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compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html">What’s New In Python 3.13</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#a-better-interactive-interpreter">A better interactive interpreter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#improved-error-messages">Improved error messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#free-threaded-cpython">Free-threaded CPython</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" 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Versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython Bytecode Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#id7">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#changed-c-apis">Changed C APIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#limited-c-api-changes">Limited C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#removed-c-apis">Removed C APIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#deprecated-c-apis">Deprecated C APIs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#id8">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#id9">Pending Removal in Python 3.15</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#id10">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#porting-to-python-3-13">Porting to Python 3.13</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#regression-test-changes">Regression Test Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#notable-changes-in-3-13-1">Notable changes in 3.13.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.13.html#id11">sys</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html">What’s New In Python 3.12</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-695-type-parameter-syntax">PEP 695: Type Parameter Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-701-syntactic-formalization-of-f-strings">PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-684-a-per-interpreter-gil">PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-669-low-impact-monitoring-for-cpython">PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-688-making-the-buffer-protocol-accessible-in-python">PEP 688: Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-709-comprehension-inlining">PEP 709: Comprehension inlining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-error-messages">Improved Error Messages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-692-using-typeddict-for-more-precise-kwargs-typing">PEP 692: Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TypedDict</code> for more precise <code class="docutils literal notranslate">**kwargs</code> typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-698-override-decorator-for-static-typing">PEP 698: Override Decorator for Static Typing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#array">array</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#calendar">calendar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#fractions">fractions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#os">os</a></li> <li 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href="whatsnew/3.12.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-13">Pending Removal in Python 3.13</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-14">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-15">Pending Removal in Python 3.15</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-16">Pending removal in Python 3.16</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-future-versions">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#asynchat-and-asyncore">asynchat and asyncore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#configparser">configparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a 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class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#webbrowser">webbrowser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#zipimport">zipimport</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#others">Others</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#porting-to-python-3-12">Porting to Python 3.12</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id4">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id5">Porting to Python 3.12</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id6">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id7">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id8">Pending Removal in Python 3.15</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id9">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id10">Removed</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html">What’s New In Python 3.11</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-657-fine-grained-error-locations-in-tracebacks">PEP 657: Fine-grained error locations in tracebacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-654-exception-groups-and-except">PEP 654: Exception Groups and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">except*</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-678-exceptions-can-be-enriched-with-notes">PEP 678: Exceptions can be enriched with notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#windows-py-exe-launcher-improvements">Windows <code class="docutils literal notranslate">py.exe</code> launcher improvements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-646-variadic-generics">PEP 646: Variadic generics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-655-marking-individual-typeddict-items-as-required-or-not-required">PEP 655: Marking individual <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TypedDict</code> items as required or not-required</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-673-self-type">PEP 673: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Self</code> type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-675-arbitrary-literal-string-type">PEP 675: Arbitrary literal string type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-681-data-class-transforms">PEP 681: Data class transforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-563-may-not-be-the-future">PEP 563 may not be the future</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> 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Why?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#is-there-a-jit-compiler">Is there a JIT compiler?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#about">About</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-opcodes">New opcodes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#replaced-opcodes">Replaced opcodes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#changed-removed-opcodes">Changed/removed opcodes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" 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changes in 3.11.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#openssl">OpenSSL</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html">What’s New In Python 3.10</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#parenthesized-context-managers">Parenthesized context managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#better-error-messages">Better error messages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#syntaxerrors">SyntaxErrors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#indentationerrors">IndentationErrors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#attributeerrors">AttributeErrors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#nameerrors">NameErrors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-626-precise-line-numbers-for-debugging-and-other-tools">PEP 626: Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-634-structural-pattern-matching">PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#syntax-and-operations">Syntax and operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#declarative-approach">Declarative approach</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#simple-pattern-match-to-a-literal">Simple pattern: match to a literal</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#behavior-without-the-wildcard">Behavior without the wildcard</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-a-literal-and-variable">Patterns with a literal and variable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-and-classes">Patterns and classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-positional-parameters">Patterns with positional parameters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#nested-patterns">Nested patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#complex-patterns-and-the-wildcard">Complex patterns and the wildcard</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#guard">Guard</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#other-key-features">Other Key Features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#optional-encodingwarning-and-encoding-locale-option">Optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate">EncodingWarning</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">encoding="locale"</code> option</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-604-new-type-union-operator">PEP 604: New Type Union Operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-612-parameter-specification-variables">PEP 612: Parameter Specification Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-613-typealias">PEP 613: TypeAlias</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-647-user-defined-type-guards">PEP 647: User-Defined Type Guards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#array">array</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#asynchat-asyncore-smtpd">asynchat, asyncore, smtpd</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#base64">base64</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#bdb">bdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#bisect">bisect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#codecs">codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#slots">__slots__</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#keyword-only-fields">Keyword-only fields</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#encodings">encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#glob">glob</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#hmac">hmac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#importlib-metadata">importlib.metadata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#linecache">linecache</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#os-path">os.path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#platform">platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pprint">pprint</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pyclbr">pyclbr</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#shelve">shelve</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#site">site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#thread">_thread</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#xml">xml</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#zipimport">zipimport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#removed">Removed</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#porting-to-python-3-10">Porting to Python 3.10</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-syntax">Changes in the Python syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-652-maintaining-the-stable-abi">PEP 652: Maintaining the Stable ABI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id1">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.10</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id3">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id4">Removed</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-10-7">Notable security feature in 3.10.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-10-8">Notable security feature in 3.10.8</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#notable-changes-in-3-10-12">Notable changes in 3.10.12</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html">What’s New In Python 3.9</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#you-should-check-for-deprecationwarning-in-your-code">You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#dictionary-merge-update-operators">Dictionary Merge & Update Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-string-methods-to-remove-prefixes-and-suffixes">New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#type-hinting-generics-in-standard-collections">Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-parser">New Parser</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#zoneinfo">zoneinfo</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#graphlib">graphlib</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#compileall">compileall</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#fcntl">fcntl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#http">http</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#nntplib">nntplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pprint">pprint</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#random">random</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#signal">signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#xml">xml</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#removed">Removed</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#porting-to-python-3-9">Porting to Python 3.9</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id1">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.9</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id3">Removed</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-1">Notable changes in Python 3.9.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id4">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support">macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-2">Notable changes in Python 3.9.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-3">Notable changes in Python 3.9.3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-5">Notable changes in Python 3.9.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id5">urllib.parse</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-9-14">Notable security feature in 3.9.14</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-3-9-17">Notable changes in 3.9.17</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html">What’s New In Python 3.8</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#assignment-expressions">Assignment expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#positional-only-parameters">Positional-only parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#parallel-filesystem-cache-for-compiled-bytecode-files">Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#debug-build-uses-the-same-abi-as-release-build">Debug build uses the same ABI as release build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#f-strings-support-for-self-documenting-expressions-and-debugging">f-strings support <code class="docutils literal notranslate">=</code> for self-documenting expressions and debugging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-578-python-runtime-audit-hooks">PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-587-python-initialization-configuration">PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-590-vectorcall-a-fast-calling-protocol-for-cpython">PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle-protocol-5-with-out-of-band-data-buffers">Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#builtins">builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gettext">gettext</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gzip">gzip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#json-tool">json.tool</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#mmap">mmap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#os-path">os.path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pprint">pprint</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#shlex">shlex</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tokenize">tokenize</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#weakref">weakref</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#xml">xml</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#porting-to-python-3-8">Porting to Python 3.8</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-1">Notable changes in Python 3.8.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-2">Notable changes in Python 3.8.2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-3">Notable changes in Python 3.8.3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-8">Notable changes in Python 3.8.8</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-9">Notable changes in Python 3.8.9</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-10">Notable changes in Python 3.8.10</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support">macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#id1">Notable changes in Python 3.8.10</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-12">Notable changes in Python 3.8.12</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#id2">Changes in the Python API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-8-14">Notable security feature in 3.8.14</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-3-8-17">Notable changes in 3.8.17</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#id3">tarfile</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html">What’s New In Python 3.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-563-postponed-evaluation-of-annotations">PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-538-legacy-c-locale-coercion">PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-540-forced-utf-8-runtime-mode">PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-553-built-in-breakpoint">PEP 553: Built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">breakpoint()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-539-new-c-api-for-thread-local-storage">PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-562-customization-of-access-to-module-attributes">PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-564-new-time-functions-with-nanosecond-resolution">PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-565-show-deprecationwarning-in-main">PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__main__</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-560-core-support-for-typing-module-and-generic-types">PEP 560: Core Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">typing</code> module and Generic Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-552-hash-based-pyc-files">PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-545-python-documentation-translations">PEP 545: Python Documentation Translations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#python-development-mode-x-dev">Python Development Mode (-X dev)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#contextvars">contextvars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#binascii">binascii</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#calendar">calendar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#compileall">compileall</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#crypt">crypt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#decimal">decimal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#hmac">hmac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#http-server">http.server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#locale">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#mimetypes">mimetypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#msilib">msilib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#queue">queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#signal">signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#string">string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#uu">uu</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#uuid">uuid</a></li> <li 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class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#gettext">gettext</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id6">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id7">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#macpath">macpath</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id8">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id9">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sunau">sunau</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id10">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#wave">wave</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#platform-support-removals">Platform Support Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#module-removals">Module Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#windows-only-changes">Windows-only Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#porting-to-python-3-7">Porting to Python 3.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python Behavior</a></li> <li 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internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-6">Notable changes in Python 3.7.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-10">Notable changes in Python 3.7.10</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-11">Notable changes in Python 3.7.11</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-7-14">Notable security feature in 3.7.14</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html">What’s New In Python 3.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals">PEP 498: Formatted string literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-526-syntax-for-variable-annotations">PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-515-underscores-in-numeric-literals">PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-525-asynchronous-generators">PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-530-asynchronous-comprehensions">PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-simpler-customization-of-class-creation">PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-descriptor-protocol-enhancements">PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-519-adding-a-file-system-path-protocol">PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-495-local-time-disambiguation">PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-529-change-windows-filesystem-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-528-change-windows-console-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-520-preserving-class-attribute-definition-order">PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-468-preserving-keyword-argument-order">PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-dict-implementation">New dict implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-523-adding-a-frame-evaluation-api-to-cpython">PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pythonmalloc-environment-variable">PYTHONMALLOC environment variable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#dtrace-and-systemtap-probing-support">DTrace and SystemTap probing support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#secrets">secrets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#array">array</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#binascii">binascii</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#cmath">cmath</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#decimal">decimal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#encodings">encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#json">json</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pickletools">pickletools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#random">random</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#readline">readline</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#rlcompleter">rlcompleter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#shlex">shlex</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#site">site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#struct">struct</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#telnetlib">telnetlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#timeit">timeit</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-request">urllib.request</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-robotparser">urllib.robotparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#warnings">warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#winreg">winreg</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#winsound">winsound</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#xmlrpc-client">xmlrpc.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#zlib">zlib</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asynchat">asynchat</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id2">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#grp">grp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id3">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id4">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id5">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id6">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id7">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#whatsnew36-venv">venv</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#xml">xml</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-build-options">Deprecated Build Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#porting-to-python-3-6">Porting to Python 3.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-2">Notable changes in Python 3.6.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate">make regen-all</code> build target</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">make touch</code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-4">Notable changes in Python 3.6.4</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-5">Notable changes in Python 3.6.5</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-7">Notable changes in Python 3.6.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-10">Notable changes in Python 3.6.10</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-13">Notable changes in Python 3.6.13</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-14">Notable changes in Python 3.6.14</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html">What’s New In Python 3.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax">PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication">PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations">PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray">PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-484-type-hints">PEP 484 - Type Hints</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator">PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr">PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality">PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments">PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files">PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization">PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#bz2">bz2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cgi">cgi</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cmath">cmath</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#code">code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#compileall">compileall</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#configparser">configparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#difflib">difflib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#glob">glob</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#gzip">gzip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#heapq">heapq</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http">http</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imghdr">imghdr</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#json">json</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#linecache">linecache</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#locale">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#lzma">lzma</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#operator">operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#readline">readline</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#selectors">selectors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#signal">signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sndhdr">sndhdr</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ssl">ssl</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-changes">Other Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#timeit">timeit</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#urllib">urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#wsgiref">wsgiref</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xml-sax">xml.sax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-module-level-changes">Other module-level changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#porting-to-python-3-5">Porting to Python 3.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4">Notable changes in Python 3.5.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate">make regen-all</code> build target</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">make touch</code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html">What’s New In Python 3.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-453-explicit-bootstrapping-of-pip-in-python-installations">PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-446-newly-created-file-descriptors-are-non-inheritable">PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improvements-to-codec-handling">Improvements to Codec Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-451-a-modulespec-type-for-the-import-system">PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#selectors">selectors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#abc">abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#aifc">aifc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#audioop">audioop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#base64">base64</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#colorsys">colorsys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#filecmp">filecmp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#glob">glob</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hmac">hmac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#html">html</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#http">http</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" 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class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#crypt">crypt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#decimal">decimal</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#id1">Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#id2">API changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#email">email</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#policy-framework">Policy Framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#provisional-policy-with-new-header-api">Provisional Policy with New Header 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class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#urllib">urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#webbrowser">webbrowser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#zlib">zlib</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a 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class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-python-code">Porting Python code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-c-code">Porting C code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#building-c-extensions">Building C extensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#command-line-switch-changes">Command Line Switch Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html">What’s New In Python 3.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-384-defining-a-stable-abi">PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-389-argparse-command-line-parsing-module">PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3148-the-concurrent-futures-module">PEP 3148: The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures</code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3147-pyc-repository-directories">PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3149-abi-version-tagged-so-files">PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3333-python-web-server-gateway-interface-v1-0-1">PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#elementtree">elementtree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#datetime-and-time">datetime and time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#abc">abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#reprlib">reprlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#decimal-and-fractions">decimal and fractions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ftp">ftp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#popen">popen</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#select">select</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#gzip-and-zipfile">gzip and zipfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#html">html</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#nntp">nntp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#certificates">certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#random">random</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#site">site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#configparser">configparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#mailbox">mailbox</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#turtledemo">turtledemo</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#idle">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#code-repository">Code Repository</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#porting-to-python-3-2">Porting to Python 3.2</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html">What’s New In Python 3.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-372-ordered-dictionaries">PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#idle">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#porting-to-python-3-1">Porting to Python 3.1</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html">What’s New In Python 3.0</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#common-stumbling-blocks">Common Stumbling Blocks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function">Print Is A Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#views-and-iterators-instead-of-lists">Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#ordering-comparisons">Ordering Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#integers">Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#text-vs-data-instead-of-unicode-vs-8-bit">Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#overview-of-syntax-changes">Overview Of Syntax Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#new-syntax">New Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changed-syntax">Changed Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#removed-syntax">Removed Syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-already-present-in-python-2-6">Changes Already Present In Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#library-changes">Library Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#pep-3101-a-new-approach-to-string-formatting">PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-to-exceptions">Changes To Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#miscellaneous-other-changes">Miscellaneous Other Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#operators-and-special-methods">Operators And Special Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#builtins">Builtins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#performance">Performance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#porting-to-python-3-0">Porting To Python 3.0</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html">What’s New in Python 2.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x">The Future for Python 2.x</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#changes-to-the-handling-of-deprecation-warnings">Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features">Python 3.1 Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections">PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines">PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views">PEP 3106: Dictionary Views</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object">PEP 3137: The memoryview Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-importlib">New module: importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-sysconfig">New module: sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#ttk-themed-widgets-for-tk">ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-unittest">Updated module: unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-elementtree-1-3">Updated module: ElementTree 1.3</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#capsules">Capsules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-freebsd">Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7">Porting to Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-features-added-to-python-2-7-maintenance-releases">New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#two-new-environment-variables-for-debug-mode">Two new environment variables for debug mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-434-idle-enhancement-exception-for-all-branches">PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-466-network-security-enhancements-for-python-2-7">PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-477-backport-ensurepip-pep-453-to-python-2-7">PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients">PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-493-https-verification-migration-tools-for-python-2-7">PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate">make regen-all</code> build target</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">make touch</code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html">What’s New in Python 2.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#python-3-0">Python 3.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process">Changes to the Development Process</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-issue-tracker-roundup">New Issue Tracker: Roundup</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-documentation-format-restructuredtext-using-sphinx">New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module">PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory">PEP 370: Per-user <code class="docutils literal notranslate">site-packages</code> Directory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package">PEP 371: The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">multiprocessing</code> Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting">PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function">PEP 3105: <code class="docutils literal notranslate">print</code> As a Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes">PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals">PEP 3112: Byte Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library">PEP 3116: New I/O Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol">PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes">PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax">PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators">PEP 3129: Class Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers">PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-fractions-module">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fractions</code> Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-ast-module">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ast</code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-future-builtins-module">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">future_builtins</code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-json-module-javascript-object-notation">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code> module: JavaScript Object Notation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-plistlib-module-a-property-list-parser">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">plistlib</code> module: A Property-List Parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#ctypes-enhancements">ctypes Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#improved-ssl-support">Improved SSL Support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals">Deprecations and Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-irix">Port-Specific Changes: IRIX</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6">Porting to Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html">What’s New in Python 2.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions">PEP 308: Conditional Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application">PEP 309: Partial Function Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1">PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports">PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts">PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally">PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features">PEP 342: New Generator Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes">PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type">PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method">PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#interactive-interpreter-changes">Interactive Interpreter Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules">New, Improved, and Removed Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-ctypes-package">The ctypes package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-elementtree-package">The ElementTree package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-hashlib-package">The hashlib package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-sqlite3-package">The sqlite3 package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-wsgiref-package">The wsgiref package</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5">Porting to Python 2.5</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html">What’s New in Python 2.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects">PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions">PEP 289: Generator Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions">PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods">PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration">PEP 322: Reverse Iteration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module">PEP 324: New subprocess Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type">PEP 327: Decimal Data Type</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#why-is-decimal-needed">Why is Decimal needed?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-decimal-type">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Decimal</code> type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-context-type">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Context</code> type</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports">PEP 328: Multi-line Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions">PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#cookielib">cookielib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4">Porting to Python 2.4</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html">What’s New in Python 2.3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype">PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings">PEP 263: Source Code Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives">PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt">PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support">PEP 278: Universal Newline Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate">PEP 279: enumerate()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package">PEP 282: The logging Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type">PEP 285: A Boolean Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks">PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils">PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks">PEP 302: New Import Hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files">PEP 305: Comma-separated Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements">PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#extended-slices">Extended Slices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#string-changes">String Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#date-time-type">Date/Time Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#the-optparse-module">The optparse Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator">Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3">Porting to Python 2.3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html">What’s New in Python 2.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes">PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#old-and-new-classes">Old and New Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#descriptors">Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#multiple-inheritance-the-diamond-rule">Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#attribute-access">Attribute Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#related-links">Related Links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-234-iterators">PEP 234: Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator">PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#unicode-changes">Unicode Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes">Interpreter Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html">What’s New in Python 2.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives">PEP 236: __future__ Directives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons">PEP 207: Rich Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework">PEP 230: Warning Framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system">PEP 229: New Build System</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references">PEP 205: Weak References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes">PEP 232: Function Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms">PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook">PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model">PEP 208: New Coercion Model</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages">PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html">What’s New in Python 2.0</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6">What About Python 1.6?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-development-process">New Development Process</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#list-comprehensions">List Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#augmented-assignment">Augmented Assignment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles">Garbage Collection of Cycles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#other-core-changes">Other Core Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#minor-language-changes">Minor Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#changes-to-built-in-functions">Changes to Built-in Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#porting-to-2-0">Porting to 2.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes">Extending/Embedding Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install">Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#xml-modules">XML Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#sax2-support">SAX2 Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#dom-support">DOM Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#relationship-to-pyxml">Relationship to PyXML</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#module-changes">Module changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-modules">New modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#idle-improvements">IDLE Improvements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules">Deleted and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html">Changelog</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-next">Python next</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#windows">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#tools-demos">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#tests">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#security">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#library">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#idle">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#core-and-builtins">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#c-api">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#build">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-2-final">Python 3.13.2 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#macos">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id2">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id3">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id4">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id5">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id6">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id7">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id8">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id9">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id10">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-1-final">Python 3.13.1 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id11">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id12">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id13">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id14">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id15">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id16">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id17">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id18">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id19">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id20">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id21">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-final">Python 3.13.0 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id22">Core and Builtins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-release-candidate-3">Python 3.13.0 release candidate 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id23">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id24">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id25">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id26">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id27">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id28">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id29">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id30">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id31">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.13.0 release candidate 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id32">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id33">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id34">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id35">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id36">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id37">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id38">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id39">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id40">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id41">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.13.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id42">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id43">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id44">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id45">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id46">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id47">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id48">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-beta-4">Python 3.13.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id49">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id50">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id51">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id52">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id53">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id54">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id55">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-beta-3">Python 3.13.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id56">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id57">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id58">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id59">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-beta-2">Python 3.13.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id60">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id61">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id62">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id63">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id64">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id65">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id66">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-beta-1">Python 3.13.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id67">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id68">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id69">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id70">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id71">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id72">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id73">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id74">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id75">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-alpha-6">Python 3.13.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id76">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id77">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id78">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id79">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id80">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id81">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id82">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-alpha-5">Python 3.13.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id83">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id84">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id85">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id86">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id87">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id88">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id89">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id90">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id91">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id92">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id93">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-alpha-4">Python 3.13.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id94">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id95">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id96">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id97">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id98">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id99">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id100">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id101">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id102">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id103">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id104">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-alpha-3">Python 3.13.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id105">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id106">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id107">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id108">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id109">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id110">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id111">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id112">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id113">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id114">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-alpha-2">Python 3.13.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id115">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id116">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id117">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id118">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id119">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id120">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id121">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id122">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id123">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-13-0-alpha-1">Python 3.13.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id124">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id125">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id126">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id127">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id128">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id129">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id130">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id131">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id132">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id133">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id134">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-beta-1">Python 3.12.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id135">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id136">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id137">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id138">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id139">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id140">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id141">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id142">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id143">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id144">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id145">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-7">Python 3.12.0 alpha 7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id146">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id147">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id148">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id149">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id150">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id151">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id152">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id153">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-6">Python 3.12.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id154">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id155">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id156">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id157">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id158">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id159">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id160">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id161">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id162">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-5">Python 3.12.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id163">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id165">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id166">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id167">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id168">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id169">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id170">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-4">Python 3.12.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id171">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id172">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id173">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id174">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id175">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id176">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id177">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id178">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id179">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-3">Python 3.12.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id180">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id181">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id182">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id183">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id184">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id185">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id186">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id187">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id188">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id189">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-2">Python 3.12.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id190">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id191">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id192">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id193">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id194">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id195">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id196">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id197">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id198">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-1">Python 3.12.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id199">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id200">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id201">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id202">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id203">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id204">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id205">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id206">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id207">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id208">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id210">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-beta-1">Python 3.11.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id211">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id212">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id213">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id214">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id215">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id216">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id217">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id218">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id219">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id220">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-7">Python 3.11.0 alpha 7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id221">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id222">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id223">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id224">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id225">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id226">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id227">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id228">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id229">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-6">Python 3.11.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id230">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id231">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id232">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id233">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id234">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id235">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id236">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id237">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-5">Python 3.11.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id238">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id239">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id240">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id241">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id242">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id243">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id244">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id245">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id246">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-4">Python 3.11.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id247">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id248">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id249">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id250">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id251">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id252">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id253">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id254">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-3">Python 3.11.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id255">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id256">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id257">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id258">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id259">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id260">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id261">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id262">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-2">Python 3.11.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id263">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id264">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id265">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id266">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id267">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id268">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id269">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id270">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id271">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-1">Python 3.11.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id272">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id273">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id274">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id275">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id276">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id277">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id278">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id279">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id280">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id281">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id282">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-beta-1">Python 3.10.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id283">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id284">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id285">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id286">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id287">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id288">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id289">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id290">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id291">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id292">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-7">Python 3.10.0 alpha 7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id293">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id294">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id295">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id296">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id297">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id298">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id299">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id300">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id301">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-6">Python 3.10.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id302">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id303">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id304">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id305">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id306">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id307">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id308">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id309">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id310">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id311">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-5">Python 3.10.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id312">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id313">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id314">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id315">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id316">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id317">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id318">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id319">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id320">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id321">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-4">Python 3.10.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id322">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id323">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id324">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id325">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id326">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id327">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id328">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id329">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-3">Python 3.10.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id330">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id331">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id332">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id333">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id334">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id335">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id336">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id337">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id338">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id339">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id340">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-2">Python 3.10.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id341">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id342">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id343">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id344">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id345">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id346">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id347">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id348">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id349">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id350">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-1">Python 3.10.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id351">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id352">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id353">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id354">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id355">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id356">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id357">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id358">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id359">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id360">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-beta-1">Python 3.9.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id361">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id362">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id363">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id364">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id365">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id366">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id367">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id368">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id369">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id370">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-6">Python 3.9.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id371">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id372">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id373">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id374">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id375">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id376">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id377">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id378">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id379">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id380">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id381">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-5">Python 3.9.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id382">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id383">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id384">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id385">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id386">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id387">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id388">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id389">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id390">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id391">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id392">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-4">Python 3.9.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id393">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id394">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id395">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id396">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id397">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id398">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id399">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id400">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id401">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-3">Python 3.9.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id402">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id403">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id404">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id405">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id406">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id407">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-2">Python 3.9.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id408">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id409">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id410">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id411">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id412">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id413">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id414">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id415">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id416">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id417">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-1">Python 3.9.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id418">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id419">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id420">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id421">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id422">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id423">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id424">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id425">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id426">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id427">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id428">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-beta-1">Python 3.8.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id429">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id430">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id431">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id432">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id433">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id434">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id435">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id436">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id437">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id438">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id439">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-4">Python 3.8.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id440">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id441">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id442">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id443">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id444">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id445">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id446">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id447">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id448">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id449">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id450">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-3">Python 3.8.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id451">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id452">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id453">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id454">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id455">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id456">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id457">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id458">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id459">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id460">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-2">Python 3.8.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id461">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id462">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id463">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id464">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id465">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id466">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-1">Python 3.8.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id467">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id468">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id469">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id470">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id471">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id472">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id473">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id474">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id475">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id476">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id477">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-final">Python 3.7.0 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id478">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id479">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id480">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id481">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id482">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id483">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id484">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id485">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-5">Python 3.7.0 beta 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id486">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id487">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id488">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id489">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id490">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id491">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id492">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-4">Python 3.7.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id493">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id494">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id495">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id496">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id497">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id498">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id499">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id500">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id501">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-3">Python 3.7.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id502">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id503">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id504">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id505">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id506">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id507">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id508">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id509">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id510">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id511">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id512">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-2">Python 3.7.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id513">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id514">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id515">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id516">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id517">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id518">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id519">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id520">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id521">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id522">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-1">Python 3.7.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id523">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id524">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id525">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id526">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id527">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id528">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id529">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id530">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-4">Python 3.7.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id531">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id532">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id533">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id534">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id535">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id536">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id537">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-3">Python 3.7.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id538">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id539">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id540">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id541">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id542">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id543">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id544">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id545">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id546">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id547">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-2">Python 3.7.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id548">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id549">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id550">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id551">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id552">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id553">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-1">Python 3.7.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id554">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id555">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id556">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id557">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id558">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id559">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id560">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id561">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id562">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id563">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-6-final">Python 3.6.6 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-6-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id564">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id565">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id566">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id567">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id568">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id569">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id570">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id571">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id572">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id573">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-5-final">Python 3.6.5 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id574">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id575">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-5-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id576">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id577">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id578">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id579">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id580">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id581">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id582">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id583">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id584">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id585">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id586">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-4-final">Python 3.6.4 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-4-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id587">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id588">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id589">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id590">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id591">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id592">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id593">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id594">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id595">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id596">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-3-final">Python 3.6.3 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id597">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id598">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-3-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id599">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id600">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id601">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id602">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id603">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id604">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id605">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id606">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id607">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-2-final">Python 3.6.2 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a 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internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id614">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id615">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id616">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id617">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id618">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-1-final">Python 3.6.1 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id619">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id620">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-1-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id621">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id622">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id623">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id624">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id625">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id626">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id627">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id628">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-final">Python 3.6.0 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id629">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id630">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id631">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id632">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id633">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id634">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id635">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id636">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id637">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-beta-4">Python 3.6.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id638">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id639">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id640">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id641">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id642">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-beta-3">Python 3.6.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id643">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id644">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id645">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id646">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id647">Tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-beta-2">Python 3.6.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" 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class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id656">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id657">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id658">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id659">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id660">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id661">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-4">Python 3.6.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id662">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id663">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id664">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id665">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id666">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id667">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-3">Python 3.6.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id668">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id669">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id670">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id671">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id672">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id673">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id674">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id675">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id676">Tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-2">Python 3.6.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id677">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id678">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id679">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id680">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id681">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id682">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id683">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id684">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id685">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id686">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-1">Python 3.6.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id687">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id688">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id689">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id690">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id691">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id692">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id693">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id694">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id695">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id696">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-5-final">Python 3.5.5 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-5-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id697">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id698">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id699">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-4-final">Python 3.5.4 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id700">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-4-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id701">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id702">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id703">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id704">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id705">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id706">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id707">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id708">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-3-final">Python 3.5.3 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-3-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id709">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id710">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id711">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id712">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id713">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id714">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id715">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id716">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id717">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id718">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-2-final">Python 3.5.2 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id719">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id720">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id721">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-2-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id722">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id723">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id724">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id725">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id726">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id727">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id728">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id729">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id730">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-1-final">Python 3.5.1 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id731">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id732">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-1-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id733">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id734">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id735">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id736">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id737">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id738">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id739">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id740">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-final">Python 3.5.0 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id741">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-4">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id742">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id743">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-3">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id744">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id745">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id746">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id747">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id748">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id749">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id750">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id751">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id752">Tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-4">Python 3.5.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id753">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id754">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id755">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-3">Python 3.5.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id756">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id757">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id758">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id759">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id760">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-2">Python 3.5.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id761">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id762">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-1">Python 3.5.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id763">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id764">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id765">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id766">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id767">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id768">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-4">Python 3.5.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id769">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id770">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id771">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id772">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id773">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id774">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-3">Python 3.5.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id775">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id776">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id777">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id778">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id779">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-2">Python 3.5.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id780">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id781">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id782">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id783">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id784">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-1">Python 3.5.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id785">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id786">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id787">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id788">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id789">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id790">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id791">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id792">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html#id793">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">The Python Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appetite.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Using Python as a Calculator</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. Numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#text">3.1.2. Text</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#lists">3.1.3. Lists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. First Steps Towards Programming</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">if</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">for</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">range()</code> Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements">4.4. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">break</code> and <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">continue</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#else-clauses-on-loops">4.5. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">else</code> Clauses on Loops</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.6. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">pass</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#match-statements">4.7. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">match</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.8. Defining Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.9. More on Defining Functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.9.1. Default Argument Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.9.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#special-parameters">4.9.3. Special parameters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#positional-or-keyword-arguments">4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#positional-only-parameters">4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-only-arguments">4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#function-examples">4.9.3.4. Function Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#recap">4.9.3.5. Recap</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.9.6. Lambda Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.9.7. Documentation Strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#function-annotations">4.9.8. Function Annotations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html">5. Data Structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. More on Lists</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">del</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html">6. Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">dir()</code> Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html">7. Input and Output</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. Formatted String Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#the-string-format-method">7.1.2. The String format() Method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#manual-string-formatting">7.1.3. Manual String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.4. Old string formatting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#exception-chaining">8.5. Exception Chaining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.6. User-defined Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#raising-and-handling-multiple-unrelated-exceptions">8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#enriching-exceptions-with-notes">8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#private-variables">9.6. Private Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#odds-and-ends">9.7. Odds and Ends</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#iterators">9.8. Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generators">9.9. Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generator-expressions">9.10. Generator Expressions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#string-pattern-matching">10.5. String Pattern Matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#mathematics">10.6. Mathematics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#internet-access">10.7. Internet Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#dates-and-times">10.8. Dates and Times</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#data-compression">10.9. Data Compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#performance-measurement">10.10. Performance Measurement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#quality-control">10.11. Quality Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#batteries-included">10.12. Batteries Included</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html">11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#output-formatting">11.1. Output Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#templating">11.2. Templating</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts">11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#multi-threading">11.4. Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#logging">11.5. Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#weak-references">11.6. Weak References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#tools-for-working-with-lists">11.7. Tools for Working with Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic">11.8. Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html">12. Virtual Environments and Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#introduction">12.1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. Creating Virtual Environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. Managing Packages with pip</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/whatnow.html">13. What Now?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html">14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#tab-completion-and-history-editing">14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter">14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html">15. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error">15.1. Representation Error</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html">16. Appendix</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#interactive-mode">16.1. Interactive Mode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#error-handling">16.1.1. Error Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#executable-python-scripts">16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-interactive-startup-file">16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="using/index.html">Python Setup and Usage</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html">1. Command line and environment</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#command-line">1.1. Command line</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#interface-options">1.1.1. Interface options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#generic-options">1.1.2. Generic options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#miscellaneous-options">1.1.3. Miscellaneous options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#controlling-color">1.1.4. Controlling color</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#options-you-shouldn-t-use">1.1.5. Options you shouldn’t use</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#environment-variables">1.2. Environment variables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#debug-mode-variables">1.2.1. Debug-mode variables</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#installing-idle">2.1.1.1. Installing IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#custom-openssl">2.5. Custom OpenSSL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html">3. Configure Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#build-requirements">3.1. Build Requirements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#generated-files">3.2. Generated files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#configure-script">3.2.1. configure script</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#configure-options">3.3. Configure Options</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#general-options">3.3.1. General Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#c-compiler-options">3.3.2. C compiler options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#linker-options">3.3.3. Linker options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#options-for-third-party-dependencies">3.3.4. Options for third-party dependencies</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#webassembly-options">3.3.5. WebAssembly Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#install-options">3.3.6. Install Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#performance-options">3.3.7. Performance options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#python-debug-build">3.3.8. Python Debug Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#debug-options">3.3.9. Debug options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#id2">3.3.10. Linker options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#libraries-options">3.3.11. Libraries options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#security-options">3.3.12. Security Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#macos-options">3.3.13. macOS Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#ios-options">3.3.14. iOS Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#cross-compiling-options">3.3.15. Cross Compiling Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#python-build-system">3.4. Python Build System</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#main-files-of-the-build-system">3.4.1. Main files of the build system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#main-build-steps">3.4.2. Main build steps</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#main-makefile-targets">3.4.3. Main Makefile targets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make">3.4.3.1. make</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-platform">3.4.3.2. make platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-profile-opt">3.4.3.3. make profile-opt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-clean">3.4.3.4. make clean</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-distclean">3.4.3.5. make distclean</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-install">3.4.3.6. make install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-test">3.4.3.7. make test</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-buildbottest">3.4.3.8. make buildbottest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#make-regen-all">3.4.3.9. make regen-all</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#c-extensions">3.4.4. C extensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#compiler-and-linker-flags">3.5. Compiler and linker flags</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#preprocessor-flags">3.5.1. Preprocessor flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#compiler-flags">3.5.2. Compiler flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#linker-flags">3.5.3. Linker flags</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html">4. Using Python on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-full-installer">4.1. The full installer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installation-steps">4.1.1. Installation steps</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#removing-the-max-path-limitation">4.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-without-ui">4.1.3. Installing Without UI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-without-downloading">4.1.4. Installing Without Downloading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#modifying-an-install">4.1.5. Modifying an install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-free-threaded-binaries">4.1.6. Installing Free-threaded Binaries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-microsoft-store-package">4.2. The Microsoft Store package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#known-issues">4.2.1. Known issues</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#redirection-of-local-data-registry-and-temporary-paths">4.2.1.1. Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary paths</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-nuget-org-packages">4.3. The nuget.org packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#free-threaded-packages">4.3.1. Free-threaded packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-embeddable-package">4.4. The embeddable package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#python-application">4.4.1. Python Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#embedding-python">4.4.2. Embedding Python</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#alternative-bundles">4.5. Alternative bundles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#configuring-python">4.6. Configuring Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#excursus-setting-environment-variables">4.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-the-python-executable">4.6.2. Finding the Python executable</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#utf-8-mode">4.7. UTF-8 mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#python-launcher-for-windows">4.8. Python Launcher for Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#getting-started">4.8.1. Getting started</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-the-command-line">4.8.1.1. From the command-line</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#virtual-environments">4.8.1.2. Virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-a-script">4.8.1.3. From a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-file-associations">4.8.1.4. From file associations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#shebang-lines">4.8.2. Shebang Lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#arguments-in-shebang-lines">4.8.3. Arguments in shebang lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization">4.8.4. Customization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization-via-ini-files">4.8.4.1. Customization via INI files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customizing-default-python-versions">4.8.4.2. Customizing default Python versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#diagnostics">4.8.5. Diagnostics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#dry-run">4.8.6. Dry Run</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#install-on-demand">4.8.7. Install on demand</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#return-codes">4.8.8. Return codes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-modules">4.9. Finding modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#additional-modules">4.10. Additional modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#pywin32">4.10.1. PyWin32</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#cx-freeze">4.10.2. cx_Freeze</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#compiling-python-on-windows">4.11. Compiling Python on Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#other-platforms">4.12. Other Platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html">5. Using Python on macOS</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#using-python-for-macos-from-python-org">5.1. Using Python for macOS from <code class="docutils literal notranslate">python.org</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installation-steps">5.1.1. Installation steps</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#how-to-run-a-python-script">5.1.2. How to run a Python script</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#alternative-distributions">5.2. Alternative Distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installing-additional-python-packages">5.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#gui-programming">5.4. GUI Programming</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#advanced-topics">5.5. Advanced Topics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installing-free-threaded-binaries">5.5.1. Installing Free-threaded Binaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installing-using-the-command-line">5.5.2. Installing using the command line</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#distributing-python-applications">5.5.3. Distributing Python Applications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#app-store-compliance">5.5.4. App Store Compliance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#other-resources">5.6. Other Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/android.html">6. Using Python on Android</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/android.html#adding-python-to-an-android-app">6.1. Adding Python to an Android app</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html">7. Using Python on iOS</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#python-at-runtime-on-ios">7.1. Python at runtime on iOS</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#ios-version-compatibility">7.1.1. iOS version compatibility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#platform-identification">7.1.2. Platform identification</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#standard-library-availability">7.1.3. Standard library availability</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#binary-extension-modules">7.1.4. Binary extension modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#compiler-stub-binaries">7.1.5. Compiler stub binaries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#installing-python-on-ios">7.2. Installing Python on iOS</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#tools-for-building-ios-apps">7.2.1. Tools for building iOS apps</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#adding-python-to-an-ios-project">7.2.2. Adding Python to an iOS project</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#testing-a-python-package">7.2.3. Testing a Python package</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/ios.html#app-store-compliance">7.3. App Store Compliance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/editors.html">8. Editors and IDEs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/editors.html#idle-python-editor-and-shell">8.1. IDLE — Python editor and shell</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/editors.html#other-editors-and-ides">8.2. Other Editors and IDEs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/index.html">The Python Language Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html">1. Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#alternate-implementations">1.1. Alternate Implementations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#notation">1.2. Notation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html">2. Lexical analysis</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#line-structure">2.1. Line structure</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#logical-lines">2.1.1. Logical lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#physical-lines">2.1.2. Physical lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#comments">2.1.3. Comments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#encoding-declarations">2.1.4. Encoding declarations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#explicit-line-joining">2.1.5. Explicit line joining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#implicit-line-joining">2.1.6. Implicit line joining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#blank-lines">2.1.7. Blank lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#indentation">2.1.8. Indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#whitespace-between-tokens">2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#other-tokens">2.2. Other tokens</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers">2.3. Identifiers and keywords</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords">2.3.1. Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#soft-keywords">2.3.2. Soft Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers">2.3.3. Reserved classes of identifiers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#literals">2.4. Literals</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-and-bytes-literals">2.4.1. String and Bytes literals</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#escape-sequences">2.4.1.1. Escape sequences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation">2.4.2. String literal concatenation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#formatted-string-literals">2.4.3. f-strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#numeric-literals">2.4.4. Numeric literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#integer-literals">2.4.5. Integer literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#floating-point-literals">2.4.6. Floating-point literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#imaginary-literals">2.4.7. Imaginary literals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators">2.5. Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters">2.6. Delimiters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html">3. Data model</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#objects-values-and-types">3.1. Objects, values and types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy">3.2. The standard type hierarchy</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#none">3.2.1. None</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#notimplemented">3.2.2. NotImplemented</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#ellipsis">3.2.3. Ellipsis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-number">3.2.4. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">numbers.Number</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-integral">3.2.4.1. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">numbers.Integral</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-real-float">3.2.4.2. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">numbers.Real</code> (<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code>)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-complex-complex">3.2.4.3. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">numbers.Complex</code> (<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">complex</code>)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#sequences">3.2.5. Sequences</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#immutable-sequences">3.2.5.1. Immutable sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#mutable-sequences">3.2.5.2. Mutable sequences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#set-types">3.2.6. Set types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#mappings">3.2.7. Mappings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#dictionaries">3.2.7.1. Dictionaries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#callable-types">3.2.8. Callable types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#user-defined-functions">3.2.8.1. User-defined functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-read-only-attributes">3.2.8.1.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-writable-attributes">3.2.8.1.2. Special writable attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#instance-methods">3.2.8.2. Instance methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#generator-functions">3.2.8.3. Generator functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutine-functions">3.2.8.4. Coroutine functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-generator-functions">3.2.8.5. Asynchronous generator functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#built-in-functions">3.2.8.6. Built-in functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#built-in-methods">3.2.8.7. Built-in methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#classes">3.2.8.8. Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#class-instances">3.2.8.9. Class Instances</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#modules">3.2.9. Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#import-related-attributes-on-module-objects">3.2.9.1. Import-related attributes on module objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#other-writable-attributes-on-module-objects">3.2.9.2. Other writable attributes on module objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#module-dictionaries">3.2.9.3. Module dictionaries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#custom-classes">3.2.10. Custom classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-attributes">3.2.10.1. Special attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-methods">3.2.10.2. Special methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#id4">3.2.11. Class instances</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#id5">3.2.11.1. Special attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#i-o-objects-also-known-as-file-objects">3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#internal-types">3.2.13. Internal types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#code-objects">3.2.13.1. Code objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#index-60">3.2.13.1.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#methods-on-code-objects">3.2.13.1.2. Methods on code objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#frame-objects">3.2.13.2. Frame objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#index-66">3.2.13.2.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#index-67">3.2.13.2.2. Special writable attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#frame-object-methods">3.2.13.2.3. Frame object methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#traceback-objects">3.2.13.3. Traceback objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#slice-objects">3.2.13.4. Slice objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#static-method-objects">3.2.13.5. Static method objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#class-method-objects">3.2.13.6. Class method objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names">3.3. Special method names</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#basic-customization">3.3.1. Basic customization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-attribute-access">3.3.2. Customizing attribute access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-module-attribute-access">3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#implementing-descriptors">3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#invoking-descriptors">3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#slots">3.3.2.4. __slots__</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-class-creation">3.3.3. Customizing class creation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#metaclasses">3.3.3.1. Metaclasses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#resolving-mro-entries">3.3.3.2. Resolving MRO entries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#determining-the-appropriate-metaclass">3.3.3.3. Determining the appropriate metaclass</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#preparing-the-class-namespace">3.3.3.4. Preparing the class namespace</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#executing-the-class-body">3.3.3.5. Executing the class body</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#creating-the-class-object">3.3.3.6. Creating the class object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#uses-for-metaclasses">3.3.3.7. Uses for metaclasses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-instance-and-subclass-checks">3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-generic-types">3.3.5. Emulating generic types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#the-purpose-of-class-getitem">3.3.5.1. The purpose of __class_getitem__</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#class-getitem-versus-getitem">3.3.5.2. __class_getitem__ versus __getitem__</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-callable-objects">3.3.6. Emulating callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types">3.3.7. Emulating container types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-numeric-types">3.3.8. Emulating numeric types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#with-statement-context-managers">3.3.9. With Statement Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-positional-arguments-in-class-pattern-matching">3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-buffer-types">3.3.11. Emulating buffer types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup">3.3.12. Special method lookup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutines">3.4. Coroutines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#awaitable-objects">3.4.1. Awaitable Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutine-objects">3.4.2. Coroutine Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-iterators">3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-context-managers">3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html">4. Execution model</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#structure-of-a-program">4.1. Structure of a program</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#naming-and-binding">4.2. Naming and binding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#binding-of-names">4.2.1. Binding of names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#resolution-of-names">4.2.2. Resolution of names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#annotation-scopes">4.2.3. Annotation scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#lazy-evaluation">4.2.4. Lazy evaluation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#builtins-and-restricted-execution">4.2.5. Builtins and restricted execution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#interaction-with-dynamic-features">4.2.6. Interaction with dynamic features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#exceptions">4.3. Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html">5. The import system</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#importlib">5.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#packages">5.2. Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#regular-packages">5.2.1. Regular packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#namespace-packages">5.2.2. Namespace packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#searching">5.3. Searching</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-module-cache">5.3.1. The module cache</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#finders-and-loaders">5.3.2. Finders and loaders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#import-hooks">5.3.3. Import hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-meta-path">5.3.4. The meta path</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#loading">5.4. Loading</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#loaders">5.4.1. Loaders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#submodules">5.4.2. Submodules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-specs">5.4.3. Module specs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-attributes-on-modules">5.4.4. __path__ attributes on modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-reprs">5.4.5. Module reprs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#cached-bytecode-invalidation">5.4.6. Cached bytecode invalidation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-path-based-finder">5.5. The Path Based Finder</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finders">5.5.1. Path entry finders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finder-protocol">5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#replacing-the-standard-import-system">5.6. Replacing the standard import system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#package-relative-imports">5.7. Package Relative Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#special-considerations-for-main">5.8. Special considerations for __main__</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#main-spec">5.8.1. __main__.__spec__</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#references">5.9. References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html">6. Expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#arithmetic-conversions">6.1. Arithmetic conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atoms">6.2. Atoms</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers">6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#index-5">6.2.1.1. Private name mangling</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#literals">6.2.2. Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#parenthesized-forms">6.2.3. Parenthesized forms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#displays-for-lists-sets-and-dictionaries">6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#list-displays">6.2.5. List displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#set-displays">6.2.6. Set displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#dictionary-displays">6.2.7. Dictionary displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-expressions">6.2.8. Generator expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#yield-expressions">6.2.9. Yield expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#examples">6.2.9.2. Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#asynchronous-generator-functions">6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#asynchronous-generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#primaries">6.3. Primaries</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#attribute-references">6.3.1. Attribute references</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#subscriptions">6.3.2. Subscriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#slicings">6.3.3. Slicings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#calls">6.3.4. Calls</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#await-expression">6.4. Await expression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#the-power-operator">6.5. The power operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations">6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-arithmetic-operations">6.7. Binary arithmetic operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#shifting-operations">6.8. Shifting operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations">6.9. Binary bitwise operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#comparisons">6.10. Comparisons</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#value-comparisons">6.10.1. Value comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#membership-test-operations">6.10.2. Membership test operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#is-not">6.10.3. Identity comparisons</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#boolean-operations">6.11. Boolean operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#assignment-expressions">6.12. Assignment expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#conditional-expressions">6.13. Conditional expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#lambda">6.14. Lambdas</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#expression-lists">6.15. Expression lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order">6.16. Evaluation order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence">6.17. Operator precedence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html">7. Simple statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#expression-statements">7.1. Expression statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements">7.2. Assignment statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#augmented-assignment-statements">7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#annotated-assignment-statements">7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-assert-statement">7.3. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">assert</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-pass-statement">7.4. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">pass</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-del-statement">7.5. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">del</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement">7.6. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">return</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">7.7. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">yield</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement">7.8. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">raise</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-break-statement">7.9. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">break</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-continue-statement">7.10. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">continue</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement">7.11. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">import</code> statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#future-statements">7.11.1. Future statements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement">7.12. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">global</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-nonlocal-statement">7.13. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">nonlocal</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-type-statement">7.14. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">type</code> statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html">8. Compound statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement">8.1. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">if</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement">8.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">while</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-for-statement">8.3. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">for</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement">8.4. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">try</code> statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#except-clause">8.4.1. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">except</code> clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#except-star">8.4.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">except*</code> clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#else-clause">8.4.3. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">else</code> clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#finally-clause">8.4.4. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">finally</code> clause</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement">8.5. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">with</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-match-statement">8.6. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">match</code> statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#overview">8.6.1. Overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#guards">8.6.2. Guards</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#irrefutable-case-blocks">8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#patterns">8.6.4. Patterns</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#or-patterns">8.6.4.1. OR Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#as-patterns">8.6.4.2. AS Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#literal-patterns">8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#capture-patterns">8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#wildcard-patterns">8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#value-patterns">8.6.4.6. Value Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#group-patterns">8.6.4.7. Group Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#sequence-patterns">8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#mapping-patterns">8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#class-patterns">8.6.4.10. Class Patterns</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions">8.7. Function definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#class-definitions">8.8. Class definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutines">8.9. Coroutines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutine-function-definition">8.9.1. Coroutine function definition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-for-statement">8.9.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">async for</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-with-statement">8.9.3. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">async with</code> statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#type-parameter-lists">8.10. Type parameter lists</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#generic-functions">8.10.1. Generic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#generic-classes">8.10.2. Generic classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#generic-type-aliases">8.10.3. Generic type aliases</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html">9. Top-level components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#complete-python-programs">9.1. Complete Python programs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#file-input">9.2. File input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#interactive-input">9.3. Interactive input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#expression-input">9.4. Expression input</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/grammar.html">10. Full Grammar specification</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="library/index.html">The Python Standard Library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html#notes-on-availability">Notes on availability</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html#webassembly-platforms">WebAssembly platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html#mobile-platforms">Mobile platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functions.html">Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html">Built-in Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">Constants added by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">site</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html">Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">Truth Value Testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">Boolean Operations — <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">and</code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">or</code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">not</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex">Numeric Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">int</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">complex</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types">Bitwise Operations on Integer Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-integer-types">Additional Methods on Integer Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-float">Additional Methods on Float</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#hashing-of-numeric-types">Hashing of numeric types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-type-bool">Boolean Type - <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bool</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types">Iterator Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#generator-types">Generator Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">list</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tuple</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">range</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#common-sequence-operations">Common Sequence Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#immutable-sequence-types">Immutable Sequence Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mutable-sequence-types">Mutable Sequence Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#lists">Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#tuples">Tuples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#ranges">Ranges</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str">Text Sequence Type — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">printf</code>-style String Formatting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">Binary Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">memoryview</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes-objects">Bytes Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytearray-objects">Bytearray Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes-and-bytearray-operations">Bytes and Bytearray Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-bytes-formatting"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">printf</code>-style Bytes Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#memory-views">Memory Views</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">Set Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">Mapping Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#dictionary-view-objects">Dictionary view objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">Context Manager Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#type-annotation-types-generic-alias-union">Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias, Union</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#generic-alias-type">Generic Alias Type</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#standard-generic-classes">Standard Generic Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes-of-genericalias-objects">Special Attributes of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">GenericAlias</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#union-type">Union Type</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">Other Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#modules">Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#classes-and-class-instances">Classes and Class Instances</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#methods">Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#code-objects">Code Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#type-objects">Type Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-null-object">The Null Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-ellipsis-object">The Ellipsis Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-notimplemented-object">The NotImplemented Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#internal-objects">Internal Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes">Special Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#integer-string-conversion-length-limitation">Integer string conversion length limitation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#affected-apis">Affected APIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#configuring-the-limit">Configuring the limit</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#recommended-configuration">Recommended configuration</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html">Built-in Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-context">Exception context</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#inheriting-from-built-in-exceptions">Inheriting from built-in exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#base-classes">Base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions">Concrete exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#os-exceptions">OS exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#warnings">Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-groups">Exception groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">Exception hierarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/text.html">Text Processing Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">string</code> — Common string operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#string-constants">String constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#custom-string-formatting">Custom String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-string-syntax">Format String Syntax</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language">Format Specification Mini-Language</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-examples">Format examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#template-strings">Template strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#helper-functions">Helper functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">re</code> — Regular expression operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-syntax">Regular Expression Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#flags">Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-objects">Regular Expression Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#match-objects">Match Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-examples">Regular Expression Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#checking-for-a-pair">Checking for a Pair</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#simulating-scanf">Simulating scanf()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#search-vs-match">search() vs. match()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#making-a-phonebook">Making a Phonebook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#text-munging">Text Munging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs">Finding all Adverbs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions">Finding all Adverbs and their Positions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#raw-string-notation">Raw String Notation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#writing-a-tokenizer">Writing a Tokenizer</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">difflib</code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-objects">SequenceMatcher Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-examples">SequenceMatcher Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-objects">Differ Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-example">Differ Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#a-command-line-interface-to-difflib">A command-line interface to difflib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#ndiff-example">ndiff example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/textwrap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">textwrap</code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unicodedata.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">unicodedata</code> — Unicode Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringprep.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">stringprep</code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">readline</code> — GNU readline interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#init-file">Init file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#line-buffer">Line buffer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-file">History file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-list">History list</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#startup-hooks">Startup hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#completion">Completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">rlcompleter</code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binary.html">Binary Data Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">struct</code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#functions-and-exceptions">Functions and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-strings">Format Strings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#byte-order-size-and-alignment">Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-characters">Format Characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#applications">Applications</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#native-formats">Native Formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#standard-formats">Standard Formats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#classes">Classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">codecs</code> — Codec registry and base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes">Codec Base Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#error-handlers">Error Handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#stateless-encoding-and-decoding">Stateless Encoding and Decoding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incremental-encoding-and-decoding">Incremental Encoding and Decoding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementalencoder-objects">IncrementalEncoder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementaldecoder-objects">IncrementalDecoder Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#stream-encoding-and-decoding">Stream Encoding and Decoding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamwriter-objects">StreamWriter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreader-objects">StreamReader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreaderwriter-objects">StreamReaderWriter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamrecoder-objects">StreamRecoder Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#encodings-and-unicode">Encodings and Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#standard-encodings">Standard Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#python-specific-encodings">Python Specific Encodings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#text-encodings">Text Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#binary-transforms">Binary Transforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#text-transforms">Text Transforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">encodings.idna</code> — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.mbcs"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">encodings.mbcs</code> — Windows ANSI codepage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">encodings.utf_8_sig</code> — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datatypes.html">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">datetime</code> — Basic date and time types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#aware-and-naive-objects">Aware and Naive Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#available-types">Available Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#common-properties">Common Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#determining-if-an-object-is-aware-or-naive">Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">timedelta</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-timedelta">Examples of usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">timedelta</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#date-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">date</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-date">Examples of Usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">date</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#datetime-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">datetime</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-datetime">Examples of Usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">datetime</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#time-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">time</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-time">Examples of Usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">time</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tzinfo</code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timezone-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">timezone</code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">strftime()</code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">strptime()</code> Behavior</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-format-codes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">strftime()</code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">strptime()</code> Format Codes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#technical-detail">Technical Detail</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zoneinfo</code> — IANA time zone support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#using-zoneinfo">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ZoneInfo</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#data-sources">Data sources</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#configuring-the-data-sources">Configuring the data sources</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#compile-time-configuration">Compile-time configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#environment-configuration">Environment configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#runtime-configuration">Runtime configuration</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#the-zoneinfo-class">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ZoneInfo</code> class</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#string-representations">String representations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#pickle-serialization">Pickle serialization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#globals">Globals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#exceptions-and-warnings">Exceptions and warnings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">calendar</code> — General calendar-related functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">collections</code> — Container datatypes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ChainMap</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-examples-and-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">ChainMap</code> Examples and Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#counter-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Counter</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">deque</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">deque</code> Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">defaultdict</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-examples"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">defaultdict</code> Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">namedtuple()</code> Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">OrderedDict</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">OrderedDict</code> Examples and Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userdict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">UserDict</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userlist-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">UserList</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userstring-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">UserString</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">collections.abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes">Collections Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes-detailed-descriptions">Collections Abstract Base Classes – Detailed Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">heapq</code> — Heap queue algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#priority-queue-implementation-notes">Priority Queue Implementation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#theory">Theory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">bisect</code> — Array bisection algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#performance-notes">Performance Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#searching-sorted-lists">Searching Sorted Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/array.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">array</code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">weakref</code> — Weak references</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#weak-reference-objects">Weak Reference Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#finalizer-objects">Finalizer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#comparing-finalizers-with-del-methods">Comparing finalizers with <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__del__()</code> methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">types</code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#dynamic-type-creation">Dynamic Type Creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#standard-interpreter-types">Standard Interpreter Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#additional-utility-classes-and-functions">Additional Utility Classes and Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#coroutine-utility-functions">Coroutine Utility Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">copy</code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pprint</code> — Data pretty printer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#prettyprinter-objects">PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">reprlib</code> — Alternate <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">repr()</code> implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#repr-objects">Repr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#subclassing-repr-objects">Subclassing Repr Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">enum</code> — Support for enumerations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#data-types">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#supported-dunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__dunder__</code> names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#supported-sunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate">_sunder_</code> names</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#utilities-and-decorators">Utilities and Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#notes">Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/graphlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">graphlib</code> — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/graphlib.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numeric.html">Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">numbers</code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#the-numeric-tower">The numeric tower</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#notes-for-type-implementers">Notes for type implementers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs">Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations">Implementing the arithmetic operations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">math</code> — Mathematical functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#number-theoretic-functions">Number-theoretic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#floating-point-arithmetic">Floating point arithmetic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#floating-point-manipulation-functions">Floating point manipulation functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#power-exponential-and-logarithmic-functions">Power, exponential and logarithmic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#summation-and-product-functions">Summation and product functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#angular-conversion">Angular conversion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#special-functions">Special functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmath</code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">Power and logarithmic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#classification-functions">Classification functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">decimal</code> — Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#quick-start-tutorial">Quick-start Tutorial</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-objects">Decimal objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#logical-operands">Logical operands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#context-objects">Context objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#rounding-modes">Rounding modes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#signals">Signals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#floating-point-notes">Floating-Point Notes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#special-values">Special values</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#working-with-threads">Working with threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#recipes">Recipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-faq">Decimal FAQ</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fractions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fractions</code> — Rational numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">random</code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#bookkeeping-functions">Bookkeeping functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#functions-for-bytes">Functions for bytes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#functions-for-integers">Functions for integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#functions-for-sequences">Functions for sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#discrete-distributions">Discrete distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#real-valued-distributions">Real-valued distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#alternative-generator">Alternative Generator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#notes-on-reproducibility">Notes on Reproducibility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#recipes">Recipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#command-line-usage">Command-line usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#command-line-example">Command-line example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">statistics</code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#averages-and-measures-of-central-location">Averages and measures of central location</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#measures-of-spread">Measures of spread</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#statistics-for-relations-between-two-inputs">Statistics for relations between two inputs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#function-details">Function details</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#normaldist-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NormalDist</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#classic-probability-problems">Classic probability problems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#monte-carlo-inputs-for-simulations">Monte Carlo inputs for simulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#approximating-binomial-distributions">Approximating binomial distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#naive-bayesian-classifier">Naive bayesian classifier</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functional.html">Functional Programming Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">itertools</code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertool-functions">Itertool Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertools-recipes">Itertools Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">functools</code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html#partial-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">partial</code> Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#mapping-operators-to-functions">Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#in-place-operators">In-place Operators</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filesys.html">File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pathlib</code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#basic-use">Basic use</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#pure-paths">Pure paths</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#general-properties">General properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#operators">Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#accessing-individual-parts">Accessing individual parts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#methods-and-properties">Methods and properties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#concrete-paths">Concrete paths</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#parsing-and-generating-uris">Parsing and generating URIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#expanding-and-resolving-paths">Expanding and resolving paths</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#querying-file-type-and-status">Querying file type and status</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#reading-and-writing-files">Reading and writing files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#reading-directories">Reading directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#creating-files-and-directories">Creating files and directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#renaming-and-deleting">Renaming and deleting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#permissions-and-ownership">Permissions and ownership</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#pattern-language">Pattern language</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#comparison-to-the-glob-module">Comparison to the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">glob</code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#comparison-to-the-os-and-os-path-modules">Comparison to the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code> and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os.path</code> modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#corresponding-tools">Corresponding tools</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.path.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os.path</code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">stat</code> — Interpreting <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">stat()</code> results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">filecmp</code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html#the-dircmp-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dircmp</code> class</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tempfile</code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html#deprecated-functions-and-variables">Deprecated functions and variables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/glob.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">glob</code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/glob.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fnmatch.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fnmatch</code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/linecache.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">linecache</code> — Random access to text lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shutil</code> — High-level file operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#directory-and-files-operations">Directory and files operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations">Platform-dependent efficient copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#copytree-example">copytree example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#rmtree-example">rmtree example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-operations">Archiving operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-example">Archiving example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-example-with-base-dir">Archiving example with base_dir</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal">Querying the size of the output terminal</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/persistence.html">Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickle</code> — Python object serialization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#relationship-to-other-python-modules">Relationship to other Python modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#comparison-with-marshal">Comparison with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">marshal</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#comparison-with-json">Comparison with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">json</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#data-stream-format">Data stream format</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#module-interface">Module Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#what-can-be-pickled-and-unpickled">What can be pickled and unpickled?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances">Pickling Class Instances</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#persistence-of-external-objects">Persistence of External Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#dispatch-tables">Dispatch Tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#handling-stateful-objects">Handling Stateful Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#custom-reduction-for-types-functions-and-other-objects">Custom Reduction for Types, Functions, and Other Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#out-of-band-buffers">Out-of-band Buffers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#provider-api">Provider API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#consumer-api">Consumer API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#restricting-globals">Restricting Globals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#performance">Performance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">copyreg</code> — Register <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickle</code> support functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shelve</code> — Python object persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#restrictions">Restrictions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/marshal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">marshal</code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dbm</code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.sqlite3"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dbm.sqlite3</code> — SQLite backend for dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.gnu"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dbm.gnu</code> — GNU database manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.ndbm"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dbm.ndbm</code> — New Database Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.dumb"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dbm.dumb</code> — Portable DBM implementation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sqlite3</code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#reference">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#module-functions">Module functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#module-constants">Module constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#connection-objects">Connection objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#cursor-objects">Cursor objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#row-objects">Row objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#blob-objects">Blob objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#prepareprotocol-objects">PrepareProtocol objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#sqlite-and-python-types">SQLite and Python types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#default-adapters-and-converters-deprecated">Default adapters and converters (deprecated)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-guides">How-to guides</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-placeholders-to-bind-values-in-sql-queries">How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-adapt-custom-python-types-to-sqlite-values">How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-write-adaptable-objects">How to write adaptable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-register-adapter-callables">How to register adapter callables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-convert-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types">How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#adapter-and-converter-recipes">Adapter and converter recipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-connection-shortcut-methods">How to use connection shortcut methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-the-connection-context-manager">How to use the connection context manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-work-with-sqlite-uris">How to work with SQLite URIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-create-and-use-row-factories">How to create and use row factories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-handle-non-utf-8-text-encodings">How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#explanation">Explanation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control">Transaction control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control-via-the-autocommit-attribute">Transaction control via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">autocommit</code> attribute</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control-via-the-isolation-level-attribute">Transaction control via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">isolation_level</code> attribute</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/archiving.html">Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zlib</code> — Compression compatible with gzip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gzip</code> — Support for gzip files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#examples-of-usage">Examples of usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">bz2</code> — Support for bzip2 compression</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#de-compression-of-files">(De)compression of files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#incremental-de-compression">Incremental (de)compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#one-shot-de-compression">One-shot (de)compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#examples-of-usage">Examples of usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">lzma</code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#reading-and-writing-compressed-files">Reading and writing compressed files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#compressing-and-decompressing-data-in-memory">Compressing and decompressing data in memory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#specifying-custom-filter-chains">Specifying custom filter chains</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zipfile</code> — Work with ZIP archives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipfile-objects">ZipFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#path-objects">Path Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#pyzipfile-objects">PyZipFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipinfo-objects">ZipInfo Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#decompression-pitfalls">Decompression pitfalls</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#from-file-itself">From file itself</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#file-system-limitations">File System limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#resources-limitations">Resources limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#interruption">Interruption</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#default-behaviors-of-extraction">Default behaviors of extraction</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tarfile</code> — Read and write tar archive files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarfile-objects">TarFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarinfo-objects">TarInfo Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#extraction-filters">Extraction filters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#default-named-filters">Default named filters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#filter-errors">Filter errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#hints-for-further-verification">Hints for further verification</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#supporting-older-python-versions">Supporting older Python versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#stateful-extraction-filter-example">Stateful extraction filter example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#supported-tar-formats">Supported tar formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#unicode-issues">Unicode issues</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileformats.html">File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">csv</code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#dialects-and-formatting-parameters">Dialects and Formatting Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#reader-objects">Reader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#writer-objects">Writer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">configparser</code> — Configuration file parser</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#quick-start">Quick Start</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-datatypes">Supported Datatypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#fallback-values">Fallback Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-ini-file-structure">Supported INI File Structure</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#unnamed-sections">Unnamed Sections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#interpolation-of-values">Interpolation of values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#mapping-protocol-access">Mapping Protocol Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#customizing-parser-behaviour">Customizing Parser Behaviour</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#legacy-api-examples">Legacy API Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#configparser-objects">ConfigParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#rawconfigparser-objects">RawConfigParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tomllib</code> — Parse TOML files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib.html#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib.html#conversion-table">Conversion Table</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">netrc</code> — netrc file processing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html#netrc-objects">netrc Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">plistlib</code> — Generate and parse Apple <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.plist</code> files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypto.html">Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">hashlib</code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#hash-algorithms">Hash algorithms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#usage">Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#constructors">Constructors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#attributes">Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#hash-objects">Hash Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#shake-variable-length-digests">SHAKE variable length digests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#file-hashing">File hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#key-derivation">Key derivation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#blake2">BLAKE2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#creating-hash-objects">Creating hash objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#simple-hashing">Simple hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#using-different-digest-sizes">Using different digest sizes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#keyed-hashing">Keyed hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#randomized-hashing">Randomized hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#personalization">Personalization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#tree-mode">Tree mode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#credits">Credits</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hmac.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">hmac</code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">secrets</code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#generating-tokens">Generating tokens</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#how-many-bytes-should-tokens-use">How many bytes should tokens use?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#other-functions">Other functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#recipes-and-best-practices">Recipes and best practices</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/allos.html">Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#python-utf-8-mode">Python UTF-8 Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-parameters">Process 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href="library/io.html#buffered-streams">Buffered Streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id1">Text I/O</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#performance">Performance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id2">Binary I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id3">Text I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#reentrancy">Reentrancy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">time</code> — Time access and conversions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html#clock-id-constants">Clock ID Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html#timezone-constants">Timezone Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">logging</code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logger-objects">Logger Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#handler-objects">Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#formatter-objects">Formatter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#filter-objects">Filter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-objects">LogRecord Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#thread-safety">Thread Safety</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-attributes">Module-Level Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">Integration with the warnings module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">logging.config</code> — Logging configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-functions">Configuration functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">Dictionary Schema Details</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">Incremental Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#object-connections">Object connections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">User-defined objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#handler-configuration-order">Handler configuration order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">Access to external objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">Access to internal objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">Import resolution and custom importers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuring-queuehandler-and-queuelistener">Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">Configuration file format</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">logging.handlers</code> — Logging handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">NullHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">SMTPHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">MemoryHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler">HTTPHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">QueueHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">QueueListener</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">platform</code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#cross-platform">Cross Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#java-platform">Java Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#windows-platform">Windows Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#macos-platform">macOS Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#ios-platform">iOS Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#unix-platforms">Unix Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#linux-platforms">Linux Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#android-platform">Android Platform</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/errno.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">errno</code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ctypes</code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">ctypes tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions">Calling functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">Calling functions, continued</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-variadic-functions">Calling variadic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#return-types">Return types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">Structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">Structure/union alignment and byte order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays">Arrays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#pointers">Pointers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#type-conversions">Type conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types">Incomplete Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#callback-functions">Callback functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#surprises">Surprises</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">Variable-sized data types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">ctypes reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">Finding shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">Loading shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions">Foreign functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes">Function prototypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#data-types">Data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types">Structured data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">Arrays and pointers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmdlinelibs.html">Command Line Interface Libraries</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">argparse</code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommands</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">ArgumentParser objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prog">prog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#usage">usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#description">description</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#epilog">epilog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parents">parents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#formatter-class">formatter_class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prefix-chars">prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-default">argument_default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#allow-abbrev">allow_abbrev</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#conflict-handler">conflict_handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#add-help">add_help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exit-on-error">exit_on_error</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">The add_argument() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#name-or-flags">name or flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action">action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#nargs">nargs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#const">const</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#default">default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#type">type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#choices">choices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#required">required</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#help">help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#metavar">metavar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#dest">dest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#deprecated">deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action-classes">Action classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">The parse_args() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#option-value-syntax">Option value syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#invalid-arguments">Invalid arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#arguments-containing">Arguments containing <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">Beyond <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.argv</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-namespace-object">The Namespace object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#other-utilities">Other utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#sub-commands">Sub-commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#filetype-objects">FileType objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-groups">Argument groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">Mutual exclusion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parser-defaults">Parser defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#printing-help">Printing help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#partial-parsing">Partial parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">Customizing file parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exiting-methods">Exiting methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#intermixed-parsing">Intermixed parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#registering-custom-types-or-actions">Registering custom types or actions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html">Argparse Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#the-basics">The basics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-positional-arguments">Introducing Positional arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-optional-arguments">Introducing Optional arguments</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l7"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#short-options">Short options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#combining-positional-and-optional-arguments">Combining Positional and Optional arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#getting-a-little-more-advanced">Getting a little more advanced</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l7"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#specifying-ambiguous-arguments">Specifying ambiguous arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l7"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conflicting-options">Conflicting options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#how-to-translate-the-argparse-output">How to translate the argparse output</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#custom-type-converters">Custom type converters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse-optparse.html">Migrating <code class="docutils literal notranslate">optparse</code> code to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">argparse</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">optparse</code> — Parser for command line options</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#choosing-an-argument-parsing-library">Choosing an argument parsing library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#background">Background</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-options-for">What are options for?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for">What are positional arguments for?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#understanding-option-actions">Understanding option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#the-store-action">The store action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options">Handling boolean (flag) options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-actions">Other actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#default-values">Default values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#generating-help">Generating help</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#grouping-options">Grouping Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#printing-a-version-string">Printing a version string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors">How <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">optparse</code> handles errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#putting-it-all-together">Putting it all together</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#reference-guide">Reference Guide</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#creating-the-parser">Creating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#populating-the-parser">Populating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-options">Defining options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-attributes">Option attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-actions">Standard option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-types">Standard option types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser">Querying and manipulating your option parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#conflicts-between-options">Conflicts between options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#cleanup">Cleanup</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-methods">Other methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-callbacks">Option Callbacks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option">Defining a callback option</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called">How callbacks are called</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback">Raising errors in a callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback">Callback example 1: trivial callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order">Callback example 2: check option order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized">Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition">Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments">Callback example 5: fixed arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments">Callback example 6: variable arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#extending-optparse">Extending <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">optparse</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-types">Adding new types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-actions">Adding new actions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getpass.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">getpass</code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileinput.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fileinput</code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses</code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#window-objects">Window Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses.textpad</code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#textbox-objects">Textbox objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.ascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses.ascii</code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses.panel</code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#panel-objects">Panel Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrency.html">Concurrent Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">threading</code> — Thread-based parallelism</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-local-data">Thread-Local Data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-objects">Thread Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#lock-objects">Lock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#rlock-objects">RLock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#condition-objects">Condition Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-objects">Semaphore Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Semaphore</code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#event-objects">Event Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#timer-objects">Timer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#barrier-objects">Barrier Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">with</code> statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">multiprocessing</code> — Process-based parallelism</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#introduction">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Process</code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#contexts-and-start-methods">Contexts and start methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">Exchanging objects between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">Synchronization between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">Sharing state between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">Using a pool of workers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#reference">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Process</code> and exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">Pipes and Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">Connection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">Synchronization primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">Shared <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ctypes</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#managers">Managers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">Customized managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">Using a remote manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">Proxy Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#cleanup">Cleanup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">Process Pools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">Listeners and Clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#address-formats">Address Formats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">Authentication keys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#logging">Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">multiprocessing.dummy</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">Programming guidelines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#all-start-methods">All start methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-spawn-and-forkserver-start-methods">The spawn and forkserver start methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.shared_memory.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">multiprocessing.shared_memory</code> — Shared memory for direct access across processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.html">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">concurrent</code> package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures</code> — Launching parallel tasks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#executor-objects">Executor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor">ThreadPoolExecutor</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor-example">ThreadPoolExecutor Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor">ProcessPoolExecutor</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor-example">ProcessPoolExecutor Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#future-objects">Future Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#module-functions">Module Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#exception-classes">Exception classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">subprocess</code> — Subprocess management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">Using the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">subprocess</code> Module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-constructor">Popen Constructor</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-objects">Popen Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#windows-constants">Windows Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#older-high-level-api">Older high-level API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">Replacing Older Functions with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">subprocess</code> Module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-command-substitution">Replacing /bin/sh shell command substitution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">Replacing shell pipeline</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.system()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">Replacing the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.spawn</code> family</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.popen()</code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.popen2()</code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.popen3()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">Replacing functions from the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">popen2</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#legacy-shell-invocation-functions">Legacy Shell Invocation Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#notes">Notes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#disabling-use-of-vfork-or-posix-spawn">Disabling use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">vfork()</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">posix_spawn()</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sched</code> — Event scheduler</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html#scheduler-objects">Scheduler Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">queue</code> — A synchronized queue class</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#queue-objects">Queue Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#terminating-queues">Terminating queues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#simplequeue-objects">SimpleQueue Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">contextvars</code> — Context Variables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html#context-variables">Context Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html#manual-context-management">Manual Context Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html#asyncio-support">asyncio support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_thread.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">_thread</code> — Low-level threading API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipc.html">Networking and Interprocess Communication</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncio</code> — Asynchronous I/O</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html">Runners</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html#running-an-asyncio-program">Running an asyncio Program</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html#runner-context-manager">Runner context manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html#handling-keyboard-interruption">Handling Keyboard Interruption</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html">Coroutines and Tasks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#coroutines">Coroutines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#awaitables">Awaitables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#creating-tasks">Creating Tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task-cancellation">Task Cancellation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task-groups">Task Groups</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#terminating-a-task-group">Terminating a Task Group</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#sleeping">Sleeping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#running-tasks-concurrently">Running Tasks Concurrently</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#eager-task-factory">Eager Task Factory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#shielding-from-cancellation">Shielding From Cancellation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#timeouts">Timeouts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#waiting-primitives">Waiting Primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#running-in-threads">Running in Threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#scheduling-from-other-threads">Scheduling From Other Threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task-object">Task Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html">Streams</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#streamreader">StreamReader</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#streamwriter">StreamWriter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-client-using-streams">TCP echo client using streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-server-using-streams">TCP echo server using streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#get-http-headers">Get HTTP headers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-streams">Register an open socket to wait for data using streams</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html">Synchronization Primitives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#lock">Lock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#event">Event</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#condition">Condition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#semaphore">Semaphore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#boundedsemaphore">BoundedSemaphore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#barrier">Barrier</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html">Subprocesses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#creating-subprocesses">Creating Subprocesses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#interacting-with-subprocesses">Interacting with Subprocesses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#subprocess-and-threads">Subprocess and Threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html">Queues</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#queue">Queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#priority-queue">Priority Queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#lifo-queue">LIFO Queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html">Event Loop</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-methods">Event Loop Methods</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#running-and-stopping-the-loop">Running and stopping the loop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#scheduling-callbacks">Scheduling callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#scheduling-delayed-callbacks">Scheduling delayed callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-futures-and-tasks">Creating Futures and Tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#opening-network-connections">Opening network connections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-network-servers">Creating network servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#transferring-files">Transferring files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#tls-upgrade">TLS Upgrade</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watching-file-descriptors">Watching file descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#working-with-socket-objects-directly">Working with socket objects directly</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#dns">DNS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#working-with-pipes">Working with pipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#unix-signals">Unix signals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#executing-code-in-thread-or-process-pools">Executing code in thread or process pools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#error-handling-api">Error Handling API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#enabling-debug-mode">Enabling debug mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#running-subprocesses">Running Subprocesses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#callback-handles">Callback Handles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-implementations">Event Loop Implementations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#hello-world-with-call-soon">Hello World with call_soon()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#display-the-current-date-with-call-later">Display the current date with call_later()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watch-a-file-descriptor-for-read-events">Watch a file descriptor for read events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#set-signal-handlers-for-sigint-and-sigterm">Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future.html">Futures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future.html#future-functions">Future Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future.html#future-object">Future Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html">Transports and Protocols</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#transports">Transports</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#transports-hierarchy">Transports Hierarchy</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-transport">Base Transport</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#read-only-transports">Read-only Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#write-only-transports">Write-only Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-transports">Datagram Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#subprocess-transports">Subprocess Transports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocols">Protocols</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-protocols">Base Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-protocol">Base Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#streaming-protocols">Streaming Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#buffered-streaming-protocols">Buffered Streaming Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-protocols">Datagram Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#subprocess-protocols">Subprocess Protocols</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-server">TCP Echo Server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-client">TCP Echo Client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-server">UDP Echo Server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-client">UDP Echo Client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#connecting-existing-sockets">Connecting Existing Sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#loop-subprocess-exec-and-subprocessprotocol">loop.subprocess_exec() and SubprocessProtocol</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html">Policies</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#getting-and-setting-the-policy">Getting and Setting the Policy</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#policy-objects">Policy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#process-watchers">Process Watchers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#custom-policies">Custom Policies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html">Platform Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#all-platforms">All Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#windows">Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#subprocess-support-on-windows">Subprocess Support on Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#macos">macOS</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html">Extending</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html#writing-a-custom-event-loop">Writing a Custom Event Loop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html#future-and-task-private-constructors">Future and Task private constructors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html#task-lifetime-support">Task lifetime support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html">High-level API Index</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#tasks">Tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#queues">Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#subprocesses">Subprocesses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#streams">Streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#synchronization">Synchronization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html">Low-level API Index</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#obtaining-the-event-loop">Obtaining the Event Loop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#event-loop-methods">Event Loop Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#transports">Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#protocols">Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#event-loop-policies">Event Loop Policies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html">Developing with asyncio</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#debug-mode">Debug Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#concurrency-and-multithreading">Concurrency and Multithreading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#running-blocking-code">Running Blocking Code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#logging">Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-never-awaited-coroutines">Detect never-awaited coroutines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-never-retrieved-exceptions">Detect never-retrieved exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">socket</code> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-families">Socket families</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#module-contents">Module contents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#functions">Functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#creating-sockets">Creating sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#other-functions">Other functions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-objects">Socket Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#notes-on-socket-timeouts">Notes on socket timeouts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-connect-method">Timeouts and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">connect</code> method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-accept-method">Timeouts and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">accept</code> method</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ssl</code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions">Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#socket-creation">Socket creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#context-creation">Context creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#random-generation">Random generation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-handling">Certificate handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-sockets">SSL Sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-contexts">SSL Contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificates">Certificates</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-chains">Certificate chains</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ca-certificates">CA certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate">Combined key and certificate</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#self-signed-certificates">Self-signed certificates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support">Testing for SSL support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#client-side-operation">Client-side operation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#server-side-operation">Server-side operation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-session">SSL session</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#best-defaults">Best defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#manual-settings">Manual settings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#verifying-certificates">Verifying certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#protocol-versions">Protocol versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#cipher-selection">Cipher selection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#multi-processing">Multi-processing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#tls-1-3">TLS 1.3</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">select</code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#dev-poll-polling-objects"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">/dev/poll</code> Polling Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#polling-objects">Polling Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kqueue-objects">Kqueue Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kevent-objects">Kevent Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">selectors</code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#classes">Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">signal</code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#general-rules">General rules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#execution-of-python-signal-handlers">Execution of Python signal handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#signals-and-threads">Signals and threads</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#module-contents">Module contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#note-on-sigpipe">Note on SIGPIPE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#note-on-signal-handlers-and-exceptions">Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">mmap</code> — Memory-mapped file support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html#madv-constants">MADV_* Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html#map-constants">MAP_* Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netdata.html">Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email</code> — An email and MIME handling package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.message</code>: Representing an email message</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.parser</code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#feedparser-api">FeedParser API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#parser-api">Parser API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#additional-notes">Additional notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.generator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.generator</code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.policy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.policy</code>: Policy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.errors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.errors</code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.headerregistry.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.headerregistry</code>: Custom Header Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.contentmanager</code>: Managing MIME Content</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances">Content Manager Instances</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email</code>: Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.compat32-message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.message.Message</code>: Representing an email message using the <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">compat32</code> API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.mime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.mime</code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.header.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.header</code>: Internationalized headers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.charset.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.charset</code>: Representing character sets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.encoders.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.encoders</code>: Encoders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.utils</code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.iterators.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email.iterators</code>: Iterators</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders">Encoders and Decoders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#standard-compliance-and-interoperability">Standard Compliance and Interoperability</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#character-encodings">Character Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#infinite-and-nan-number-values">Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#repeated-names-within-an-object">Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#implementation-limitations">Implementation Limitations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#module-json.tool">Command Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">mailbox</code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mailbox-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Mailbox</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildir-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Maildir</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mbox-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">mbox</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mh-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">MH</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babyl-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Babyl</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdf-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">MMDF</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#message-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Message</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildirmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">MaildirMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mboxmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">mboxMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mhmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">MHMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babylmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">BabylMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdfmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">MMDFMessage</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">mimetypes</code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html#mimetypes-objects">MimeTypes Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">base64</code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64.html#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binascii</code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/quopri.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">quopri</code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/markup.html">Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">html</code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">html.parser</code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#example-html-parser-application">Example HTML Parser Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#htmlparser-methods"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">HTMLParser</code> Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.entities.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">html.entities</code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html">XML Processing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">XML vulnerabilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#the-defusedxml-package">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">defusedxml</code> Package</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.etree.ElementTree</code> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml-tree-and-elements">XML tree and elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml">Parsing XML</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#pull-api-for-non-blocking-parsing">Pull API for non-blocking parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#finding-interesting-elements">Finding interesting elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#modifying-an-xml-file">Modifying an XML File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#building-xml-documents">Building XML documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml-with-namespaces">Parsing XML with Namespaces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xpath-support">XPath support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#supported-xpath-syntax">Supported XPath syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#reference">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#functions">Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xinclude-support">XInclude support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#id3">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#id4">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementinclude-functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#element-objects">Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementtree-objects">ElementTree Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#qname-objects">QName Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#treebuilder-objects">TreeBuilder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlparser-objects">XMLParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlpullparser-objects">XMLPullParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom</code> — The Document Object Model API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#objects-in-the-dom">Objects in the DOM</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#domimplementation-objects">DOMImplementation Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#node-objects">Node Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#nodelist-objects">NodeList Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#documenttype-objects">DocumentType Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#document-objects">Document Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#element-objects">Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#attr-objects">Attr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#namednodemap-objects">NamedNodeMap Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#comment-objects">Comment Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#text-and-cdatasection-objects">Text and CDATASection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#processinginstruction-objects">ProcessingInstruction Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#conformance">Conformance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#type-mapping">Type Mapping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#accessor-methods">Accessor Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-objects">DOM Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-example">DOM Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">minidom and the DOM standard</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.pulldom</code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#domeventstream-objects">DOMEventStream Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax</code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html#saxexception-objects">SAXException Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax.handler</code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#contenthandler-objects">ContentHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#dtdhandler-objects">DTDHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#entityresolver-objects">EntityResolver Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#errorhandler-objects">ErrorHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#lexicalhandler-objects">LexicalHandler Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax.saxutils</code> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax.xmlreader</code> — Interface for XML parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#xmlreader-objects">XMLReader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#incrementalparser-objects">IncrementalParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#locator-objects">Locator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#inputsource-objects">InputSource Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributes-interface">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Attributes</code> Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributesns-interface">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">AttributesNS</code> Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.parsers.expat</code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#xmlparser-objects">XMLParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#expaterror-exceptions">ExpatError Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.model">Content Model Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors">Expat error constants</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/internet.html">Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">webbrowser</code> — Convenient web-browser controller</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">Browser Controller Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref</code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref.util</code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref.headers</code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref.simple_server</code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref.validate</code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref.handlers</code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.types"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref.types</code> – WSGI types for static type checking</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib</code> — URL handling modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.request</code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#request-objects">Request Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">OpenerDirector Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects">BaseHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">ProxyHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects">HTTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects">HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects">FileHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#datahandler-objects">DataHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects">FTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects">CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects">UnknownHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">Legacy interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.request</code> Restrictions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.response</code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse</code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-parsing">URL Parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-parsing-security">URL parsing security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results">Structured Parse Results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">URL Quoting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.error.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.error</code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.robotparser</code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http</code> — HTTP modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html#http-status-codes">HTTP status codes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html#http-status-category">HTTP status category</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html#http-methods">HTTP methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.client</code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ftplib</code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#reference">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-objects">FTP objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">FTP_TLS objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#module-variables">Module variables</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">poplib</code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-objects">POP3 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-example">POP3 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">imaplib</code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-objects">IMAP4 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-example">IMAP4 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">smtplib</code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-objects">SMTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-example">SMTP Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">uuid</code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#command-line-example">Command-Line Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">socketserver</code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">Server Creation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">Request Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">socketserver.TCPServer</code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">socketserver.UDPServer</code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">Asynchronous Mixins</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.server</code> — HTTP servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.cookies</code> — HTTP state management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#morsel-objects">Morsel Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.cookiejar</code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">CookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xmlrpc</code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xmlrpc.client</code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects">ServerProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects">DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects">Binary Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects">Fault Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects">ProtocolError Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects">MultiCall Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions">Convenience Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage">Example of Client Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xmlrpc.server</code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#documenting-xmlrpc-server">Documenting XMLRPC server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ipaddress</code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#convenience-factory-functions">Convenience factory functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-addresses">IP Addresses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#address-objects">Address objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#conversion-to-strings-and-integers">Conversion to Strings and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#operators">Operators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#comparison-operators">Comparison operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#arithmetic-operators">Arithmetic operators</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-network-definitions">IP Network definitions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#prefix-net-mask-and-host-mask">Prefix, net mask and host mask</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#network-objects">Network objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id1">Operators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#logical-operators">Logical operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#iteration">Iteration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#networks-as-containers-of-addresses">Networks as containers of addresses</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#interface-objects">Interface objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id2">Operators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id3">Logical operators</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#other-module-level-functions">Other Module Level Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#custom-exceptions">Custom Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mm.html">Multimedia Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wave</code> — Read and write WAV files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-read-objects">Wave_read Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-write-objects">Wave_write Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/colorsys.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">colorsys</code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/i18n.html">Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gettext</code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api">GNU gettext API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#class-based-api">Class-based API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NullTranslations</code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">GNUTranslations</code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support">Solaris message catalog support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor">The Catalog constructor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules">Internationalizing your programs and modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-module">Localizing your module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-application">Localizing your application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly">Changing languages on the fly</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#deferred-translations">Deferred translations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">locale</code> — Internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats">Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python">For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs">Access to message catalogs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/frameworks.html">Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#get-started">Get started</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#starting-a-turtle-environment">Starting a turtle environment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#basic-drawing">Basic drawing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#pen-control">Pen control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#the-turtle-s-position">The turtle’s position</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#making-algorithmic-patterns">Making algorithmic patterns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to">How to…</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">Get started as quickly as possible</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#use-the-turtle-module-namespace">Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code> module namespace</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">Use turtle graphics in a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">Use object-oriented turtle graphics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-graphics-reference">Turtle graphics reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#id1">Pen control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#color-control">Color control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#filling">Filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#visibility">Visibility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#appearance">Appearance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-events">Using events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#window-control">Window control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#animation-control">Animation control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#input-methods">Input methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#public-classes">Public classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#explanation">Explanation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtledemo</code> — Demo scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-3-0">Changes since Python 3.0</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmd</code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-objects">Cmd Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-example">Cmd Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shlex</code> — Simple lexical analysis</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#shlex-objects">shlex Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#parsing-rules">Parsing Rules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#improved-compatibility-with-shells">Improved Compatibility with Shells</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tk.html">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter</code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-modules">Tkinter Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-life-preserver">Tkinter Life Preserver</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-hello-world-program">A Hello World Program</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#important-tk-concepts">Important Tk Concepts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#understanding-how-tkinter-wraps-tcl-tk">Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-do-i-what-option-does">How do I…? What option does…?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#navigating-the-tcl-tk-reference-manual">Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manual</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#threading-model">Threading model</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#handy-reference">Handy Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#setting-options">Setting Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-packer">The Packer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#packer-options">Packer Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#coupling-widget-variables">Coupling Widget Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-window-manager">The Window Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tk-option-data-types">Tk Option Data Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#bindings-and-events">Bindings and Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-index-parameter">The index Parameter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#images">Images</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#file-handlers">File Handlers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.colorchooser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.colorchooser</code> — Color choosing dialog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.font.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.font</code> — Tkinter font wrapper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html">Tkinter Dialogs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.simpledialog"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.simpledialog</code> — Standard Tkinter input dialogs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.filedialog"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.filedialog</code> — File selection dialogs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#native-load-save-dialogs">Native Load/Save Dialogs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.commondialog"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.commondialog</code> — Dialog window templates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.messagebox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.messagebox</code> — Tkinter message prompts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.scrolledtext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.scrolledtext</code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.dnd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.dnd</code> — Drag and drop support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.ttk</code> — Tk themed widgets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#using-ttk">Using Ttk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widgets">Ttk Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget">Widget</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#standard-options">Standard Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#scrollable-widget-options">Scrollable Widget Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#label-options">Label Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#compatibility-options">Compatibility Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget-states">Widget States</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" 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variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#frozen-instances">Frozen instances</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#re-ordering-of-keyword-only-parameters-in-init">Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__init__()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#default-factory-functions">Default factory functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#mutable-default-values">Mutable default values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#descriptor-typed-fields">Descriptor-typed fields</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a 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href="library/contextlib.html#cleaning-up-in-an-enter-implementation">Cleaning up in an <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__enter__</code> implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#replacing-any-use-of-try-finally-and-flag-variables">Replacing any use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">try-finally</code> and flag variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#using-a-context-manager-as-a-function-decorator">Using a context manager as a function decorator</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#single-use-reusable-and-reentrant-context-managers">Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#reentrant-context-managers">Reentrant context managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#reusable-context-managers">Reusable context managers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">atexit</code> — Exit handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html#atexit-example"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">atexit</code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" 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class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#code-objects-bit-flags">Code Objects Bit Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#buffer-flags">Buffer flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">site</code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#module-sitecustomize"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sitecustomize</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#module-usercustomize"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">usercustomize</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a 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class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codeop.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">codeop</code> — Compile Python code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modules.html">Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zipimport</code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#zipimporter-objects">zipimporter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pkgutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pkgutil</code> — Package extension utility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" 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class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.abc"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.abc</code> – Abstract base classes related to import</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.machinery</code> – Importers and path hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.util"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.util</code> – Utility code for importers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" 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class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.resources</code> – Package resource reading, opening and access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources.html#functional-api">Functional API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.resources.abc</code> – Abstract base classes for resources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.metadata</code> – Accessing package metadata</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#overview">Overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#functional-api">Functional API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#entry-points">Entry points</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-metadata">Distribution metadata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-versions">Distribution versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-files">Distribution files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-requirements">Distribution requirements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#mapping-import-to-distribution-packages">Mapping import to distribution packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distributions">Distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-discovery">Distribution Discovery</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#extending-the-search-algorithm">Extending the search algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init.html">The initialization of the <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.path</code> module search path</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init.html#virtual-environments">Virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" 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internal" href="library/ast.html#variables">Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#expressions">Expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#subscripting">Subscripting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#comprehensions">Comprehensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#statements">Statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#imports">Imports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#control-flow">Control flow</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#pattern-matching">Pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#type-parameters">Type parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#function-and-class-definitions">Function and class definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#async-and-await">Async and await</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#ast-helpers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ast</code> Helpers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#compiler-flags">Compiler Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">symtable</code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" 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internal" href="library/tokenize.html#tokenizing-input">Tokenizing Input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tabnanny.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tabnanny</code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pyclbr</code> — Python module browser support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#function-objects">Function Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#class-objects">Class Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">py_compile</code> — Compile Python source files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">compileall</code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#command-line-use">Command-line use</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#public-functions">Public functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#bytecode-analysis">Bytecode analysis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#analysis-functions">Analysis functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#opcode-collections">Opcode collections</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickletools</code> — Tools for pickle developers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-usage">Command line usage</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#programmatic-interface">Programmatic Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/windows.html">MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">msvcrt</code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#file-operations">File Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#console-i-o">Console I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#other-functions">Other Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">winreg</code> — Windows registry access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#constants">Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#hkey-constants">HKEY_* Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#access-rights">Access Rights</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#bit-specific">64-bit Specific</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#value-types">Value Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#registry-handle-objects">Registry Handle Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winsound.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">winsound</code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unix.html">Unix Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">posix</code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#large-file-support">Large File Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#notable-module-contents">Notable Module Contents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pwd</code> — The password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/grp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">grp</code> — The group database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">termios</code> — POSIX style tty control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tty</code> — Terminal control functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pty</code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fcntl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fcntl</code> — The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fcntl</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ioctl</code> system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">resource</code> — Resource usage information</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-limits">Resource Limits</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-usage">Resource Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">syslog</code> — Unix syslog library routines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#simple-example">Simple example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmdline.html">Modules command-line interface (CLI)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/superseded.html">Superseded Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getopt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">getopt</code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/removed.html">Removed Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/security_warnings.html">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#recommended-third-party-tools">Recommended third party tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">Creating extensions without third party tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python">1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#ownership-rules">1.10.2. Ownership Rules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#thin-ice">1.10.3. Thin Ice</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#null-pointers">1.10.4. NULL Pointers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html">2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#subclassing-other-types">2.5. Subclassing other types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html">3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">3.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-presentation">3.2. Object Presentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#attribute-management">3.3. Attribute Management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#generic-attribute-management">3.3.1. Generic Attribute Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-specific-attribute-management">3.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-comparison">3.4. Object Comparison</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">3.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">3.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#more-suggestions">3.7. More Suggestions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-setuptools">4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html">5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">5.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">5.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application">Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html">1. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#pure-embedding">1.3. Pure Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/index.html">Python/C API Reference Manual</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#coding-standards">Coding standards</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#include-files">Include Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#useful-macros">Useful macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#objects-types-and-reference-counts">Objects, Types and Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-counts">Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-count-details">Reference Count Details</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#types">Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#embedding-python">Embedding Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds">Debugging Builds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html">C API Stability</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#unstable-c-api">Unstable C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#stable-application-binary-interface">Stable Application Binary Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#limited-c-api">Limited C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#stable-abi">Stable ABI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#limited-api-scope-and-performance">Limited API Scope and Performance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#limited-api-caveats">Limited API Caveats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#platform-considerations">Platform Considerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#contents-of-limited-api">Contents of Limited API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/veryhigh.html">The Very High Level Layer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/refcounting.html">Reference Counting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html">Exception Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#printing-and-clearing">Printing and clearing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#issuing-warnings">Issuing warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#querying-the-error-indicator">Querying the error indicator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#exception-classes">Exception Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#exception-objects">Exception Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-warning-categories">Standard Warning Categories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/utilities.html">Utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#process-control">Process Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/import.html">Importing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#strings-and-buffers">Strings and buffers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#other-objects">Other objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#api-functions">API Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#building-values">Building values</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/hash.html">PyHash API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/reflection.html">Reflection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/time.html">PyTime C API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/time.html#types">Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/time.html#clock-functions">Clock Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/time.html#raw-clock-functions">Raw Clock Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/time.html#conversion-functions">Conversion functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/perfmaps.html">Support for Perf Maps</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/abstract.html">Abstract Objects Layer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/object.html">Object Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html">Call Protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#the-tp-call-protocol">The tp_call Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#the-vectorcall-protocol">The Vectorcall Protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#vectorcall-support-api">Vectorcall Support API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#object-calling-api">Object Calling API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#call-support-api">Call Support API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/number.html">Number Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sequence.html">Sequence Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/mapping.html">Mapping Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iter.html">Iterator Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html">Buffer Protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-structure">Buffer structure</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-request-types">Buffer request types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#request-independent-fields">request-independent fields</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#readonly-format">readonly, format</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#shape-strides-suboffsets">shape, strides, suboffsets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#contiguity-requests">contiguity requests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#compound-requests">compound requests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#complex-arrays">Complex arrays</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#numpy-style-shape-and-strides">NumPy-style: shape and strides</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#pil-style-shape-strides-and-suboffsets">PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-related-functions">Buffer-related functions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type.html">Type Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type.html#creating-heap-allocated-types">Creating Heap-Allocated Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/none.html">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/long.html">Integer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bool.html">Boolean Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html">Floating-Point Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html#pack-and-unpack-functions">Pack and Unpack functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html#pack-functions">Pack functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html#unpack-functions">Unpack functions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html">Complex Number Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures">Complex Numbers as C Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects">Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytes.html">Bytes Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html">Byte Array Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#type-check-macros">Type check macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#direct-api-functions">Direct API functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#macros">Macros</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-objects">Unicode Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-type">Unicode Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-character-properties">Unicode Character Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings">Creating and accessing Unicode strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#locale-encoding">Locale Encoding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#file-system-encoding">File System Encoding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#wchar-t-support">wchar_t Support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#built-in-codecs">Built-in Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#generic-codecs">Generic Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-8-codecs">UTF-8 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-32-codecs">UTF-32 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-16-codecs">UTF-16 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-7-codecs">UTF-7 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs">Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs">Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#latin-1-codecs">Latin-1 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#ascii-codecs">ASCII Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#character-map-codecs">Character Map Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows">MBCS codecs for Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-slots">Methods & Slots</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions">Methods and Slot Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html">Tuple Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html#struct-sequence-objects">Struct Sequence Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/list.html">List Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#container-objects">Container Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/dict.html">Dictionary Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/set.html">Set Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#function-objects">Function Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/function.html">Function Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html">Instance Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html#method-objects">Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/cell.html">Cell Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code.html">Code Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code.html#extra-information">Extra information</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#other-objects">Other Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/file.html">File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html">Module Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#initializing-c-modules">Initializing C modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#single-phase-initialization">Single-phase initialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#multi-phase-initialization">Multi-phase initialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#low-level-module-creation-functions">Low-level module creation functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#support-functions">Support functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#module-lookup">Module lookup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iterator.html">Iterator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/descriptor.html">Descriptor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice.html">Slice Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice.html#ellipsis-object">Ellipsis Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memoryview.html">MemoryView objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/weakref.html">Weak Reference Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/capsule.html">Capsules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/frame.html">Frame Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/frame.html#frame-locals-proxies">Frame Locals Proxies</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/frame.html#internal-frames">Internal Frames</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gen.html">Generator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/coro.html">Coroutine Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/contextvars.html">Context Variables Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/datetime.html">DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typehints.html">Objects for Type Hinting</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html">Initialization, Finalization, and Threads</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#before-python-initialization">Before Python Initialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#global-configuration-variables">Global configuration variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#initializing-and-finalizing-the-interpreter">Initializing and finalizing the interpreter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#process-wide-parameters">Process-wide parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-state-and-the-global-interpreter-lock">Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#releasing-the-gil-from-extension-code">Releasing the GIL from extension code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#non-python-created-threads">Non-Python created threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#cautions-about-fork">Cautions about fork()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#high-level-api">High-level API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#low-level-api">Low-level API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#sub-interpreter-support">Sub-interpreter support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#a-per-interpreter-gil">A Per-Interpreter GIL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#bugs-and-caveats">Bugs and caveats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#asynchronous-notifications">Asynchronous Notifications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#profiling-and-tracing">Profiling and Tracing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#reference-tracing">Reference tracing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#advanced-debugger-support">Advanced Debugger Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-local-storage-support">Thread Local Storage Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-specific-storage-tss-api">Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#dynamic-allocation">Dynamic Allocation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#methods">Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-local-storage-tls-api">Thread Local Storage (TLS) API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#synchronization-primitives">Synchronization Primitives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#python-critical-section-api">Python Critical Section API</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html">Python Initialization Configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pywidestringlist">PyWideStringList</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pystatus">PyStatus</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pypreconfig">PyPreConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#preinitialize-python-with-pypreconfig">Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pyconfig">PyConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#initialization-with-pyconfig">Initialization with PyConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#isolated-configuration">Isolated Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#python-configuration">Python Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#python-path-configuration">Python Path Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#py-getargcargv">Py_GetArgcArgv()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#multi-phase-initialization-private-provisional-api">Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html">Memory Management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#overview">Overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#allocator-domains">Allocator Domains</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#raw-memory-interface">Raw Memory Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#memory-interface">Memory Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#object-allocators">Object allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#default-memory-allocators">Default Memory Allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#customize-memory-allocators">Customize Memory Allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#debug-hooks-on-the-python-memory-allocators">Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#the-pymalloc-allocator">The pymalloc allocator</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#customize-pymalloc-arena-allocator">Customize pymalloc Arena Allocator</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#the-mimalloc-allocator">The mimalloc allocator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#tracemalloc-c-api">tracemalloc C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objimpl.html">Object Implementation Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/allocation.html">Allocating Objects on the Heap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html">Common Object Structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#base-object-types-and-macros">Base object types and macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#implementing-functions-and-methods">Implementing functions and methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#accessing-attributes-of-extension-types">Accessing attributes of extension types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#member-flags">Member flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#member-types">Member types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#defining-getters-and-setters">Defining Getters and Setters</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html">Type Object Structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#quick-reference">Quick Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#tp-slots">“tp slots”</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#sub-slots">sub-slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#slot-typedefs">slot typedefs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pytypeobject-definition">PyTypeObject Definition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pyobject-slots">PyObject Slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pyvarobject-slots">PyVarObject Slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pytypeobject-slots">PyTypeObject Slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#static-types">Static Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#heap-types">Heap Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#number-object-structures">Number Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#mapping-object-structures">Mapping Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#sequence-object-structures">Sequence Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#buffer-object-structures">Buffer Object Structures</a></li> <li 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