Extreme_environment" title="Extreme environment">extreme environments</a> is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">Biological classification</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">Aristotle's biology</a></div> <p>The first classification of organisms was made by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC), who grouped living things as either plants or animals, based mainly on their ability to move. He distinguished animals with blood from animals without blood, which can be compared with the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> respectively, and divided the blooded animals into five groups: viviparous quadrupeds (<a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>), oviparous quadrupeds (reptiles and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>), birds, fishes and <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">whales</a>. The bloodless animals were divided into five groups: <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, insects (which included the spiders, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>), shelled animals (such as most <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>), and "<a href="/wiki/Zoophyte" title="Zoophyte">zoophytes</a>" (animals that resemble plants). This theory remained dominant for more than a thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linnaean">Linnaean</h3></div> <p>In the late 1740s, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> introduced his system of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> for the classification of species. Linnaeus attempted to improve the composition and reduce the length of the previously used many-worded names by abolishing unnecessary rhetoric, introducing new descriptive terms and precisely defining their meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fungi were originally treated as plants. For a short period Linnaeus had classified them in the taxon <a href="/wiki/Vermes" title="Vermes">Vermes</a> in Animalia, but later placed them back in Plantae. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland_(biologist)" title="Herbert Copeland (biologist)">Herbert Copeland</a> classified the Fungi in his <a href="/wiki/Protoctista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoctista">Protoctista</a>, including them with single-celled organisms and thus partially avoiding the problem but acknowledging their special status.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem was eventually solved by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker_(ecologist)" title="Robert Whittaker (ecologist)">Whittaker</a>, when he gave them their own <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Five-kingdom_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-kingdom system">five-kingdom system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history">Evolutionary history</a> shows that the fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As advances in <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> enabled detailed study of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> and microorganisms, new groups of life were revealed, and the fields of <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> were created. These new organisms were originally described separately in <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> as animals and <a href="/wiki/Thallophyte" title="Thallophyte">protophyta/thallophyta</a> as plants, but were united by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> in the kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>; later, the <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> were split off in the kingdom <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>, which would eventually be divided into two separate groups, the Bacteria and the <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Six-kingdom_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-kingdom system">six-kingdom system</a> and eventually to the current <a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">three-domain system</a>, which is based on evolutionary relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the classification of eukaryotes, especially of protists, is still controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Adl_05_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl_05-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As microbiology developed, viruses, which are non-cellular, were discovered. Whether these are considered alive has been a matter of debate; viruses lack characteristics of life such as cell membranes, metabolism and the ability to grow or respond to their environments. Viruses have been classed into "species" based on their <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, but many aspects of such a classification remain controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Linnaean system has been modified many times, for example as follows: </p> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a><br />1735<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1735-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a><br />1866<sup id="cite_ref-Haeckel_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeckel-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chatton" title="Édouard Chatton">Chatton</a><br />1925<sup id="cite_ref-Chatton1925_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton1925-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland_(biologist)" title="Herbert Copeland (biologist)">Copeland</a><br />1938<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1938_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1938-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker_(ecologist)" title="Robert Whittaker (ecologist)">Whittaker</a><br />1969<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1969_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1969-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a> et al.<br />1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a><br />1998,<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2015<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">2 kingdoms </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">3 kingdoms </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;"><a href="/wiki/Two-empire_system" title="Two-empire system">2 empires</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)#Four_kingdoms" title="Kingdom (biology)">4 kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">5 kingdoms </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;"><a href="/wiki/Three-domain_system" title="Three-domain system">3 domains</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">2 empires,<br />6/7 kingdoms </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="padding-left:4px;"><i>(not treated)</i> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (2015) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protoctista</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eucarya</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;">"<a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;">"<a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetabilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetabilia">Vegetabilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The attempt to organise the Eukaryotes into a small number of kingdoms has been challenged. The Protozoa do not form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> or natural grouping,<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonRoger2004_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonRoger2004-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nor do the <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> (Chromalveolata).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metagenomic">Metagenomic</h3></div> <p>The ability to sequence large numbers of complete <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> has allowed biologists to take a <a href="/wiki/Metagenomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metagenomic">metagenomic</a> view of the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the whole <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a>. This has led to the realisation that the majority of living things are bacteria, and that all have a common origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NM-20160411_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NM-20160411-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phylogenetic tree based on rRNA genes data (Woese et al., 1990)[122] showing the 3 life domains, with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) at its root"><img alt="Phylogenetic tree based on rRNA genes data (Woese et al., 1990)[122] showing the 3 life domains, with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) at its root" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg/330px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg/500px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg/960px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_life_LUCA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">Phylogenetic</a> tree based on <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> data (Woese <i>et al.</i>, 1990)<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing the 3 life <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last universal common ancestor (LUCA)</a> at its root</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2016 metagenomic representation of the tree of life, unrooted, using ribosomal protein sequences. Bacteria are at top (left and right); Archaea at bottom; Eukaryotes in green at bottom right.[134]"><img alt="A 2016 metagenomic representation of the tree of life, unrooted, using ribosomal protein sequences. Bacteria are at top (left and right); Archaea at bottom; Eukaryotes in green at bottom right.[134]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg/252px-A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="252" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg/378px-A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg/504px-A_Novel_Representation_Of_The_Tree_Of_Life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Metagenomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metagenomic">metagenomic</a> representation of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a>, unrooted, using <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_protein" title="Ribosomal protein">ribosomal protein</a> sequences. Bacteria are at top (left and right); <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> at bottom; <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> in green at bottom right.<sup id="cite_ref-NM-20160411_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NM-20160411-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_elements">Chemical elements</h3></div> <p>All life forms require certain core <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Biochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biochemical">biochemical</a> functioning. These include <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>—the elemental <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">macronutrients</a> for all organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj20101203_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj20101203-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together these make up <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, proteins and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, the bulk of living matter. Five of these six elements comprise the chemical components of DNA, the exception being sulfur. The latter is a component of the amino acids <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>. The most abundant of these elements in organisms is carbon, which has the desirable attribute of forming multiple, stable <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>. This allows carbon-based (organic) molecules to form the immense variety of chemical arrangements described in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipkus_Yuan_Lucas_Funk_2008_pp._4443–4451_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipkus_Yuan_Lucas_Funk_2008_pp._4443–4451-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">hypothetical types of biochemistry</a> have been proposed that eliminate one or more of these elements, swap out an element for one not on the list, or change required <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiralities</a> or other chemical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA">DNA</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></div> <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid or <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> that carries most of the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> of all known living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> and many viruses. DNA and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>; alongside <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">complex carbohydrates</a>, they are one of the three major types of <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecule</a> that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a> strands coiled around each other to form a <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double helix</a>. The two DNA strands are known as <a href="/wiki/Polynucleotide" title="Polynucleotide">polynucleotides</a> since they are composed of <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">simpler units</a> called <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each nucleotide is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenous_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous base">nitrogen-containing</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a>—either <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> (C), <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> (G), <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> (A), or <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> (T)—as well as a <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">sugar</a> called <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate group">phosphate group</a>. </p><p>The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating <a href="/wiki/Backbone_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbone chain">sugar-phosphate backbone</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairing</a> rules (A with T, and C with G), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. This has the key property that each strand contains all the information needed to recreate the other strand, enabling the information to be preserved during reproduction and cell division.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150718-rn_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150718-rn-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within cells, DNA is organised into long structures called <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a>, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotes store most of their DNA inside the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cells">Cells</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell (biology)</a></div> <p>Cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells by <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a> was formulated by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutrochet" title="Henri Dutrochet">Henri Dutrochet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> and others during the early nineteenth century, and subsequently became widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-sapp2003_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2003-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of its cells, with <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">energy flow</a> occurring within and between them. Cells contain hereditary information that is carried forward as a <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> code during cell division.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two primary types of cells, reflecting their evolutionary origins. <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a> cells lack a <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> and other membrane-bound <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>, although they have circular DNA and <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a>. Bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> are two <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a> of prokaryotes. The other primary type is the <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> cell, which has a distinct nucleus bound by a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear membrane">nuclear membrane</a> and membrane-bound organelles, including <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroplasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroplasts">chloroplasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysosomes">lysosomes</a>, rough and smooth <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vacuoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuoles">vacuoles</a>. In addition, their DNA is organised into <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. All species of large complex organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi, though with a wide diversity of <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protist</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conventional model is that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes, with the main organelles of the eukaryotes forming through <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiosis">endosymbiosis</a> between bacteria and the progenitor eukaryotic cell.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The molecular mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a> are based on <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. Most of these are synthesised by the ribosomes through an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">enzyme-catalyzed</a> process called <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein biosynthesis</a>. A sequence of amino acids is assembled and joined based upon <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> of the cell's nucleic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In eukaryotic cells, these proteins may then be transported and processed through the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> in preparation for dispatch to their destination.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20605430_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20605430-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cells reproduce through a process of <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> in which the parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. For prokaryotes, cell division occurs through a process of <a href="/wiki/Fission_(biology)" title="Fission (biology)">fission</a> in which the DNA is replicated, then the two copies are attached to parts of the cell membrane. In <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, a more complex process of <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> is followed. However, the result is the same; the resulting cell copies are identical to each other and to the original cell (except for <a href="/wiki/Mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations">mutations</a>), and both are capable of further division following an <a href="/wiki/Interphase" title="Interphase">interphase</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species of multicellular <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> as well as many <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> are capable of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. Sexual reproduction, involving a <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiotic</a> process, is considered to have arisen very early in the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multicellular_structure">Multicellular structure</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular organisms</a> may have first evolved through the formation of <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a> of identical cells. These cells can form group organisms through <a href="/wiki/Cell_adhesion" title="Cell adhesion">cell adhesion</a>. The individual members of a colony are capable of surviving on their own, whereas the members of a true multi-cellular organism have developed specialisations, making them dependent on the remainder of the organism for survival. Such organisms are formed <a href="/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)" title="Clone (cell biology)">clonally</a> or from a single <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cell</a> that is capable of forming the various specialised cells that form the adult organism. This specialisation allows multicellular organisms to exploit resources more efficiently than single cells.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 800 million years ago, a minor genetic change in a single molecule, the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/GK-PID" class="mw-redirect" title="GK-PID">GK-PID</a>, may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160107_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160107-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cells have evolved methods to perceive and respond to their microenvironment, thereby enhancing their adaptability. <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a> coordinates cellular activities, and hence governs the basic functions of multicellular organisms. Signaling between cells can occur through direct cell contact using <a href="/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling" title="Juxtacrine signalling">juxtacrine signalling</a>, or indirectly through the exchange of agents as in the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a>. In more complex organisms, coordination of activities can occur through a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts2002_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberts2002-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_universe">In the universe</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astroecology" title="Astroecology">Astroecology</a></div> <p>Though life is confirmed only on Earth, many think that <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable,<sup id="cite_ref-RaceRandolph2002_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaceRandolph2002-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical cosmology">biophysical cosmology</a> instead of a mere <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-v237_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v237-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other planets and <a href="/wiki/Moons" class="mw-redirect" title="Moons">moons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a> are being examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as <a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI">SETI</a> are trying to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilisations. Other locations within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> that may host <a href="/wiki/Microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial">microbial</a> life include the subsurface of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (planet)">Mars</a>, the upper atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Venus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsurface oceans on some of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite_habitability" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural satellite habitability">moons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20150127_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20150127-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigation of the tenacity and versatility of life on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160912_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160912-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an understanding of the molecular systems that some organisms utilise to survive such extremes, is important for the search for extraterrestrial life.<sup id="cite_ref-astrobiology_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> could survive for a month in a <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Earth_under_Martian_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Earth under Martian conditions">simulated Martian environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skymania-20120426_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skymania-20120426-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EGU-20120426_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EGU-20120426-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the Solar System, the region around another <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence star">main-sequence star</a> that could support Earth-like life on an Earth-like planet is known as the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a>. The inner and outer radii of this zone vary with the luminosity of the star, as does the time interval during which the zone survives. Stars more massive than the Sun have a larger habitable zone, but remain on the Sun-like "main sequence" of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> for a shorter time interval. Small <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a> have the opposite problem, with a smaller habitable zone that is subject to higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidal locking</a> from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such as the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-selis2006_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selis2006-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of the star within a galaxy may also affect the likelihood of life forming. Stars in regions with a greater abundance of heavier elements that can form planets, in combination with a low rate of potentially <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>-damaging <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> events, are predicted to have a higher probability of hosting planets with complex life.<sup id="cite_ref-science303_5654_59_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science303_5654_59-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variables of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a> are used to discuss the conditions in planetary systems where civilisation is most likely to exist, within wide bounds of uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-vakoch_harrison2011_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vakoch_harrison2011-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Confidence of Life Detection" scale (CoLD) for reporting evidence of life beyond Earth has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20211027_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20211027-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COS-20211030_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COS-20211030-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial">Artificial</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></div> <p>Artificial life is the <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> of any aspect of life, as through computers, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a> is a new area of <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> that combines science and <a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">biological engineering</a>. The common goal is the design and construction of new biological functions and systems not found in nature. Synthetic biology includes the broad redefinition and expansion of biotechnology, with the ultimate goals of being able to design and build engineered biological systems that process information, manipulate chemicals, fabricate materials and structures, produce energy, provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>, the study of life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-based_life" title="Carbon-based life">Carbon-based life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population" title="Lists of organisms by population">Lists of organisms by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viable_system_theory" title="Viable system theory">Viable system theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viruses are strongly believed not to descend from a common ancestor, with each <a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">realm</a> corresponding to separate instances of a virus coming into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-exec_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exec-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-exec-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exec_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Life as we know it has been described as a (thermodynamically) open system (Prigogine et al. 1972), which makes use of gradients in its surroundings to create imperfect copies of itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Review&rft.atitle=What+makes+a+planet+habitable%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123220355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00159-009-0019-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009A%26ARv..17..181L&rft.aulast=Lammer&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Bredeh%C3%B6ft%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Coustenis%2C+A.&rft.au=Khodachenko%2C+M.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveilnebula.jorgejohnson.me%2Fuploads%2F3%2F5%2F8%2F7%2F3587678%2Flammer_et_al_2009_astron_astro_rev-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Benner, Steven A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cause+and+Explanation+in+Ancient+Greek+Thought&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924656-4&rft.aulast=Hankinson&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diwfy-n5IWL8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Mettrie1748" class="citation book cs1">de la Mettrie, J.J.O. (1748). <i>L'Homme Machine</i> [<i>Man a machine</i>]. Leyden: Elie Luzac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Homme+Machine&rft.place=Leyden&rft.pub=Elie+Luzac&rft.date=1748&rft.aulast=de+la+Mettrie&rft.aufirst=J.J.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThagard2012" class="citation book cs1">Thagard, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrJIV19_nZYC&pg=PA204"><i>The Cognitive Science of Science: Explanation, Discovery, and Conceptual Change</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01728-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01728-2"><bdi>978-0-262-01728-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194751/https://books.google.com/books?id=HrJIV19_nZYC&pg=PA204">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cognitive+Science+of+Science%3A+Explanation%2C+Discovery%2C+and+Conceptual+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01728-2&rft.aulast=Thagard&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrJIV19_nZYC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeduc1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Leduc" title="Stéphane Leduc">Leduc, Stéphane</a> (1912). <i>La Biologie Synthétique</i> [<i>Synthetic Biology</i>]. Paris: Poinat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Biologie+Synth%C3%A9tique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Poinat&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Leduc&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussellBargeBhartiaBocanegra2014" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Michael J.; Barge, Laura M.; Bhartia, Rohit; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995032">"The Drive to Life on Wet and Icy Worlds"</a>. <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>343. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AsBio..14..308R">2014AsBio..14..308R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1110">10.1089/ast.2013.1110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995032">3995032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24697642">24697642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=The+Drive+to+Life+on+Wet+and+Icy+Worlds&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E343&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3995032%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24697642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2013.1110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AsBio..14..308R&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Barge%2C+Laura+M.&rft.au=Bhartia%2C+Rohit&rft.au=Bocanegra%2C+Dylan&rft.au=Bracher%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Branscomb%2C+Elbert&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Richard&rft.au=McGlynn%2C+Shawn&rft.au=Meier%2C+David+H.&rft.au=Nitschke%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Shibuya%2C+Takazo&rft.au=Vance%2C+Steve&rft.au=White%2C+Lauren&rft.au=Kanik%2C+Isik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3995032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul"><i>On the Soul</i></a>. 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Sharpe. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0216-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-0216-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194754/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz-8PsrT32AC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+ancient+philosophy&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0216-9&rft.aulast=Marietta&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGz-8PsrT32AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stewert_williams2010-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stewert_williams2010_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart-Williams2010" class="citation book cs1">Stewart-Williams, Steve (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBp69los_-oC&pg=PA193"><i>Darwin, God and the meaning of life: how evolutionary theory undermines everything you thought you knew of life</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76278-6"><bdi>978-0-521-76278-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194752/https://books.google.com/books?id=KBp69los_-oC&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%2C+God+and+the+meaning+of+life%3A+how+evolutionary+theory+undermines+everything+you+thought+you+knew+of+life&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76278-6&rft.aulast=Stewart-Williams&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBp69los_-oC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStillingfleet1697" class="citation book cs1">Stillingfleet, Edward (1697). <i>Origines Sacrae</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularorigins0000brac/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56475-5"><bdi>978-0-521-56475-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Molecular+Origins+of+Life&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56475-5&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Brack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F97805215%2F64755%2Fexcerpt%2F9780521564755_excerpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevineEvers" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Russell; Evers, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009044415/http://www.ncsu.edu/project/bio183de/Black/cellintro/cellintro_reading/Spontaneous_Generation.html">"The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668–1859)"</a>. <i>North Carolina State University</i>. National Health Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsu.edu/project/bio183de/Black/cellintro/cellintro_reading/Spontaneous_Generation.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+State+University&rft.atitle=The+Slow+Death+of+Spontaneous+Generation+%281668%E2%80%931859%29&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Evers%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsu.edu%2Fproject%2Fbio183de%2FBlack%2Fcellintro%2Fcellintro_reading%2FSpontaneous_Generation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyndall1905" class="citation book cs1">Tyndall, John (1905). <i>Fragments of Science</i>. Vol. 2. New York: P.F. Collier. Chapters IV, XII, and XIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragments+of+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapters+IV%2C+XII%2C+and+XIII&rft.pub=P.F.+Collier&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Tyndall&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernal_1967-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernal_1967_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernal1967" class="citation book cs1">Bernal, J.D. (1967) [Reprinted work by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oparin" title="Alexander Oparin">A.I. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67098482">67098482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Life&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson+Natural+History&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67098482&rft.aulast=Bernal&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginoflife0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZubay2000" class="citation book cs1">Zubay, Geoffrey (2000). <i>Origins of Life: On Earth and in the Cosmos</i> (2nd ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-781910-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-781910-5"><bdi>978-0-12-781910-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Life%3A+On+Earth+and+in+the+Cosmos&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-12-781910-5&rft.aulast=Zubay&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szathmary-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szathmary_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_John_MaynardSzathmary,_Eors1997" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John Maynard; Szathmary, Eors (1997). <i>The Major Transitions in Evolution</i>. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850294-4"><bdi>978-0-19-850294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Transitions+in+Evolution&rft.place=Oxford+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850294-4&rft.au=Smith%2C+John+Maynard&rft.au=Szathmary%2C+Eors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Sanford (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hQLdPtJe9EC&pg=PA56"><i>C.S. Lewis on the Final Frontier: Science and the Supernatural in the Space Trilogy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988839-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988839-9"><bdi>978-0-19-988839-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194800/https://books.google.com/books?id=4hQLdPtJe9EC&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.S.+Lewis+on+the+Final+Frontier%3A+Science+and+the+Supernatural+in+the+Space+Trilogy&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988839-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hQLdPtJe9EC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105031229/http://www.ifcc.org/ifccfiles/docs/130304003.pdf">"History of Clinical Chemistry – Wöhler & the Birth of Clinical Chemistry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifcc.org/ifccfiles/docs/130304003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+International+Federation+of+Clinical+Chemistry+and+Laboratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=History+of+Clinical+Chemistry+%E2%80%93+W%C3%B6hler+%26+the+Birth+of+Clinical+Chemistry&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifcc.org%2Fifccfiles%2Fdocs%2F130304003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Wöhler1828" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15097k/f261.chemindefer">"Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik_und_Chemie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Physik und Chemie">Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a></i>. <b>88</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....88..253W">1828AnP....88..253W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18280880206">10.1002/andp.18280880206</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110094705/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15097k/f261.chemindefer">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+k%C3%BCnstliche+Bildung+des+Harnstoffs&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=1828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18280880206&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....88..253W&rft.au=Friedrich+W%C3%B6hler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k15097k%2Ff261.chemindefer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinbach1992" class="citation book cs1">Rabinbach, Anson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5ZBNv-zTlQC&pg=PA124"><i>The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07827-7"><bdi>978-0-520-07827-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194755/https://books.google.com/books?id=e5ZBNv-zTlQC&pg=PA124">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Motor%3A+Energy%2C+Fatigue%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Modernity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07827-7&rft.aulast=Rabinbach&rft.aufirst=Anson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5ZBNv-zTlQC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornish-Bowden_Athel1997" class="citation book cs1">Cornish-Bowden Athel, ed. (1997). <i>New Beer in an Old Bottle. Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge</i>. Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8437-033280" title="Special:BookSources/978-8437-033280"><bdi>978-8437-033280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Beer+in+an+Old+Bottle.+Eduard+Buchner+and+the+Growth+of+Biochemical+Knowledge&rft.place=Valencia%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8437-033280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncahf.org/pp/homeop.html">"NCAHF Position Paper on Homeopathy"</a>. National Council Against Health Fraud. February 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225185228/https://www.ncahf.org/pp/homeop.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCAHF+Position+Paper+on+Homeopathy&rft.pub=National+Council+Against+Health+Fraud&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncahf.org%2Fpp%2Fhomeop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". <i>Special Publications, Geological Society of London</i>. <b>190</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130092094">130092094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Publications%2C+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130092094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GSLSP.190..205D&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellBoehnikeHarrisonMao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf">"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>112</b> (47): <span class="nowrap">14518–</span>14521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351">4664351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26483481">26483481</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106021508/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Potentially+biogenic+carbon+preserved+in+a+4.1+billion-year-old+zircon&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14518-%3C%2Fspan%3E14521&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4664351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26483481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11214518B&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Boehnike%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Harrison%2C+T.+Mark&rft.au=Mao%2C+Wendy+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2F1517557112.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchopf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schopf, J.W. (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578735">"Fossil evidence of Archaean life"</a>. <i>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci</i>. <b>361</b> (1470): <span class="nowrap">869–</span>885. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1834">10.1098/rstb.2006.1834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578735">1578735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754604">16754604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.+B+Biol.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Fossil+evidence+of+Archaean+life&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=1470&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E869-%3C%2Fspan%3E885&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1578735%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16754604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1834&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1578735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton_RavenBrooks_Johnson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton Raven, Peter; Brooks Johnson, George (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyrave00rave"><i>Biology</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill Education. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyrave00rave/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-112261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-112261-0"><bdi>978-0-07-112261-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-112261-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton+Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Brooks+Johnson%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyrave00rave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilsomRigby2009" class="citation book cs1">Milsom, Clare; <a href="/wiki/Sue_Rigby" title="Sue Rigby">Rigby, Sue</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdrCdxr7QdgC&pg=PA134"><i>Fossils at a Glance</i></a> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9336-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-9336-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194758/https://books.google.com/books?id=OdrCdxr7QdgC&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossils+at+a+Glance&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9336-8&rft.aulast=Milsom&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdrCdxr7QdgC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20131208-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOhtomoKakegawaIshidaNagase2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (8 December 2013). 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(8 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916">"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_(journal)" title="Astrobiology (journal)">Astrobiology</a></i>. <b>13</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1103–</span>1124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13.1103N">2013AsBio..13.1103N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030">10.1089/ast.2013.1030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916">3870916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24205812">24205812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=Microbially+Induced+Sedimentary+Structures+Recording+an+Ancient+Ecosystem+in+the+ca.+3.48+Billion-Year-Old+Dresser+Formation%2C+Pilbara%2C+Western+Australia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1103-%3C%2Fspan%3E1124&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3870916%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24205812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AsBio..13.1103N&rft.aulast=Noffke&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.au=Christian%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Wacey%2C+David&rft.au=Hazen%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3870916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHedges2009" class="citation book cs1">Hedges, S. 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Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-3503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-3503-3"><bdi>978-0-1995-3503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life&rft.btitle=The+Timetree+of+Life&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-1995-3503-3&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=S.+B.+Hedges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars145.php">"Habitability and Biology: What are the Properties of Life?"</a>. <i>Phoenix Mars Mission</i>. The University of Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417155949/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars145.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Mars+Mission&rft.atitle=Habitability+and+Biology%3A+What+are+the+Properties+of+Life%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.lpl.arizona.edu%2Fmars145.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20160725-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160725_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWade2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Wade, Nicholas</a> (25 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html">"Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728053822/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meet+Luca%2C+the+Ancestor+of+All+Living+Things&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2Fscience%2Flast-universal-ancestor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2006-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2006_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBrad_WilliamsonRobin_J._Heyden2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html"><i>Biology: Exploring Life</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-250882-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-250882-7"><bdi>978-0-13-250882-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-13-250882-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Brad+Williamson&rft.au=Robin+J.+Heyden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20170301-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170301_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoddPapineauGrenneSlack2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; et al. (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/">"Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>543</b> (7643): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.543...60D">2017Natur.543...60D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature21377">10.1038/nature21377</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28252057">28252057</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201821/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+early+life+in+Earth%27s+oldest+hydrothermal+vent+precipitates&rft.volume=543&rft.issue=7643&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28252057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature21377&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.543...60D&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft.au=Papineau%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Grenne%2C+Tor&rft.au=Slack%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Rittner%2C+Martin&rft.au=Pirajno%2C+Franco&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Little%2C+Crispin+T.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F112179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallHallgrímsson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_K._Hall" title="Brian K. Hall">Hall, Brian K.</a>; Hallgrímsson, Benedikt (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strickbergersevo0000hall"><i>Strickberger's Evolution</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrDD3cyA09kC&pg=PA4">4–6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-0066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-0066-9"><bdi>978-0-7637-0066-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007008981">2007008981</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85814089">85814089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strickberger%27s+Evolution&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=4-6&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85814089&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007008981&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft.au=Hallgr%C3%ADmsson%2C+Benedikt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrickbergersevo0000hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nas.edu/evolution/index.html">"Evolution Resources"</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603230514/http://www.nas.edu/evolution/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+Resources&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.edu%2Fevolution%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-Phillips-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Phillips_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott-PhillipsLalandShukerDickins2014" class="citation journal cs1">Scott-Phillips, Thomas C.; <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Laland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Laland">Laland, Kevin N.</a>; Shuker, David M.; et al. (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4261998">"The Niche Construction Perspective: A Critical Appraisal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(journal)" title="Evolution (journal)">Evolution</a></i>. <b>68</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1231–</span>1243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12332">10.1111/evo.12332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4261998">4261998</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24325256">24325256</a>. <q>Evolutionary processes are generally thought of as processes by which these changes occur. Four such processes are widely recognized: natural selection (in the broad sense, to include sexual selection), genetic drift, mutation, and migration (Fisher 1930; Haldane 1932). The latter two generate variation; the first two sort it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Niche+Construction+Perspective%3A+A+Critical+Appraisal&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1231-%3C%2Fspan%3E1243&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4261998%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24325256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevo.12332&rft.aulast=Scott-Phillips&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Laland%2C+Kevin+N.&rft.au=Shuker%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Dickins%2C+Thomas+E.&rft.au=West%2C+Stuart+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4261998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallHallgrímsson2008">Hall & Hallgrímsson 2008</a>, pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voet2016a-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voet2016a_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoetVoetPratt2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Voet" title="Donald Voet">Voet, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/Judith_G._Voet" title="Judith G. 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LibreTexts. 2 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060227/https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS:_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/03:_Nutrition_and_the_Human_Body/2.2:_The_Basic_Structural_and_Functional_Unit_of_Life:_The_Cell">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>Scientists now believe there could be as many habitable planets in the cosmos as there are stars, and that makes life's existence elsewhere "inevitable" over billions of years, says one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newser&rft.atitle=Alien+Life+%27Inevitable%27%3A+Astronomer&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newser.com%2Fstory%2F50874%2Falien-life-inevitable-astronomer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v237-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v237_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDick2020" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven J. (2020). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/artificial--life">the original</a> on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Artificial+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fartificial--life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChopraAkhil_Kamma" class="citation journal cs1">Chopra, Paras; Akhil Kamma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/2006/06/0038/">"Engineering life through Synthetic Biology"</a>. <i>In Silico Biology</i>. <b>6</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805175817/http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/2006/06/0038/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Silico+Biology&rft.atitle=Engineering+life+through+Synthetic+Biology&rft.volume=6&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Paras&rft.au=Akhil+Kamma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioinfo.de%2Fisb%2F2006%2F06%2F0038%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14772">Vitae</a> (BioLib)</li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="species:Main Page">Wikispecies</a> – a free directory of life</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715055239/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=1&src=0">Biota</a> (Taxonomicon) (archived 15 July 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life/">Entry</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231205121742/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/12/defining-life-existentialism-scientific-theory/676238/">What Is Life?</a> – by Jaime Green, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> (archived 5 December 2023)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere <span style="font-size:85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> 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<li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological 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title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biological_organisation" title="Template:Biological organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biological_organisation" title="Template talk:Biological organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biological_organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biological organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hierarchy_of_life45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Biocoenosis</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Macromolecular_assembly" title="Macromolecular assembly">Biomolecular complex</a> > <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">Macromolecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Big_History90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_History" title="Template:Big History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_History" title="Template talk:Big History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_History" 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people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chaisson" title="Eric Chaisson">Eric Chaisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Spier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Spier (page does not exist)">Fred Spier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Snooks" title="Graeme Snooks">Graeme Snooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_History_(TV_series)" title="Big History (TV series)">Big History</a></i> (2013 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_biology753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_biology753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">Evolutionary arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" title="Nonadaptive radiation">Non-adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centered view of evolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population<br />genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Flowering plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_fungi" title="Sexual selection in fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Phenotypic plasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bacteria" title="Evolution of bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_brachiopods" title="Evolution of brachiopods">Brachiopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur#Evolutionary_history" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_butterflies" title="Evolution of butterflies">butterflies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_gap" title="Cat gap">cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Evolution" title="Canidae">canids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyena#Evolution" title="Hyena">hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">dolphins and whales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Macropodidae" title="Evolution of Macropodidae">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_primates" title="Evolution of primates">primates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_lemurs" title="Evolution of lemurs">lemurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" title="Evolution of sirenians">sea cows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">pollinator-mediated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" title="Models of DNA evolution">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote#Origin_of_eukaryotes" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system#Evolution" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Origin_and_evolution" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Evolution" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Origin" title="Plastid">plastids</a></li></ul></li> <li>In animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair#Evolution" title="Hair">hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">auditory ossicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Aging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death#Evolutionary_origin_of_mitochondrial_apoptosis" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">Biological complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Color vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">in primates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Evolution_across_species" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system#Evolution_and_other_mechanisms" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism#Evolution" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism#Evolutionary_history" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">Gamete differentiation/sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles/nuclear phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Evolution" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempo_and_Mode_in_Evolution" title="Tempo and Mode in Evolution">Tempo and modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Gradualism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">Micromutation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutationism#Later_mutationist_theories" title="Mutationism">Macromutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" title="Catagenesis (biology)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Non-ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Transmutation of species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">Blending inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">The eclipse of Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology in biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxonomic_ranks19" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomic_ranks" title="Template:Taxonomic ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxonomic_ranks" title="Template talk:Taxonomic ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxonomic_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxonomic ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taxonomic_ranks19" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic ranks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.75;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Realm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Subrealm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)"><strong>Domain</strong>/Superkingdom</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdom</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Subkingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Infrakingdom/Branch</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Superphylum</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Superdivision (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a></strong>/<strong><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Division (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Subphylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Infraphylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Microphylum</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Superclass</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Class</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Infraclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subterclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Parvclass</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Division (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(taxonomy)" title="Legion (taxonomy)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohort (taxonomy)">Cohort</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Magnorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Superorder</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Order</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Infraorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Parvorder</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(biology)" title="Section (biology)">Section (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">Superfamily</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">Subfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Infrafamily</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Supertribe</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Tribe</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtribe" title="Subtribe">Subtribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Infratribe</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><strong><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">Subgenus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Section (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Series_(botany)" title="Series (botany)">Series (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">Subspecies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">Variety (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">Form (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_war" title="Oil war">Oil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">Petrostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gene_expression217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gene_expression" title="Template:Gene expression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gene_expression" title="Template talk:Gene expression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene_expression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gene expression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gene_expression217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Introduction<br />to genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">Genetic code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> → <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">RNA</a> → <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology#Special_transfers_of_biological_sequential_information" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Special transfers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA→RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcription">RNA→DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Protein→Protein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">Transcription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_transcription" title="Bacterial transcription">Bacterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_transcription" title="Archaeal transcription">Archaeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription" title="Eukaryotic transcription">Eukaryotic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Key elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">Promoter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_transcript" title="Primary transcript">Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-prime_cap" title="Five-prime cap">5' capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_splicing" title="RNA splicing">Splicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyadenylation" title="Polyadenylation">Polyadenylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation" title="Histone acetylation and deacetylation">Histone acetylation and deacetylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">Translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_translation" title="Bacterial translation">Bacterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_translation" title="Archaeal translation">Archaeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation" title="Eukaryotic translation">Eukaryotic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">Key elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;white-space:nowrap;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">Ribosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">Transfer RNA (tRNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosome-nascent_chain_complex" title="Ribosome-nascent chain complex">Ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-translational_modification" title="Post-translational modification">Post-translational modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">imprinting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">Transcriptional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" title="Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-regulatory_element" title="Cis-regulatory element">cis-regulatory element</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">lac operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" title="Post-transcriptional regulation">Post-transcriptional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P-bodies" title="P-bodies">sequestration (P-bodies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_splicing" title="Alternative splicing">alternative splicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_regulation" title="Translational regulation">Translational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-translational_regulation" title="Post-translational regulation">Post-translational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">reversible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">irreversible</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecular_biology462" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecular_biology" title="Template:Molecular biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecular_biology" title="Template talk:Molecular biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecular_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecular biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecular_biology462" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles" title="Index of molecular biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of genetics">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> (<a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">Transcription</a> (<a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">Translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Element</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Genetic</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Heredity</span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">Promoter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribnow_box" title="Pribnow box">Pribnow box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TATA_box" title="TATA box">TATA box</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal_operon" title="Gal operon">gal operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">lac operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trp_operon" title="Trp operon">trp operon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">Intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">Exon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminator_(genetics)" title="Terminator (genetics)">Terminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhancer_(genetics)" title="Enhancer (genetics)">Enhancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repressor" title="Repressor">Repressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lac_repressor" title="Lac repressor">lac repressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_repressor" title="Tryptophan repressor">trp repressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(genetics)" title="Silencer (genetics)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_methylation" title="Histone methylation">Histone methylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linked life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Functional biology/medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signalling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-translational_modification" title="Post-translational modification">Post-translational modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_lab" title="Dry lab">Dry lab</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wet_lab" title="Wet lab">Wet lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organisms</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/C57BL/6" title="C57BL/6">C57BL/6 mice</a>)</li> <li>Methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_methods" title="Nucleic acid methods">Nucleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_methods" title="Protein methods">Protein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences" title="Fluorescence in the life sciences">Fluorescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a> & <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" title="Radioactivity in the life sciences">Radioactivity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">High-throughput technique ("<a href="/wiki/Omics" title="Omics">-omics</a>")</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip" title="Lab-on-a-chip">Lab-on-a-chip</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Gene regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" title="Post-transcriptional regulation">Post-transcriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-translational_regulation" title="Post-translational regulation">Post-translational regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Molecular_biology" title="Category:Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Molecular_Biology/Molecular_and_Cell_Biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Molecular Biology/Molecular and Cell Biology">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_cyanide" title="Iron(II) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/17px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/26px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/34px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" 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aria-labelledby="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Self-replicating_organic_structures216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self-replicating_organic_structures" 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href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_dark_matter" title="Biological dark matter">Biological dark matter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_I:_dsDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">dsDNA virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_virus" title="Giant virus">Giant virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_II:_ssDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">ssDNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_RNA_viruses" title="Double-stranded RNA viruses">dsRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV—positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(+)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V—negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(−)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">ssRNA-RT virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DsDNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA-RT virus">dsDNA-RT virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Subviral_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Subviral agents">Subviral<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Helper_virus" title="Helper virus">Helper-virus<br />dependent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ssRNA satellite virus</li> <li>dsDNA satellite virus (<a href="/wiki/Virophage" title="Virophage">Virophage</a>)</li> <li>ssDNA satellite virus</li> <li>ssDNA satellite</li> <li>dsRNA satellite</li> <li>ssRNA satellite (<a href="/wiki/Virusoid" title="Virusoid">Virusoid</a>)</li> <li>Satellite-like nucleic acids <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a> <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Mammalian prion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a><br />self-replication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements">Mobile genetic<br />elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobilome" title="Mobilome">Mobilome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_island" title="Genomic island">Genomic island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">Class I or retrotransposon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_transposon" title="DNA transposon">Class II or DNA transposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility factor (bacteria)">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-factor" class="mw-redirect" title="R-factor">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colicin" title="Colicin">Col</a></li> <li>Degradative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ti_plasmid" title="Ti plasmid">Ti</a></li> <li>Cryptic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_I_catalytic_intron" title="Group I catalytic intron">Group I intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">Group II intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrozyme" title="Retrozyme">Retrozyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA replication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_chromosome" title="Linear chromosome">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_chromosome" title="Circular chromosome">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA" title="Extrachromosomal DNA">Extrachromosomal DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_chromosome" title="Secondary chromosome">Secondary chromosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">Gene duplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">Non-coding DNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_replication" title="Origin of replication">Origin of replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Replicon_(genetics)" title="Replicon (genetics)">Replicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">Provirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">Prophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">Endogenous retrovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)" title="Repeated sequence (DNA)">Repeated sequences in DNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspersed_repeat" title="Interspersed repeat">Interspersed repeat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">Endosymbiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">Mitosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucoplast" title="Leucoplast">Leucoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_organism" title="Kappa organism">Kappa organism</a></li> <li>Organs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriome" title="Bacteriome">Bacteriome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophosome" title="Trophosome">Trophosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroplast" title="Nitroplast">Nitroplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coacervate" title="Coacervate">Coacervate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphobes" title="Sulphobes">Sulphobe</a></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_lipid_bilayer" title="Model lipid bilayer">Model lipid bilayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">Cell division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cell" title="Artificial cell">Artificial cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_virology" title="Synthetic virology">Synthetic virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">Viral vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus" title="Helper dependent virus">Helper dependent virus</a></li></ul></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virome" title="Virome">Virome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-kgg7d","wgBackendResponseTime":428,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.380","walltime":"2.747","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26045,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1071557,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":207143,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":33,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":778198,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2175.218 1 -total"," 53.23% 1157.826 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.32% 485.506 72 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.64% 318.541 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 10.69% 232.498 46 Template:Cite_book"," 9.09% 197.656 29 Template:Navbox"," 9.08% 197.485 1 Template:Navboxes"," 8.51% 185.210 1 Template:Long_fossil_range"," 7.85% 170.731 1 Template:All_time_250px"," 7.71% 167.808 15 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[\"CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Limits_of_Organic_Life_in_Planetary_SystemsCommittee_on_the_Origins_and_Evolution_of_LifeNational_Research_Council2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopeland1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornish-Bowden_Athel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobzhansky1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoddPapineauGrenneSlack2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoseBieger-DoseDillmannGill1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmeche1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForterre2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFox-Skelly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrich_Wöhler1828\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuge2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFutuymaJanis_Antonovics1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGludWenzhöferMiddelboeOguri2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenHoehlerNeveuDomagal-Goldman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadhazy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallHallgrímsson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton_RavenBrooks_Johnson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHankinson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperWaandersKeeling2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedges2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenig,_Robin_Marantz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuerInagakiMoronoKubo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorneck_G.Eschweiler,_U.Reitz,_G.Wehner,_J.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHotz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugBakerAnantharamanBrown2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImshenetskyLysenkoKazakov1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses_Executive_Committee2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeuken_M1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnappLamasLughadhaNovarino2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKooninSenkevichDolja2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKooninStarokadomskyy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoshland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLammerBredehöftCoustenisKhodachenko2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeduc1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevineEvers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiedertPeltolaBernhardtNeubauer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLineweaverFennerGibson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintilhac1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipkusYuanLucasFunk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongoMontévilKauffman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuttermoser\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuttermoser2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargulis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarietta1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMautner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMautner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMautner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinney,_Michael_L.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilsomRigby2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorelle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakanoLuini2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNealsonConrad1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoffkeChristianWaceyHazen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovacek2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuwer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhtomoKakegawaIshidaNagase2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOskin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPace2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanno2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiast2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinbach1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaceRandolph2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRampelotto2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz-MirazoPeretóMoreno2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellBargeBhartiaBocanegra2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybicki1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybicki1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulze-MakuchDohmFairénBaker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott-PhillipsLalandShukerDickins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSejianGaughanBaumgardPrasad2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpsonRoger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_John_MaynardSzathmary,_Eors1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearnsStearns2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart-Williams2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillingfleet1697\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrain2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThagard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrifonov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrifonov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsokolov2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyndall1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Georgia1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVakochHarrison2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Regenmortel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Valkenburgh1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVastag2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoetVoetPratt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmanColemanWiebe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittaker1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_VeraKohler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Mettrie1748\"] = 1,\n [\"Definition\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Align\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Big History\"] = 1,\n [\"Biological organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Biological systems\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gene expression\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Life on Earth\"] = 1,\n [\"Life timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Long fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"Molecular biology\"] = 1,\n [\"Molecules detected in outer space\"] = 1,\n [\"Natural resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Nature nav\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisms et al.\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-replicating organic structures\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonomic ranks\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","26.9"],["dataWrapper 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